crdilovani ganatlebis sistemastan - unescounesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001851/185106kat.pdf ·...
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Crdilovani ganaTlebis sistemasTan
dapirispireba
rogori samTavrobo politika esadageba kerZo
repetitorobis sxvadasxva formas?
M
mark brei
mTargmneli: mariam orkodaSvili
Confronting the shadow education system
What government policies for what private tutoring?
Mark Bray
Translated by: Mariam Orkodashvili
Crdilovani ganaTlebis sistemasTan
dapirispireba
rogori samTavrobo politika esadageba
kerZo repetitorobis sxvadasxva formas?
mark brei
winamdebare wignSi gamoTqmuli azrebi ekuTvnis mxolod
avtors da ar aris aucilebeli gamoxatavdes iuneskos
(UNESCO) an ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso institutis
(IIEP) azrebs. wignSi gamoyenebuli aRniSvnebi da masalis ward-
gena ar gamoxatavs iuneskos (UNESCO) an ganaTlebis dageg-
mvis saerTaSoriso institutis (IIEP) pozicias moxseniebuli
qveynebis, teritoriebis, qalaqebis, raionebis an maTi mTavrobebis
sazRvrebis legaluri statusis Sesaxeb.
wignis gamosacemad Catarebuli kvleva dafinansda iuneskos
da misi wevri qveynebis mier nebayoflobiT gaRebuli TanxebiT,
romlebic wignis bolos aris CamoTvlili.
© mTargmneli: mariam orkodaSvili
ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso instituti
International Institute for Educational Planning7-9 rue Eugène Delacroix, 75116 Paris, [email protected]
gamomcemeli: polaris printi
dizaini da dakabadoneba: polaris printi
dabeWdilia Sps globusSi
ISBN 978-9941-9164-1-0
UNESCO 2009
4
sarCevi
madlobis gamoxatva 6
Semoklebebis sia 7
cxrilebis sia 10
CarCoebis sia 12
1. Sesavali 13
metafora “Crdilovani”-s Taobaze 15
wignis struqtura 18
2. diagnostika 21
masStabi, intensivoba da saxeobebi 21
ekonomikuri, socialuri da saganmanaTleblo
zegavlena da mniSvneloba 43
sami SemTxvevis ganxilva 68
3. sapasuxo politika 104
konteqstebis, miznebis da struqturebis
dagegmva da monaxazi 104
repetitorobaze moTxovnis problemis
gadaWra 111
repetitorobis miwodebis problemis
gadaWra 117
bazris moTokva / regulireba 127
maregulirebeli struqturebis gaumjobeseba 130
4. monitoringi da Sefaseba 141
erovnuli da adgilobrivi gamoxmaurebis
da rCevebis kvanZebi 141
saerTaSoriso Sedarebebi 149
5. daskvnebi 154
mimdinareobebis aRwera 154
swavla Crdilisgan 158
literaturis sia 163
sagnobrivi saZiebeli 182
5
madlobis gamoxatva
bevri adamiani dagvexmara winamdebare wignis SeqmnaSi. mTavari
wvlili, ra Tqma unda, ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso in-
stitutis (IIEP) politikis forumis monawileebs miuZRviT,
romlebic parizSi 2007 wlis 5-7 ivliss Seikribnen. wignis
udidesi nawili am forumis masalebzea dafuZnebuli. movlenam
sxvadasxva qveynis 37 monawiles mouyara Tavi, romlebmac sain-
tereso diskusiebi da analizi warmarTes. forums mniSvnelo-
vani mxardaWera aRmouCina ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso
institutis (IIEP) mkvlevarTa jgufma, romelTagan florens
aperi (Florence Appéré) da emanuel suso (Emmanuelle Suso)gansakuTrebul moxseniebas da madlobas imsaxureben. didi dax-
mareba aRmogviCina mravalma ganaTlebis mesveurma, kanonmdebelma
da mkvlevarma sxvadasxva qveynidan xangrZlivi periodis gan-
mavlobaSi. xelnawerze komentarebisTvis da sxva daxmare-
bisTvis aseve gansakuTrebul madlobas imsaxureben karl hainc
gruberi (Karl Heinz Gruber), ora quo (Ora Kwo), izumi mori(Izumi Mori), stiven obigado (Steven Obeegadoo), armoogum par-surameni (Armoogum Parsuramen), laura pavio (Laura Paviot),nevil postelTuaiti (Neville Postlethwaite), iveta silova (IvetaSilova), SiniCi suZuki (Shin’ichi Suzuki) da aleqsandre ventura
(Alexandre Ventura).
6
Semoklebebis sia
ADEA Association for the Development of Education in Africaafrikis ganaTlebis ganviTarebis asociacia
CLAP Community Learning Assistance Projectsazogadoebis swavlaSi daxmarebis proeqti
CPE Certificate of Primary EducationdawyebiTi ganaTlebis serTifikati
CPS Chicago Public Schools Cikagos sajaro skolebi
CSAT College Scholastic Ability Testkolejis akademiuri SesaZleblobebis testi
DST Department of Science and Technologymecnierebisa da teqnologiebis depertamenti
GCSE General Certificate of Secondary Educationzogadi saSualo ganaTlebis serTifikati
GDP Gross Domestic ProductmTliani Sida produqti (mSp)
GNP Gross National ProductmTliani erovnuli produqti (mep)
GPA Grade Point Averagedagrovebuli qulebis saSualo ariTmetikuli
IEA International Association for the Evaluation of Educational AchievementsaganmanaTleblo miRwevis Sefasebis saerTaSoriso
asociacia
IIEP International Institute for Educational PlanningganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso instituti
INRP Institut national de recherché pédagogiquepedagogikis kvlevis erovnuli instituti
ICT Information and communication technologysainformacio da sakomunikacio teqnologiebi
HCEC Haut Conseil à l’evaluation de l’écoleskolebis Sefasebis umaRlesi sabWo
7
MENDAKI Council on Education for Malay / Muslim Childrenmalaizieli / musulmani bavSvebis damxmare
ganaTlebis sabWo
NCLB No Child Left BehindarcerTi CamorCenili bavSvi
NGO non-governmental organizationarasamTavrobo organizacia
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Developmentekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis
organizacia
OSI Open Society InstituteRia sazogadoebis instituti
PISA Programme for International Student AssessmentmoswavleTa saerTaSoriso Sefasebis programa
QTS Qualified Teacher Statuskvalificiuri maswavleblis statusi
SACMEQ Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational QualityganaTlebis xarisxis monitoringis samxreT da
aRmosavleT afrikis konsorciumi
SES Socio-economic statussocio-ekonomikuri statusi
SINDA Singapore Indian Development Associationsingapur indoeTis ganviTarebis asociacia
SPH Special Purpose High [School]specialuri daniSnulebis umaRlesi [skola]
SPL School Pilot Leaderskolis sapilote programebis lideri
TIMSS Third International Mathematics and Science Study / Trends in International Mathematics and Science StudymaTematikis da mecnierebis mesame saerTaSoriso
kvleva / maTematikis da mecnierebis
saerTaSoriso kvlevis mimdinareobebi
8
UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organizationiunesko, gaeros ganaTlebis, mecnierebis da
kulturis organizacia
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fundgaeros bavSvTa daxmarebis fondi
USA United States of Americaamerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, aSS
ZEP Zone d’éducation prioritaire prioritetuli ganaTlebis zona
9
cxrilebis sia
cxrili 1. kerZo repetitorobis maCveneblebi
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi 22
cxrili 2. kerZo repetitorobis masStabi aRmosavleT
evropis da aziis SerCeul qveynebSi 27
cxrili 3. aRmosavleT da samxreT afrikaSi
meeqvseklaselebis procentuloba, romlebic
kerZo repetitorebTan emzadebodnen
1995 da 2000 wlebSi 29
cxrili 4. studentebis procentuloba, romlebic
kerZo repetitorebTan dadian, indoeTis
oTx StatSi, klasebis mixedviT 30
cxrili 5. repetitorobis intensivoba meTormete
klasebSi, portugaliis oTx skolaSi,
2005-2006 wlebSi 35
cxrili 6. moswavleTa procentuloba kerZod
momzadebuli saganTa raodenobis
mixedviT indoeTSi, 2005 weli 37
cxrili 7. moswavleTa procentuloba sxvadasxva
saganSi kerZo repetitorTan momzadebis
mixedviT indoeTis saSualo skolebis
zeda klasebSi, 2005 weli 38
cxrili 8. soflis da qalaqis gansxvavebebi kerZo
repetitorobis tendenciebSi aRmosavleT
evropaSi da aziaSi (%) 53
10
cxrili 9. qveda saSualo klasebis moswavleTa
procentuloba, romlebic kerZo
repetitorebTan emzadebian indoeTis
oTxi Statis qalaqebSi da soflebSi 54
cxrili 10. kerZo repetitorobis zegavlena saskolo
ganaTlebaze 65
cxrili 11. moswavleTa procentuloba koreaSi,
romlebic kerZo repetitorebTan
emzadebodnen 1980-2007 wlebSi 77
cxrili 12. ZiriTadi sarepetitoro kompaniebi
safrangeTSi 100
cxrili 13. kerZo repetitorobis klasificirebis
sistema 107
cxrili 14. inglisis „mniSvnelovani progresis
gakeTebis” programisTvis Seqmnili
repetitorobis modelebi 123
cxrili 15. repetitorobis maregulirebeli
sakanonmdeblo CarCoebi evropisa
da aziis eqvs qveyanaSi 130
cxrili 16. Sefasebis meTodologia sapilote
programisTvis „mniSvnelovani
progresis gakeTeba” 146
11
CarCoebis sia
CarCo1. kerZo repetitorobis saxeobebis
klasifikacia 33
CarCo 2. Sefaseba da analizi 43
CarCo 3. zewolasTan gamklaveba 78
CarCo 4. ratom aris mavrikSi repetitoroba
ase Zlieri? 95
CarCo 5. repetitorobis finansuri ariTmetika
safrangeTSi 102
CarCo 6. juku-s (juku) tipebis gansxvaveba iaponiaSi 109
CarCo 7. profesionali repetitori
egvipteSi 116
CarCo 8. monopolia + moswavleebis TviTneburi
gamorCeva _ angariSvaldebuleba 119
12
1. Sesavali
mTel msoflioSi ganaTlebis dargSi momuSave specialistebi
da kanonmdeblebi am sistemis oficialur mxareze amaxvileben
yuradRebas. es sistema moicavs sabavSvo baRidan universite-
tamde yvela safexurs. am sistemis dawesebulebebi mniSvnelo-
van resursebs iyeneben da sazogadoebaSi mniSvnelovan
socialur da ekonomikur rols asruleben.
ZiriTadi ganaTlebis sistemis paralelurad sul ufro
farTod vrceldeba kerZo repetitorobis Crdilovani
ganaTlebis sistemebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom es Crdilovani
ganaTlebis sistemebic mniSvnelovan socialur da ekonomikur
zegavlenas axdenen sazogadoebebze, maT naklebi yuradReba eqce-
vaT. es wigni asabuTebs, rom Crdilovani ganaTleba ufro met
yuradRebas imsaxurebs ganaTlebis dargSi momuSaveTagan.
msoflios zogierT kuTxeSi, gansakuTrebiT iaponiaSi da aR-
mosavleT aziis sxva nawilebSi, Crdilovani ganaTleba ukve
didi xania ZiriTadi ganaTlebis TvalsaCino nawilia. am bolo
wlebSi kerZo repetitorobis formebi da zegavlena msoflios
sxva kuTxeebSic farTod vrceldeba. kerZo repetitoroba sul
ufro metad sistemur xasiaTs iZens da scildeba araofi-
cialuri saqmianobis sazRvrebs. kerZo repetitorobis cen-
trebi erTmaneTTan xSirad SeTanxmebulad moqmedeben da ucxo
qveynebis centrebTanac ki TanamSromloben.
1999 wels iuneskos ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso
institutma (IIEP) kerZo repetitorobis dargSi pirveli
mniSvnelovani kvleva gamoaqveyna, romelic moicavda ramdenime
qveynis SedarebiT analizs da winamdebare wignis avtoris mier
iyo momzadebuli (brei, Bray, 1999a). wignma akademiuri da pro-fesiuli wreebis mniSvnelovani yuradReba miipyro. amave dros
es wigni xazs usvamda wamoWrili sakiTxebis Semdgomi kvlevis
aucileblobas (gv. 87).
