contralínea 488

8/16/2019 Contralínea 488

1/68

Høk 83 • Lðgcrk =::

Mce 82 he 11 mc ghyk m

NYYL0 8223-821

QCRNY]H YCGH


2/68


3/68


4/68

= 82 mc ghyk mc 1682

IKL]CLNMK

12 V K Q ] H M H

Eh Humntkrçh Yupcrnkr mclulinh hltc ehIkltrhekrçh mc Gkrceks hlkgheçhs cl ce ikltrhtkquc ce MNB mc csh cltnmhm hsnolù h ]nclmhsYkrnhlh phrh eh ikgprh y rcphrtk mc mcshyulkscsikehrcs. Hbcithmks, mciclhs mc nlbhltcs clpkarczh cxtrcgh

MNB GKQCEKYMCYHVHQCIC 26 GNEEKLCYVHQH MCYH^SLKY

CYIKEHQCY

KVNLNÙL

KBNINK MC VHVCE EH ESIJH MC EKY VKEN]ÎILNIKY CY HJKQH

VKQ EH HS]KLKGÇH Gnouce Ahmneek

MCBCLYKQ MCE VCQNKMNY]H CE MCYOKACQLHMKQ MC OSCQQCQ

XSNCQC SL VHI]K MC YNECLINK Èevhrk Icpcmh Lcrn

HOCLMH MC EH IKQQSVINÙL VKQ QCBKQGH CMSIH]

CLIHQICEHL H GÈY MC 866 GHCY]QKY Lhliy Bekrcs

PKLH ICQK »EH JKQH MC EH BSCQPH HÎQCH; Pùsngk Ihghijk

NX BNLHLINCQK EH YJIV ―HQQCOEH‗ VQCINK MC EH OHYKENLH

Iehumnh Rneecohs

HQ]ÇISEKY

CE ECONYEH]NRK MC YNCGVQC… IK]KQQCHLMK @kroc Gceîlmcz Vrci

GC]ÈY]HYNY MC EHY NOLKGNLNHY Bcrlhlmk Aucl Hahm Mkgçloucz

LCOKINHINKLCY KYISQHY @ksî Ihreks Ohriçh Bh`hrmk

CY]HMSLNMCLYCY Hmrnèl Ghi Enghl

JSGHLNMHM0 EH YKENMHQNMHM K EH CZ]NLINÙL Jcrvc Rcrjkksce

2

:

86

81

8=

82

8:

16

11

1=

IKL]QHEÇLCH. VCQNKMNYGK MC NLRCY]NOHINÙL ’høk 83, lðgc-rk =::, mce 82 he 11 mc ghyk mc 1682’ cs ulh puaenihinùl scgh-lhe cmnthmh pkr Cmntkrnhe Enacrthm y Cxprcsnùl, YH mc IR4 HvclnmhQçk Ijuruausik 3>6, ikeklnh Mce Ihr gcl, mcecohinùl Ikykhièl, IV6=866, Gîxnik, MB4 tceîbklks0 33 3= >8 >9 y 33 3= >8 >=4 www.ikl-trhenlch.ikg.gx, nlbkFikltrhenlch.ikg.gx. Cmntkr rcspklshaec0 Hous-

tçl Gnouc e Ahmnee k Iruz . Lðgcrk mc rcscrvh he tçtuek mc mcrcijk mchutkr0 6=-1668-816282=:6= 66-861. Lðgcrk mc icrtnihmk mc en-

intum mc tçtuek0 8112=, y mc ikltclnmk0 :>8:. NYYL0 8223-8212. Cstclðgcrk sc tcrgnlù mc ngprngnr ce 89 mc ghyk mc 1682. Mnstrnaunmhpkr eh Slnùl mc Rkichmkrcs mc Gîxnik, mcsphijk mc Oekrnh Yhltn-eeèl, Nolhink Ghrnsihe ==, ike. ]hahihecrh, IV 62696, Gîxnik, MB, tc-eîbklk 33 >1 6: >8.

IKL]QHEÇLCH rciklkic ce mcacr mc vcrhinmhm y eh ieèusueh mc ikl-inclinh mc rcpkrtcrks y hrtniuensths. Eks tcxtks skl rcspklshanenmhm mcsus hutkrcs. Ehs kpnlnklcs cxprcshmhs pkr eks hutkrcs lk lcicsh-rnhgcltc rcfic`hl eh pksturh mce cmntkr mc eh puaenihinùl. Xucmh tkthe-

gcltc prkjnanmh eh rcprkmuiinùl tkthe k phrinhe mc eks ikltclnmks kngèoclcs mc eh puaenihinùl snl prcvnh hutkrnzhinùl mc Cmntkrnhe Enacr-

thm y Cxprcsnùl, YH mc IR.

Inriuehinùl icrtnihmh pkr QkghyJcrgnmh y Içh, YI, bkenk0 66686-QJ^


5/68

www.ikltrhenlch.ikg.gx

IKL]CLNMK

HLÈENYNY

CIKLÙGNIK Klcrksk shehrnk prcsnmclinhe cl ul phçs mc pkarcs Ghriks IjèvczNL]CQLHINKLHE Csthmks Slnmks, eh vcrmhmcrh pkeçtnih cxtcrnkr ]jncrry Gcysshl/QR

313:

NLRCY]NOHINÙLVKQ]HMH Ohsth MNB Gkrceks 81: gneeklcs cl mcshyulks csikehrcs y lk eks cltrcoh

Lhliy Bekrcs

QCLMNINÙL MC ISCL]HY Ynl eninthinùl, Gkrceks hm`umnih ikltrhtks pkr 9 gne

gneeklcs ceciinklcs

Lhliy Bekrcs

QCLMNINÙL MC ISCL]HY Okancrlk mc Jcrrcrh Ihemcrh mcsvçh 366 gp mce

scitkr sheum Ghurnink Qkgcrk

EÇLCH OEKAHE Kpcrhinùl Rclczuceh0 81 phsks phrh ul okepc Jîitkr Acrlhrmk/VE

12

91

9:

=2

GNYICEÈLCKCZ ENAQNY Gcmnks y lcs mc eks okacrlhltcs phrh nlbulmnr gncmk h eks pucaeks

Èevhrk Icpcmh Lcrn

YKINCMHM AC]H Ièrice, sn suacs h Bhicakkd ulh bktk mc tu jn`k Oklzhek Gkltcrrksh

VHYK H MCYLNRCE Ykeuinùl cxprîs Gnouce Ohenlmk

29

2=

22

91

9:=2

31

3:

MNQCI]KQ Gnouce AhmneekkinkmcphpceFyhjkk.ikg.gx

IKKQMNLHMKQCY

NLBKQGHINÙL Pùsngk Ihghijk zksngkFikltrh enlch .ikg.gx CMNINÙL Lhliy BekrcslhliyFikltrhenlch.ikg.gx

IKL]QHEÇLCH ]R Îrndh QhgçrczcskcgnFikltrhenlch.ikg.gx _CA Oklzhek GkltcrrkshnlbkFikltrhenlch.ikg.gx CIKLKGÇH Ghriks IjèvczghriksFikltrhenlch.ikg.gx HQ]C Icinenh GhrtçlczicinenhFikltrhenlch.ikg.gx MNYCØK Gnouce GnlcrkgngnohFikltrhenlch.ikg.gx VSAENINMHM @hlct t Heah `hlct tFikltrhenlch.ikg.gx

QCMHIINÙL

Ghurnink QkgcrkghurninkFikltrhenlch.ikg.gx

MCBCLYKQ MCE VCQNKMNY]H Èevhrk Icpcmh Lcrn

icpcmhlcrnFprkmnoy.lct.gx MCBCLYKQ MCE ECI]KQ @kroc Gceclmcz Vrcinhmk `hgceclmczFprkmno y.lct.gx CMN]KQNHENY]HY

Bhank AhrakshbhankahrakshihlkFoghne.ikgGnouce Iklijh GhekcmuihinklFmcrcijksjughlks.kro.gx Ghrtçl Csphrzh ohrrhsec k2Fyhjkk.ikg.gx Cmohr Oklzèecz QunzcmohrorFprkmnoy.lct.gx Qkacrtk Ohenlmk ohecklmcesurFjktghn e.ikgYhguce Ehrh RneehshguceehrhvneehFoghne.ikgVhaek Gkitczugh AhrrhoèlphaekgkitczughFjktghne.ikg

Hrnce LkykehlkykehrhFoghne.ikgHmrnèl Qhgçrczprcsnmclinh.engcmmjFoghne.ikg

HYNY]CL]C _CA Hrghlmk Ikvhrruanhs

NESY]QHMKQCY

Gnouce OhenlmkgnohenlmkpFoghne.ikgMhvnm GhlrnqucghlrnqucFikltrhenlch.ikg.gx

QCMHIINÙL 333=->8>=VSAENINMHM 333=->8>9YSYIQNVINKLCY^ RCL]H MC ENAQKY 333=->8>1

Hv. Qçk Ijuruausik 3>6, ikeklnh Mce Ihrgcmcecohinùl Ikykhièl, IV 6=866, Gîxnik, MB


Neustrhinùl

mc pkrthmh0Icinenh Ghrtçlczy 819QB


6/68


7/68


KBNINK MC VHVCE KVNLNÙL

ulh nlstntuinùl supcrnkr cl mklmc sc prnvneconhl

ehs nmchs y eks rhzklhgncltks skarc ehs hiinklcs

hutkrnthrnhs.

Hihsk ce tntuehr mc eh YCV quncrc hpenihrec heks pkentîilniks eh gnsgh cstrhtconh mce ohrrktc

quc utnenzù ikl thltk ―îxntk‗ ikl eks mnrnocltcs y gncgarks mc eh IL]C, cl mklmc h heoulksecs harncrkl prkicsks pclhecs, h ktrks eks mcspn-mncrkl, guijks gès bucrkl mhmks mc ah`h cl ehlùgnlh pðaenih y gnecs gès snoucl cl ghrijhs

phrh prktcsthr pkr ce trhtk hutkrnthrnk y mcspùtnik

mc su `cbc Hurcenk Luøk.Cshs hiinklcs mce scircthrnk

cl ikltrh mc eh IL]C quc buc-rkl hpehumnmhs pkr cgprcsh-

rnks y thganîl pkr pcrnkmnsths

ghltnclcl he phçs cl ul iengh

mc cbcrvcsiclinh skinhe, y snhjkrh sc sugh eh iklbrklthinùlikl cstumnhltcs mce Vkentîilnik

quc ihmh mçh suac gès mc tklk,pucs cltklics heouncl cl ce ok-

ancrlk mcac scrnhgcltc iklsn-

mcrhr rcclihushr ce mnèekok y

cvnthr quc ikltnlðc eh juceoh

cl eh ghykrçh mc ehs csiucehs

vkihinklhecs y, skarc tkmk, qucpucmh jhacr ul cstheehgncl-

tk skinhe ghykr quc horhvc ehsntuhinùl mce phçs hltc eh nlih-

phinmhm mc Luøk phrh rcskevcr

ul prkaecgh cstumnhltne quc îe

gnsgk oclcrù.

Qcikrmcgks quc jhic

hpclhs ulks gcscs, iuhlmk hIjuhyct sc ec jhiçhl houh eksprkaecghs y sc hjkohah ikl ceeks cl su kinlh,tuvk quc nltcrvclnr ce rcspklshaec mc eh pkeçtnih

nltcrlh, ce scircthrnk mc Okacrlhinùl GnouceÈloce Kskrnk Ijklo, quncl cltrù he quntc phrhrcskevcr prcinshgcltc ktrk prkaecgh ikl cs-

tumnhltcs pkentîilniks y lulih pusk pcrks phrh

rculnrsc ikl ceeks cl iuhequncr euohr, nlieusnvcKskrnk skrprclmnù h eks cstumnhltcs iuhlmk cl

ghlohs mc ihgnsh shenù mc sus kinlhs mc Auih-rcen y clthaeù cl eh iheec ul mnèekok hancrtk ikl

eks `ùvclcs cstumnhltcs snl subrnr mhøk heoulk. ]he vcz cs gkgcltk mc quc ktrk hspnrhltc prcsnmcl-

inhe hsugh ce prkaecgh mc ehs vkihinklhecs quc

Luøk sc lncoh k sngpecgcltc lk pucmc rcskevcr

pkrquc cltrh cl pèlnik iuhlmk ek iucstnklhl.

Vkr ek prkltk, 88 mc 8= csiucehs vkihinklhecssnoucl cl phrk y Hurcenk Lnøk mciehrh quc lk

hsnstnrè he Vkentîilnik h mnhekohr ikl eks cstumnhl-tcs gncltrhs quc îstks lk mcvucevhl eks pehltc-

ecs. Hltc csh iklbrklthinùl ikarh gès bucrzh ehprkpucsth mc cxnonr he okancrlk mc Clrnquc Vcøh

Lnctk eh hutklkgçh peclh mce NVL, phrh ek iuhecorcshmks pkentîilniks skstnclcl rculnklcs ikl

bulinklhrnks mce okancrlk bcmcrhe, cl mklmc sc

hlhenzh csh pksnanenmhm phrh qunthrec mc pehlk eks

prkaecghs he hspnrhltc prcsnmclinhe gès `kvcl

mce ohanlctc, h qunîl ec ousth mhr mnsiursks sùek hlnøks mc prnghrnh phrh lk scr nltcrrugpnmk.

Cl mcbclsh mc su `cbc Luøk, ce mnrcitkr oc-lcrhe mce Vkentîilnik, Clrnquc Bcrlèlmcz Bhsslh-ijt, hmvnrtnù h eks cstumnhltcs quc mc lk mcvkevcrehs nlsthehinklcs mc ehs 88 csiucehs y rcorcshr hiehscs mc nlgcmnhtk, pcrmcrèl ce scgcstrc csikehr,hltc ek iuhe eks cstumnhltcs sc rçcl pkrquc sn heok

sc tnclc iuhlmk sc cs `kvcl cs tncgpk c nlninhtnvh

phrh euijhr pkr ek quc sc ircc.

M H R N M

G H L Q N X S C


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MCBCLYKQ MCE VCQNKMNY]H

: 82 mc ghyk mc 1682

KVNLNÙL

Cstè eh lhinùl skarcvnvnclmk h eh pckr nl-

scournmhm, ikl incltks mc gnecs mc jkgn-

inmnks, sciucstrks, bcgnlninmnks y mcshph-

rninklcs bkrzhmhs, ikgk lk sc vcçh mcsmc høks.

Eks scxclnks mc Bcenpc Ihemcrùl (1662-1681) y

Clrnquc Vcøh (1681-1682, he quc pkr mcsorhinh

tkmhvçh ec bhethl ihsn trcs høks), iklvnrtncrkl he

phçs cl ce huoc mc eh vnkeclinh gès shlornclth0

bkshs iehlmcstnlhs, ihmèvcrcs pkr tkmks eks rnlik-

lcs mce tcrrntkrnk, gu`crcs vnkehmhs scxuhegcltc y

hscsnlhmhs, cl ce ikltcxtk mc ek quc sc mclkgnlh

bcgnlninmnks.

Iklthlmk h eks =9 cstumnhltcs mc eh Lkrghe

Qurhe mc Hyktznlhph, jhy gnecs mc mcshphrnink-

lcs y sciucstrks cl

ikgpeninmhm ikl pken-

içhs y mcenliucltcs. Yc

guetnpenihl eks ahøksmc shlorc, mc gncmk,

mc hgclhzhs iugpen-

mhs. ̂ cl csh csphltksh

ikgpeninmhm, gnlnstc-

rnks pðaeniks y `ucics

ikeumnmks phrh ngphrtnr nl`ustninhs, hicpthl sk-

akrlks h ihgank mc bhvkrcs h nlbrhitkrcs mc eh

ecy, phrh jhicreks phshr mc prcsultks iuephaecs h

tkthegcltc nlkicltcs cl ce ihgahehijc mc vclmcr

rcskeuinklcs.

H bheth mc ngpcrnk mc eh ecy, cstè ce ―csthmk mc

lhturheczh‗ mklmc ce gès bucrtc ciklùgnih y pk-

eçtnihgcltc mcinmc eh sucrtc mc eks mcgès. ^ eks

nlcihics c nlikgpctcltcs okacrlhltcs prccrcl

tnrhr eh tkheeh, rkahr y mc`hr quc eh nlscournmhm sc

hpkmcrc mc eks gcxnihlks quc cstèl nlmcbclsks

hltc csh mrhgètnih rchenmhm.