1999 wlis naSromis gamoqveynebis Semdeg am sakiTxis kvleva
marTlac gagrZelda. ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso in-
stitutma (IIEP) am seriis meore wigni gamouSva, romelic
13
eTikas da korufcias exeboda (brei, Bray, 2003). sxva mravalma
avtormac wamoWra es sakiTxi. zogierTi maTgani am wignis bib-
liografiaSia miTiTebuli. es Tema mravali saerTaSoriso da
arasamTavrobo organizaciis opoziciur dokumentSi iqna ganx-
iluli, romlebSic miTiTebulia ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTa-
Soriso institutis naSromi (mag.: World Bank, msoflio banki,
2004, 2005; OECD, ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTare-
bis organizacia, 2006a; ADEA, afrikis ganaTlebis ganviTarebis
asociacia, 2008; Open Society Institute, Ria sazogadoebis insti-tuti, 2008; UNESCO, iunesko, 2004, 2007, 2008; UNICEF, iu-nisefi, 2007; Transparency International, Transfarensi
inTerneSeneli, 2009). analizis aseTi gaRrmaveba asaxavs kerZo
repetitorobis fenomenis mniSvnelobis farTod gacnobierebas,
rac Tavis mxriv, kerZo repetitorobis gavrcelebaze
metyvelebs.
mzardma yuradRebam wamoWra kiTxvebi, Tu rogor unda mi-
udgnen ganaTlebis mesveurebi kerZo repetitorobis arsebobas
da gavrcelebas. am sakiTxs 1999 wels gamoqveynebuli wigni
Seexo, romelSic aRniSnulia (brei, Bray, 1999a, gv. 74-77), rommsoflioSi kerZo repetitorobisadmi damokidebuleba farTod
cvalebadobs sruli ugulebelyofidan mis mkacr akrZalvamde,
da rom sxvadasxva midgoma miesadageba sxvadasxva konteqsts
da periods. wigni xazs usvams mudmivi monitoringis da
Sedegebis analizis aucileblobas gamocdilebis SesaZenad.
cvalebadma mdgomareobam am wignis gamoqveynebis Semdeg Rrma
kvleva ufro metad aucilebeli gaxada.
2007 wels ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso instituti
(IIEP) kerZo repetitorobis sakiTxs kvlav miubrunda da
parizis mTavar ofisSi forumi Caatara. wakiTxuli moxsenebebi
da kvlevebi, da ori dRis ganmavlobaSi warmarTuli diskusiebi,
winamdebare wignis birTvs Seadgens.
forumis saxelwodeba igive iyo, rac am wignis saTauria.
monawileebma kerZo repetitorobis sxvadasxva formebi gamoav-
lines sxvadasxva konteqstSi, da ganixiles TiToeuli
formisTvis da konteqstisTvis Sesaferisi samoqmedo strate-
gia. monawileebi kargad acnobierebdnen am Temis bundovan xas-
14
iaTs da rekomendaciebsac Sesabamisi sifrTxiliT gvTavazobd-
nen. miuxedavad amisa, am diskusiebma axali mecnierul-koncep-
tualuri niadagi moamzada am sakiTxis Sesaswavlad da
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina.
ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso institutis (IIEP)tradiciis kvalobaze, msgavsi forumebi yuradRebas amaxvileben
iseT Temebze, romlebic aqtualuria CrdiloeTis da samxreTis,
aRmosavleTis da dasavleTis qveynebisaTvis. kerZo repeti-
toroba am kriteriums namdvilad akmayofilebs, da forumma
saintereso Sedarebebi gaakeTa iseT geografiulad daSorebul
qveynebs Soris, rogorebicaa avstralia, botsuana, safrangeTi
da koreis respublika. ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso in-
stitutis forumebi aseve cdiloben Tavi mouyaron am qveynebis
ganaTlebis dargSi moRvawe mklevarebs, mecnierebs, praqtikosebs
da kanonmdeblebs. Fforumi, romelic kerZo repetitorobas
mieZRvna, am mxriv gamonakliss ar warmoadgenda da uaRresad
saintereso azrTa gaziarebas Seuwyo xeli sxvadasxva jgufebsa
da mxareebs Soris. amas damatebiTi ganzomileba SesZina im
faqtma, rom, mravali monawile iyo mSobeli, romelic fiqrobda
aeyvana Tu ara kerZo repetitori Tavisi SvilisTvis. qvemoT
warmodgenili naSromi efuZvneba forumis diskusiebs,
moxsenebebs, damatebiT samecniero literaturas, da profesiul
da akademiur wreebSi warmarTul diskusiebs, romlebic foru-
mis Sedegad warmoiSva.
metafora „Crdilovani“-s Taobaze
2007 wlis forumma (IIEP) saxelwodebaSi gamoiyena
metafora, romelic 1999 wlis wignSi iyo Tavis droze
naxsenebi (brei, Bray, 1999a). am ukanasknelma, Tavis mxriv, es
metafora ganavrco marimuTus, singis da a. S. (1991), stivenso-
nis da beikeris (1992) da jorjis (1992) Sromebidan
(Marimuthu, Singh et al. (1991), Stevenson and Baker (1992) andGeorge (1992). rogorc amas 1999 wlis gamocema ganmartavs
(gv.17), „Crdilovani“, rogorc metafora, ramdenime mizeziT
Sesaferisia am konteqstisTvis. pirvel rigSi, kerZo repeti-
15
toroba arsebobs imdenad, ramdenadac arsebobs ZiriTadi for-
maluri ganaTlebis sistema. garda amisa, ZiriTadi formaluri
ganaTlebis zomisa da formis zrdasTan erTad, kerZo repeti-
torobis masStabebi da formebic izrdeba. TiTqmis yvela sazo-
gadoebaSi ufro meti yuradReba eTmoba ZiriTad ganaTlebas, vidre
mis Crdilovan mxares. Dda bolos, Crdilovani sistemis maxasi-
aTeblebi ufro naklebad gamokveTilia, vidre ZiriTadi ganaTlebis
sistemis maxasiaTeblebi. wigni dasZenda, rom (gv.17-18):
Crdilebi ra Tqma unda SeiZleba gamosadegi iyos.
iseve rogorc mzis saaTis Crdils SeuZlia
damkvirvebels miuniSnos drois gasvla, ganaTlebis
sistemis Crdilsac (Crdilovan mxares) SeuZlia
damkvirvebels amcnos sazogadoebebSi mimdinare
cvlilebebi. Tumca, zogierT qveynebSi, mSoblebi,
ganaTlebis mesveurebi da politikosebi uaRresad
kritikulad udgebian kerZo repetitorobis aseTi
zegavlenis zrdas ojaxebze da moswavleebze.
repetitoroba qmnis da aRrmavebs socialur uTanas-
worobas, da STanTqavs im adamianur da finansur
resursebs, romlebic sxva saqmianobaSi ufro efeq-
turad SeiZleba iyos gamoyenebuli. kritikosebi
dasZenen, rom kerZo repetitorobas ZiriTadi
ganaTlebis sistemis saswavlo programebis damaxin-
jeba SeuZlia, rac aisaxeba adreul saswavlo geg-
mebSi, klasebSi mzard uTanasworobaSi da swavlis
doneebis gamravalferovnebaSi. am mxriv, umetesi
Crdilebisgan gansxvavebiT, kerZo repetitoroba ara
mxolod pasiuri movlenaa, aramed SeuZlia moaxdinos
uaryofiTi gavlena im ZiriTad sistemaze, romelsac
is baZavs.
warmodgenili wignis saTauria „Crdilovani ganaTlebis sis-
temasTan dapirispireba“, radganac is asabuTebs, rom namdvilad
saWiroa im sakiTxebTan dapirispireba, romlebic kerZo repeti-
torobasTanaa asocirebuli. es ar gulisxmobs, rom kerZo
16
repetitorobis yvela aspeqti uaryofiTia. kerZo repeti-
toroba exmareba moswavleebs swavlaSi, da Sesabamisad, zrdis
maT adamianur kapitals, romelsac Tavis mxriv, ekonomikur gan-
viTarebaSi wvlilis Setana SeuZlia. mas aseve Rirebuli so-
cialuri funqciac akisria da axalgazrdebs erTmaneTTan
urTierTobis damyarebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. kerZo mecadi-
neobebi repetitorebisTvis damatebiTi Semosavlis wyaroa.
repetitoroba aseve exmareba ZiriTadi ganaTlebis sistemis
maswavleblebs, rom ukeT auxsnan masala mowafeebs, romlebic
ver iTviseben programas. miuxedavad amisa, kerZo repeti-
torobas mniSvnelovani uaryofiTi Sedegic mohyveba. rogorc
wesi, is socialur da ekonomikur uTanasworobas aRrmavebs. is
dominirebs bavSvebis cxovrebaze da zRudavs maT Tavisufal
dros, rac fsiqologiurad da saganmanaTleblo kuTxiT
arasasurvelia. zogierT konteqstSi ki repetitoroba Sei-
Zleba korufciad CaiTvalos da daakninos socialuri ndoba.
umetes qveynebSi, dadebiTi da uaryofiTi maxasiaTeblebis
aseTi Serwyma rTul suraTs qmnis: Zalian cota qveyanas Tu
aqvs ganviTarebuli Sesabamisi meqanizmi, raTa es problemebi
moagvaros. bevri ganaTlebis mesveuri da kanonmdebeli ki saer-
Tod rTuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebas Tavs aridebs am fenome-
nis ugulebelyofiT da misi sabazro Zalebis anabarad
datovebiT. Tumca, bevr konteqstSi saxelmwifosgan aseTi Cau-
reveli damokidebuleba problematuria, radgan Crdilovani
ganaTleba dapirispirebas moiTxovs. swori qmedeba da
gadawyvetilebebis miReba Znelia, magram ganaTlebis mesveurebma
da kanonmdeblebma unda aRiaron kerZo repetitorobis arse-
boba da misi Tanamdevi Sedegebi. es wigni uRrmavdeba am sakiTxs
da msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis gamocdilebebis gaziarebiT
exmareba ganaTlebis mesveurebs da kanonmdeblebs TavianTi
kerZo SemTxvevebisTvis Sesabamisi zomebis miRebaSi.
17
wignis struqtura
raime movlenis Sedegebis dadgenis nebismieri mcdeloba
unda daiwyos am movlenis aRweriT da im ganzomilebebis
gamovleniT, romlebic yuradRebas saWiroeben. am faqtis gaT-
valiswinebiT, wignis pirveli nawili iwyeba kerZo repeti-
torobis zomis da formis aRweriT. is sxvadasxva qveyanaSi
da msoflios regionSi arsebuli kerZo repetitorobis
gavrcelebul formebs adgens da ganaTlebis sxvadasxva doneze
mis nairsaxeobebs aSuqebs. wigni agreTve aRniSnavs kerZo
repetitorobis saxeobebis mravalferovnebas. kerZo repeti-
torobis klasebis zoma SeiZleba meryeobdes erT mowafesTan
individualuri gakveTilebidan didi zomis jgufebamde, rom-
lebsac mecadineobebi did saleqcio darbazebSi utardebaT.
kerZo repetitoroba SeiZleba warimarTos individebs Soris
pirispir, mimoweriTi formiT, satelefono saubriT, an inter-
netis saSualebiT. misi intensivoba SeiZleba sezonur xasiaTs
atarebdes, da biWebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis ufro didi naw-
ili iyos masSi CarTuli, vidre gogonebis.
kerZo repetitorobis movlenis aRweris Semdeg, wigni ganix-
ilavs mis ekonomikur, socialur da saganmanaTleblo Sedegebs.
kerZo repetitorobas SeiZleba dadebiTi ganzomilebebi hqon-
des, magram amave dros qmnides problemebs misi Tvisebisa da
masStaburobis gamo. samTavrobo politikiT stimulirebuli
kerZo repetitoroba, romelic moswrebis moswavleTa dax-
marebisTvisaa gamiznuli, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba sabazro
ekonomikiT gavrcelebuli kerZo repetitorobisgan, romelic
maRali akademiuri moswrebis moswavleebs emsaxureba. aseve
gansxvavdeba universitetis studentebis mier gaweuli
araformaluri repetitoroba profesionalebis mier Semo-
Tavazebuli repetitorobisgan komerciul kompaniebSi. zogierT
konteqstSi moswavleebi mniSvnelovani zewolis qveS arian, rom
mimarTon kerZo repetitors, radgan maTi Tanatolebi emzade-
bian repetitorebTan, maTi maswavleblebi ki skolebSi xazs
usvamen kerZo repetitorobis aucileblobas, xolo maTi
ojaxebi kerZo repetitorobas saganmanaTleblo da
18
ekonomikuri winsvlis sawindarad Tvlian. Tu ufro farTo
speqtridan SevxedavT am sakiTxs, bevria damokidebuli sazoga-
doebebSi arsebul kulturul tradiciebze. kulturuli
tradiciebi icvleba, rac gvexmareba avxsnaT, Tu ratom
gavrcelda kerZo repetitoroba erT qveyanaSi ufro metad
vidre meoreSi.
diagnozidan ibadeba kiTxva, Tu ra unda gaakeTon kanonmde-
blebma da ganaTlebis mesveurebma imisTvis, rom daupirispird-
nen Crdilovan saganmanaTleblo sistemas. wigni sTavazobs
mkiTxvelebs, rom maT upirveles yovlisa ganixilon konte-
qstebi, miznebi da struqturebi, da Semdeg moTxovnisa da mi-
wodebis gzebi gaanalizon. kanonmdeblebma da ganaTlebis
muSakebma unda daareguliron sabazro Zalebi, da gaaumjobeson
maregulirebeli struqturebi. gansxvavebuli iqneba sapasuxo
reaqciebi im situaciebSi, rodesac skolis maswavleblebi ze-
wolas axdenen moswavleebze, rom isini maT sagnebSi damatebiT
moemzadon, da rodesac kerZo repetitoroba aris klasgareSe,
skolisgan damoukideblad warmarTuli. gansxvavebuli sapasuxo
reaqciebi iqneba sxvadasxva intensivobis finansuri, adamianuri
da sxva SeszRudvebis SemTxvevaSic, rodesac kanonmdeblebs maTi
politikis gatareba surT, da rac Tavis mxriv kulturuli,
administraciuli da sxva faqtorebis zegavlenis qveS iqneba
moqceuli. kanonmdeblebisa da ganaTlebis mesveurTaTvis aseve
sxvadasxva meqanizmi iqneba saWiro kerZo repetitorobis
cvalebadi formebis da tendenciebis monitoringisa da Sefase-
bisTvis.
da bolos, dasawyisSive saWiroa wignis konceptualuri
sazRvrebis dadgena. upirveles yovlisa, is ganixilavs
dawyebiTi da saSualo skolis moswavleebis kerZo repeti-
torobas. ra Tqma unda, repetitoroba dawyebiTi skolis wina
da saSualo skolis Semdgom doneebzec aris, magram mas sxva
maxasiaTeblebi aqvs da gansxvavebul sakiTxebs wamoWris. garda
amisa, wigni exeba fuladi anazRaurebiT warmarTul repeti-
torobas: is gamoricxavs naTesavebis, maswavleblebis da sxvebis
mier ufasod SemoTavazebul kerZo repetitorobas. aseT
repetitorobas aseve didi mniSvneloba aqvs kanonmde-
19
blebisaTvis da ganaTlebis mesveurTaTvis, magram isev da isev,
mas sxva maxasiaTeblebi aqvs da fuladi anazRaurebiT warmar-
Tuli repetitorobisgan gansxvavebul sakiTxebs wamoWris.
Ggarda amisa, es wigni exeba ZiriTadi formaluri ganaTlebis
mier moTxovnil sagnebSi kerZo repetitorTan momzadebas.
wigni ar exeba, magaliTad, baletis gakveTilebs, fexburTis var-
jiSebs, religiur ganaTlebas an umciresobaTa enebis
Seswavlas, romlebic ZiriTad skolebSi Cveulebriv ar
iswavleba. es Temebi aris aRiarebuli rogorc mniSvnelovani,
magram imsaxureben calke ganxilvas, rac am wignis CarCoebs
scildeba.
20
2. diagnostika
masStabi, intensivoba da saxeobebi
kerZo repetitorobis zomasa da formebze zusti monaceme-
bis mopoveba Zalian Znelia. amas ramdenime mizezi aqvs, rac mim-
wodeblebTan da momxmareblebTan aris dakavSirebuli:
▪ repetitorebi, kerZo maswavleblebi, Cveulebriv cdiloben
yuradReba ar miiqcion, radgan bevri maTgani atarebs
araformalur gakveTilebs, da iRebs Semosavals, romlis
dabegvrac ar xdeba.
▪ studentebi, ar iqceven yuradRebas, radgan kerZo repeti-
torTan siaruli niSnavs usamarTlo upiratesobis mopove-
bas TanasworebTan SedarebiT; aseve SeiZleba gamoxatavdes
undoblobas skolis maswav lebisadmi; da aseve SeiZleba
moswavleebs eSinodeT, rom Tanasworebi maT naklebi gone-
brivi SesaZleblobebis mqoneebad CaTvlian.
▪ mSoblebsac ar surT yuradRebis miqceva, radgan ar undaT
gamoaCinon sazogadoebaSi, rom TavianTi SvilebisTvis upi-
ratesobas arasamarTliani gziT yiduloben. aseve ar undaT
gamomJRavndes maTi undobloba ZiriTadi formaluri
ganaTlebis sistemisadmi, da eSiniaT, rom maTi Svilebi
naklebi gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis mqoneebad CaiTvlebian,
Tu amas sxvebi Seityoben.
kerZo repetitorobis gazomva aseve rTulia, radgan misi
formebi, xangrZlivoba da intensivoba sxvadasxva sezonze
cvalebadobs. umetes wilad is erT moswavlesTan pirispir
mimdinareobs, magram did jgufebTanac SeiZleba tardebodes.
repetitoroba SeiZleba mimoweriT warimarTos, an internetiT.
garda amisa, zogierTi moswavle bevr saganSi erTdroulad, reg-
ularulad da xangrZlivad emzadeba, zogi ki mxolod ramdenime
saganSi periodulad emzadeba. miuxedavad aseTi cvalebadobisa,
sakmarisi raodenobiT kvleva Catarda, raTa zogadi suraTi
Seiqmnas. es suraTi ufro detaluri gaxda, mas Semdeg rac
21
farTo sazogadoebam gaacnobiera kerZo repetitorobis so-
cialuri da ekonomikuri mniSvneloba, da mas Semdeg, rac
damoukidebelma mkvlevarebma da profesiulma organizaciebma
es movlena Rrmad Seiswavles.
masStabis cvalebadoba
pirveli cxrili (cxrili 1) warmoadgens monacemebs sx-
vadasxva konteqstidan. is ar iZleva statistikur maCveneblebs
standartuli formatiT, radgan kvlevebi sakiTxisadmi midgomis
mixedviT cvalebadobda. Tumca, ZiriTadi formebi mainc asaxulia
TvalnaTliv. pirveli saintereso faqti aris is, rom kerZo
repetitoroba msoflios mraval kuTxeSi arsebobs. es moicavs
rogorc dabalSemosavlian qveynebs, rogorebicaa kamboja da
kenia, aseve iseT maRalSemosavlian qveynebs, rogorebicaa kanada
da iaponia. repetitoroba ufro SeiniSneba urbanul dasaxle-
bebSi, vidre provinciebSi, da zog kulturaSi biWebi ufro in-
tensiurad emzadebian repetitorebTan, vidre gogonebi.
cxrili 1. kerZo repetitorobis maCveneblebi sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi
22
adgilmdebareoba maxasiaTeblebi
bangladeSi2005 wlis erovnuli gamokiTxvis monace-
mebi 16,400 ojaxidan Sedarebuli iyo
1998 wlis msgavs monacemebTan, romelic
32,229 ojaxidan Segrovda. monacemebma
aCvena, rom kerZo repeti to roba did
rols asrulebda am sazogadoebaSi, da
ufro gavrcelda Seswavlili periodis
ganmavlobaSi. 2005 wels, dawyebiTi
klasebis moswavleebis 31% emzadeboda
repetitorebTan (28.2% soflebSi, 51,7%
urbanul dasaxlebebSi). 1998 wels 21.4%
emzadeboda repetitorebTan (18.1% sof -
lebSi, 44.3% urbanul dasaxlebebSi).
23
kamboja 1997/1998 wlebSi Catarebulma gamokiTx -
vam gamoavlina, rom 77 skolidan 31.2%-
Si respondentebma aRniSnes, rom
moswavleebi emzadebodnen kerZo repeti-
torebTan, rac dawyebiT ganaTlebaze
saerTo danaxarjis 6.6%-s Seadgenda.
2004 wels Catarebulma Semdgomma gamo -
kiTxvam gamoavlina, rom es maCvenebeli
saSualo skolaSi sagrZnoblad gaizarda.
qveda saSualo klasebis bolo safexurze
ojaxis danaxarjebi kerZo repeti-
torobaze oTxjer aRemateboda dawyebiTi
klasebis bolo safexurze imave mizni -
sTvis gaRebul Tanxebs.
kanada 997 wlis nacionaluri satelefono
gamokiTxvis mixedviT, 501 zrdasruli re-
spondentidan 9.4 %-ma, romelTac skolis
asakis Svilebi hyavdaT, miuTiTa, rom maTi
Svolebi kerZo repetitorebTan emzade-
bodnen, arasaskolo periodSi. 8.4%-ma
miuTiTa, rom maTi Svilebi emzadebodnen
warsulSi.
CineTi2004 wels Catarda urbanuli ojaxebis
ganaTlebisa da dasaqmebis gamokiTxva,
romelmac 4,773 komli moicva.
gamokiTxvam gamoavlina, rom dawyebiTi
klasebis moswavleTa 73.8%, qveda saSu-
alo klasebis moswavleTa 65.6% da zeda
saSualo klasebis moswavleTa 53.5%
emzadeboda kerZo repetitorebTan.
24
kviprosi
2003 wels 1,120 kolejis moswavlesTan
Catarebulma gamokiTxvam gamoavlina, rom
moswavleTa 86.4% saSualo skolaSi
yofnis dros emzadeboda kerZo repeti-
torTan.
egvipte2004 wels Catarebulma kvlevam cxაd yo,
rom ojaxebi ganaTlebis xarjebis 61.0%-s
kerZo repetitorobas axmardnen. 1997
wlis kvlevam ki Seafasa, rom ojaxebis
danaxarjebi kerZo repeto robaze skolis
yvela doneze mTliani Sida produqtis
1.6%-s Seadgenda. 1994 wels Catarebulma
4,729 ojaxis kvlevam daadgina, rom
dawyebiTi klasebis moswavleebis 64.0%
urbanul regionebSi, xolo 52.0%
soflebSi, emzadeboda kerZo repetitorTan.
hong-kongirogorc amaze samTavrobo oficialuri
statistika miuTiTebs, 2006 wels
dawyebiTi da saSualo skolebis moswav -
leebis 34% emzadeboda kerZo repeti-
torTan. 2004-2005 wlebSi gamokiTxuli
13,600 komlidan gamovlinda, rom
dawyebiTi klasebis moswavleTa 36.0%,
qveda saSualo klasebis moswavleTa
28.0%, saSualo klasebis moswavleTa
33.6% da zeda saSualo klasebis
moswavleTa 48.1% emzadeboda
repetitorTan.
iaponia
2007 wels Catarebulma gamokiTxvam
daadgina, rom juku-d (juku) cnobili
kerZo sarepetitoro skolebi dawyebiTi
1 klasebis moswavleebis 15.9% emsaxure-
boda. E procenti Semdgom klasebSi erT-
gvarovnad gaizarda da saSualo junior
wyaroebi: sxvadasxva kvlevebi moxsenebuli brei-Si (Bray,2006, gv.517-518). ganaxlebuli informacia bangladeSze naT-Si
(Nath 2008, gv.57); egvipte msoflio bankis monacemebSi (2008,
gv.190); hong kongi quoqSi (Kwok, 2009, gv.106) da enjiSi
25
3 klasebSi 65.2%-s miaRwia. garda amisa,
junior 3 saSualo klasebis moswavlee-
bis 6.8% kerZo repetitorebs saxlebSi
Rebulobda, xolo 15.0% mimoweriT (sako-
respondencio) repetitorobis formas
misdevda.
kenia1997 wels gamokiTxuli 3,233 me-6 kla-
sis moswavlidan 68.6% emzadeboda kerZo
repetitorTan. Aqedan 39.0% Crdilo aR-
mosavleT provinciaSi, 74.4% ki nianzas
provinciaSi emzadeboda. sam geografiu-
lad gansxvavebul ubanSi paralelurad
Catarebulma kvlevam daadgina, rom kerZo
repetitoroba qalaqebSi ufro xSiri
iyo, vidre soflebSi, da biWebi ufro
metad mimarTavdnen kerZo peretitorebs,
vidre gogonebi.
vietnami 2001 wels 3,639 dawyebiT skolaSi
gamoikiTxa 72,660 mexuTe klaseli. 38%-
ma miuTiTa, rom dadioda kerZo repeti-
torTan. 2002 wels ganaTlebaze saojaxo
xarjebis 20% kerZo repetitorobaze
modioda. es cifri 29%-s aRwevda im
moswavleebSi, romlebic sauniversiteto
misaRebi gamocdebisTvis emzadebodnen, da
maCvenebeli gansakuTrebiT maRali iyo
urbanul raionebSi, centralur maRalmT-
ian da samxreT aRmosavleT regionebSi.