Sl mcsokacrlhmkr, ce mce pkarc Rcrhiruz, ce the

@hvncr Muhrtc, quc eecvh cl su jhacr ? pcrnkmnsths

hscsnlhmks, gnecs mc horcsnklcs h rcpkrtcrks, y iç-

lnik ehmrùl ikl 92 prcsthlkgarcs phrh hpkmcrhr-

sc mc anclcs nlgucaecs (eh lkth mce rcpkrtcrk Ihr-

eks Ghrn, cl Qcbkrgh0 3/NR/82), ikl ulh rnquczh

ghe jhanmh vheuhmh cl 9 gne gneeklcs mc pcsks4 csc

mcsvcroklzhmk mcsokacrlhmkr, hgclhzhlmk h eks

pcrnkmnsths, ecs rcictù hquceek mc ―pùrtclsc ancl‗.

Ce ktrk mcsokacrlhmkr Jîitkr Hstumneek Bek-

rcs, mc Oucrrcrk, jh shenmk ikl eh prkpucsth h eh

prclsh mc ul ―ul phitk mc sneclink‗ phrh quc sc

hastclohl mc nlbkrghr skarc eks jcijks mc vnk-

eclinh cl eh cltnmhm. Cs eh lkth mc Jîitkr Arnsc-

øk, ikrrcspklshe-rcpkrtcrk mc Eh @krlhmh, qunîl

cl eh cmninùl mce 2/NR/82, nlbkrgh mce ―phitk‗

phrh quc lk sc mnoh eh

vcrmhm skarc eh ahrah-

rnc quc ngpcrh cl ce

pucrtk mc Hihpueik. ^tkmk pkrquc Hstumneek

quncrc quc eks turnsths

lk sc cltcrcl mc ek quc

ecs cspcrh sn vhl he gu-

lninpnk mc Hihpueik.

―Jhaecl ancl mc Hihpueik, hyðmclks‗, cx-

iehgù ce mcsokacrlhmkr, ikgk sn hltc eh bheth mc

okancrlk y scournmhm, ikl csk ehs mcenliuclinhs

vhyhl h mctclcr sus hiinklcs, y ce turnsgk eeclc

eks jktcecs hulquc sc cxpklohl eks vnsnthltcs h eh

shlornclth cgacstnmh mc sciucstrks, hscsnlhtks y

ikark mc ―pnsk‗ h eks ikgcrinhltcs, eh ktrh ihrh mc

eks ngpucstks bcmcrhecs y mc eh cltnmhm.

Hstumneek sç quc sc jh phshmk mc vnvk, skenin-

thlmk ce ―phitk‗ phrh quc eks oucrrcrclscs lk sc

cltcrcl cl eks gcmnks mc ikgulnihinùl mc ek quc

suicmc4 ikgk sn su prkpnk subrngncltk mnhrnk lk

bucrh suincltc. »Cs nmnkth ce mcsokacrlhmkr;

Mcltrk y bucrh mc lucstrk phçs sc shac mc eh

CE MCYOKACQLHMKQ MC OSCQQCQK

XSNCQC SL VHI]K MC YNECLINK

ÈERHQK ICVCMH LCQN

Cl eks okancrlks mc Ihemcrùl y Vcøh

Lnctk, ce huoc mc eh vnkeclinh gès shl-ornclth, ikl bkshs iehlmcstnlhs, mcshph-rninklcs, c`ciuinklcs y bcgnlninmnks

s


9/68


MCBCLYKQ MCE VCQNKMNY]H KVNLNÙL

vnkeclinh quc ngpcrh cl Hihpueik, ikgk cl ce

rcstk mc eh cltnmhm ghrihmh pkr ek mc Hyktznlhph,

ehs bkshs iehlmcstnlhs, eks lhriks y sus ehakrhtkrnks,

sciucstrhlmk oucrrcrclscs phrh csiehvnzhreks cl eh

sncgarh y prkicshgncltk mc ehs mrkohs. Cstè cl-

tcrhmh eh kpnlnùl pðaenih gulmnhe y gcxnihlh mc

quc Oucrrcrk cs ul nlcrlk, y lnloðl ―phitk mc

sneclink‗ vh h ihganhr csc csthmk mc ikshs mklmc

tkmk tcrgnlh h ahehzks y jkgninmnks. Cl eh cltn-

mhm ngpcrhl tkmh iehsc mc ahrahrnmhmcs cl ul

hgancltc mc incltks mc gnecs mc vnkeclinhs, mklmc

eh ghykrçh mc ehs vçitnghs skl nlkicltcs.

Vkr quî, cltklics, ―ul phitk mc sneclink‗ h eks

gcmnks mc ikgulnihinùl. Yneclinhr eks jcijks irn-

gnlhecs cqunvhemrçh h ulh ikgpeninmhm, gncltrhs

eks ihmèvcrcs sc hgkltklhl y mcshphrcicl gu`c-

rcs y jkgarcs. ^ eh phz skinhe lk hphrcic pkr lnl-

oulh phrtc mc Oucrrcrk.

Eh prclsh mcac rcijhzhr csc ―phitk‗ thganîl,

h tkmhs euics, irngnlhe. Ykl eks mcenliucltcs eks prn-

gcrks nltcrcshmks cl csc ―phitk‗ mce sneclink. H tk-

mhs euics, ce mcsokacrlhmkr hitðh ikgk ul ocstkr,

henhmk y iùgpenic mc ceeks, h ihgank mc quc lk sc

scph iuèltks turnsths skl hscsnlhmks, hshethmks k sc-

iucstrhmks. Hstumneek lk sùek cs ul mcsokacrlhmkr,

cs ul mcenliucltc ikltrh eh enacrthm mc prclsh.

G N O S C E O H E N L M K


10/68

86 82 mc ghyk mc 1682

HOCLMH MC EH IKQQSVINÙLKVNLNÙL

VKQ QCBKQGH CMSIH]NRH

CLIHQICEHL H GÈY

MC 866 GHCY]QKYLHLI^ BEKQCY

Ec`ks mc brclhr eks iklfinitks rcehinklhmks

ikl ce scitkr cmuihtnvk, eh hmgnlnstrhinùl

mc Hurcenk Luøk Ghycr cl eh Ycircthrçh mc

Cmuihinùl Vðaenih (YCV) eks jh cxhicrahmk.

Ce scircthrnk lk jh pkmnmk ln snquncrh clth-

aehr ul mnèekok ikl eks cstumnhltcs mce Nlstntutk

Vkentîilnik Lhinklhe (NVL), pkr ek quc ce iklfinitk

cstumnhltne cl ehs vkihinklhecs ec pkmrçh iksthr ce

ihrok y ’ek quc phrcic gès ngpkrthltc phrh îe’

su pkstuehinùl h eh ihlmnmhturh prcsnmclinhe mc

168:, pkr ce Vhrtnmk Qcvkeuinklhrnk Nlstntuinklhe.

Eh lcohtnvh mc Luøk Ghycr h hsnstnr h ehs nls-

thehinklcs mce Vkentîilnik h jhaehr ikl eks cstu-

mnhltcs ikltrhsth ikl su hitnvnsgk cl ehs csiucehs

prnghrnhs mc eh Inumhm

mc Gîxnik. Xunzè pkr-

quc eks lnøks y lnøhsmc cmuihinùl aèsnih lk

cstèl pkentnzhmks y sno-

lnihl phrh Luøk ulh

pehthbkrgh mc cxjnan-

inùl pcrghlcltc cl

eh prclsh. Cl ihgank, cl ce Vken ec cspcrhl murhs

irçtnihs lk sùek pkr ce ghmruouctc quc qucrçh hscsthr

h eh nlstntuinùl, snlk pkr su ocstnùl he brcltc mc eh

YCV.

Hul iuhlmk ce iklfinitk cstumnhltne pumncrh

ircicr, hituhegcltc ce ghykr prkaecgh phrh

ce scircthrnk snouc snclmk ce mc eh kpksninùl gh-

onstcrnhe h eh rcbkrgh cmuihtnvh y h eh cvheuhinùl

mkicltc, quc guijks cspcinhensths ihenihl mc

crrùlch pucs ’iklsnmcrhl’ sc trhth mc ulh prucah

hltnpcmhoùonih.

Vhrh clbrclthr csth irnsns, eh pkeçtnih mc Luøk

Ghycr lk sùek jh snmk mc kçmks skrmks ikgk ikl eks

cstumnhltcs mce NVL, snlk skarc tkmk mc rcprcsnùl.

^ cs quc yh cs ulh iklsthltc quc ce scircthrnk prn-

vneconc eh bucrzh pðaenih cl vcz mce mnèekok y eks

hiucrmks.

Hsç, quncl sc tntueù ikgk eniclinhmk cl inclinhs

pkeçtnihs y hmgnlnstrhinùl pðaenih pkr eh Slnvcr-

snmhm Nacrkhgcrnihlh hpclhs cl 1689, y ikgk

ghcstrk cl cstumnks ehtnlkhgcrnihlks pkr eh Sln-

vcrsnmhm mc Kxbkrm cl 1683 (iîmuehs :916833 y

6>28:3=3, iklsuethmhs cl www.icmuehprkbcsnklhe.scp.

oka.gx ) jh jcijk iugpenr su hgclhzh mc clihric-

ehr y mcspcmnr ghsnvhgcltc h eks kpksntkrcs.

Cltrc 1683 y ek quc vh mc 1682, gès mc 866

ghcstrks quc sc kpklcl h eh rcbkrgh cmuihtnvh y

h eh cvheuhinùl jhl snmk mctclnmks pkr hutkrn-

mhmcs mc eks trcs lnvcecs

mc okancrlk, nlieunmk

ce C`îrintk. Heoulks mcceeks jhl snmk enacrhmks

ulh vcz quc sc vclicl

eks pehzks phrh lihrecs

mcentks, pcrk ktrks jhl

snmk trhthmks pckr quc

irngnlhecs mc hetk pcre y rcieunmks cl prnsnklcs mc

gèxngh scournmhm.

]he buc ce ihsk mc eks ghcstrks mc Khxhih @uhl

Ihreks Krkzik Ghtus, Ktjùl Lhzhrncoh Ycourh,

Cbrhçl Vnihzk Vîrcz y Qkacrtk Hace @ngîlcz Ohr-

içh, mctclnmks y eucok clihricehmks cl ce Icltrk

Bcmcrhe mc Qchmhpthinùl Ykinhe Lðgcrk 8 Ce Hetn-

pehlk, cl kituarc mc 1683.

H lcs mc bcarcrk phshmk, mks mc ceeks ’Ktjùl

Lhzhrncoh y Cbrhçl Vnihzk’ bucrkl trhsehmhmks

h ulh ièrice mc gcmnhlh scournmhm (ce Icltrk

Bcmcrhe mc Qchmhpthinùl Ykinhe lðgcrk 89 cl

Gnhjuhteèl, Khxhih).

Cl cltrcvnsth ikl Hoclmh mc eh Ikrrupinùl, Bcr-

Gès mc 866 ghcstrks mc eh IL]C jhlsnmk clihricehmks pkr prktcsthr ikltrhrcbkrgh cmuihtnvh. Cl pclhecs mc gèxn-gh scournmhm, he gclks 11 mnsnmcltcs

c


11/68


HOCLMH MC EH IKQQSVINÙL KVNLNÙL

lhlmk Qçks ’mnrcitkr mc eh Qcm Lhinklhe mc Kr-

ohlnsgks Invnecs mc Mcrcijks Jughlks ]kmks eks

Mcrcijks phrh ]kmhs y ]kmks’ scøheh quc cl he-

oulks ihsks jhl qucmhmk cvnmclinhmhs vnkehinklcs

he mcanmk prkicsk mc eks ghcstrks, hsç ikgk ce usk

cxicsnvk mc eh bucrzh.―Clvnhreks h ièricecs mc heth scournmhm ‚pkr rk-

ahrsc enarks mc clscøhlzh„ cs hasurmk y lks jhaeh

mc pksninklcs brhlihgcltc irngnlhenzhmkrhs, quc

prctclmcl nlgkvnenzhr h cstc ngpkrthltc scitkr mc

eh skincmhm‗, høhmc. Ce ihsk he quc jhic rcbcrclinh

cs ce mc Vnihzk Vîrcz, quncl bucrh hiushmk pkr eh

Vrkiurhmurçh Oc-

lcrhe mc Qcpðaen-

ih mc rkahr gnecs

mc enarks mc tcxtk

orhtuntks.

Vhrh ce mcbcl-

skr mc eks mcrcijks

jughlks, rcprngnr

h eks ghcstrks y h

ehs ghcstrhs cl

rcsnstclinh ―cs ul

gkmk mc ikltrke

nlmnrcitk mc qunc-

lcs mnrnocl gcoh-

prkycitks‗.

Mctheeh quc, cl

ce ihsk mc Khxhih,eh clkrgc cstrui-

turh mc eh Ikkrmn-

lhmkrh Lhinklhe

mc ]rhah`hmkrcs

mc eh Cmuihinùl

(IL]C) jh snmk

henhmh cl ehs euijhs mc ehs krohlnzhinklcs skinhecs y

mc mcrcijks jughlks pkr eh mcbclsh mc eh tncrrh

y ce tcrrntkrnk.

―Cl ce ikltcxtk mce mcspk`k mc eks rciursks h

ehs ikgulnmhmcs, yh sch pkr ehs cgprcshs gnlcrhs

k ehs nlsthehinklcs cùenihs, ehs y eks ghcstrks jhl

hpkyhmk h eks mnbcrcltcs orupks y cl mnbcrcltcs rc-

onklcs. Ehs vnkehinklcs h eks mcrcijks ikltclnmks

cl eks mcrcijks ciklùgniks, skinhecs y iueturhecs

skl cvnmcltcs.‗

Eh gnsgh sucrtc mc eks iuhtrk ghcstrks mc Kh-

xhih eh ikrrncrkl ktrks 8: prkbcskrcs mnsnmcltcs mc

Ijnhphs (86 jkgarcs y kijk gu`crcs), qunclcs ce

82 mc harne phshmk bucrkl mctclnmks murhltc ul

mcshek`k mc eks aekqucks quc rchenzhahl cl ]uxteh

Outnîrrcz y Yhl Irnstùahe mc ehs Ihshs, y clvnhmks

he pclhe mc gèxngh scournmhm mc Lhyhrnt pkr cec-

gcltks mc eh Vkeniçh Bcmcrhe.

Ehs ihpturhs ghsnvhs cl ce ikltcxtk mc ehs prk-tcsths jhl snmk rciurrcltcs, pcrk thganîl ehs mctcl-

inklcs mnrnonmhs ikltrh eçmcrcs ghonstcrnhecs. Cl ce

prngcr ihsk sc uanih, pkr c`cgpek, eh mctclinùl mc

=6 ghcstrks mc eh IL]C ce phshmk 1? mc harne cl

Gkrcenh, Gnijkhièl. Eks mkicltcs nrrugpncrkl cl

eh scmc mc ulh rculnùl cltrc ce scircthrnk Luøk y

rcprcsclthltcs mce

okancrlk csththe.

Ktrk ihsk sc

vnvnù ce ? mc `ulnk

mc 1683 ’murhltc

ce aknikt h ehs ceci-

inklcs cl ]uxtcpci,

Khxhih’, iuhlmk

bucrkl mctclnmks

pkr cecgcltks mce

C`îrintk y eh Vk-

eniçh Bcmcrhe eks

ghcstrks @ksî He-

acrtk Ohriçh Qhy-

gulmk, Rnicltc

Rceèzqucz Ohriçh,

Hltuenk QhloceGkrclk y Lkace

Ouzgèl Vhaek

Ghrçl.

Gncltrhs quc

cl ehs ihpturhs mn-

rnonmhs sc cliucl-

trh ce ihsk kiurrnmk he snouncltc mçh, iuhlmk buc

clihricehmk Gnouce Oucrrh Ihstneek ’scircthrnk

oclcrhe mce Ikgntî C`ciutnvk Lhinklhe Mcgkirè-

tnik mce Ynlmnihtk Lhinklhe mc ]rhah`hmkrcs mc eh

Cmuihinùl y vkicrk mce Iklsc`k Mcgkirètnik Gh-

onstcrnhe Vkaehlk mc ehs sciinklcs ZZNNN y EN’ cl

ce Icltrk mc Qchmhpthinùl Ykinhe mc Yhl Gnouce,

Vucaeh. Ce mcentk0 icrrhr eh hutkpnsth Gîxnik-Vuc-

aeh cl 1689 ikgk phrtc mc ulh prktcsth ikltrh eh

rcbkrgh cmuihtnvh.

Hsç, ce ðlnik mnèekok quc kbrcic ce ghcstrk Luøk

Ghycr h qunclcs sc kpklcl h ehs pkeçtnihs pðaenihs

cl ghtcrnh mc cmuihinùl.



12/68

81 82 mc ghyk mc 1682

PKLH ICQKKVNLNÙL

Eh Ycircthrçh mc eh Mcbclsh Lhinklhe (Yc-

mclh) ghltnclc 882 prkorhghs y prkyci-

tks mc nlvcrsnùl guetnhluhecs. Mc tkmks,

sùek h 8: sc ecs hsnolù rciursks cl 1682. Yn ancl

ehs tn`crhs mc eh Ycircthrçh mc Jhinclmh y Irîmntk

Vðaenik phshrkl mc ehrok iuhlmk sc tkphrkl ikl

ehs Bucrzhs Hrghmhs, ek incrtk cs quc sç kaenohrkl

h rcpehltchr heoulks mc eks prkycitks mc nlvcr-

snùl mc eh gneninh.

Vhrh lhmnc cs scirctk quc mc ehs trcs Bucrzhs

Hrghmhs Vcrghlcltcs (ce C`îrintk Gcxnihlk, eh

Bucrzh Hîrch Gcxnihlh y eh Hrghmh mc Gîxnik),

eh bucrzh mce hnrc cs eh gclks aclcinhmh mcsmc

ce pultk mc vnsth ciklùgnik. Eks rciursks mc eh

Ycmclh sc iklicltrhl

prngkrmnhegcltc cl eh

bucrzh mc tncrrh. Gncl-trhs, eh bucrzh mce ghr

tnclc su prkpnh Ycirc-

thrçh (mc Ghrnlh) y mns-

pklc mc ghlcrh hutù-

lkgh mc sus rciursks.

Vkr ceek, eehghl eh htclinùl ehs nlvcrsnklcs quc

sc mcshrrkeehl hituhegcltc cl eh Bucrzh Hîrch,

iuyk ikghlmhltc cs ce oclcrhe mc mnvnsnùl pnek-

tk hvnhmkr Ihreks Hltklnk Qkmrçoucz Gulouçh.

Lk skl ikgk phrh shihreh mce rczhok cl ce quc sc

cliucltrh brcltc h sus phrcs, pcrk sç rcprcsclthl

ulh ihltnmhm lhmh mcsprcinhaec mc vhrnks gnecs

mc gneeklcs mc pcsks.

Ykrprclmc cl quî y iuèltk sc nlvncrtc. Ce

gkltk tkthe quc sc crkohrè cl cstc høk pkr eks 8:

prkorhghs y prkycitks mc nlvcrsnùl mc eh Ycmclh

hsinclmc h : gne 8== gneeklcs 38: gne =>2 pcsks.

Qciheihgks0 sùek phrh 1682, pucs ce gkltk tkthe

mc cstks prkorhghs y prkycitks quc yh sc vnclcl

phohlmk mcsmc høks hltcrnkrcs y quc sc tcrgnlh-

rèl mc phohr gès heeè mc 168> cs mc 2> gne 8?2

gneeklcs :1? gne 3=8 pcsks, scoðl ce mkiugcltk

Vrkorhghs y prcsupucstks mc nlvcrsnùl. Qhgk 6? mcbclsh

lhinklhe .

^ mc cstks 8: prkorhghs y prkycitks, 88 skl

phrh eh Bucrzh Hîrch Gcxnihlh. Yc trhth mc hm-

qunsninùl mc cqunpk y tcilkekoçh, pcrk thganîl mc

rclkvhinùl mc kth hîrch (thltk hvnklcs ikgk jc-

eniùptcrks). Ce ikstk tkthe mc eks 88 hsinclmc h ==

gne :18 gneeklcs 36 gne 19> pcsks, mc eks iuhecs

cl cstc høk sc iuarnrèl 9 gne 326 gneeklcs 8>=

gne 81 pcsks.

Vkr gkltk, mcsthih eh hmqunsninùl mc scns jcen-

iùptcrks CI-?13 Iku-

ohr phrh kpcrhinklcs

mc hetk ngphitk. Clceeks, eks gcxnihlks

ohsthrcgks : gne =1=

gneeklcs >:3 gne >39

pcsks, mc eks iuhecs cl

cstc høk iuarnrcgks

93> gneeklcs 38> gne =66 pcsks.

Cl eh hmqunsninùl mc hvnklcs I-1>3 iklourh-

mks phrh trhlspkrtc gnenthr sc crkohrèl 2 gne >1?

gneeklcs 1?9 gne =?? pcsks cl tkthe. Yùek cl 1682

sc iuarnrèl 966 gneeklcs. Cl eh mcsirnpinùl mc ek

quc eh Ycmclh hmquncrc sc hsnclth0 ―hcrklhvcs

mc trhlspkrtc gcmnhlk cl iklourhinùl gnenthr,

anaenkorhbçh tîilnih, phquctc ekoçstnik, cqunpk mc

hpkyk cl tncrrh y ihphinthinùl mc pnektks hvnhmk-

rcs y pcrsklhe cspcinhensth cl ghltclngncltk‗.

Ktrhs hcrklhvcs quc ngpenihrèl ul ohstk ikl-

snmcrhaec skl ehs mcsirnths ikgk ―hmqunsninùl mc

hitnvks phrh kpcrhinklcs hîrchs mc eks Csiuhmrk-

lcs 168, 169 y 16=‗. Vkr thecs hitnvks, crkohrc-

PÙYNGK IHGHIJK

»EH JKQHMC EH BSCQPH HÎQCH;

Bucrzh Hîrch Gcxnihlh ausih hmqun-rnr cqunpk, tcilkekoçh y rclkvhr fikth mchvnklcs y jceniùptcrks. Ce ka`ctnvk0 vnonehry ikltrkehr ce csphink hîrck lhinklhe

u

h


13/68


PKLH ICQK KVNLNÙL

gks 2 gne ?81 gneeklcs 39? gne 189 pcsks4 pcrk

cl cstc høk sùek phohrcgks =1? gneeklcs =?> gne

:8 pcsks. Cl eh mcsirnpinùl mc cstc prkorhgh mc

nlvcrsnùl sc scøheh0 ―iklsnstc cl sustntunr ehs hc-

rklhvcs VI-? mc eks Csiuhmrklcs Hîrcks 168

(Ikzugce, Xunlthlh Qkk), 169 (Ce Inprîs, Ah`hIhenbkrlnh) y 16= (Jcrgksneek, Yklkrh)‗.

Sl prkycitk quc jh ihushmk rcvucek pkr sus

ngpenihinklcs cl ehs ihphinmhmcs mc eh Bucrzh

Hîrch cs ce mc eh hmqunsninùl mc ul snstcgh mc rh-

mhrcs phrh vnonehlinh y ikltrke mce csphink hîrck

lhinklhe. Ce høk phshmk sc iklkinù quc eh Ycmclh

ausihah hmqunrnr inlik eks rhmhrcs trnmngclsnklh-

ecs mc ehrok heihlic. Jky shacgks quc lhegcltc

sc hmqunrncrkl iuhtrk.

Ce ikstk tkthe heihlzh-

rè eks 9 gne 8?8 gneek-

lcs ?32 gne 3?8 pcsks.

Cstc høk sc phohrèl

98? gneeklcs =?2 gne

93: pcsks. Slh ihltn-

mhm sngnehr sc phohrè

hluhegcltc mc hquç

h 1611 hprkxnghmh-

gcltc.

Yc trhth mc rhmhrcs

]jhecs OGY =66. Vu-

mngks iklsuethr ktrk

mkiugcltk he rcspci-tk0 ce Vrkycitk mc Hm-

qunsninùl mc Hitnvks

phrh Ikgpecgclthr

ce snstcgh mc vnonehl-

inh hîrch. Cehakrhmk pkr eh Ikghlmhlinh mc eh

Bucrzh Hîrch ikl bkenk mc skenintum =?66:, scøheh

quc eks aclcinks cspcrhmks skl ―ngpecgclthr

ul snstcgh mc vnonehlinh quc ikltrnauyh h prcscr-

vhr eh skacrhlçh mc lucstrk tcrrntkrnk‗.

Mctheeh0 ―Nlircgclthr eh ikacrturh rhmhr phrh

c`cricr cl bkrgh cincltc eh vnonehlinh y ikltrke

mce csphink hîrck lhinklhe4 mctcithr y mhr scoun-

gncltk h trèiks neçintks cl eh phrtc lkrtc mce phçs

y hitnvhr h ehs bucrzhs mc nltcricpinùl hîrchs, tc-

rrcstrcs k hlanhs4 hsngnsgk, ounhr mcsmc tncrrh

cl hpkyk h sus kpcrhinklcs h eks hvnklcs mc vnon-

ehlinh, nltcricpinùl, trhlspkrtc k rciklkingncl-

tk, prkpkrinklèlmkecs hyumh mc lhvcohinùl ah`k

tkmh iklmninùl htgksbîrnih‗.

Jhsth hltcs mc eh hmqunsninùl mc cstc snstcgh ’

ikgprhmk h ]jhecs Qhytjckl Yystcgs’ eh ikacr-

turh mc rhmhr mc eh Bucrzh Hîrch Gcxnihlh sùek

heihlzhah phrh ce 91 pkr incltk mce csphink hîrck

lhinklhe, prnlinphegcltc ce Yurcstc mc eh Qcpð-

aenih. Yupucsthgcltc ikl eks lucvks rhmhrcs sceecohrè h iuarnr hercmcmkr mce ?6 pkr incltk mce

csphink hîrck, hjkrh ikl îlbhsns cl ce Lkrtc0 Ah`h

Ihenbkrlnh, Ah`h Ihenbkrlnh Yur, Ynlhekh, Yklkrh

y Ijnjuhjuh.

Eks ktrks snctc prkycitks mc nlvcrsnùl mc eh

Bucrzh Hîrch tclmrèl ul ikstk tkthe mc 83 gne

961 gneeklcs 2>? gne 8=6 pcsks. Cl 1682 sc ph-

ohrèl 1 gne 833 gneeklcs ?8> gne 8?9 pcsks. Ykl

phrh ―nlircgclthr y

bkrthecicr‗ ehs ihphin-

mhmcs mc eh kth mc heh

`h4 sustntunr ehs hcrk-

lhvcs Icsslh I8:1s y

Hcrghiijn YB-126CS

mc eh Csiuceh Gnenthr

mc Hvnhinùl4 hmqunrnr

8= jceniùptcrks phrh

eh Bekth 888 (crrhmn-

ihinùl pkr hspcrsnùl)4

sustntuinùl mc hcrk-

lhvcs mc heh `h mc

hltnoõcmhm ghykr h

96 høks4 ―hmqunrnr hi-tnvks phrh prkpkrink-

lhr trhlspkrtc hîrck

cstrhtîonik mc ikrtk

y gcmnhlk heihlic‗4

hituhenzhr snstcghs mc mctciinùl, nltcricpinùl y

ikgulnihinùl mc trcs pehthbkrghs hîrchs, y ktrks

hitnvks mc vnonehlinh hîrch.

Vkr supucstk, cl cstks prkorhghs y prkycitks

lk cstè iklsnmcrhmk ce hvnùl prcsnmclinhe, eehgh-

mk bkrghegcltc ―hcrklhvc mc trhlspkrtc cstrhtî-

onik phrh usk prcsnmclinhe y mce Csthmk Ghykr‗.

Mnijk hvnùl pkr sç skek iksthrè 2 gne >:9 gneeklcs

138 gne ?>6 pcsks (mc eks iuhecs cl cstc høk sc

phohrèl =38 gneeklcs =>1 gne = pcsks). ^ lk cs

phrh eh Bucrzh Hîrch.

Ikl tkmk, eks gnenthrcs mce hnrc tnclcl lucvks

`uouctcs phrh vnonehr y ikltrkehr. ^h pkmrèl prcsu-

gnr thganîl h sus phrcs mc tncrrh y ghr. »^ eks

gcxnihlks csthrcgks gès scourks;

M H R N M

G H L Q N X S C


14/68

8= 82 mc ghyk mc 1682

NX BNLHLINCQKKVNLNÙL

H

ulquc sc trhth mc ul auclh lktninh, pkr-

quc eh nlfihinùl rcsuethrè gclkr h ehs cx-

pcithtnvhs quc eh uanihahl ihgnlk he =

pkr incltk, eh Ycircthrçh mc Jhinclmh y Irîmntk

Vðaenik, ah`k eh rcspklshanenmhm mc Euns Rnmcoh-

rhy, tclmrè guijk quc cxpenihr.

Eh ircmnanenmhm quc ohlù eh YJIV cl ehs ðetn-

ghs mîihmhs crh ulk mc eks orhlmcs hitnvks brcl-

tc h eks nlvcrsnklnsths cxtrhl`crks. Hjkrh guijks

hmgnlnstrhmkrcs mc orhlmcs bklmks lk sùek ka-

scrvhl nlmnihmkrcs ikgk ce Qncsok Vhçs, snlk eh

ikloruclinh cltrc ehs pkeçtnihs pðaenihs quc sc

hlulinhl y iùgk sc iugpecl.

• Qcsueth quc eh

mcpclmclinh mcinmnùihganhr eh bùrgueh

phrh iheiuehr ce prc-

ink mc eh ohskenlh cl

ghyk, ikl ek quc cvntù

ul ngphitk cl eh nlfih-

inùl mc he gclks 6.9

pkr incltk. Mc hiucrmk ikl eks hlhensths mc eh

ihsh mc akesh Bnlhgcx, ce prcink mc eh ohsken-

lh cl Gîxnik sc mnrnoçh h heihlzhr ce eçgntc mc

eh ahlmh supcrnkr hpenihaec phrh 1682 mc 9 pkr

incltk, skarc ce vhekr mc 1683. Ce nlircgcltk cl

ce prcink mce pctrùeck y mc eh ohskenlh mc rcbc-

rclinh cl eh iksth mce okebk cl Csthmks Slnmks

kaenohah h cstc hugcltk.

Ihganhl bùrgueh

• Ynl cgahrok, eh YJIV gkmniù eh bùrgueh

phrh ce ièeiuek mce prcink mc eh ohskenlh h phr-

tnr mc cstc gcs, cvnthlmk hsç ul ngphitk mnrcitk

cl eh nlfihinùl mc he gclks 91 pultks ahsc, yh

quc lk iklsnmcrh eks ngphitks nlmnrcitks cl eks

prcinks mc ktrks anclcs y scrvninks. Mc ghltclcr-

sc cl ce eçgntc mc eh ahlmh supcrnkr jhsth l mc

høk, snolnihrçh quc eh nlfihinùl hluhe, mc quc-

mhr cl 9.1 pkr incltk, phshrçh h 9.3 pkr incltk.

• Jhsth harne ce prcink mc eh ohskenlh sc cl-

ikltrhah cl ce eçgntc nlbcrnkr mc eh ahlmh, pkr ek

quc ce hezh mc ikstks mc eh ohskenlh csthah engn-

thmk h 2.1 pkr incltk (hltcs mc qucmhr engnthmk

pkr eh ahlmh supcrnkr). Vrcvnhgcltc eh bùrgueh

iklsnmcrhah ce prcink mc rcbcrclinh mc eh ohsk-

enlh mc eh iksth mce

okebk cl CSH ikgk ceprkgcmnk mce mçh 18

mce scoulmk gcs hltc-

rnkr he mçh 16 mce gcs

nlgcmnhtk hltcrnkr, y

hjkrh, cxtrhøhgcltc,

mce 18 mce qunltk gcs

hltcrnkr he mçh 16 mce scoulmk gcs nlgcmnhtk

hltcrnkr h hquce quc sc iheiueh ce prcink.

• Mc csth ghlcrh, hulquc eh YJIV hrou-

gclth quc ce ka`ctnvk mce ihgank mc eh bùrgueh

cs hgkrtnouhr phrinhegcltc eh vkehtnenmhm cl ehs

iktnzhinklcs nltcrlhinklhecs mce irumk y eh oh-

skenlh, ce rcsuethmk buc cvnthr ul hezh cl eh nlfih-

inùl. Mc nouhe ghlcrh, eh gcmnmh iucstnklh eh

mnspksninùl mc ehs hutkrnmhmcs h eh enacrhenzhinùl

mc eks prcinks mc ehs ohskenlhs phrh 168:, iuhlmk

cspcrhgks quc cstîl gès hetks quc eks vhekrcs

hituhecs ulh vcz quc sc jhyh engpnhmk ce cxicsk

mc kbcrth cl ce gcrihmk pctrkecrk.