(Ng, 2009, gv.1); iaponia ganaTlebis, mecnierebis, kulturis da
sportis saministros monacemebSi (2008, gv.13); monacemebi
CineTze Su-Si da ding-Si (Xue and Ding, 2009, gv.119); 2001 wlis
monacemebi vietnamze msoflio bankis angariSSi (2004, gv. 81).
ganaTlebis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso institutis 2007
wlis forumi (IIEP Policy Forum) ufro met monacemebs gvTava-zobs. silova (Silova, 2007) warmogvidgens aziisa da aRmosavleT
evropis Tormeti qveynis statistikur monacemebs sabWoTa
kavSirTan istoriuli paralelebis gavlebiT (cxrili 2). is aR-
niSnavs (gv.4), rom kerZo repetitoroba 1990–ian wlebSi mokrZa-
lebuli masStabis iyo, Semdeg ki farTomasStabiani formebi
miiRo. silovas statistikuri monacemebi Ria sazogadoebis mier
2004-2005 da 2005-2006 wlebSi dafinansebuli kvlevebidan iyo
miRebuli (ixileT agreTve silova, budieni da brei, 2006; silova
2009; Silova, Būdienė and Bray, 2006; Silova, 2009). mkvlevarebma
universitetis pirvelkursel studentebSi Caatares gamokiTxva.
studentebs unda moeyolaT maTi kerZo repetitorebTan momzade-
bis Sesaxeb saSualo skolis bolo wels. mkvlevarebma da-
matebiTi gamokiTxva Caatares Aazerbaijanis, saqarTvelos da
xorvatiis saSualo skolis moswavleebs Soris. amiT gafar-
Tovda respondentTa wre da kvlevis masStabi. saerTo monace-
mebiT pirveli kvlevis dros 8,713 respondenti gamoikiTxa, xolo
meore kvlevis dros 3,101. kvlevam kerZo repetitorobis ori
ZiriTadi tipi gamoavlina: individualurad SeTavazebuli
gakveTilebi da sauniversiteto misaRebi gamocdebisTvis dawese-
bulebebis mier organizebuli mosamzadebeli kursebi.
kerZo individualuri gakveTilebi ufro farTod iyo
gavrcelebuli monRoleTSi da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris
qveynebSi (gansakuTrebiT azerbaijanSi, saqarTveloSi da lit-
vaSi), xolo mosamzadebeli kursebi ufro farTod iyo
gavrcelebuli yofili iugoslaviis qveynebSi (xorvatiaSi,
slovakeTSi da bosnia-hercogovinaSi), sadac ufro kargad gan-
viTarebuli da Zlieri bazrebi iyo. yvelaze gasaocari sta-
tistikuri monacemebi azerbaijanidan iyo mopovebuli, sadac
universitetis studentebis 90%-ma aRniSna, rom saSualo sko-
lis bolo wels kerZo repetitorTan emzadeboda.
26
cxrili 2. kerZo repetitorobis masStabi aRmosavleT
evropis da aziis SerCeul qveynebSi
orive tipis mxolod kerZo mxolod mosamzadebeli
repetitoroba repetitoroba kursebi
wyaro: silova (Silova, 2007), gv,5.
27
Both types of tutoring
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Ukraine
Mongolia
Poland
Kazakhstan
Lithuania
Tajikistan
Bosnia & Herzegovina
Slovakia
Croatia
Kyrgyzstan
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Only private tutoring lessons
Only preparatory courses
azebaijani
saqarTvelo
ukraina
monRoleTi
poloneTi
yazaxeTi
litva
tajikeTi
bosn. herc.
slovakeTi
xorvatia
yirgizeTi
sxva konteqstSi paviom (Paviot, 2007) ganaTlebis xarisxis
monitoringis samxreT da aRmosavleT afrikis konsorciumis
(SACMEQ, saqmeqi) mier Sedgenili kiTxvaris Sesaxeb gaakeTa
moxseneba. 1995-2000 wlebSi meeqvseklaselebisgan iyo
Segrovebuli Sesadarebeli monacemebi (cxrili 3). es monace-
mebi bundovani iyo, radgan Seicavda rogorc araanazRaurebad
kerZo repetitorobas, romelsac maswavleblebi da ojaxis
wevrebi eweodnen, aseve anazRaurebad kerZo repetitorobas. mi-
uxedavaT amisa, am monacemebma gamoavlina farTod gavrcele-
buli kerZo repetitoroba zogierT qveyanaSi da misi swrafad
mzardi tendenciebi. 1995 wels meeqvse klaselebis 49.0%
emzadeboda kerZo repetitorebTan, xolo 2000 wlisTvis es
ricxvi 68.3%-mde gaizarda.
es monacemebi exmaureboda eiloris mier (Eilor, 2007) aRw-eril ugandis nimuSs. is wuxda sxvadasxva klasebSi zusti
statistikuri monacemebis naklebobis gamo, magram aRniSnavda
(gv.14), rom kerZo repetitoroba „yvela did urbanul centrSi
iyo damkvidrebuli da gavrcelebuli“. soflebSi kerZo
repetitoroba arsebobda im klasebSi, romlebSic moswavleebi
gamocdebisTvis emzadebodnen, xolo urbanul adgilebSi repeti-
toroba yvela klass axasiaTebda. eilori dasZenda (gv.14), rom
Tumca kerZo repetitoroba sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gansxvavdeboda,
is mainc „mniSvnelovnad gaizarda ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis
ganmavlobaSi, da amJamad yvela dargSi farTod SeiniSneba“.
2000 wlis saqmeqis (SACMEQ) mier meeqvse klaselebSi
Catarebulma kvlevam gamoavlina, rom ugandaSi gamokiTxuli
moswavleebis 81,8 procenti aRniSnavda, rom dadioda damatebiT
gakveTilebze klasgareSi saaTebSi, xolo am moswavleTa 51.4
procenti damatebiTi gakveTilebisTvis fuls ixdida (bia-
mugiSa da senabulia; Byamugisha and Ssenabulya, 2005, gv.71-72).
28
cxrili 3. aRmosavleT da samxreT afrikaSi meeqvseklaselebis
procentuloba, romlebic kerZo repetitorebTan
emzadebodnen 1995 da 2000 wlebSi
wyaro: pavio, hainsoni da qorqmani; Paviot, Heinsohn and Kork-man (2008), gv.152.
kidev erT konteqstSi, sujaTa (Sujatha, 2007, gv.3) ganixilavs
indoeTis oTx Stats. Mis mier 6,498 SerCeuli moswavlis pa-
suxebi saSualo skolis mecxredan meTormete klasebamde State-
bisa da klasebis mixedviT cvalebadobda, magram saSualod
41.3%-ma aRniSna, rom emzadeboda kerZo repetitorTan (cxrili
4). biWebi ufro metad dadiodnen kerZo repetitorebTan, vidre
gogonebi, Sesabamisi proporciiT 54.9% da 39.6%. es monacemebi
emTxveva jalaladinis (Jalaluddin 2007, gv.1) mier Catarebuli
kvlevis Sedegebs, romelTa mixedviTac dasavleT Bbengalis Sta-
tis ojaxebis 70% fuls abandebda kerZo repetitorobaSi da-
sawyis klasebSi, da danaxarji repetitorobaze ganaTlebaSi
saerTo saojaxo danaxarjis mesameds Seadgenda.
29
SACMEQ I /saqmeqi I (1995)SACMEQ II /saqmeqi II
(2000)
procentuloba SerCevis
cdomileba
procentuloba SerCevis
cdomileba
kenia 68.6 2.53 87.7 1.91
malavi 22.1 1.96 79.7 3.47
mavriki 77.5 1.44 86.6 1.07
namibia 34.7 2.08 44.7 2.33
zambia 44.8 2.35 55.1 3.56
zanzibari 46.1 1.26
(tanzania)
saSualo 49.0 1.94 68.3 2.22
55.9 0.95
cxrili 4. studentebis procentuloba, romlebic kerZo
repetitorebTan dadian, indoeTis oTx
StatSi, klasebis mixedviT
SeniSvna: gamokiTxulTa jgufi Aandhra pradeSSi mxolod IX
da X klasebs moicavda. N=IX da X klasebi: 4,031; XI da XII
klasebi: 2,917. wyaro: sujaTa (Sujatha, 2007, gv.3).
kerZo repetitorebTan siarulis sixSire TurqeTSic maR-
ali iyo, da fexs swrafad ikidebda. Tanselma da berqanma
(Tansel and Bircan, 2007, gv.5-6) kerZo repetitorobaSi sami Zir-iTadi kategoria ganasxvaves. erTi iyo kerZod SeTanxmebul
fasad moTxovnil saganSi individualurad momzadeba. meore
tipi iyo skolis maswavleblebis mier damatebiT safasurad
skolis teritoriaze Catarebuli gakveTilebi, magram ara Zir-
iTadi mecadineobis dros. Aam kursebs awyobdnen skolis sab-
Woebi erovnuli ganaTlebis saministros nebarTviT dawyebiT
klasebSi. fasebsac saministro adgenda. mesame tipi iyo kerZo
momzadebis centrebi, romlebic dersani-s (dersane) saxeliT
iyvnen cnobili, emsaxurebodnen dawyebiT da saSualo klaseb,
da aseve sTavazobdnen sajaro samsaxurSi Sesasvlelad
30
IX X IX-X XI XII XI-XII IX-XII
andhra 11.3 52.7 32.3 - - - -
pradeSi
kerala 43.0 71.6 55.0 31.5 36.0 33.5 43.7
maharaSTra 43.2 56.0 49.3 41.0 38.5 40.0 44.7
uTar 31.4 62.0 45.7 31.4 38.6 34.9 40.7
pradeSi
saSualo 32.0 58.8 44.6 36.0 53.8 36.8 41.3
mosamzadebel kursebs. kerZo mosamzadebelma centrebma 1965
wels kanonieri statusi miiRo. maT moeTxovebaT erovnuli
ganaTlebis saministroSi daregistrireba da saSemosavlo be-
garis gadaxda. 1975-1976 wlebSi TurqeTSi 157 daregistrire-
buli kerZo mosamzadebeli centri iyo. ori aTeuli wlis
Semdeg centrebis raodenoba 1,292-mde gaizarda. 2005-2006
wlebisTvis ki ukve 3,986 centri iyo – saSualo skolebis
saerTo raodenobaze (3,406) meti. mosamzadebel centrebs
1,072,000 dawyebiTi klasebis moswavle hyavdaT, da 2,076,000
saSualo skolebis moswavle (Tanseli da berqani, Tansel andBircan, 2007, gv.16-17).
avstriaSi sagrZnoblad gansxvavebuli suraTi iyo. rogorc
gruberi (Gruber 2007, gv.3) aRniSnavda, ganaTlebis saministros
ar hqonda “aranairi monacemebi kerZo damatebiTi repetitoro-
bis saerTo erovnul masStabebze, sxvadasxva tipis mimwodeblis
SedarebiT mniSvnelobaze, misi gamoyenebis mizezebsa an im sxvada -
sxva meTodebze, Tu rogor Wrian sxvadasxva skolebi repeti-
torobis problemas”. Tumca, 2006 wels avstriis momsaxureTa
palatis momxmarebelTa dacvis ganyofilebam, romelic gamud-
mebiT ikvlevs kerZo repetitorobis fasebs, Seafasa, rom kerZo
repetitorobaze wliuri erovnuli danaxarji €140 milioni
iyo. avstriis momsaxureTa palatis gamoTvlebi Seesabameboda
venis universitetis mier Catarebuli kvleviTi proeqtiT dad-
genil monacemebs, romlebmac daadgines, rom avstriis saSualo
skolis moswavleTa 20% ama Tu im saxiT kerZo repetitorTan
emzadeboda (vagneri da sxv., 2003, citirebuli gruberis mier,Wagner et al., 2003, quoted by Gruber, 2007, gv.3).
sxva monacemebi gviCveneben, rom kerZo repetitoroba
dasavleT evropis sxva kuTxeebSic mniSvnelovani movlenaa. in-
glisSi, 2008 wels Catarebulma 1,500 mSobelis gamokiTxvam
aCvena, rom dawyebiTi klasebis moswavleebis 12 procenti da
saSualo skolis moswavleebis 8 procenti kerZo repeti-
torebTan emzadeboda (pitersi, qarfenTeri, da sxv., Peters, Car-penter, et al., 2009, gv.2). safrangeTSi, 1992 wlis kvlevam
gamoavlina, rom erT regionSi moswavleTa 25 procenti emzade-
boda kerZo repetitorTan (glasmani, Glasman, 2007, gv.1).
31
safrangeTis mTavrobis mier Semdgom aTwleulebSi wamowye-
bulma iniciativebma seqtors mniSvnelovnad xeli Seuwyo ga-
farToebaSi (melo, 2007; angleidi, Melot, 2007; Anglade, 2008).saberZneTSi 2000 wels Catarebulma pirvelkurselTa gamok-
iTxvam gamoavlina, rom studentTa 80 procenti dadioda inten-
siuri momzadebis skolebSi, romlebic frontistirio-s
(frontistirio) saxeliT iyvnen cnobili; 50 procenti emzadeboda
kerZo repetitorebTan, da erTi mesamedi emzadeboda jgufSic
da individualuradac (saxaropolusi da papakonstantinou,
Psacharopoulos and Papakonstantinou, 2005, gv.5). irlandiaSi, 1,496
studentis gamokiTxvam, romelTac zeda saSualo klasebi 2003
daasrules, gamoavlina, rom 45 procenti skolis bolo wels
fasian kerZo repetitorTan emzadeboda. es iyo mniSvnelovani
zrda 32 procentidan, romelic igive asakobriv jgufSi 1994
wels iyo dafiqsirebuli (smiTi, Smyth, 2009, gv.9).kerZo repetitorobis tendenciebi avstraliaSi, amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi da kanadaSi aseve dasavleT evropis ten-
denciebis msgavsia. uotsoni (Watson, 2007) aRniSnavda, romkerZo repetitoroba avstraliaSi ar iyo didi yuradRebis
qveS, magram federalurma mTavrobam 2004 wels pilotireba
gaukeTa vauCerul gegmas im studentebis kerZo momzadebis
dasafinanseblad, romlebic mesame wels akademiurad CamorCnen
ZiriTad masas. sqema 2005 wels 6,200 students daexmara, anu
Sesaferis kandidatTa erT mesameds. mTavrobis mier dafinanse-
bul gegmasTan erTad sxva kerZo iniciativebic vrceldeboda.
es movlenebi aSS-Si Catarebuli siaxleebis analogebi iyo.