IEHSMNH RNEECOHY

EH YJIV ―HQQCOEH‗

VQCINK MC EH OHYKENLH

Jhinclmh gkmniù eh bùrgueh phrhce ièeiuek mce prcink mc eh ohskenlh ycvntù hsç ul ngphitk mnrcitk cl eh nl-fihinùl mc he gclks 91 pultks ahsc


15/68


NX BNLHLINCQK KVNLNÙL

Rhl pkr Gîxnik

• Eh ikgpctclinh cl ce sci-

tkr mc eh hvnhinùl lk tcrgnlh

mc iklskenmhrsc. Eh gucrtc mc

Gcxnihlh mc Hvnhinùl tcl-mrçh quc jhacr bkrthecinmk h

Hcrkgîxnik, quc mnrnoc @hvncr

Hrrnoulhoh, ikgk eh prnlinphe

kpinùl phrh eks vnh`crks gcxnih-

lks. Hjkrh, snl cgahrok, Mceth

Hnrenlcs vc suanr sus hiinklcs

orhinhs h eh nltcorhinùl ikl Hc-

rkgîxnik.

• Eh Ikgnsnùl Bcmcrhe mc

Ikgpctclinh Ciklùgnih (Ik-

bcic), quc clihaczh Hec`hlmrh

Vhehinks, cgntnù ulh rcskeuinùl

quc hprucah eh iklicltrhinùl,

pcrk quc iklmninklh incrths

èrchs ikgk eh kpcrhinùl mc

sekts. Xucmù iehrk, pkr ek thltk,

quc eks csphinks y jkrhrnks cl

eks hcrkpucrtks skl hitnvks quc

pucmcl ghrihr eh mnbcrclinh cl

ghtcrnh mc ikgpctclinh.

• Cl sus gcrihmks, Mceth

Hnrenlcs rcpkrtù ulh ihçmh mc

= pkr incltk cl sus nlorcsks cltîrgnlks hluhecs, mcanmk h ehs

mnbcrclinhs ihganhrnhs y h eh rc-

tniclinh mce iklsugnmkr h ohsthr

brcltc ul csiclhrnk ciklùgnik

mc csihsh icrtczh.

• Hsç, Gîxnik y su henhlzh

ikl Hcrkgîxnik sc iklvncrtc

cl ulh auclh scøhe phrh Mceth Hnrenlcs. Eh gheh

lktninh cs quc, `ustk iuhlmk Hcrkgîxnik sc vc

kaenohmh h icmcr sekts h ktrhs ikgphøçhs, scrè lc-

icshrnh eh phrtninphinùl mc `uohmkrcs cxtrhl`crks,

quc thganîl quncrcl ulh rcahlhmh mce phstce mce

gcrihmk gcxnihlk.

• He lhe, eks iklsugnmkrcs tclmrçhl quc vcr-

sc aclcinhmks. Vkr c`cgpek, cl eks vuceks cltrc

Gîxnik y Jkustkl eh hcrkeçlch Ykutjwcst Hnrenlcs

cstè ikgpntnclmk ikl thrnbhs guy htrhitnvhs pkr

ul gcrihmk quc hltcs mkgnlhahl ehs ikgphøçhs

gcxnihlhs. Ce bhitkr ―lkstheonh‗ mctcrgnlhah eh

mcinsnùl mc ikgprh mc guijks vnh`crks.

Yç Rhec rcspklmc

• Jhic ulks mçhs ec ikgclthgks quc eh rgh

Yç Rhec, quc mnrnoc @ksî Hltklnk Ohriçh mc Ecùl,

jhaçh subrnmk ul prkaecgh mc ieklhinùl mc sus sns-

tcghs mc phok, cl cspciçik mc sus thr`cths. Lks

iuclthl cl csth ikgphøçh quc ce bclùgclk buc

hnsehmk4 quc sc tkghrkl ehs gcmnmhs pcrtnlcltcs

y quc, ikgk ce scitkr ahlihrnk, lk cstè cxclth mc

cstc tnpk mc hgclhzhs.

I C I N E N H G H Q ] Å L C P ^

8 1 9 Q B


16/68

82 82 mc ghyk mc 1682

HQ]ÇISEKKVNLNÙL

―Lk ec pumngks clikltrhr eh iuhmrh-

turh he içriuek‗, mn`k Euns Ghricenlk

Bhrçhs, ce phstkr mc eks mnputhmks cl ce

scxclnk mc @ksî Eùpcz Vkrtneek. Hsç pucs, eks iuhtrk

bkrks quc krohlnzù eh Ièghrh mc Mnputhmks phrh

mhrec phsk h eh ecy mc ikgulnihinùl skinhe rcsueth-

rkl ulh clohønbh, mhrecs htkec ikl ce mcmk h eks phr-

tninphltcs y ikltnluhr ikl eks hgpenks prnvneconks

phrh eks iklicsnklhrnks mc rhmnk y tcecvnsnùl, jky

guy pkik mnsgnlunmks.

Cl eh hmgnlnstrhinùl mc Gnouce mc eh Ghmrnm

thganîl juak cliucltrks cl mnvcrsks pultks mc

eh Qcpðaenih cl ce gnsgk scltnmk. Lhmh sc ekorù.

Cl hquceeks høks phrtninpî ikl ktrks phrh ng-

pueshr ehs rcbkrghs lc-

icshrnhs. Vcrmcmcrh mc

tncgpk y tkghmurh mcpcek. Mcspuîs hpkyî

guijhs ktrhs prkpucs-

ths ngpkrthltcs. ^h lk

nah h eks euohrcs mklmc

sc rcðlcl guijks ikl

hbhlcs auclks y ecs jhicl irccr quc hjkrh sç, mcs-

mc eucok, sc nltcorhrèl sus nlninhtnvhs phrh gc`krcs

ecycs.

»Iuèltks bkrks jhl jcijk mnputhmks y sclhmk-

rcs; Hicrih mc tkmk y hphrclthlmk quc ihganhrèl

ehs rcoehs cl ce phçs phrh ancl mc eh ghykrçh0 mce

pctrùeck, mc eh htclinùl h gnorhltcs, mc eh rcbkrgh

cmuihtnvh y jhsth iùgk mcbclmcr h eks pcrnkmnsths

( sni quc gucstrh ul csiumk). Lhmh jh snmk phrh

ancl, cl rchenmhm jcgks nmk cl scltnmk ikltrhrnk

(yh ek hlktù ce ghcstrk Bcrlhlmk mce Vhsk ikl gh-

ykr jklmurh). ]hltk, quc cstc høk vhl scns pcrnk-

mnsths hscsnlhmks y ce tkthe murhltc eh ocstnùl mc

Vcøh Lnctk eecoh h 16. Mc scounr hsç, he blhe mce

okancrlk hituhe hlmhrcgks pkr =3 jkgninmnks mc

rcpkrtcrks.

Bnrgî, iehrk cstè, eh iklkinmh Ecy 9 mc 9. Bun-

gks 29= gne 81= eks quc snolhgks eh prkpucsth.

Nlieusk sc mn`k quc cl csth kihsnùl cxicpinklhe jh-

arçh ―phrehgcltk hancrtk‗. Cs mcinr, quc ehs kroh-

lnzhinklcs quc prkpklçhl eh nlninhtnvh mnsiutnrçhl

ikl eks econsehmkrcs sus pultks mc vnsth phrh quc sc

nltcorhrhl iklvclncltcgcltc. ¡Rhyh!, supusngks,

tkmk cgpczhrçh h ihganhr h pcshr mc ehs ghehs hr-

tcs mce Vhrtnmk Qcvkeuinklhrnk Nlstntuinklhe (VQN)

y ehs ghøhs mce Vhrtnmk Rcrmc Cikekonsth mc Gîxn-

ik (VRCG). Nlieusk cl ul prkorhgh mc Arkzk cs-

tuvk ce ycrlk mc Ghlenk Bhank Acetrklcs, ce sðpcr

vcrmc, Vhaek Csiumcrk,

y sc gkstrù mnspucstk h

hicpthr guijhs iucs-tnklcs quc rcijhzhah.

¡Jurrh! ]kmk nrè hmc-

ehltc.

Vcrk ikgk sncg-

prc Cgnenk Ohgakh

Vhtrùl, gncgark mc ehs Ièghrhs hutnsths, ksiu-

rhs y mnehpnmhmkrhs mc lucstrks ngpucstks mcsmc

jhic 83 nlnltcrrugpnmks høks, orntù0 ¡Eh ecy 9 mc

9 cs ulh ihicrçh mc aru`hs! Cs tcrrnaec, phrh îe y su

phmrnlk (Vcøh Lnctk kroueeksk), quc eks scrvnmkrcs

pðaeniks mnohl iuèe cs su phtrngklnk, qunîlcs skl

sus bhgnenhrcs k ikgphmrcs y quc prcscltcl su mc-

iehrhinùl mc ngpucstks. Ceek lk scrè pksnaec snl ce

iklscltngncltk mc ihmh ulk mc eks nlvkeuirhmks.

Cl sçltcsns, lk sc trhthrè mc ulh ecy, snlk mc heok

quc qucmh he ikltcltneek mc h qunclcs cecongks su-

pucsthgcltc phrh mcbclmcr eks anclcs pðaeniks.

Lk mcacgks kevnmhr eh rcspucsth mc Ohgakh

ulh vcz quc ec eehgù Dhgce Lhinb (iklkinmk pc-

@KQOC GCEÎLMCP VQCINHMK

Cl ek quc vh mc cstc høk yh vhl scns

pcrnkmnsths hscsnlhmks y ce tkthe mu-rhltc eh ocstnùl mc Clrnquc Vcøh Lnctkeecoh h 16 jkgninmnks mc rcpkrtcrks

ks

CE ECONYEH]NRK MC YNCGVQC…IK]KQQCHLMK


17/68


HQ]ÇISEK KVNLNÙL

mcrhsth y clcgnok mc eh ikgphøcrh Enmyh Ihijk)0

―Yn lk tc ousth eh ecy quc vhgks h hprkahr, ec mky

phrh htrès, Vhpè‗. Vkr ek quc Ihreks Gklsnvèns mn`k

quc sc trhthah mc ul lckeclouh`c0 ―Ce iharkøke ‗.

Iehrk, thganîl shaktchrkl csth lucvh nlninhtn-

vh inumhmhlh pcrsklh`cs ikgk Qkacrtk One Puhr-tj (@clhrk Rneehgne, Vrkicsk, 1628), @hvncr Ekzhlk

y Ghrnhlh Oùgcz mce Ihgpk, trçk mc heanhzuecs.

^ cs quc sus nltcrcscs cl ktrks hsultks (Ekzhlk ce

okancrlk mc Vucaeh y eh bhgnenh Ihemcrùl Phvheh

phrh ceeh) skl prnkrnthrnks y iuhequncr pncmrh quc

kasthiuenic sus nltcrcscs jhy quc jhicreh h ul ehmk.

Cl ce Vhrtnmk mc eh Qcvkeuinùl Mcgkirètnih

(VQM) thganîl juak nltrhlsnoclinh. Ghurnink

Gcrnlk scøheù quc Gnouce Ahraksh, ce ikkrmn-

lhmkr mc eks sclhmkrcs lcorkhghrneeks, sc pusk mc pcsthøhs yh quc ce orupk peurhe cgpczù h ihane-

mchr ikl prnçsths y vcrmcs, heok lcicshrnk phrh ek-

orhr iklsclsks. (Xucrçh cxieusnvnmhm ce pcrrcmns-

gk eucok mc quc guijks mc sus econsehmkrcs skl

kgnsks ikl mciehrhr sus anclcs

y sus mnlcrks).

Eh nliklbkrgnmhm, he lk

hprkahrsc eh 9 mc 9, sc mnk nl-

ieusk cltrc eks orupks cgprc-

shrnhecs. Ousthvk mc Jkyks,

prcsnmcltc mc eh Iklbcmcrhinùl

Vhtrklhe mc eh Qcpðaenih Gcxn-

ihlh (Ikphrgcx), cxnonù quc

iugpencrhl ikl ek csthaecinmk

pkr eh Iklstntuinùl y hprkah-

rhl hltcs mce 1: mc ghyk mnijh

prkpucsth (Rneehgne, çmcg ). Heok

quc scrè ngpksnaec yh quc ce

pcrnkmk cxtrhkrmnlhrnk sc nln-

inhrè, scoðl tkmk hpulth, eucok

mc ehs ceciinklcs mce 3 mc `ulnk.

Gncltrhs cstk kiurrc, ce

ihlmnmhtk h okacrlhmkr mcKhxhih pkr ce VQN, Hec`hl-

mrk Gurht, lk rcpkrtù cl su

mciehrhinùl phtrngklnhe inlik

prkpncmhmcs quc tnclc cl ul

bmcnikgnsk ikl sus jcrghlks

cl hquceeh cltnmhm (Qcbkrgh, 1

mc ghyk) y, gclks, ehs quc buc-

rkl mcsiuancrths jhic tncgpk

cl Csthmks Slnmks `ultk ikl su

phpè, @ksî, h quncl Hec`hlmrk

mnic, bhehzgcltc, quc lk pcr-

gntnrè quc vhyh h eh tncrrh mc

Aclntk @uèrcz.

Ce Econsehtnvk cl cstks tncg-

pks0 ul hphrtk hlhirùlnik, nl-

scrvnaec c nlieusk lkinvk (rcikr-

mhr su hprkahinùl mc eh ecy quc

pcrgntnrè ihtcks mce C`îrintk cl

eks mkgninenks mc ikgphtrnkths).



18/68

8: 82 mc ghyk mc 1682

HQ]ÇISEKKVNLNÙL

Auclks Hnrcs, Hrocltnlh. Slh mc ehs iuh-

enmhmcs gès pcrvcrshs mce ―enlijhgncltk

gcmnètnik‗ rhmnih cl su ngpulnmhm pð-

aenih ghsnihmh. Lk jhy rctkrlk. Ehs iheug-

lnhs, ehs gcltnrhs, eks rugkrcs, eks ijnsgcs... ehs

prucahs bheshs y, cl oclcrhe, tkmhs ehs horcsnklcs

prcvnsths pkr eks iùmnoks invnecs y pclhecs ikarhl

vnrueclinhs cspcinhecs iuhlmk sc prkmuicl cl pð-

aenik, snl brkltcrhs ln gcsurh pksnaec.

Lhmnc pucmc rcphrhr ul mhøk quc jhic gc-

tèsthsns bèine cl ul ihemk mc iuetnvk prcbharnihmk,

haklhmk ikl gkrak, ngpumninh c ngpulnmhm sns-

tîgnihs. ]he ikgk cs ce ihpnthensgk tkmk y sus

cspcinhensths mce enlijhgncltk. Lhmnc cstè h shevk.

Heoulks irccl quc eh ourh `urçmnih mce ―enl-

ijhgncltk gcmnètnik‗ cs ulh cxhocrhinùl quc

lk iuclth ikl sustcltk ecohe suincltc. Heoulksirccl quc cs ngpksnaec shlinklhr h eks enlijhmk-

rcs snl rkzhr, k ecsnklhr, eh ―enacrthm mc cxprcsnùl‗

cl heoulh mc sus vhrncmhmcs enacrhensths. Lk bhethl

eks quc rcijhzhl rhmnihegcltc ce ―enlijhgncl-

tk gcmnètnik‗, ikl prctcxtks nlieusk ekeùoniks,

phrh rcijhzhr çltcorhgcltc eks iucrpks ecohecs

quc ek tnpnihl.

Jhy ihsks h orhlce, lk sùek phrh mcgkstrhr

eh oîlcsns y ehs iklsciuclinhs mc ul cpnskmnk mc

―enlijhgncltk gcmnètnik‗, snlk phrh cxnonr quc

sc ek cstumnc y prkbulmnic, ikl mcsenlmcs mc rcs-

pklshanenmhmcs y shlinklcs, htèlmkehs sncgprc

h eh rcphrhinùl cxjhustnvh y pðaenih mce mhøk.

Cspcinhegcltc iuhlmk sc enlijh h eks eçmcrcs mc

gkvngncltks pkeçtniks k phrtnmks mcgkirètniks.

@ustninh skinhe, pucs.

Jky cs ngpksnaec iuhltnihr y iuhenihr ce

mhøk prkmuinmk pkr ce ―enlijhgncltk gcmnètnik‗

h Bnmce Ihstrk, Juok Ijèvcz, Irnstnlh Bcrlèl-

mcz, Cvk Gkrhecs, Qhbhce Ikrrch... c nlieusk ikl-

trh phçscs cltcrks ikgk Iuah Qcvkeuinklhrnh.

Yn ILL, Ce Vhçs mc Csphøh k ]jc Ouhrmnhl tu-

vncscl quc rcphrhr ce mhøk jcijk he prcstnonk, eh

karh y ehs thrchs mc csks eçmcrcs, rcphrhinùl çl-

tcorh cl su prkbulmnmhm y cxtclsnùl, mcanmk h

ehs bhescmhmcs gcmnètnihs, mcbrhumhinklcs pcrnk-

mçstnihs, tcronvcrshinklcs tcecvnsnvhs jcijhs ikl

prcgcmnthinùl, hecvksçh y vclth`h (cltrc guijhs

mciclhs mc iklmuiths mcenliuclinhecs) lk heihl-

zhrçhl eks csphinks ln eks tncgpks phrh ―rcphrhr

ce mhøk‗.

@ultk h ehs horhvhltcs mc eh prcgcmnthinùl, eh

hecvksçh y eh vclth`h, ce ―enlijhgncltk gcmnètn-

ik‗ ikltnclc ce horhvhltc, hmcgès, mc scr mcentk

ikgctnmk cl pðaenik, ikl mnbusnùl ghsnvh y ikl

prkbulmnmhm y cxtclsnùl ghykrgcltc nliheiueh-aecs. Mhøh h eh vçitngh cl içriueks skinhecs prùxn-

gks y ec`hlks. Ynl rctkrlk. Sl mcentk ikgctnmk

cl pðaenik, y ghsnihmk ikl jcrrhgnclths iuyh

ihphinmhm mc prkphohinùl pucmc mhøhr cl ihen-

mhm y cl ihltnmhm eks vhekrcs, eks prnlinpnks y ehs

iklmuiths mc ehs vçitnghs4 bulmh ulh pcmhokoçh

irngnlhe quc tnclmc h cgpckrhr pkr eh ngpuln-

mhm cbcitnvh quc sc mcrnvh mc eh ngpksnanenmhm mc

rcphrhr ce mhøk.

Eh hskinhinùl mc eks tîrgnlks ―enlijhgncl-

tk‗ y ―gcmnks‗ snrvc phrh hhlzhr ulh ihtcok-

rçh mcenliuclinhe lucvh quc lk cstè cxclth mc

hltcicmcltcs. Eh mnstnlinùl murh prkmuinmh pkr

eh hskinhinùl mc eks tîrgnlks lk mcsihlsh cl su

bucrzh ―gcthbùrnih‗ ln ―entcrhrnh‗ (ikgk prctcl-

mcl heoulks rcmuiinklnsgks mc hequnecr), csks

iklicptks mc`hl mc scr ek quc skl mc ghlcrh sc -

phrhmh phrh, ulnmks, rcvcehr ce tcrrntkrnk lcbhstk

mc ulh bkrgh mcenliuclinhe prkpnh mc eh cxphl-

BCQLHLMK ASCL HAHM MKGÇLOSCP, HIHMÎGNIK GCZNIHLK QCYNMCL]C CL HQOCL]N-LH, QCI]KQ MC EH SLNRCQYNMHM MC EH BNEKYKBÇH ^ CYVCINHENY]H CL GCMNKY/VQCLYH EH]NLH

GC]ÈY]HYNY

MC EHY NOLKGNLNHY


19/68


HQ]ÇISEK KVNLNÙL

snùl tcilkeùonih, su guetnprcsclinh y eks nltcrcscs

suayhicltcs cl ushreh phrh lcs hvncsks, mcsihen-

ihtkrnks y irngnlhecs.

Ehs vçitnghs lk tnclcl mcbclsh cbcitnvh ln su-

incltc. Lk shac ikl cxhitntum qunîlcs ln iuèl-

tks iklspnrhrkl. Lk shac ikl prcinsnùl iuèltksgcmnks phrtninphl ln jhsth mùlmc sc cxphlmc ce

mhøk. Lk jhy pkeçtnihs mc ikrtk, gcmnhlk y ehr-

ok pehzks phrh rcshrinr ln shlinklhr. ]hgpkik

sc shac h iuèltks mcac shlinklhrsc sn sc jnincrkl

iùgpenics mc ulh iheuglnh, pkr c`cgpek. Eh vçi-

tngh qucmh ghrihmh mc pkr vnmh. Sl c`cgpek mc

―enlijhgncltk gcmnètnik‗ cs ce prkpnk iklicptk

mc ―enlijhgncltk gcmnètnik‗.

Lk gclks tcrrnaec cs ce pcsk mc eh prcgcmn-

thinùl cspcinhenzhmh quc sc bharnih cl eks ehak-

rhtkrnks mc oucrrh psnikeùonih prkbcsnklhecs mc

eh sncgarh mc zkzkarh, gncmk, mcprcsnùl y mcs-

irîmntk h ghlshevh ikltrh pcrsklhs, phçscs, mcin-

snklcs mcgkirètnihs k prkycitks rcvkeuinklhrnks.

Ahsth ikl vcr eh pkrth-

mh mce mnhrnk csphøke

Ce Vhçs ikl eh nghocl

quc htrnauycrkl he prc-

snmcltc vclczkehlk cl

ul qunrùbhlk. Kpcrh-

inklcs okepnsths. ―...

pehlnihmk, iklkincl-

mk ehs pksnaecs iklsciuclinhs mce hitk y hau-shlmk mc ulh pksninùl mc vclth`h‗.

Iuhlmk heouncl nlinth, ikl heoðl gcmnk mc

ikgulnihinùl, h ulh ghsh (nliuhltnihaec) h

ùzohr y mhr pkr vcrmhmcrk ul mnijk k jcijk mce

quc lk juak mcanmk prkicsk ùrçmnik, c nlstheh,

ikl csc ùnink, cxprcsnklcs k iklmuiths quc mh-

øhl eh rcputhinùl, ce csthmk mc èlngk k ehs rceh-

inklcs skinhecs mc heouncl, ce mcentk quc ikgctc ce

enlijhmkr krnonlhrnk sc rcpenih cl tkmks hquceeks

quc phrtninphl y sc iklvncrtcl cl iùgpenics (y cl

vçitnghs mc clohøk thganîl) ikl orhmks mnvcrsks.

Vcrk eh csiheh gès mhønlh mce ―enlijhgncltk

gcmnètnik‗, pkr su pcrvcrsnùl y vkeugcl, lk cstè

cl sus tubks okepnsths y gholninmhs, cstè cl su ih-

phinmhm mc nletrhrsc ikgk iueturh mc eh mcsihen-

ihinùl, ikgk jèantk mc eh ghronlhinùl ngpulc

k ikgk trhmninùl nlhgkvnaec, rcscrvhmh phrh eks

pkmcrksks iuhlmk sc ecs vnclc cl ohlh shthlnzhr

h ulh pcrsklh, h ul gkvngncltk pkeçtnik k ulh

rcvkeuinùl skinhe phrh hluehr su pclshgncltk

y clihmclhrek h ul icpk mc gcltnrhs, rnmniuen-

zhinklcs y bhehinhs mcorhmhltcs. Ikl hyumh mc

ikloekgcrhmks gcmnètniks auroucscs. H ―vkz cl

iuceek‗ y h eks ―iuhtrk vncltks‗.

Cstè iehrk quc cl ulh sntuhinùl mc oucrrh,thganîl gcmnètnih, cltrc iehscs skinhecs, ce ph-

pce y ce vhekr mc ul iucrpk ùrçmnik cs rcehtnvk he

lnvce mc ehs tclsnklcs mc iehsc y quc sùek prcsth

utnenmhm gnclths cxnsth heoulh thrch mcgkirètnih

quc eh auroucsçh mcah hokthr hltcs mc su mcshph-

rninùl. Csk lk ngpnmc quc sc cstumnc eh ihtcokrçh

―enlijhgncltk gcmnètnik‗ y sc eh usc ikgk ihgn-

lk jhinh eh mcgkstrhinùl pheghrnh mc tkmhs ehs

ihlheehmhs quc ce ihpnthensgk cs ihphz mc nmchr

phrh hthihr h eh iehsc trhah`hmkrh, lk sùek cl ce

ihgpk ka`ctnvk mc eh peusvheçh, snlk thganîl cl

ce mc eh ―peusvheçh nmckeùonih‗ y eh sua`ctnvnmhm.

Ka`ctnvhgcltc.

Lk cstè mc gès rcikrmhr, iuhlmk ulk cxpekrh

tcrrntkrnks mc @ustninh

Ykinhe, quc eh ðlnih

bucrzh ihphz mc rcshr-

inr h eks pucaeks (ikl-

trh tkmh eh phrhbcrlhenh

mc eks gnecs mc ―enlijh-

gncltks gcmnètniks‗

pcrpctrhmks iktnmnhlh-

gcltc), cs eh Qcvkeuinùl Ykinhensth y Incltçihquc jhl mc ngpueshr eks pucaeks phrh eks pucaeks,

snl iklicsnklcs rciklinenhtkrnhs, snl ihghecklns-

gk rcbkrgnsth y snl aurkirhtnsgk ahitcrnkeùonik.

Gncltrhs thltk pkmrè scr ushmh cl su ikltrh tkmh

jcrrhgnclth mc euijh quc pcrgnth mcrrkthr (tkmh

k cl phrtcs) eh nmckekoçh (y ehs prèitnihs) mc eh iehsc

mkgnlhltc. Ce ―enlijhgncltk gcmnètnik‗ mcac scr

shlinklhmk ecohe y pkeçtnihgcltc mc nlgcmnhtk.

Kascrvcl cstc ihsk mc ―enlijhgncltk‗ mce

―okancrlk‗ gcxnihlk scrvne h eks nltcrcscs kenoèr-

quniks y h ]cecvnsh. Mclulinhgks eh ihgphøh

mc enlijhgncltk mce okancrlk bcmcrhe ikltrh eks

ghcstrks mnsnmcltcs... Eks gcmnks, shevk jklrkshs

cxicpinklcs, cstèl ùstnihlmk eh rcprcsnùl mc

ghlcrh nrrcspklshaec. Cs ehgclthaec quc ikl-

muitkrcs mc rhmnk, tcecvnsnùl y ktrks pcrnkmnsths

cstîl heclthmk eh rcprcsnùl. ^k ecs mnrçh quc sc

scrclcl, quc sc trhlqunenicl. Eks mkicltcs tnclcl

mcrcijk h mcbclmcrsc, cs su ecoçtngk mcrcijk.

Slh mc ehs iuhenmhmcs gès pcrvcrshsmce enlijhgncltk gcmnètnik cs eh ngpu-lnmhm pðaenih ghsnihmh. Lhmnc pucmcrcphrhr ce mhøk mc cshs horcsnklcs

c


20/68


21/68


KVNLNÙL KVNLNÙL

]]NV. Orcclpchic jh ehlzhmk ulh eehghmh oc-lcrhe h trhvîs mc eks gcmnks phrh prcsnklhr h eks

phrtnmks pkeçtniks csphøkecs y quc sc pksninklcl

cl ikltrh mc cstks trhthmks y ekorhr su phrhenzh-inùl cl Curkph. Xuc scphl quc lk qucrcgks ce

]]NV.Yn ekorhgks suincltc prcsnùl, tkmhvçh pkmc-

gks phrhr ce ]]NV, hrghl, y guijks inumhmh-lks mc eh Slnùl Curkpch pclshgks quc cs prcin-sk hituhr ikl mnenoclinh, trhlsphrclinh y rgczh

phrh cvnthr quc, ulh vcz gès, eks nltcrcscs mc ehs

orhlmcs ikrpkrhinklcs, aèldstcrs snl csirðpueks y pkeçtniks tkrtnicrks ngpklohl su ikmninh pkr

clingh mce ancl oclcrhe mc eks inumhmhlks mc

tkmks eks phçscs y pucaeks quc ikgpklcgks eh

Slnùl Curkpch. Csk hiucrmks truihmks tclmrçhl

cbcitks skarc gneeklcs mc scrcs mc ktrks pucaeks y

phçscs quc lk bkrghl phrtc mc cstc ieua mc nltc-rcscs gès quc phrh ikltnluhr snclmk cxpkenhmks

mc sus rnquczhs lhturhecs, mc su ghlk mc karh

trhthmh lk pkihs vcics ikl irntcrnks ikeklnhensths y jhsth nljughlks y quc yh mhl gucstrhs mkek-rkshs pcrk rgcs mc quc, pucstk quc yh lk tnc-lcl quc pcrmcr gès quc su jhgarc, su nrh y sus

ihmclhs, sc sncltcl enacrhmks phrh hezhrsc y vclnr

he gulmk mc eks sucøks quc pcrinacl pkr gc-mnks mc ikgulnihinùl quc lk iklkicl brkltcrhs

phrh sus ngèoclcs, ihmh vcz gès mcsihrlhmhs c

nljughlhs. ^ sn lhmnc tnclc quc ghlmhrlks, h

quî cspcrhgks, ikgk csirnanù Ockroc Krwcee cl

ktrk ikltcxtk sngnehr y qunzès lk thl mcvhsthmkr

y shlorhltc.

G N O S

C E O H E N L M K


22/68

11 82 mc ghyk mc 1682

HQ]ÇISEKKVNLNÙL

Jhic ulhs scghlhs, iuhlmk eks gkmcrlçsn-

gks hvnklcs B 11 mc eh Bucrzh Hîrch cs-

thmulnmclsc htcrrnzhrkl cl ce hcrkpucrtk

Gnjhne Dkohelnichlu, sntuhmk he akrmc mce Ghr

Lcork, cl ehs nlgcmnhinklcs mc Iklsthlzh, eks

pkentùekoks rughlks hikoncrkl su eecohmh ikl ul

csiuctk hulquc ikltulmcltc ―yh crh jkrh‗. Eks

bhgksks ihzhs nlvnsnaecs cbcituhahl ulh gnsnùl

mnsuhskrnh cl eks phçscs mc Curkph krnclthe ’Vkek-

lnh, Qughlnh y eks Csthmks aèetniks’ hgclhzhmks,

scoðl eh `croh mc eh Krohlnzhinùl mce ]rhthmk mce

Hteèltnik Lkrtc (K]HL), pkr eh horcsnùl rush. Ce

gclsh`c clvnhmk pkr ce hituhe nlqunenlk mc eh Ihsh

Aehlih mcaçh trhlqunenzhr h sus henhmks curkpcks

c nlircphr h eks mucøks

mce Drcgenl, hiushmks mcjhacr mcsclihmclhmk

ulh oucrrh jçarnmh cl

eks iklblcs ikl ce luc-

vk… gulmk enarc. Slh

rctùrnih guy phrcinmh

h eh mc ehs mîihmhs mc

8>36 k 8>26, iuhlmk Gksið y _hsjnlotkl mnh-

ekohahl pkr nltcrgcmnk mc sus hrsclhecs mc k`nvhs

luiechrcs. Jky cl mçh, eh eehghmh oucrrh jçarnmh

tnclc pkr csiclhrnk eh pclçlsueh mc Irngch k ce

Cstc mc Sirhlnh, tcrrntkrnks quc Qusnh snouc ikl-

snmcrhlmk su phtnk trhscrk. Guy mnstnlth cs, snl cg-

ahrok, eh pcricpinùl mce Vcltèoklk k ce Mcphrth-

gcltk mc Csthmk, quc bhlthschl ikl ul snlbçl mc

pulths mc ehlzh cl eks iklblcs mce Cstc curkpck.

Cs kavnk quc phrh iklvcrtnrsc cl hutîltnih

hgclhzh, ehs ceuiuarhinklcs mc eks cstrhtcohs mc

_hsjnlotkl k mc Aruscehs lcicsnthl ce rcsphemk

pkpuehr. Lk jhy quc cxtrhøhrsc, pucs, he ikgprk-

ahr quc eks gcmnks mc ikgulnihinùl mc Curkph

krnclthe puaenihl rcsuethmks mc eks sklmcks cbci-

tuhmks pkr ce Nlstntutk Oheeup, quc sc jhic cik

snstcgètnihgcltc mce gncmk mc eks pkaehmkrcs mc

eh rconùl hltc eh hgclhzh rush. Eks hrougcltks

csorngnmks rciucrmhl ehs kbclsnvhs gcmnètnihs mc

eh Oucrrh Brçh.

»Vurh prkphohlmh; H vcics ce gncmk cs rche.

Eks jhanthltcs mc eh ekihenmhm rughlh mc Mcvc-

sceu, iklvcrtnmh mcsmc blhecs mc 1683 cl ulh mc

ehs prnlinphecs ahscs gnenthrcs mce eehghmk csiumk

hltngnsnecs, lk mnsnguehl su tcgkr hltc ul pksn-

aec hthquc aheçstnik. ―Ce mçh cl quc eks rusks sc

clbhmcl ikl eks csthmulnmclscs scrcgks ehs prn-

gcrhs vçitnghs mc eh

oucrrh. Eks gnsnecs lksheihlzhrèl h lksktrks.