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia “arc erTi CamorCenili bavSvi”-is
saxeliT cnobili kanonmdebloba, romelic aSS-Si 2002 wels
SemoiRes da romliTac samTavrobo saxsrebiT daexmarnen kerZo
mimwodeblebs (aSeri, 2006; berCi, donovani, da stainbergi, 2006;
vergari, 2007; Ascher, 2006; Burch, Donovan and Steinberg, 2006;Vergari, 2007). kanadas msgavsi samTavrobo kanonmdebloba ar
miuRia, magram kerZo repetitorobis zrda aqac didia. rogorc
devisma da aurinim (Davies and Aurini, 2006, gv.123) aRniSnes, maTSerCeul regionebSi sarepetitoro institutebis raodenoba
gasuli 30 wlis manZilze 200 procentidan 500 procentamde
32
gaizarda. ontarioSi mSobelTa 24 procenti aRniSnavda, rom
maT axlaxan daiqiraves kerZo repetitori, da 50 procenti ki
adasturebda, rom daiqiravebda kerZo repetitors finansuri
saxsrebi rom SeswevdeT.
laTinur amerikaSi naklebi kvlevaa Catarebuli, magram re-
gionis zogierT nawilSi, gansakuTrebiT urbanul terito-
riebze, zeda saSualo skolis doneebze kerZo repetitoroba
sagrZnoblad gavrcelebulia. magaliTad, braziliaSi, maTosma
(Mattos, 2007) Seiswavla rio de JaneiroSi kerZo repetitore-
bis saqmianobis saxeobebi da saSualebebi, da barosma (Barros,2008) igive movlena bahiaSi Seiswavla.
CarCo1. kerZo repetitorobis saxeobebis klasifikacia
msoflioSi arsebuli repetitorobis saxeobebis mimoxilva
gviCvenebs Tu rogor SeiZleba qveynebis dajgufeba repeti-
torobis masStaburobis da Tvisebebis mixedviT. aseTi da-
jgufeba unda efuZnebodes repetitorobis, rogorc
mniSvnelovani saqmianobis, warmoSobis istoriul monacemebs,
kulturul faqtorebs, romlebic xels uwyoben an zRudaven
repetitorobas, da Crdilovan sistemasa da samTavrobo
saganmanaTleblo politikas Soris kavSiris Taviseburebebs.
• aRmosavleT aziis sazogadoebebSi, rogorebicaa iaponia,
hong kongi, korea da taivani, repetitoroba mniSvnelovani
saqmianobaa da kulturaSi Rrmadaa gamjdari. es nawilobriv
konfucianuri tradiciebiT SeiZleba aixsnas, romelic
ganaTlebas da Sromis moyvareobas Zlier afasebs. repeti-
toroba niWier da maRali akademiuri moswrebis moswavleebs
emsaxureba.
• yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi da aRmosavleT
evropaSi, repetitoroba mokrZalebuli masStabebis iyo
adreul 1990-ian wlebamde. magram ekonomikis daSlis Semdeg
farTod gavrcelda, radgan maswavleblebi iZulebulebi
gaxdnen repetitorobiT damatebiTi Semosavali eSovnaT, rom
siRaribis zRvris miRma ar darCeniliyvnen. nebismieri
33
akademiuri SesaZleblobebis moswavle SeiZleba iyos Car-
Tuli am procesSi.
• dasavleT evropaSi, CrdiloeT amerikaSi da avstraliaSi,
repetitoroba mokrZalebuli masStabebisaa aRmosavleT azi-
isa da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebTan SedarebiT, magram
ufro gavrcelda mas DSemdeg, rac kanonmdeblebma yuradReba
gaamaxviles skolebs Soris konkurenciis gazrdaze da
mSoblebma dainaxes repetitorobaSi investirebidan miRe-
buli dadebiTi Sedegebi. zogierTma mTavrobam waaxalisa
repetitoroba, rogorc moswrebis moswavleebis daxmarebis
saSualeba.
• repetitoroba aseve TvalsaCino gaxda afrikaSi. es ten-
dencia nawilobriv asaxavs im faqts, rom maswavleblebma
gaacnobieres Semosavlis Sovnis SesaZleblobebi angariS-
valdebulebebis da zedamxedvelobis ar arsebobis pirobebSi.
am mxriv, afrikuli ganaTlebis sistemebi samxreT aziis sis-
temebs daemsgavsa, sadac repetitoroba yoveldRiuri cxovre-
bis nawilad iqca, gansakuTrebiT urbanul regionebSi.
yofili sabWoTa qveynebis msgavsad afrikaSic, maswavleblebi
repetitorobas damatebiTi Semosavlis wyarod miiCneven
araadekvaturi xelfasis fonze.
• laTinur amerikaSi, repetitoroba SedarebiT mokrZale-
buli masStabebisaa, garda saSualo skolis zeda klasebisa.
es isev ganaTlebis sistemis tradiciebs asaxavs. magram ten-
dencia SeiZleba Seicvalos, rogorc es dasavleT evropaSi,
CrdiloeT amerikaSi da avstraliaSi moxda.
repetitorobis saxeobebis sxvadasxva kategoriebad da-
jgufeba sasargebloa imdenad, ramdenedac maT SeiZleba
sxvada sxva politikis gatarebis saWiroeba gamoavlinon.
ganaTlebis mesveurebma ar unda CaTvalon, rom qmedeba ar
aris aucilebeli Tu masStabi mokrZalebulia. piriqiT: es
SeiZleba swored is droa, rom zomebi iyos miRebuli, radgan
problemebis droulad aRmofxvra ukeTesia vidre ukve
gavrcelebuli problemis mkurnaloba.
34
intensivobis cvalebadoba
ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso institutis forumze
warmodgenilma statistikurma monacemebma kerZo repetitoro-
bis intensivobis amsaxveli ZiriTadi tipebisa da cvladebis
farTo diapazoni gamoavlina. magaliTad, neto-mendesma da
kostam (Neto-Mendes and Costa, 2007) sami wlis ganmavlobaSi
portugaliuri qalaqis oTx saSualo skolaSi Catarebuli
kvlevis Sedegebi moaxsenes forums. monacemebi Segrovebuli
iyo am skolebis yvela meTormete klaselisagan. mexuTe
cxrili asaxavs 2005-2006 wlebis monacemebs am oTxi skol-
idan, romlebsac anonimurobis dasacavad namdvili saxelebi
ferebad gadaerqva. studentebis 52 procentidan 65 procen-
tamde kerZo repetitorTan emzadeboda. moswavleebis umete-
soba kerZo gakveTilebze kviraSi erTidan sam saaTamde
atarebda, magram bevri kviraSi oTxidan aT saaTamde uTmobda
kerZo gakveTilebs, xolo ramdenime moswavle kerZo gakveTile-
bze kviraSi aT saaTze mets atarebda. bunebrivia es gansxvave-
buli xangrZlivoba gansxvavebul fasebTan iyo dakavSirebuli.
cxrili 5. repetitorobis intensivoba meTormete klasebSi,
portugaliis oTx skolaSi, 2005-2006 wlebSi
35
pa = pasuxi ar aris.
wyaro: neto-mendesi da kosta, Neto-Mendes and Costa (2007), gv.7.
skola
moswav-
leebis
raode-
noba
repeti-
torTan
mosiaru -
leTa
procentu-
loba
kerZo repetitorTan
erT kviraSi gata re -
buli saaTebis raode-
noba
Tviuri
xarjebi
— (€) –
-3 4-10 10+ pa 70 71-210 210+ pa
lurji
skola161 65% 54% 42% 2% 2% 31% 56% 7% 6%
yviTeli
skola97 52% 56% 36% 4% 4% 46% 50% - 4%
mwvane
skola122 52% 59% 38% - 3% 38% 53% 3% 6%
vardisferi
skola167 63% 54% 45% 1% - 24% 66% 8% 2%
msgavsi monacemebi Segrovda portugaliis ganaTlebis
saministros mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad, romlis drosac
31,035 abiturienti iyo gamokiTxuli, romlebic erovnuli uni-
versitetis misaRebi gamocdebisTvis emzadebodnen (kosta, neto-
mendesi da ventura, Costa, Neto-Mendes and Ventura, 2008). amkvlevam gamoavlina, rom abiturientTa 54.7 procenti emzade-
boda kerZo repetitorTan meaTe-meTormete klasebSi. am
klasebSi yvelaze farTod iyo gavrcelebuli repetitorTan
momzadeba, radgan gamokiTxulTa mxolod 7.7 procenti emzade-
boda repetitorTan meSvide-mecxre klasebSi, da mxolod 1.6
procenti emzadeboda repetitorTan mexuTe-meeqvse klasebSi.
gamokiTxulTa 55.9 procenti wlis ganmavlobaSi sistemat-
urad dadioda repetitorTan. 27.5 procenti naxevari wlis
ganmavlobaSi emzadeboda repetitorTan da mxolod 16.6 pro-
centi mivida repetitorTan gamocdebis win.
gamocdebis wina periodSi repetitorobis zrda sxva qveyneb-
Sic gamovlinda. magaliTad, mavrikSi dawyebiTi klasebis bolos
da saSualo skolis qveda da zeda klasebis damTavrebisas
moswavleebi mniSvnelovan gamocdebs abareben, romlis drosac
kerZo repetitorobis intensivoba maqsimums aRwevs (obigado,
Obeegadoo, 2007). namibiaSi kerZo repetitorobis intensivobameaTe da meTormete klasebis gamocdebis win izrdeba (ngio-
nanie, Nghiyoonanye, 2007). vietnamSi da singapurSi es inten-sivoba dawyebiTi da saSualo klasebis bolos izrdeba (dangi,
2007; Tani, 2009; Dang, 2007; Tan, 2009).
cxrili #6 warmoadgens monacemebs indoeTis oTxi Stati-
dan da asaxavs intensivobis gansxvavebul ganzomilebas. is
aCvenebs sagnebis raodenobas, romlebSic moswavleebi repeti-
torebTan emzadebodnen. qveda saSualo klasebis doneze ker-
alas kerZo repetitorobis yvelaze didi sixSire da yvelaze
Zlieri intensivoba hqonda (ix. cxrili #4 zemoT). Aandhra
pradeSSi repetitorobis intensivoba da sixSire yvelaze da-
bali iyo. saSualo skolis zeda klasebSi naklebad dadiodnen
kerZo gakveTilebze bevr saganSi erTdroulad, radgan
saswavlo programis mixedviT maT nakleb saganSi unda mieRoT
specializacia. saSualo skolis qveda klasebSi saswavlo pro-
36
gramiT gaTvaliswinebuli ZiriTadi sagnebi iyo mSobliuri
enebi, inglisuri, hindi, maTematika, zogadi mecniereba da so-
cialuri mecnierebebi. moswavleTa 90 procenti maTematikaSi
emzadeboda, xolo momdevno adgilebs bunebis mecnierebebi da
inglisuri ikavebdnen (sujaTa, Sujatha 2007, gv.12). keralaSi
moswavleTa 98.8 procenti emzadeboda maTematikaSi. uTar
pradeSSi ki 73 procenti emzadeboda am saganSi, savaraudod
imitom, rom am StatSi maTematika savaldebulo sagani ar aris.
saSualo skolis zeda klasebSi mecnierebebis da maTematikis
ganxris ufro metad emzadebodnen kerZod vidre sxva ganxris
(cxrili #7).
cxrili 6. moswavleTa procentuloba kerZod momzadebuli
saganTa raodenobis mixedviT indoeTSi, 2005 weli
wyaro: sujaTa, Sujatha (2007), gv.11.
37
qveda saSualo klasebi zeda saSualo klasebi
Statebi 1 2 3 yvela 1 2 3 yvela
sagani sagani sagani sagani sagani sagani sagani sagani
andha pradeSi 58.1 36.7 3.4 1.7 - - - -
kerala 7.0 12.9 12.4 67.6 18.8 47.4 13.1 20.7
maharaSTra 12.0 21.8 55.3 10.9 38.0 55.9 6.1 0.0
uTar pradeSi 7.8 21.0 46.8 24.3 35.1 40.6 21.7 2.6
saSualo 13.3 20.7 39.1 27.0 33.0 49.5 12.4 5.1
cxrili 7. moswavleTa procentuloba sxvadasxva saganSi
kerZo repetitorTan momzadebis mixedviT
indoeTis saSualo skolebis zeda klasebSi,
2005 weli
wyaro: sujaTa, Sujatha (2007), gv.13.
Tu kerZo gakveTilebze gatarebul saaTebs davumatebT sko-
laSi gatarebul saaTebs, saswavlo dRis xangrZlivoba SeiZleba
Zalian didi gamovides. es aRniSna soum (Sou 2007, gv.5),
romelic saubrobda makaoze CineTSi. dawyebiTi klasebis s
oficialuri saswavlo dRis xangrZlivoba 5.5 saaTi iyo, magram
radgan damatebiT 2-4 saaTs kerZo gakveTilebze atarebdnen,
saerTo saswavlo dRis xangrZlivoba 7.5-9.5 saaTs aRwevda.
saSualo skolaSi oficialuri saswavlo dRe 7 saaTs
grZeldeboda, magram moswavleebi damatebiT 2-3 saaTs kerZo
maswavlebelTan atarebdnen. saswavlo dRis xangrZlivoba 9-
10 saaTs aRwevda. sou aRniSnavda (gv.5), rom kerZo momzadebis
saaTebis damateba „seriozulad arRvevda drois ganawilebis
normalur proporcias”.
kerZo repetitorobis saxeobebis cvalebadoba
kerZo repetitoroba SeiZleba sxvadasxva saxiT warimarTos,
rac teqnologiebis ganviTarebasTan erTad icvleba. kerZo
gakveTilebi ZiriTadad pirispir Sexvedris saxes atarebs, magram
SeiZleba telefonis, televizoris da internetis saSualebiTac
38
ganxra/nakadi kerala maharaSTra uTar saerTo
pradeSi jami
mecniereba da maTematika 45.4 55.7 52.1 52.3
xelovneba/humanitaruli sagnebi 23.4 19.4 15.0 17.5
komercia 20.1 17.8 47.4 19.8
sxva 0.0 1.6 10.0 4.3
iyos warmarTuli. adre kerZo repetitoroba safosto kore-
spondeciiT warmaTuri kursebiT xdeboda, magram axla es veb
gverdebma da eleqtronulma fostam Secvala. pirispir warmar-
Tuli kerZo gakveTilis formatic SeiZleba cvalebadobdes.
maRali Semosavlis mqone ojaxebma SeiZleba airCion kerZo
repetitoris daqiraveba, romelic individualurad imuSavebs
maT bavSvebTan. aseve SeiZleba kerZo gakveTilebis Catareba
patara jgufebSi, did jgufebSi, did saleqcio darbazebSi, rom-
lebic video teqnikiT aris aRWurvili. TviTveul am saxeobas
gansxvavebuli zegavlena aqvs pedagogikaze, samomxmareblo fase-
bze da samTavrobo politikaze.
zog qveynebSi kerZo gakveTilebs ZiriTadi skolis maswavle-
blebi atareben, romlebic ukve isedac pasuxismgeblebi arian
TavianT moswavleebze. erTis mxriv es SeiZleba sasargeblod
Candes maswavleblebisTvis, romelTac SeuZliaT damatebiTi
daxmarebis aRmoCena im moswavleebisTvis, romlebsac ukve kar-
gad icnoben. magram, meores mxriv, aman SeiZleba problemebi
gamoiwvios, da uares SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba SantaJis elementsac
Seicavdes. maswavleblebma SeiZleba gamotovon ZiriTadi
saswavlo programis nawilebi saskolo gakveTilebis dros,
raTa miizidon moswavleebi skolis Semdeg Catarebul kerZo
gakveTilebze. bevr saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi maswavleblebi
TviTon wyveten, Tu romel moswavles gadaiyvanen Semdeg klasSi.
amitom mSoblebi iZulebuli xdebian gadaixadon kerZo
momzadebis safasuri, da ician, rom winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ufro
Zviri daujdebaT TavianTi Svilis swavla, radgan is iZulebuli
iqneba gaimeoros saswavlo weli.
kerZo gakveTilebis dros satelevizio programebis
gamoyeneba gvxvdeba iseT gansxvavebul qveynebSi, rogorebic aris
korea da samxreT afrika. samxreT afrikaSi aseTi programebi
aris rogorc sajaro televiziis, aseve komerciuli tele-
viziis arxebze (redi, Reddy 2007, gv.14). kerZo maswavleblebma
SeiZleba romelime sakiTxze kontaqti daamyaron erTerT sko-
lasTan, romlis moswavleebs SeeZlebaT SekiTxvebis gagzavna.
maswavleblebi ki axsnian am sakiTxs magaliTebis moyvaniT. es
sistema moswavleebsa da kerZo maswavleblebs Soris ufro
39
xSiri urTierTobis saSualebas ar iZleva da iSviaTad atarebs
personaluri kontaqtis xasiaTs. aseTi telegadacemebis dros
maswavleblebi da maTi moswavleebi distanciaSi SezRudulebi
ar arian, magram aseTi saxis gakveTilebi Cveulebriv erovnul
sazRvrebs ar scildeba.
internetiT warmarTuli kerZo gakveTilebi kidev ufro met
Tavisuflebas iZleva distanciis mxriv. is SeiZleba erTi qvey-
nis da kontinentis sazRvrebsac ki gascdes (ventura, Ventura,2008a). eleqtronuli fosta, internetiT kavSirebi da veb
kamerebi saSualebas iZleva momsaxureba morgebuli iyos
sxvada sxva klientze da mis moTxovnebze. kerZo maswavleblebi,
romlebic moswavleebs pirispir xvdebian irCeven mWidrod
dasaxlebul da transportisTvis advilad misadgom adgilebs,
radgan maT sakmao raodebnobis klientebi esaWiroebaT war-
matebuli saqmianobisTvis. kerZo gakveTilebis internetiT mim-
wodeblebs SeuZliaT Soreul mosaxleobasac moemsaxuron, da
saqmianoba nebismier xelsayrel enaze awarmoon. magaliTad, in-
doeTidan maswavleblebs SeuZliaT moemsaxuron klientebs aSS-
Si inglisur enaze; xolo CineTidan maswavleblebs SeuZliaT
TavianTi saqmianobis warmoeba Cinur enaze hong kongSi,
malaiziaSi an singapurSi.
es dakvirvebebi cxadyofs, rom kerZo repetitorobis sax-
eobebi da saSualebebi ganpirobebulia rogorc mimwodeblebis,
aseve momxmareblebis moTxovnebiT. bevri kerZo maswavlebeli
aris universitetis studenti, romelic damatebiTi Semosavlis
saSovnelad amzadebs saSualo skolis moswavleebs; amave mo-
tiviT saSualo skolis moswavleebi amzadeben dawyebiTi
klasebis moswavleebs. universitetis studentebs iSviaTad
aqeT saWiro profesiuli kvalifikacia kerZo maswavleblo-
bisTvis, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT saSualo skolis moswavleebze.
magram maT SeuZliaT ukeTesi urTierToba daamyaron
moswavleebTan, radgan momijnave asakobriv jgufebs
ganekuTvnebian.
asakobrivi Skalis meore ukiduresobas pensionrebi war-
moadgenen, romlebic siamovnebiT agrZeleben saqmianobas sazo-
gadoebaSi wvlilis Sesatanad da damatebiTi Semosavlis
40
saSovnelad. radgan pensionrebi sxva Taobas miekuTvnebian, maT
gansxvavebuli swavlebis meTodebi aqvT da naklebad erkvevian
kompiuterul da komunikaciur teqnologiebSi. zogierTi maT-
gani aris yofili srul Statze momuSave maswavlebeli, romel-
sac pensiaze wasvla aiZules sapensio kanoniT. kerZo
repetitorobis bazarze naklebad ainteresebT oficialuri
sapensio asaki, aramed ufro met interess iwvevs fasisa da Se-
moTavazebul momsaxurebas xarisxs Soris balansi.
Tumca kerZo repetitorobis udidesi nawili yovelTvis
araoficialur sawyisebze muSaobda, bolo xanebSi is ufro
formalizebul da komerciul xasiaTs iZens. es kidev erTi
maCvenebelia imisa, rom Crdilovani ganaTleba sul ufro metad
sistemuri xasiaTis xdeba. Camoyalibda rogorc patara da adg-
ilobrivi, aseve didi da saerTaSoriso kompaniebi. qumoni
(Kumon) erTerTi msxvili mravalerovnuli kompaniaa, romelic
iaponiaSi 1954 wels daarsda, rodesac misi damaarsebeli toru
qumoni (Toru Kumon, 1914-1995) Tavisi vaJiSvilisTvis maTem-
atikis donis gaumjobesebas cdilobda. naxevari saukunis
Semdeg, qumoni 45 qveyanaSi 4 milionze met students emsax-
ureba, gansakuTrebuli privilegiebis da uflebebis miniWebis
sistemiT muSaobs, da maTematikaSi da inglisurSi special-
izdeba (qumoni, Kumon, 2008).
sxva kerZo mosamzadebeli centrebi, romlebic oficialuri
uflebebiT sargeblobdnen aris silvani (Sylvan), maTematikisda mecnierebis akademia da oqsfordis saswavlo centri.
deivisi da aurini (Davies and Aurini, 2006, gv. 124) aRniSnavdnen,rom oficialuri uflebebis miniWeba xels uwyobs am biznesis
zrdas da xazi gausves kerZo repetitorobis oficialuri
uflebebis miniWebis sagrZnob zrdas kanadaSi.
teqnologiac saSualebas aZlevs kerZo repetitorobis
sxvada sxva saxeobis warmoSobas. Amisi nimuSia squlsiTi
(School-City), iaponuri juku-s (juku) axali stili, romelic
saSualebas aZlevs moswavleebs, rom iswavlon rogorc saxlSi
aseve regionaluri TavSeyris adgilebSi personaluri kompi-
uterebis qselis saSualebiT (suZuki, Suzuki, 2009). neT-
squlis (Net-School) mier SemoTavazebul kursebs sami moduli
41
aqvT: (i) satelevizio konferenciebi da gakveTilebi; (ii) vebgverdebis daxmarebiT damoukidebeli swavla da (iii) nabeWdisaSualebebiT swavla. squlsiTis aqvs Tavisi organizaciuli
struqturebi da aris dadastureba imisa, Tu rogor SeiZleba
kerZo repetitoroba aRmocendes rogorc damoukidebeli sis-
tema ZiriTadi saskolo sistemis mibaZvis gareSe. im „qalaqebs”
romelTa meSveobiTac squlsiTi funqcionirebs, aqvT TavianTi
sakuTari kursebi da hyavT sakuTari klientebi. isini farTo
geografiul teritorias emsaxurebian. squlsiTis aseve aqvs
damatebiTi kompaniebi, romlebic yuradRebas amaxvileben
reklamirebaze, kompiuterul programebze, Sefasebis sistemebze
da interpretaciaze.
aRwerili kerZo repetitorobis mravalsaxeobebi mniSvnelo-
vania ganaTlebis mesveurTaTvis, raTa maT SeimuSaon pasuxi
kiTxvaze „rogori samTavrobo politika esadageba kerZo
repetitorobis ama Tu im formas?”
aqedan gamomdinare:
• gansxvavebuli midgomaa saWiro im kerZo repetitoro-
bisadmi, romelic sabazro ekonomikiT imarTeba da im repeti-
torobisadmi, romelsac mTlianad an nawilobriv samTavrobo
uwyebebi marTavs. aseTia magaliTad aSS-s proeqti „arcerTi
CamorCenili bavSvi”, romelsac samTavrobo kanonmdebloba
uwyobs xels.
• internetiT sxva qveynidan miwodebuli kerZo repeti-
toroba gansxvavebul midgomas moiTxovs, vidre pirispir Semo-
Tavazebuli repetitoroba, romelsac registrirebuli
mimwodeblebi gvTavazoben dasaxlebul punqtebSi.
• skolis maswavleblebis mier iZulebiT Tavsmoxveuli
kerZo gakveTilebi im moswavleebisaTvis, romlebzec isini
isedac pasuxismgeblebi arian ZiriTad saskolo sistemaSi, gan-
sxvavdeba im kerZo gakveTilebisgan, romlebsac mSoblebi Ta-
vianTi SvilebisTvis nebayoflobiT iTxoven.
• momzadebuli profesionalebis mier SemoTavazebuli kerZo
gakveTilebi gansxvavdeba moumzadebeli saSualo skolis
moswavleebis an universitetis studentebis mier SemoTavaze-
buli kerZo gakveTilebisgan.
42
• erTi erTze SemoTavazebuli individualuri gakveTilebi
gansxvavdeba video ekranebiT aRWurvil da did gadaWedil
saleqcio darbazebSi Catarebuli gakveTilebisgan.
yvela am nairsaxeobis klasificirebis Semdeg ganaTlebis
dargSi momuSave specialistebs SeeZlebaT gaanalizon da
Seafason kerZo repetitorobis ekonomikuri, socialuri da
saganmanaTleblo zegavlena da mniSvneloba. es ganzomilebebi
aris am wignis momdevno nawilis ganxilvis sagani.