H lksktrks lk lks prc-

oulthrkl sn qucrçhgks

tclcr hquç h eks csthmu-

lnmclscs. Cs incrtk quc

jhl nlvcrtnmk guijk

mnlcrk, pcrk…‗.

Iuhlmk eks csthmulnmclscs sc nlsthehrkl cl

Mcvcsceu, sc nlsnluù quc eh ahsc iklthrçh ikl ==

gnsnecs mc nltcricpinùl. Ce ikstk mce kpcrhtnvk hs-

iclmnù h 336 gneeklcs mc mùehrcs. Lk sc trhthah

mc ulh kpcrhinùl rceègphok0 eh K]HL jhaçh cs-

ikonmk ce gulninpnk rughlk cl… ¡1688! Ynl cg-

ahrok, eks tcgkrcs cgpczhrkl h pcrbehrsc trhs eh

ghtcrnhenzhinùl mce prkycitk.

»Sl ihsk hnsehmk; Lk. Ln guijçsngk gclks.

Eh Henhlzh Hteèltnih cspcrh iklthr ikl ulh bucr-

zh mc nltcrvclinùl lhvhe cl ce Ghr Lcork, ikg-

pucsth pkr auqucs mc oucrrh turiks, aðeohrks y

CY]HMSLNMCLYCY

HMQNÈL GHI ENGHL, HLHENY]H VKEÇ]NIK NL]CQLHINKLHE/ICL]QK MC IKEHAKQHINK-LCY YKENMHQNHY

Eh eecohmh mc eks hvnklcs B 11 mc ehBucrzh Hîrch csthmulnmclsc h GnjhneDkohelnichlu, gclsh`c mc eh Ihsh Aehl-ih he Drcgenl pkr eh oucrrh jçarnmh

h


23/68


HQ]ÇISEK KVNLNÙL

rughlks. Cl ce Aèetnik, eh ktrh cxtrcgnmhm mc eks

iklblcs ikl Qusnh, ihzhs jkehlmcscs y csphøk-

ecs vnonehl ce csphink hîrck mc Cstklnh y Ectklnh,

phçscs quc ihrcicl mc gcmnks subincltcs phrh

mkthrsc ikl hvnklcs mc ikgahtc gkmcrlks. Ghs

eks nlinmcltcs hîrcks rconstrhmks ðetnghgcltc tuvncrkl pkr prkthoklnsths hphrhtks rusks y… csth-

mulnmclscs.

Cl bcarcrk, eks gnlnstrks mc Mcbclsh mc eh

K]HL, rculnmks cl Aruscehs, tuvncrkl quc prk-

lulinhrsc skarc eh vnhanenmhm mc ul pehl mc nl-

vcrsnklcs pkr ul gkltk oekahe mc 9 gne gneeklcs

mc curks, mcstnlhmk h nlircgclthr eh prcsclinh

gnenthr csthmulnmclsc cl ce vnc`k ikltnlcltc. Vhrh

su pucsth cl prèitnih sc ahrh`hl vhrnhs kpinklcs.

Gncltrhs ce iklscrvhmkr Mklhem ]rugp ’quc sc

pcrbeh ikgk ihlmnmhtk mce Vhrtnmk Qcpuaenihlk

h eh Vrcsnmclinh mc Csthmks Slnmks’ hakoh pkr ce

clvçk mc trkphs h Curkph ’ek quc heoulks tnemhl

hancrthgcltc mc rckiuphinùl’, ce hituhe prcsnmcl-

tc Ahrhid Kahgh, Vrcgnk Lkace mc eh Vhz, cstngh

quc scrçh iklvclncltc hugclthr eh prcsclinh gnen-

thr mc eh Henhlzh cl eh brkltcrh ikl Qusnh utnenzhl-

mk ikltnlocltcs arntèlniks y… hecghlcs.

Eh prkpucsth, bkrguehmh cl eh gnlniugarc

mc `cbcs mc Csthmk icecarhmh cl Jhlkvcr, trkpczù

ikl ehs rctniclinhs mce nloeîs Mhvnm Ihgcrkl y eh

hecghlh Hloceh Gcrdce. Ihgcrkl hecoù quc ehstrkphs arntèlnihs cstèl mcspecohmhs cl ktrhs ehtn-

tumcs ’eîhsc cl hltnouks phçscs pcrtclcincltcs he

Ikggklwchetj’ gncltrhs quc eh ihlineecr ocr-

ghlh tuvk cl gcltc ce ghe rciucrmk quc mc`hrkl

ehs trkphs hecghlhs cl ce brcltc mce Cstc, thltk cl

eh Vrngcrh ikgk cl eh Ycoulmh Oucrrh Gulmnhe.

Xucmh, pucs, eh ðetngh kpinùl, quc ce Lkace Kah-

gh trhth mc mcsihrthr0 eh prcsclinh csthmulnmclsc.

Eh mcinsnùl sc tkghrè cl `uenk prùxngk, murhltc eh

iugarc mc eh K]HL quc sc icecarhrè cl Rhrskvnh.

Ihac prcoulthrsc ’y cs ulh gcrh cspciueh-

inùl’ sn eks pkaehmkrcs mc Curkph krnclthe cgu-

ehrèl h eks neusks prkthoklnsths mce begc Anclvclnmk

gçstcr Ghrsjhee , qunclcs sc cijhrkl h eh iheec ikl

hquce nlkevnmhaec ―hgcrnihlkkks, ks rcinangks

ikl hecorççççççhhhh‗…



24/68

1= 82 mc ghyk mc 1682

HQ]ÇISEKKVNLNÙL

Krohlnzhinùl mc ehs Lhinklcs Slnmhs.

Jcgks eecohmk h ul pultk snl rctkrlk.

Ce gulmk cs tcstnok mce ghykr orhmk mc

lcicsnmhm jughlnthrnh mcsmc eh Ycoulmh Oucrrh

Gulmnhe. Eh ihtèstrkbc jughlh cs mc csiheh tntè-

lnih.

Slks 813 gneeklcs mc pcrsklhs tnclcl ulh cx-

trcgh lcicsnmhm mc hyumh, gès mc 26 gneeklcs cs-

tèl mcspehzhmhs pkr eh bucrzh y juak 18: gneeklcs

mc mhglnihmks pkr mcshstrcs lhturhecs ihmh høk

mc eks ðetngks 16 høks.

Yc lcicsnthl gès mc 16 gne gneeklcs mc mùehrcs

phrh hyumhr h eks 9? phçscs hituhegcltc hbcithmks

pkr mcshstrcs y iklnitks hrghmks. Yn lk sc tkghl

gcmnmhs nlgcmnhths, 21 pkr incltk mc eh pkaehinùl

gulmnhe pkmrçh eecohr h vnvnr cl 1696 ek quc jky sc

iehsnih ikgk sntuhinklcs brèonecs. Slh y ktrh vcz

csiuijhgks quc lucstrk gulmk cstè cl ul pultkmc nlcxnùl. Jky csths pheharhs skl gès incrths

quc lulih.

Cgpczhgks h ikgprclmcr quc lnloulk mc

lksktrks cs nlgulc h ehs rcpcriusnklcs mc eks ikl-

nitks y eks mcshstrcs. Rcgks cl pcrsklh h eks rc-

buonhmks mc ehs lhinklcs mcvhsthmhs pkr eh oucrrh

y skgks tcstnoks mc prngcrh ghlk mc ehs iklsc-

iuclinhs mce iheclthgncltk oekahe. Ek vcgks, ek

vnvngks y yh lk ek pkmcgks lcohr.

Cstks skl gkgcltks mc mcscspcrhinùl. Ikl

thltk cl `ucok, sùek tclcgks ulh kpinùl0 eh ju-

ghlnmhm. Cs jkrh mc csthr `ultks y rcvcrtnr eh tcl-

mclinh ircincltc mc ehs lcicsnmhmcs jughlnthrnhs.

Cs jkrh mc irchr ka`ctnvks iehrks y vnhaecs mc ihg-

ank, h hpenihr cl eks prùxngks 9 høks, ahshmks cl

lucstrh jughlnmhm cl ikgðl, ce vhekr quc lks

ulc h tkmks.

Vkr cstc gktnvk ce scircthrnk oclcrhe mc eh Kr-

ohlnzhinùl mc ehs Lhinklcs Slnmhs (KLS) ikl-

vkiù h eks okacrlhltcs mce pehlcth h hsnstnr h eh

prngcrh Iugarc Jughlnthrnh Gulmnhe (IJG),

eks mçhs 19 y 1= mc cstc gcs, cl Csthgaue, ]urquçh,

phrh hikrmhr gcmnmhs quc trhzhrèl ulh ruth phrh

ce ihgank rche.

Eh IJG buc ce rcsuethmk mc 9 høks mc iklsue-

ths ikl gès mc 19 gne pcrsklhs cl 839 phçscs.

Ahshmk cl ce prkicsk mc iklsueths, ce scircthrnk

oclcrhe prcscltù su nlbkrgc phrh eh IJG, Slh

jughlnmhm, rcspklshanenmhm ikgphrtnmh, quc csakzh

ulh vnsnùl iehrh phrh quc eks ghlmhthrnks tkgcl

gcmnmhs rèpnmhs y ikecitnvhs ikl ce l mc rcbkrzhr

eh ikkrmnlhinùl mc eh hyumh jughlnthrnh.

Ce nlbkrgc, iklkinmk hicrthmhgcltc ikgk eh

―Hoclmh phrh eh jughlnmhm‗, prkpklc nllkvhmk-

rcs ihganks mce snstcgh jughlnthrnk quc hyumh-

rèl h rcmuinr ce subrngncltk, ce rncsok y eh vuelcrh-

anenmhm mce pehlcth.Eh Hoclmh thganîl cstè vnliuehmh ikl eks Ka-

`ctnvks mc Mcshrrkeek Ykstclnaec, quc trhzhl gcths

cspciçihs phrh ce buturk y eh sheum mc lucstrk gul-

mk. Nghonlc ce l mc eh pkarczh, eh mcsnouhemhm y

eh oucrrh invne phrh 1696. »Cs pksnaec; Ynl euohr h

mumhs. Ce scircthrnk oclcrhe pnmnù quc jhyh hvhl-

ics gcmnaecs cl eks 9 høks pkstcrnkrcs h eh IJG.

Eh IJG lk cs ce pultk lhe, snlk ce pulthpnî

nlninhe phrh jhicr ulh vcrmhmcrh mnbcrclinh cl ehs

vnmhs mc gneeklcs mc gu c̀rcs, jkgarcs y lnøks.

Cs ulh kpkrtulnmhm snl prcicmcltcs phrh quc eks

eçmcrcs mce pehlcth gkvnenicl eh vkeulthm pkeçtnih

phrh hakrmhr heoulks mc eks prkaecghs gès hiu-

inhltcs mc lucstrk tncgpk.

Eh Hoclmh cspcinih inlik rcspklshanenmhmcs

quc eh ikgulnmhm nltcrlhinklhe mcac hsugnr sn cs-

pcrhgks hihahr ikl lucstrhs irnsns jughlnthrnhs

ikgphrtnmhs. Slh vcz quc sc hpenqucl, ce ihgank

scrè nlcvnthaec.

JCQRC RCQJKKYCE, VKQ]HRKP MC EH ISGAQC JSGHLN]HQNH GSLMNHE XSC YC ICEC-AQHQÈ CL CY]HGASE, ]SQXSÇH, CE 19 ̂ 1= MC GH^K/NVY

JSGHLNMHM

EH YKENMHQNMHM K EH CZ]NLINÙL


25/68


HQ]ÇISEK KVNLNÙL

Vrcvclnr y hihahr ikleks iklnitks

Eks eçmcrcs pkeçtniks ’nlieusk ce Iklsc`k mc Ycou-

rnmhm mc eh KLS’ mcacl lk sùek ocstnklhr ehs irnsns,snlk thganîl prcvclnrehs. Mcacl hlhenzhr eks rncsoks

y utnenzhr tkmks eks gcmnks pkeçtniks y ciklùgniks

lcicshrnks phrh ngpcmnr ehs oucrrhs y clikltrhr sk-

euinklcs, cl ikehakrhinùl ikl eks `ùvclcs, ehs gu`c-

rcs y eks orupks rcenonksks, cltrc ktrhs ikgulnmhmcs.

Eh IJG rcprcsclth ulh kpkrtulnmhm ðlnih

phrh katclcr ce ikgprkgnsk mc eks eçmcrcs phrh

prkgkvcr c nlvcrtnr cl eh prcvclinùl y eh gcmnh-

inùl mc eks iklnitks, quc oclcrhl :6 pkr incltk

mc ehs lcicsnmhmcs jughlnthrnhs.

Qcspctk pkr ehs lkrghs

mc eh oucrrh

Eh ghykrçh mc eks Csthmks rghrkl ehs ecycs

nltcrlhinklhecs jughlnthrnhs y mc mcrcijks ju-

ghlks, pcrk ehgclthaecgcltc pkihs skl rcspcth-

mhs k supcrvnshmhs. Yn eks nlbrhitkrcs lk skl rcs-

pklshanenzhmks ihmh vcz quc vnkehl ehs ecycs, eks

invnecs scounrèl snclmk ce orucsk mc eks gucrtks cl

ul iklnitk, hprkxnghmhgcltc >6 pkr incltk.

Eh IJG scrè ul bkrk phrh quc eks eçmcrcs prk-gucvhl eh prktciinùl mc eks invnecs y ce rcspctk mc

eks mcrcijks jughlks aèsniks.

Xuc lhmnc sch cxieunmk

Nghoçlcsc quc cs mcspehzhmk mc su ihsh, hpè-

trnmh k hthihmk pkr su rhzh, rcenonùl k lhinklhen-

mhm. Hjkrh nghonlc quc sc hmkpthl pkeçtnihs mc

mcshrrkeek phrh eks gès pkarcs mce gulmk, quc eks

ghlmhthrnks trhah`hl phrh mnsgnlunr ce mcspehzh-

gncltk, quc ehs gu`crcs y ehs lnøhs skl cgpkmcrh-

mhs y prktconmhs, y quc tkmks eks lnøks y lnøhs ’yh

sch cl zklhs mc iklnitk k lk’ hsnstcl h eh csiuceh.

Nghonlc ul gulmk quc sc lncoh h cxieunrek.

Csh pkmrçh scr lucstrh rchenmhm.

Cl eh IJG, ce scircthrnk oclcrhe pcmnrè h eks

eçmcrcs gulmnhecs quc sc ikgprkgcthl h rcmuinr

eks mcspehzhgncltks nltcrlks ul 36 pkr incltk hl-

tcs mc 1696.

]rhah`hr mc ghlcrh

mnbcrcltc phrh hihahr

ikl eh lcicsnmhm

Yn ancl eks mcshstrcs lhturhecs rcpcltnlks suc-ecl tkghrlks pkr skrprcsh, guijhs irnsns skl prc-

vnsnaecs. Cs jkrh mc ikgprkgctcrsc phrh ikehakrhr

cstrcijhgcltc ikl eks snstcghs ekihecs y eks skinks

mc mcshrrkeek phrh htclmcr ehs lcicsnmhmcs aèsnihs

mc ehs ikgulnmhmcs cl sntuhinùl mc rncsok y hyu-

mhrehs h prcphrhrsc y h scr gclks vuelcrhaecs.

Jhic bheth ulh gc`kr rcikpnehinùl mc mhtks sk-

arc ce rncsok mc irnsns y ul eehghmk phrh hituhr

rèpnmhgcltc ikl ce l mc rcmuinr ce rncsok y eh vue-

lcrhanenmhm h csiheh gulmnhe.

Eh IJG arnlmhrè eh pehthbkrgh lcicshrnh phrh

hsugnr ce ikgprkgnsk ikl lucvhs bkrghs mc ikeh-

akrhinùl pkr ul ka`ctnvk ikgðl0 eh jughlnmhm.

Nlvcrtnr cl eh jughlnmhm

Yn rchegcltc qucrcgks hituhr ikl rcspcitk h

lucstrh rcspklshanenmhm jhinh ehs pcrsklhs vuelc-

rhaecs, mcacgks nlvcrtnr cl ceehs pkeçtnih y lhl-

incrhgcltc, gcmnhltc ce hpkyk mc gcths ikecitnvhs

cl euohr mc prkycitks nlmnvnmuhecs. Csk snolnih

hugclthr eks bklmks lk sùek phrh eh rcspucsth, snlk

thganîl phrh eks csbucrzks mc prcphrhinùl phrh ehsirnsns, eh iklskenmhinùl mc eh phz y eh gcmnhinùl.

]hganîl snolnih scr gès irchtnvks hicrih mc

iùgk lhlinhr h ehs krohlnzhinklcs lk ouacrlh-

gclthecs lhinklhecs ’ikl hyumh mc prîsthgks,

mklhinklcs, aklks y snstcghs mc scourks, hmcgès

mc trhah`hr ikl eks ahliks mc nlvcrsnùl, ehs cgprc-

shs mc thr`cths mc irîmntk y eks gcihlnsgks nseègn-

iks mc lhlinhinùl skinhe.

Yc rcquncrc quc eks mklhltcs schl gès cxnaecs

cl eh bkrgh cl quc lhlinhl ehs irnsns y quc ehs

hoclinhs mc hyumh schl ek gès cincltcs y trhls-

phrcltcs pksnaec cl iuhltk he ohstk mce mnlcrk.

Lucstrk gulmk cstè cl ul pultk mc nlcxnùl.

hrh eh Jughlnmhm skl jky gès lcicshrnhs quc

lulih. Lksktrks, ikgk inumhmhlks mce gulmk, mc-

acgks cxjkrthrecs h lucstrks eçmcrcs quc sc rcðlhl

cl eh Iugarc y sc ikgprkgcthl ikl ehs gcmnmhs

lcicshrnhs phrh rcmuinr ce subrngncltk jughlk. Eh

jughlnmhm mcac scr eh kpinùl suprcgh.


26/68

12 82 mc ghyk mc 1682

NLRCY]NOHINÙL VKQ]HMH

OHY]H MNB GKQCEKY81: GNEEKLCY

CL MCYH^SLKY

CYIKEHQCY^ LK EKY CL]QCOH

12 82 mc ghyk mc 1682



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NLRCY]NOHINÙLVKQ]HMH

Eh Humntkrçh Yupcrnkr

mclulinh hltc eh

Ikltrhekrçh mc Gkrcekshlkgheçhs cl ce ikltrhtk

quc ce MNB mc csh cltnmhm

hsnolù h ]nclmhs Ykrnhlh,

phrh ikgprh mc mcshyulks

csikehrcs. Hbcithmks,

mciclhs mc nlbhltcs cl

pkarczh cxtrcgh

E

h hituhe hmgnlnstrhinùl mce MNB Gkrceks’prcsnmnmh cl bkrgh jklkrhrnh pkr Ceclh

Icpcmh mc Ecùl, cspksh mce okacrlhmkrOrhik Qhgçrcz’ nliurrnù cl nrrcouehrnmhmcs cleh ikgprh y rcphrtk mc eks mcshyulks csikehrcsphrh lnøks y lnøhs cl sntuhinùl mc pkarczh y pk-arczh cxtrcgh. Cl mnincgarc mc 1683 ce ihsk bucmclulinhmk hltc eh Ikltrhekrçh mce Csthmk mcGkrceks, pkr nltcrvclinùl mc eh Humntkrçh Yu-pcrnkr mc eh Bcmcrhinùl.

Eh rcvnsnùl prhitnihmh pkr ce gèxngk ùroh-lk mc sihenzhinùl mce phçs rcvceh quc murhl-tc 8 høk, mc 168= h 1683, ce MNB Gkrceks lkprcscltù ul usk cincltc c nlieusk nliurrnù clsuac`crinink mc eks rciursks quc eh bcmcrhinùl eccltrcoù mce Bklmk mc Hpkrthinklcs Gðetnpecs,quc hsiclmncrkl h 963 gneeklcs :9= gne 366 pc-sks cl tkthe.

Eh hlkgheçh gès orhvc quc kascrvù eh Humn-tkrçh Yupcrnkr iklsnstnù cl ce nliugpengncltk mceikltrhtk phrh eh hmqunsninùl y mnstrnauinùl mc mc-shyulks csikehrcs phrh ce iniek csikehr 168=-1683,

LHLI^ BEKQCY, Flhliy[ikltrh

I C I N E N H G H Q ] Ç L C P


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1: 82 mc ghyk mc 1682


pucs hbcitù h mciclhs mc lnøks y lnøhs cl sntuh-inùl mc pkarczh y pkarczh cxtrcgh, iklsnmcrhmheh pkaehinùl gès vuelcrhaec. Mc hiucrmk ikl cepkrthe mc ]rhlsphrclinh mce MNB Gkrceks, mnijkikltrhtk sc hsnolù h ]nclmhs Ykrnhlh, vçh eninthinùl

pðaenih, ce 98 mc `uenk mc 168=.Vhrh ce phok h bhvkr mc ehs ]nclmhs Ykrnhlh,

ce 3 mc hokstk mc csc gnsgk høk ce MNB Gkrceksprkvnsnklù 81: gneeklcs 98? gne 321 pcsks prk- vclncltcs mce Bklmk mc Hpkrthinklcs Gðetnpecs,pkr gcmnk mc eh pùenzh mc mnhrnk lðgcrk 66=9>.Ynl cgahrok, he incrrc mce c`crinink sihe lk rcinanùeh tkthenmhm mc eks mcshyulks y mcspclshs ikltrh-thmhs y sùek cvnmclinù ul ohstk mcvclohmk pkr 2:gneeklcs ?91 gne 966 pcsks, scøheh eh HumntkrçhYupcrnkr.

Vkr ceek, ce ? mc mnincgarc mc 1683 sc prcscl-tù hltc eh Ycircthrçh mc eh Ikltrhekrçh mce Csthmkmc Gkrceks ulh prkgkinùl mc rcspklshanenmhmhmgnlnstrhtnvh shlinklhtkrnh, gcmnhltc ce kinkMHQB]-―H1‗/819:/1683, `ultk ikl ce cxpc-mncltc icrtnihmk mc mnijh nrrcouehrnmhm. Ikl ceek,eh HYB pnmnù h eh Ikltrhekrçh csththe nlvcstnohr ylihr rcspklshanenmhmcs h eks scrvnmkrcs pðaeniksnlvkeuirhmks.

Gnrcyh Qcycs Oùgcz, ocrcltc mc Ikgulnih-inùl Ikrpkrhtnvh y Qcehinklcs Vðaenihs mc ]ncl-mhs Ykrnhlh, cxpenih h Ikltrheçlch 0 cl eks rconstrks

mc eh cgprcsh ―lk tclcgks lnloðl rciehgk mc ehnlstntuinùl ikl quncl ikltrhthgks ce scrvnink mcheoulh cltrcoh thrmçh4 snl cgahrok, mcsiklkicgkseh bkrgh cl quc kpcrc he nltcrnkr mc eh nlstntuinùlouacrlhgclthe‗ (sni ).

Cl cltrcvnsth, @uhl Ghrtçl Vîrcz Ohriçh, mn-rcitkr c`ciutnvk mc eh Qcm pkr eks Mcrcijks mc ehNlbhlinh cl Gîxnik (Qcmng), kpnlh quc ce prkorh-gh mc eks mcshyulks csikehrcs sc tnclc quc rcvnshrikl mctclngncltk. ―^h tnclc he gclks =6 høks y yhhgcrnth ulh cvheuhinùl prkbulmh‗, pucs lk lcic-shrnhgcltc cstè iugpenclmk ikl su ka`ctnvk.

Ce mcbclskr mc eks mcrcijks mc eks nlbhltcs hm- vncrtc quc nlieusk ce tcgh mce ikltclnmk iheùrnikcs mnsiutnaec. ―^h cstè mcgkstrhmk quc tnclc heou-lhs bheehs y csk vhrçh mcpclmnclmk mc eh cltnmhmbcmcrhtnvh4 pcrk cs ul gkmcek quc jhy quc rcvnshr y vhekrhr sn cbcitnvhgcltc hpkrth k lk‗ h eh euijhikltrh eh pkarczh.

Horcoh quc phrh ikgahtnr cbcitnvhgcltc ce rc- Vcsc h eh uroclinh mc htclmcr h lnøks cl pkarczh cxtrcgh gcmnhltc ce prkorhgh mc hsnstclinh

hengclthrnh, he 98 mc hokstk mc 1683 ce MNB Gkrceks sùek cltrcoù 99 gne ?== mcspclshs mc ehs 3= gne 2?=

quc jhaçh hmqunrnmk

Y H Ð E E Ù V C P C Y I K Q I N H / I S H Q ] K Y I S Q K


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zhok y eh mcsnouhemhm, ―sc lcicsnthl hiinklcs mnbc-rclinhmhs phrh htclmcr eh pkarczh mc lnøks, lnøhs y

hmkecsicltcs.‗ Vucs eks prkorhghs skinhecs, hmvncr-tc, phrtcl mc ulh ùptnih mc htclinùl h eh pkaehinùlhmueth.

Nliugpengncltk

mc gcths

Hmcgès mc quc eks prkorhghs mc hsnstclinh sk-inhe lk rcsucevcl ce prkaecgh mc pkarczh, cl ce ihskmce MNB Gkrceks ln snquncrh iugpencrkl sus gc-ths mc ikacrturh.

Vcsc h eh uroclinh mc htclmcr h csh pkaehinùl vue-lcrhaec gcmnhltc ce prkorhgh mc hsnstclinh hengcl-thrnh, he 98 mc hokstk mc 1683 ce MNB Gkrceks sùekcltrcoù 99 gne ?== mcspclshs mc ehs 3= gne 2?= qucjhaçh hmqunrnmk. Mc îsths, ðlnihgcltc ce =>.> pkrincltk sc cltrcoù cl eks gulninpnks ikl hetk lnvcemc ihrclinh hengclthrnh, rcvceh eh Humntkrçh Yupcrnkr.

Mc hiucrmk ikl ce nlbkrgc mc sihenzhinùl mc

eh Iuclth Vðaenih 168=, ikl rciursks mce Bklmkmc Hpkrthinklcs Gðetnpecs sc ktkrohrkl 83 gneek-

lcs 9>1 gne 168 mcshyulks csikehrcs cl sus gk-mhenmhmcs ihencltc y brçk, phrh aclcink mc >6 gne>22 lnøks4 sùek ce =:.8 pkr incltk sc mnstrnauyù clgulninpnks ikl hetk lnvce mc ihrclinh hengclthrnh.

Cl ce ihsk mc ehs mcspclshs phrh gclkrcs mc 8høk, ce MNB Gkrceks ktkroù ul tkthe mc 2 gne 9?:phrh aclcink mc 391 pcrsklhs4 y hulquc eh ghyk-rçh ’28.2 pkr incltk’ sc mnstrnauyù cl gulninpnksikl hetk lnvce mc ihrclinh hengclthrnh, ce 9:.> sccltrcoù cl euohrcs quc lk prcsclthl uroclinh.

Qcspcitk mce prkorhgh mc mcspclshs phrh gc-lkrcs mc 3 høks lk csikehrnzhmks, sc ktkrohrkl 38gne 888 phrh aclcink mc = gne 13> lnøks4 mc îs-ths, ce 9>.= pkr incltk sc mnstrnauyù cl gulninpnksquc lk cstèl iklsnmcrhmks ikl hetk lnvce mc ihrcl-inh hengclthrnh.

Eh Humntkrçh Yupcrnkr thganîl mctcitù quc eksprkorhghs mc hsnstclinh hengclthrnh h bhgnenhs clmcshgphrk lk tnclcl ul scoungncltk ikl ahsc cleks Irntcrnks mc Ihenmhm Lutrninh ln mc hiinklcs

Vkr ehs nrrcouehrnmhmcs mctcithmhs cl ce MNB Gkrceks, vnliuehmhs h eh ikgprh mc mcshyulks csikehrcs, ce ? mc mnincgarc mc 1683 sc prcscltù hltc eh Ycircthrçh mc eh Ikltrhekrçh mce

Csthmk mc Gkrceks ulh prkgkinùl mc rcspklshanenmhm hmgnlnstrhtnvh shlinklhtkrnh ikltrh eks scrvnmkrcs pðaeniks nlvkeuirhmks

Ohstk Bcmcrhenzhmk

8

Okancrlk mce Csthmk mc Gkrceks (Humntkrçh Ikkrmnlhmh)

Qciursks mce Bklmk mc Hpkrthinklcs Gðetnpecs

Humntkrçh Bnlhlincrh ikl Clbkquc mc Mcscgpcøk0 8=-H-8?666-8=-86=6

OB-6:9

Heihlic

COQCYKY

Gnecs mc Vcsks

Slnvcrsk Yceciinklhmk 963,:9=.3

Gucstrh Humnthmh 19:,?92.6

Qcprcsclthtnvnmhm mc eh

Gucstrh

?:.8%

Eh rcvnsnùl ikgprclmnù eh vcrnbnihinùl mc eks rciursks mce Bklmk mc Hpkrthinklcs Gðetnpecs

hpkrthmks pkr eh Bcmcrhinùl murhltc 168= he csthmk mc Gkrceks pkr 963,:9=.3 gnecs mc pcsks.

Eh gucstrh rcvnshmh buc mc 19:,?93.> gnecs mc pcsks, gkltk quc rcprcscltù ce ?:.8% mc eks

rciursks trhlsbcrnmks.

Hltcicmcltcs

Cl ce ghrik mce Ynstcgh Lhinklhe mc Bnsihenzhinùl (YLB), eh HYB susirnanù iklvclnks mc

ikkrmnlhinùl y ikehakrhinùl ikl ehs Cltnmhmcs mc Bnsihenzhinùl Yupcrnkr mc ehs Econsehturhs

Ekihecs (CBYE), ikl ce ka`ctk mc ikkrmnlhr y bkrthecicr ehs hiinklcs mc bnsihenzhinùl h eks

rciursks bcmcrhecs trhlsbcrnmks h ehs cltnmhmcs bcmcrhtnvhs, gulninpnks y mcghrihinklcs

tcrrntkrnhecs.

Cl csc ikltcxtk, phrh eh rcvnsnùl mc eh Iuclth Vðaenih 168=, eh HYB mnscøù ulh cstrhtconh mc

bnsihenzhinùl ikkrmnlhmh ikl ehs CBYE, iuyk ka`ctnvk cs nlircgclthr eh ikacrturh cl eh rcvnsnùl

mce ohstk bcmcrhenzhmk, cvnthr eh mupeninmhm cl ehs humntkrçhs rchenzhmhs c ngpueshr eh

jkgkekohinùl mc irntcrnks, lkrghs y gctkmkekoçhs mc humntkrçh, quc skl ka`ctnvks susthltnvks

mce YLB.

Csth humntkrçh sc rchenzù ikl ahsc cl csh cstrhtconh y sc eecvù h ihak ikl`ulthgcltc ikl eh

Humntkrçh Yupcrnkr mc Bnsihenzhinùl mce Iklorcsk mce Csthmk mc Gkrceks4 iklsnmcrù ce ghrik

`urçmnik mc eh HYB y sc mcshrrkeeù cl ul hgancltc mc cstrcijh ikkrmnlhinùl ikl csh cltnmhm

mc bnsihenzhinùl.

Qcsuethmks

Cvheuhinùl mce Ikltrke Nltcrlk

8. Yc hlhenzù ce ikltrke nltcrlk nlstrugclthmk pkr eks c`ciutkrcs mc eks rciursks mce Bklmk

mc Hpkrthinklcs Gðetnpecs (BHG) 168=, ikl ahsc cl ce Ghrik Nltcorhmk mc Ikltrke Nltcrlk

(GNIN) cgntnmk pkr eh Humntkrçh Yupcrnkr mc eh Bcmcrhinùl4 phrh ceek, sc hpen iù ul iucstnklhrnk

mc ikltrke nltcrlk y sc cvheuù eh mkiugclthinùl ikgprkahtkrnh ikl eh bnlhenm hm mc ikltrnaunr

prkhitnvh y iklstruitnvhgcltc h eh gc`krh ikltnluh mc eks snstcghs mc ikltrke nltcrlk

ngpecgclthmks.


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96 82 mc ghyk mc 1682


mc krnclthinùl hengclthrnh, mhmk quc sùek ikltcg-pehl eh cltrcoh mc ulh mcspclsh pkr aclcinhrnk.

Vkr ceek, mctcrgnlù quc ―lk sc tuvk ul ngphi-tk snolnihtnvk cl ce gc`krhgncltk mc ehs ikl-mninklcs mc anclcsthr mc eh pkaehinùl ka`ctnvk, he

lk tclcr ul scoungncltk mc eh rcpcriusnùl mc cstcprkorhgh cl eh scournmhm hengclthrnh mc eks aclc-inhrnks‗.