CarCo 2. Sefaseba da analizi
„aSkaraa, rom kerZo repetitoroba rogorc aseTi arc kargia
da arc cudi. bevria damokidebuli imaze, Tu rogor da ra
pirobebSi miewodeba is sazogadoebas. vin sTavazobs
gakveTilebs: ZiriTadi skolis maswavleblebi, kerZo repeti-
torebi, Tu kerZo centrebi? vis sTavazoben maswavleblebi
gakveTilebs: TavianT sakuTar moswavleebs Tu sxvebs? aris
Tu ara kerZo repetitoroba ZiriTadi skolis damatebiTi
nawili? iwvevs Tu ara is ZiriTadi sistemis korumpirebas
sxvadasxva gziT?” (puasoni, Poisson 2007, gv.4).
ekonomikuri, socialuri da saganmanaTleblo zegavlena da
mniSvneloba
wignis wina Tavebma gamoavlina, rom kerZo repetitorobis
masStabi, intensivoba da miwodebis saxeebi gansxvavdeba da
mravalferovania. ekonomikuri sistemebis, kulturebis da sxva
cvladebis simravlesTan erTad es faqti mniSvnelovan sir-
Tules warmoadgens kerZo repetitorobis ekonomikuri, so-
cialuri da saganmanaTleblo zegavlenis da mniSvnelobis
dadgenaSi. miuxedavad amisa, bevri ramis swavla SeiZleba
SedarebiTi analizis Catarebisas.
43
ekonomikuri zegavlena da mniSvneloba
aSkaraa, rom kerZo repetitoroba msoflios zogierT naw-
ilSi didi biznesia. is yvelaze TvalsaCino koreaSia, sadac
ojaxebis mTeli danaxarji kerZo repetitorobaze 2006 wels
24 miliard aSS dolars, anu mTliani Sida produqtis 2.8
procents, Seadgenda (qimi da li, Kim and Lee 2008, gv.3). ko-
reuli kerZo repetitorobis industria uzrunvelyofs Se-
mosavals repetitorebisTvis da masTan dakavSirebul sferoSi
momuSave TanamSromlebisTvis, romelTa danaxarjebs saerTo
ekonomikuri Sedegebi mohyveba. kerZo repetitorobaze saojaxo
danaxarjebis sxva nimuSebi:
• safrangeTSi, 2006 wels seqtori Sefasebuli iyo €2.21miliardad, 10 procentiani wliuri zrdiT (melo, Melot 2007,
gv.50).
• saberZneTSi, intensiuri momzadebis skolebi zeda saSualo
klasebSi 1.1 miliard evros moixmardnen 2000 wels, rac aRe-
mateboda mTavrobis danaxarjebs ganaTlebis am safexurze
(saxaropolusi da Tasulasi, Psacharopoulos and Tassoulas 2004,gv.247).
• TurqeTSi, 2004 wlis SefasebiT, kerZo repetitorobis
centrebis fasi 2.9 miliard aSS dolars Seadgenda, rac
mTliani erovnuli produqtis 0.96 procenti iyo – Tumca sxva
Sefasebebi naklebi aRmoCnda (Tanseli da berqani, Tansel and Bir-can 2007, gv.14).
• egvipteSi, 2002 wels ojaxebi kerZo repetitorobaze 81
milion egvi ptur girvanqas (daaxloebiT 18 milion aSS
dolars) xarjavdnen wina-sauniversiteto safexurze, rac
mTliani Sida produqtis 1.6 procents (msoflio banki, WorldBank 2002, gv.26).
ra Tqma unda, sxvagan kerZo repetitorobis ekonomikuri ze-
gavlena ufro mokrZalebulia. Tumca, is im maswavlebelTa Se-
mosavlis mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgens, romelTac dabali
xelfasebi aqvT da romlebic iZulebulebi arian kerZo
gakveTilebi Caataron, raTa Seinaxon ojaxebi. magaliTad, Sri
lankaSi, saxelmwifo samsaxurSi myofi maswavleblis yovelTvi-
44
uri xelfasi 2007 wels 108 aSS dolaridan 135 aSS
dolaramde cvalebadobda (samaTi, Samath 2007, gv.1). korpo-
raciul seqtorTan SedarebiT es Tanxa umniSvnelo iyo. maTem-
atikis maswavlebels ki kolombos skolaSi (Colombo school)kerZo repetitorobiT saaTSi 10 aSS dolari SeeZlo eSovna
kerZo repetitorobiT, rac niSnavda 3-4 dReSi saxelmwifo
xelfasis Tviuri eqvivalentis gamomuSavebas. tajikeTSi, 2006
wels maswavleblebis oficialuri xelfasi TveSi 24 aSS
dolars Seadgenda; xolo kerZo repetitorobidan damatebiTi
Semosavali saaTSi aSS 1-2 dolari iyo (kodirovi da amonovi,
Kodirov and Amonov 2009, gv.144). studentebis mier kerZo
repetitorobiT gamomuSavebul damatebiT xelfass ufro
farTo ekonomikuri sargebeli aqvs. damatebiTi Semosavali
saSualebas aZlevs studentebs gaagrZelon ganaTlebis miReba
da SeiZinon codna da Cvevebi, rac qveynis ekonomikis ganviTare-
bisTvis iqneba sasargeblo.
Tu repetitorebis Semosavlidan yuradRebas moswavleebis
codnaze gadavitanT, vnaxavT, rom ekonomikuri Teoriis mixed-
viT, maTematikis da enebis Seswavla adamianur kapitalSi da-
bandebis erTerTi mniSvnelovani formaa, romelsac ekonomikur
zrdaSi didi wvlili Seaqvs. saWiroa daisvas kiTxva, Tu riTi
dasaqmdebian adamianebi im SemTxvevaSi Tu ar iswavlian. Aam
SemTxvevaSi saWiroa „SesaZleblobis xarjis” (e.i. CaTvlili
xarjebi, gamowveuli alternatiuli kursis arCeviT) dadgena.
magram, radgan skolis moswavleebi ekonomikurad pro-
duqtiulebi ar arian, „SesaZleblobis xarji”, savaraudod,
SedarebiT dabali iqneba.
amave dros, zogierT SemTxvevaSi kerZo repetitorobam, ro-
gorc SerCevis meqanizmma resursebis ganawilebaSi SeiZleba
uTanasworobebi da xarvezebi warmoSvas (qimi da li, Kim andLee 2008, gv.31). koreaSi aRniSnes, rom:
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom finansuri bazari unaklo
ar aris, kargi gonebrivi monacemebis mqone bavSvi,
romelsac Raribi mSoblebi hyavs, SeiZleba moxvdes
dabali xarisxis universitetSi, radgan mas kerZo
45
maswavleblebisTvis gadasaxdeli fuli ar aqvs.
aseTi uTanasworoba kerZo gakveTilebze siarulis
SesaZleblobaSi aseve gamoiwvevs niWis araTanabar da
araefeqtur gadanawilebas, radgan Senacvlebadobis
zRvruli xarisxi ganaTlebasa da sxva produqtebs
Soris ojaxidan ojaxSi cvalebadobs.
sxvebmac gaaSuqes repetitorobis araefeqturi mxareebi.
maTi azriT, kerZo repetitoroba resursebis sasargeblo da-
bandebas sxva mimarTulebiT ubiZgebs. gansakuTrebul problemas
qmnis is SemTxvevebi, rodesac ZiriTadi skolis maswavleblebi
ganzrax amcireben saswavlo programas da nakleb dros uT-
moben Sesaswavl sakiTxebs ZiriTadi saskolo gakveTilebs
dros, raTa kerZo repetitorobaze moTxovna gazardon. magal-
iTad, sujaTa (Sujatha 2007, gv.20) aRniSnavs, rom indoeTSi:
...kerZo repetitorobaSi CarTuli maswavleblebi
ZiriTad saskolo gakveTilebs seriozulad ar
ekidebian da xandaxan aiZuleben moswavleebs mimar-
Ton maT an konkretul mosamzadebel centrebs kerZo
repetitorobisTvis. ase rom skolis maswavleblebsa
da kerZo momzadebis centrebs Soris erTgvari
kavSiria Camoyalibebuli.
kidev erTi problema warmoiSoba gadasaxadebTan dakav -
SirebiT. kerZo repetitorobis udidesi nawili araoficialu-
rad mimdinareobs, sadac samTavrobo gadasaxadebis amkrefs xeli
ar miuwvdeba. mTavrobis warmomadgenlebi Tvlian, rom bevri
adamiani, visac wvlili unda Sehqondes saerTo biujetSi, amas
Tavs aridebs. is faqti ki, rom sagadasaxado Semosavali iklebs
niSnavs, rom mTavrobebs aRar SeuZliaT miznobrivad daxarjon
resursebi qveynis ekonomikuri da socialuri keTildReo-
bisTvis.
46
socialuri zegavlena
kerZo repetitorobis umetesi nawili aSkarad aRrmavebs
socialur uTanasworobas, radgan maRalSemosavlian ojaxebs
xeli miuwvdebaT ufro met da ukeTesi xarisxis kerZo
gakveTilebze, vidre dabalSemosavlian ojaxebs. gamonaklisebs
warmoadgenen mTavrobis mier dafinansebuli iseTi proeqtebi,
rogoricaa „arc erTi CamorCenili bavSvi” aSS-Si, sadac
mTavroba afinansebs moswrebis moswavleebs Raribi ojaxe-
bidan, rom maT SeZlon kerZo gakveTilebze siaruli.
zewola ojaxidan da socialuri sivrce
kerZo repetitoroba aris is sfero, romelSic ojaxebi so-
cialuri zewolis qveS SeiZleba moeqcnen. rogorc qimma (Kim,
2007. Ggv.11) Caiwera erTerTi koreeli dedis sityvebi, Ziri-
Tadi mizezi imisa, Tu ratom uSveben mSoblebi Svilebs kerZo
repetitorebTan aris is, rom isini grZnoben socialur wnexs:
„Tu bavSvi kargad ar swavlobs skolaSi da kerZo gakveTile-
bzec ar dadis, maSin xalxi ambobs, rom deda an srul Wkuaze
ar aris an Raribia”. kerZo repetitorobis gafarToeba aseve
iwvevs cvlilebebs ojaxis struqturaSi (qimi, Kim 2007,
gv.12).
koreuli ojaxebi erTi an ori bavSvisgan Sedgeba.
mSoblebis TaobaSi ki samidan xuT bavSvamde iyo.
radgan ojaxebSi bavSvebis raodenoba iklebs, da
izrdeba moTxovna karg ganaTlebaze, raTa adamianebma
maRali statusi moipovon sazogadoebaSi, mSoblebi
sul ufro metad moiTxoven individualur zrunvas
TavianTi SvilebisTvis, raTa maT ukeTesi akademiuri
miRwevebi hqondeT, vidre amas wina Taobebis mSoblebi
moiTxovdnen. axalgazrda mSoblebis azriT, skolebi
maT moTxovnebs ver akmayofilebdnen: skolebi indi-
vidualurad ar ekidebian moswavleTa saWiroebebs,
aramed aswavlian maT jgufurad.
47
msgavsi dakvirveba Catarda safrangeTSi, sadac ojaxebis zoma
wina TaobebTan SedarebiT Semcirda. mSoblebi da bavSvebi be-
biebTan da babuebTan aRar cxovroben da, Sesabamisad, maTgan dax-
marebas naklebad iReben. glasmani (Glasman 2007, gv.1)
amtkicebs, rom Tu mSoblebs finansuri SesaZlebloba aqvT, rom
Svilebi kerZo repetitorebTan miiyvanon, es aris ojaxSi simS-
vidis damkvidrebis erTerTi saSualeba. saSinao davaleba
xSirad xdeba:
...daZabulobis mizezi mSoblebsa da Svilebs Soris
(gansakuTrebiT Tu bavSvebi Tineijerebi arian).
aqedan gamomdinare, bavSvebis gagzavna kerZo momzade-
bis centrSi, sadac maT daexmarebian skolis
davalebis SesrulebaSi, ojaxis wevrebs Soris mSvi-
dobis damyarebis da daZabulobis moxsnis erTerTi
saSualebaa. saSinao davalebis Sesrulebis dawyeba
rTuli momentia, radgan bavSvebs ar surT samuSaos
dawyeba. mozardis daxmareba im samuSaos garkvevaSi,
romelic mas gauWirda, ar aris advili maSinac ki
(an gansakuTrebiT maSin?), rodesac mama an deda am
saganSi kvalificiurebi arian. ase rom, gacilebiT
ukeTesia, Tu es problemebi sadme sxvagan gadaiWreba.
am sakiTxis Seswavlis dros glasmanma SeniSna, rom „mSvidobis
damyareba” mSoblebsa da Svilebs Soris SeiZleba ufro advili
iyos arasaskolo dawesebulebaSi, vidre skolaSi:
arasaskolo struqtura SeiZleba iyos saSuamavlo
adgili, romelic arc ojaxia (didi molodinebiT da
daZabulobiT, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT), da arc skolaa
(romelic afasebs da niSnebs uwers moswavleebs).
aseT gardamaval adgilas moswavleebs SeuZliaT aRi-
aron, rom maT ver gaiges masala an aqvT didi
xarvezebi, maSinac ki, roca ar unda hqondeT. maT Seu-
ZliaT aRiaron, rom ar umuSaviaT, maSinac ki roca
unda emuSavaT. SeuZliaT mravaljer cadon
48
davalebis Sesruleba, dauSvan Secdomebi da isev
scadon da nel-nela gaxdnen Tavdajerebulebi, Tu
iqnebian mSoblebis mouTmenlobisgan da skolis sas-
jelis SiSisgan Sors.