Nlbhlinh gcxnihlh,

sugnmh cl eh pkarczh

Ce Nlbkrgc hluhe skarc eh sntuhinùl mc pkarczh y rczhok skinhe 1683 , cehakrhmk pkr eh Ycircthrçhmc Mcshrrkeek Ykinhe bcmcrhe ikl bcijh mce 18 mcclcrk phshmk, nlmnih quc cl Gkrceks jhy >>9 gne:66 pkarcs0 8=> gne 966pcrsklhs sc cliucltrhlcl sntuhinùl mc pkarczhcxtrcgh y :== gne 366 clpkarczh gkmcrhmh.

H îsths sc sughl =:>gne =66 pcrsklhs quc skliklsnmcrhmhs vuelcrhaecspkr ihrclinhs skinhecs,pkr ek quc ehs pcrsklhscl heoðl lnvce mc pkarczh

hsinclmcl h 8 gneeùl =:9gne 166, mc ulh pkaehinùltkthe mc 8 gneeùl >69 gne:88 jhanthltcs.

Ykarc eh pkaehinùl vuelcrhaec, @uhl GhrtçlVîrcz Ohriçh, mnrcitkr c`ciutnvk mc eh Qcmng,kascrvh quc Gîxnik prcsclth ul hetk lnvce mcmcsnouhemhm. ―Eks mhtks mnspklnaecs mc IklcvheTIklsc`k Lhinklhe mc Cvheuhinùl mc eh VkeçtnihVðaenihW y Slnicb TKrohlnzhinùl mc ehs Lhink-lcs Slnmhs phrh eh NlbhlinhW lks mhl iuclth qucce 39 pkr incltk mc eks lnøks, lnøhs y hmkecsicl-tcs mc Gîxnik, cs mcinr 11 gneeklcs mc ceeks, mceks ihsn =6 gneeklcs, cstèl cl pkarczh. Cltklics,11 gneeklcs yh skl guijks, pcrk hmcgès cl cx-trcgh pkarczh, skl 3 gneeklcs‗.

Vkr ceek, nlmnih0 ―Lcicsnthgks quc ehs pkeçtnihsmc euijh ikltrh eh pkarczh tclohl ul clbkquc mn-bcrclinhe. Hjkrh gnsgk 1.3 gneeklcs mc lnøks ylnøhs trhah`hl. Cstk snolnih quc ce nlorcsk mc ehs

bhgnenhs, cl thltk lk sc gc`krc, scounrcgks tclncl-mk eh prcsclinh mc gnecs mc lnøks y lnøhs trhah- `hlmk. Hmcgès eks mhtks lks mnicl quc kijk mcihmh 86 lnøks quc trhah`hl ek jhicl cl pcqucøhsikgulnmhmcs, cs mcinr, eh pkarczh cl oclcrhe cstè

puevcrnzhmh cl pcqucøhs ikgulnmhmcs. Vkr ceek csngpkrthltc quc ehs cstrhtconhs, ikgk eh IruzhmhLhinklhe ikltrh ce Jhgarc, rcspklmhl h cstks cs-phinks mklmc eh nlbhlinh cstè gès hbcithmh y TqucWlk TrcspklmhlW h ulh pcrspcitnvh TmcW hmuetk.‗

Ktrhs hlkgheçhs

Cl ce ihsk mce MNB Gkrceks, ce gèxngk ùr-ohlk mc sihenzhinùl mctcitù gès nrrcouehrnmhmcs.Vkr c`cgpek, eh nlstntuinùl quc prcsnmc eh iùlyuocmce okacrlhmkr Orhik Qhgçrcz lk supcrvnsù eh

cltrcoh mc mcspclshs mceks prkorhghs mc hsnstcl-inh hengclthrnh h su`ctks vuelcrhaecs y hsnstclinhhengclthrnh h gclkrcs mc3 høks cl rncsok mc mcslu-trninùl lk csikehrnzhmks.

Vhrh eh Humntkrçh Yupc-rnkr, cl 168= ce MNB Gkrc-eks ihrcinù mc gcihlnsgksmc ikltrke quc pcrgntncrhl

quc eks phmrklcs mc aclc-inhrnks mc eks prkorhghs

hengclthrnks cstuvncrhl hi-tuhenzhmks.

Ce MNB cs eh prnlinphe cltnmhm mc htclinùl clghtcrnh mc hsnstclinh skinhe mnrnonmh h nlmnvnmuks ybhgnenhs quc pkr sus iklmninklcs bçsnihs, gclthecs, `urçmnihs, k skinhecs rcquncrcl mc scrvninks cspcinh-enzhmks phrh su prktciinùl y su peclh nltcorhinùlhe anclcsthr.

Eh ngpkrthlinh mc ohsthr cincltc y ikrrci-thgcltc ce mnlcrk bcmcrhe quc rcinanù mce Bklmkmc Hpkrthinklcs Gðetnpecs iklsnstc, h mcinr mceh Humntkrçh, cl quc eh hsnstclinh hengclthrnh mc-pclmnù mc cstc rciursk cl >>.? pkr incltk, mnlc-rk mcstnlhmk h aclcinhr h 81> gne 319 pcrsklhsikl ihrclinh hengclthrnh. Cl tkthe, eks rciursks mceBklmk rcprcsclthrkl ce =6.9 pkr incltk mce lhl-inhgncltk mc ehs hiinklcs mc hsnstclinh skinhe qucsc ihlhenzhl h trhvîs mce MNB.

Hulquc ce MNB Gkrceksprkvnsnklù 81: gneeklcsmc pcsks phrh ce phok h]nclmhs Ykrnhlh, he incrrc

mc 168= lk rcinanù eh tkthenmhm mc eks mcshyulks y

mcspclshs ikltrhthmhshs


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Lk kasthltc, sc kascrvhrkl gès nrrcouehrnmhmcscl su c`crinink, ikgk ce jcijk mc quc ehs pùenzhs

iklthaecs mc eks corcsks lk iuclthl ikl ehs rghsmc ehs pcrsklhs quc ehs rcvnshrkl, cehakrhrkl y hu-tkrnzhrkl.

Gès orhvc hðl, ce suac`crinink cl ce quc nliu-rrnù ce MNB Gkrceks0 he 98 mc mnincgarc mc 168=,eh nlstntuinùl c`crinù sùek ce 39.= pkr incltk mceks rciursks bcmcrhecs mce Bklmk cl prkorhghshengclthrnks. Buc jhsth ce 98 mc hokstk mc 1683iuhlmk nlvnrtnù ce rcsthltc =2.2 pkr incltk mce mn-lcrk bcmcrhe.

Vkr ceek, eh Humntkrçh Yupcrnkr mctcrgnlù quc―lk sc c`crincrkl ikl cihinh eks rciursks mc eksprkorhghs phrh su`ctks vuelcrhaecs y bhgnenhs clmcshgphrk, cl vnrtum mc quc h eh bcijh mc eh rcvn-snùl, lk bucrkl cltrcohmhs cl su tkthenmhm ehs mcs-pclshs h eh pkaehinùl ka`ctnvk‗.

^ cs quc buc htclmnmk sùek ce 6.= pkr incltkmc eh pkaehinùl mc bhgnenhs cl mcshgphrk4 ce 28.?pkr incltk mc eks su`ctks vuelcrhaecs prkorhghmksikl hpkyks hengclthrnks4 y ce >2.= pkr incltk mc

eh pkaehinùl prkorhghmh ikl mcshyulks csikehrcs.Ce suac`crinink buc mclulinhmk hltc eh Ikltrh-

ekrçh csththe gcmnhltc ce kink lðgcrk MHQB]-―H1‗/8168/1683, mc bcijh 3 mc lkvncgarc mc 1683,quc nlieuyc ce cxpcmncltc icrtnihmk mc mnijhnrrcouehrnmhm. Ce ùrohlk sihenzhmkr ekihe mcacrènlvcstnohr y lihr ehs rcspklshanenmhmcs ikrrcs-pklmncltcs.

@uhl Ghrtçl Vîrcz Ohriçh kascrvh quc cl prk-orhghs ikgk ce mc mcshyulks csikehrcs hsç ikgkcl hquceeks mcstnlhmks h htclmcr mcshstrcs ―sncg-prc jhy suac`crininks. Cltklics lcicsnthgks quceks prkorhghs rnlmhl iuclths y schl humnthmks mcghlcrh nlmcpclmncltc‗.

Vhrh cstc trhah`k sc skenintù cltrcvnsth ikl ehprcsnmclth Ceclh Icpcmh mc Ecùl, cspksh mce ok-acrlhmkr Orhik Qhgçrcz4 y ikl eh mnrcitkrh oc-lcrhe Ghrçh Censh Phgumnk Harcok, h trhvîs mcYhguce Jcrlèlmcz, tntuehr mc eh Mnrciinùl mc Ik-gulnihinùl Ykinhe, y mc bkrgh mnrcith vçh sus ik-rrcks cecitrùlniks. Mcspuîs mc 1 gcscs mc ocstnùl,lk sc katuvk rcspucsth.

Ikl eks mcshyulks csikehrcs ―lk sc tuvk ul ngphitk snolnbihtnvk cl ce gc`krhgncltk mc ehs iklmninklcs mc anclcsthr mc eh pkaehinùl ka`ctnvk, he lk tclcr ul scoungncltk mc eh

rcpcriusnùl mc cstc prkorhgh cl eh scournmhm hengclthrnh mc eks aclcbinhrnks‗0 Humntkrçh Yupcrnkr

H E C @ H L M Q K L

C ^ Q H

/ I S H Q ] K Y I S Q K


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91 82 mc ghyk mc 1682

NLRCY]NOHINÙL QCLMNINÙL MC ISCL]HY

GKQCEKY HM@SMNIH

IKL]QH]KY VKQ

9 GNE GNEEKLCY

YNL ENIN]HINÙL


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NLRCY]NOHINÙLQCLMNINÙL MC ISCL]HY

Ce okancrlk mc Gkrceks

hm`umnih cl bkrgh mnrcith268 ikltrhtks, iuyk ikstk

oekahe hsinclmc h 9 gnegneeklcs mc pcsks. Inlikiklicltrhl ce 38.1 pkr

incltk mce tkthe4 cltrc îstks,

ce mc eh iklstruiinùl mcecsthmnk ―Ikruik‗ Mçhz, pkr=:2 gneeklcs

E

h Ycircthrçh mc Karhs mce okancrlk mcGkrceks hm`umniù, snl eninthinùl mc pkr

gcmnk, 268 ikltrhtks pkr gès mc 9 gne 36gneeklcs mc pcsks cltrc 1689 y 1683. Mc îsks,inlik hihphrhrkl ce 38.1 pkr incltk mce guetngn-eeklhrnk gkltk tkthe, cs mcinr 8 gne 32= gneeklcs336 gne pcsks.

Mc hiucrmk ikl mhtks kinhecs mc eh mcpcl-mclinh, cl ce prngcr høk mc okancrlk mce pcrrc-mnsth Orhik Qhgçrcz ’1689’ sc hsnolhrkl 189ikltrhtks mnrcitks, pkr 8 gne 22= gneeklcs=92 gne ?89 pcsks4 cl 168=, 1=?, pkr >6: gn-eeklcs 8?9 gne ?:?4 y cl 1683, 8=8, pkr =??gneeklcs 2=? gne 963 pcsks.

Ce tkthe, quc supcrh eks 9 gne gneeklcs, sno-lnih 92.2 vcics ce prcsupucstk 1682 quc ec buchsnolhmk he gulninpnk mc ]ctceh mce Rkeièl (iu- yks rciursks phrh cstc høk hpclhs heihlzhl eks:9 gneeklcs 99= gne 296 pcsks), iklsnmcrhmk cegès pkarc cl ce csthmk mc Gkrceks.

Cl cltrcvnsth, Ocrhrmk Acicrrh IjèvczJnth, vkicrk mc eh Ikkrmnlhmkrh Gkrceclsc mc

LHLI^ BEKQCY, Flhliy[ikltrh

I C I N E N H G H Q ] Ç L C P ^ 8 1 9 Q B


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9= 82 mc ghyk mc 1682

NLRCY]NOHINÙL QCLMNINÙL MC ISCL]HY

^ cs quc phrh Ntrnk Hrquntcitks, ce okancr-lk mc Gkrceks jh snmk ulh gnlh mc krk0 iklcsth ikgphøçh thganîl sc phitù eh tcricrh mcehs inlik ikltrhthinklcs gès ihrhs. Yc trhth mceh karh ikgpecgclthrnh he I30 Vrkycitk mc Nl-brhcstruiturh cl Ycournmhm-Nlsthehinùl y Vucs-th cl Bulinklhgncltk mc csc icltrk mc ikltrke.Cstc ikltrhtk sc rgù ce 88 mc lkvncgarc mc168= y tuvk ul ikstk phrh ce crhrnk mc 1>2 gneek-lcs 389 gne :?? pcsks.

Eks mks ikltrhtks quc bhvkrcincrkl h Ntrnksughl ::= gneeklcs >83 gne 32> pcsks, quc rc-prcsclthl ce 1> pkr incltk mce vhekr tkthe mc ehs268 ikltrhthinklcs snl eninthr.

Ntrnk Hrquntcitks cstè vnliuehmh he mnputhmkbcmcrhe pkr ce phrtnmk Cliucltrk Ykinhe, Hec- `hlmrk Oklzèecz Gurneek, quncl hmcgès mc scrskarnlk mce cxprkiurhmkr @csðs Gurneek Dhrhgcs mnrcitkr oclcrhe mc eh cgprcsh, iklsth cl suijh iurrniuehr.

Gkvngncltks Inumhmhlks, scøheh quc ―eh orhlghykrçh mc ehs cgprcshs h ehs quc sc ecs hsnolhmnrcithgcltc skl ehs cgprcshs iklscltnmhs mceokacrlhmkr‗.

Horcoh0 ―]kmk ek quc tnclc quc vcr ikl ehskarhs pðaenihs, ce >> pkr incltk, tc ek mnok iklguijh rcspklshanenmhm, skl hsnolhmhs mnrcith-gcltc‗.

Ce gès ikstksk mc eks ikltrhtks mnrcitks hsno-lhmk pkr eh Ycircthrçh mc Karhs mc Gkrceks csce mc eh iklstruiinùl mce I-3 (Icltrk mc Ikkr-mnlhinùl, Ikghlmk, Ikltrke, Ikgulnihinklcs yIùgputk) cl eh ekihenmhm mc Vhek Csirntk, guln-inpnk mc Cgnenhlk Phphth, pkr 3:: gneeklcs =68gne 2>1 pcsks.

Bnrghmk ce = mc kituarc mc 1689, mnijk ikl-trhtk mnrcitk aclcinù h eh skincmhm bkrghmh pkrYnxsnogh Lctwkrds Gîxnik c Ntrnk Hrquntcitks.Csth ðetngh cgprcsh cs ulh mc ehs iklscltnmhsmce okancrlk mc Orhik Qhgçrcz.

Ikpnh mc eh vcrsnùl pðaenih mce ikltrhtk YKV-YYCY-MOL-H-M-6:6/1689. Cl îsth sc ecc quc eh karh sc hsnolù cl bkrgh mnrcith h ehs cgprcshs H^VV Iklstruitkrcs clhskinhinùl ikl Orupk Iklstruitkr YCVYH pkrquc iuclthl ikl ulh phtcltc ikl lðgcrk mc nlvclinùl 8>62==


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NLRCY]NOHINÙLQCLMNINÙL MC ISCL]HY

Ce Csthmnk ―Ikruik‗

Ce ikltrhtk phrh eh iklstruiinùl mce csthmnkmc butake Houstçl ―Ikruik‗ Mçhz, cl Phihtcpci,cs ce scoulmk gès klcrksk quc eh Ycircthrçh mc

Karhs hm`umniù snl eninthr cltrc 1689 y 1683.Îstc ikgprkgctnù rciursks pðaeniks pkr =:2gneeklcs :68 gne :69 pcsks, iklsth cl eks hrijn- vks mc eh prkpnh mcpclmclinh.

Mc hiucrmk ikl eh vcrsnùl pðaenih mce ikltrhtkYKV-YYCY-MOL-H-M-6:6/1689, îstc sc hsno-lù cl bkrgh mnrcith h ehs cgprcshs H^VV Ikls-truitkrcs cl hskinhinùl ikl Orupk IklstruitkrYCVYH, pkrquc îsths iuclthl ikl ulh phtc

contralínea 488

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