Tu am sakiTxs sxva kuTxidan SevxedavT, kerZo gakveTilebma
SeiZleba moswavleebs SeTavazon is socialuri sivrce, romel-
sac isini verc ojaxSi da verc skolaSi ver pouloben. maga-
liTad, egvi pteSi saSualo skolebis umravlesobaSi aris
genderuli segregacia. kerZo gakveTilebi ki moswavleebs
sTavazoben megobrebTan Sexvedris da gansakuTrebiT
sapirispiro sqesis warmomadgenlebTan urTierTobis saSuale-
bas (harTmani, Hartmann 2008, gv.58) gvTavazobs erTerTi kerZo
repetitorobis centris menejeris Sexedulebebs: “vfiqrob,
rom moswavleebis 50% aq modis... raTa namdvilad iswavlon,
xolo danarCeni 50% megobrebTan Sesaxvedrad modis”.
genderuli ganzomilebebi
rodesac genderul ganzomilebebs ganvixilavT, kerZo
repetitiroba sxvadasxva ZalebTan sxvadasxvanair mimarTebaSia.
amaTgan yvelaze naTeli magaliTia gansxvavebebi moswavleTa
CaricxvaSi. ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso institutis
2007 wlis forumze Tanselma da berqanma (Tansel and Bircan,2007, gv.7) aRniSnes, rom ganviTarebad qveynebSi gogonebi
CamorCebian biWebs ganaTlebaSi da „TurqeTi ar aris am mxriv
gamonaklisi”. maT dasZines, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom
qalebisTvis ekonomikuri mogeba ganaTlebidan iseTive maRalia,
an ufro maRalic, vidre kacebisTvis, mSoblebi mainc biWebSi
ufro met investicias deben, radgan biWebi iTvlebian
mSoblebis moxucebulobis asakSi maT finansur sayrdenad.
Tanseli da berqani aRniSnaven, rom (gv.18) 2005-2006 wlebSi
genderuli sxvaoba moswavleebs Soris kerZo repetitorobis
centrebSi iyo 5 procentuli erTeuli, rac niSnavs, rom Car-
icxuli moswavleebis 52.5 procenti biWebi iyvnen da 47.5 pro-
centi ki gogonebi. Tumca es saSualo skolis kurs damTav rebulebis
sxvaobasTan SedarebiT ufro naklebi sxvaoba iyo. iq sxvaoba
49
9.2 procents Seadgenda (54.6 procenti biWebi, 45.4 procenti
gogonebi). am mxriv, kerZo repetitorobis centrebi ufro
metad genderulad dabalansebuli aRmoCnda, vidre ZiriTadi
saSualo skolis sistema. amisi axsna SeiZleba im faqtiT, rom
maRalSemosavliani ojaxebi gogoebisTvisac da biWebisTvisac
uzrunvelmyofdnen kerZo gakveTilebs, da aqedan gamomdinare, iq
naklebi genderuli diskriminacia iyo, vidre dabalSemosavlian
ojaxebSi.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sujaTam (Sujatha, 2007) aseve miu-TiTa genderul uTanasworobaze indoeTSi, sadac kerZo
gakveTilebze biWebis ufro maRali procentuli Caricxva kul-
turuli da ekonomikuri faqtorebis kombinaciiT aixsneba.
qvemoT moyvanilia magaliTebi im qveynebis monacemebidan, rom-
lebSic msgavsi tendenciebia:
• baqmani (Buchmann 2002, gv.142-143) aRniSnavda, rom keniaSi
mniSvnelovani winsvla moxda ZiriTad saskolo sistemaSi gen-
deruli Tanasworobis mxriv, magram amave dros dasZenda, rom
dasaqmebis perspeqtivis mxriv, genderuli stereotipebis arse-
boba da saxlis saqmeSi bavSvebis wvlilis Setanis molodini
gansazRvravs mSoblebis gadawyvetilebas, rom qaliSvilebis da-
matebiT ganaTlebaSi naklebi resursebi daabandon, vidre biWe-
bis ganaTlebaSi. es gansakuTrebiT maSin xdeba, rodesac ojaxis
biujeti sakmaod SezRudulia (Raribi an mravalSviliani
ojaxebi). baqmani aRniSnavda, rom gogonebi ufro met saojaxo
saqmes akeTeben, vidre biWebi. es faqti ki gadamwyvet rols
TamaSobs gogonebis Sansebis SemcirebaSi, rom moemzadon kerZo
repetitorebTan.
• koreaSi, qimis da lis (Kim and Lee 2008, gv.25) mier
Catarebulma kvlevam daadgina kerZo repetitorobaze 0.51 Se-
mosavlis elastiuroba biWebisTvis da 0.57 gogonebisTvis. es
miuTiTebs im faqtze, rom biWebisTvis kerZo repetitoroba au-
cilebelia, xolo gogonebisTvis fufunebad iTvleba. qimi da
li aRniSnavdnen, rom qalebis dasaqmebis xarisxi kacebisaze
mniSvnelovnad naklebi iyo, da Sesabamisad, dabandebuli fulis
ukan dabrunebis molodini kacebisgan ufro maRali iyo.
• bangladeSSi, naTis (Nath 2008, gv.58) mier Caterebulma
50
kvlevam daadgina, rom dawyebiT klasebSi biWebis 33.8 procenti
emzadeboda kerZo maswavlebelTan, da gogonebis mxolod 28.1
procenti.
Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom es tendenciebi yvelgan erTg-
varovani ar aris. dengma (Dang 2007, gv.692) ver aRmoaCina
mniSvnelovani genderuli gansxvavevbebi vietnamis dawyebiT da
saSualo klasebSi. saqmeqis (SACMEQ) monacemebic keniaze ar
Seesabameba baqmanis (Buchmann) monacemebs (pavio da sxva,Paviot et al., 2008, gv.153). elbadavim, alburgma da sxv. (El-badawy, Ahlburg et al., 2006) aseve ver ipoves genderuli gan-
sxvavebebi egvipteSi, romlebic vlindeba ZiriTadi ganaTlebis
sistemaSi. mkvlevarebi moelodnen, rom 1998 wlis egviptis
SromiTi bazris kvleva ufro did gansxvavebebs kerZo repeti-
torobis seqtorSi aRmoaCenda. maTi azriT, ganaTlebis upi-
ratesoba qorwinebis bazarze, sadac ufro meti ganaTlebis
mqone gogonebi mdidar da ganaTlebul qmrebs Souloben, Sei-
Zleba iyos imis mizezi, rom gansxvavebebi mosalodnelze
naklebi aRmoCnda. sxvagan genderuli gansxvaveba qalebis
sasargeblodaa. magaliTad, bagdasarovam da ivanovma (Bag-dasarova and Ivanov, 2009, gv.134) aRmoaCines, rom yirgizeTSi,gogonebis 65.4 procenti da biWebis 34.6 procenti emzadeba
kerZo maswavlebelTan. am faqtis axsna im garemoebiT SeiZleba,
rom moswavleTa ori mesamedi ganaTlebuli ojaxebidan iyo.
amaTgan 65-70 procenti iyo ojaxidan, sadac, sul mcire, erT
mSobels mainc hqonda sauniversiteto ganaTleba da xarisxi.
es faqtori genderul Tanasworobaze ufro did gavlenas ax-
denda, vidre balansis darRvevaze, sadac gogonebs upiratesoba
eniWebaT.
genderuli ganzomilebis meore mxare exeba maswavleblebs.
zogierT sazogadoebebSi kerZo gakveTilebs ufro metad kaci
maswavleblebi atareben. kambojaSi Catarebulma erTerTma kvl-
evam gamoavlina cvalebadoba, romlis mixedviTac erTerTi
konkretuli soflis skolis arcerTi moswavle ar dadioda
kerZo maswavlebelTan klasebSi, magram me-4, me-5 da me-6
klasebSi proporciebi iyo 50, 25 da 90 procenti. rodesac
51
direqtors kiTxes, Tu ratom iyo proporcia me-5 klasSi
gacilebiT naklebi, vidre me-4 da me-6 klasebSi, man upasuxa,
rom me-5 klasis maswavlebeli ojaxis saqmiT iyo dakavebuli
da ar SeeZlo regularuli gakveTilebis Catareba (brei, Bray1999b, gv.60). harTmanmac (Hartmann 2008, gv.68) aRniSna, rommaSin rodesac qali maswavleblebi egvi pteSi kerZo
gakveTilebs saxlSi atarebdnen, kerZo momzadebis centrebSi
kaci maswavleblebis sruli dominireba igrZnoboda. Aam gare-
moebas is xsnida im faqtiT, rom:
mizezebi imisa, Tu ratom sTavazoben qali maswavle-
blebi kerZo gakveTilebs naklebad, aSkaraa. saSinao
valdebulebebi, gansakuTrebiT Tu maT ojaxebi hyavT,
qalebis drois da energiis udides nawils ikavebs.
amis garda, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrda gauTxovari
qalebisTvis socialurad miuRebelia naSuadRevis
Semdeg Sin ar yofna, studentebis monaxuleba an maTi
saxlSi dapatiJeba... qali maswavleblebi finansurad
qmrebze da ojaxebze arian damokidebuli, amitom da-
matebiT Semosavals imdenad ar saWiroeben, ramde-
nadac maTi kaci kolegebi.
kulturebi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba msoflios sxvadasxva
nawilSi, magram saerTo jamSi, kaci maswavleblebi ufro metad
arian CarTuli kerZo repetitorobis bazarze, vidre qali
maswavleblebi, da zewolas axorcieleben ZiriTadi saskolo
procesis moswavleebze, rom maTTan moemzadon damatebiT
gakveTilebze.
soflis/qalaqis maxasiaTeblebi
socialuri uTanasworobis kidev erTi ganzomileba exeba
soflis/qalaqis gansxvavebas kerZo repetitorobis saxeebSi.
kerZo repetitoroba ufro gavrcelebulia qalaqebSi sami Zir-
iTadi mizezis gamo. pirveli mizezi aris qalaqis mosaxleobis
ufro maRali Semosavali. maT finansurad xeli miuwvdebaT
kerZo gakveTilebze. meore mizezi aris maRali konkurenciuli
52
garemo qalaqSi, sadac samuSao bazarze sul ufro izrdeba
moTxovna ganaTlebaze da kvalifikaciebze. mesame mizezi aris
mosaxleobis simWidrove qalaqebSi, rac xelsayrel pirobebs
qmnis kerZo repetitorobis bazris gazrdisTvis da wamaxalise-
beli faqtoria maswavleblebisTvis, rom mosaxleobas SesTava-
zon kerZo gakveTilebi.
forumze warmodgenili empiriuli kvlevis Sedegebi Se-
icavdnen monacemebs aRmosavleT evropidan da aziidan (silova,Silova 2007, gv.7). me-8 cxrilSi warmodgenil yvela 12
qveyanaSi kerZo repetitoroba qalaqSi ufro metad iyo
gavrcelebuli, vidre sofelSi.
yvelaze didi 24.2 procentiani sxvaoba yazaxeTSi iyo. su-
jaTas (Sujatha, 2007) mier warmodgenili indoeTis soflis
skolebis monacemebis mixedviT, qveda saSualo klasebis
moswavleebis 29 procenti emzadeboda kerZo repetitorebTan,
maSin rodesac qalaqSi imave klasebis moswavleebis 64 pro-
centi dadioda kerZo gakveTilebze (ix. cxrili 9). saerTo
suraTi ki iyo iseTi, rom soflis skolebSi moswavleebi, rom-
lebic akademiurad CamorCenilebi iyvnen da ver axerxebdnen
kerZo maswavleblebTan siaruls, xSir SemTxvevaSi swavlas
Tavs anebebdnen an skolidan iricxebodnen.
cxrili 8. soflis da qalaqis gansxvavebebi kerZo
repetitorobis tendenciebSi aRmosavleT
evropaSi da aziaSi (%)
sofeli qalaqi
azerbaijani 87.8 95.0
bosnia da hercogovina 56.9 57.7
xorvatia 50.1 61.6
saqarTvelo 76.9 81.2
yazaxeTi 56.6 70.1
53
yirgizeTi 37.7 61.9
litva 54.9 69.7
monRoleTi 69.8 71.6
poloneTi 59.9 70.1
slovakeTi 54.7 58.2
tajikeTi 41.0 49.9
ukraina 77.7 82.0
wyaro: silova (Silova 2007, gv.7).
cxrili 9. qveda saSualo klasebis moswavleTa procen-
tuloba, romlebic kerZo repetitorebTan
emzadebian indoeTis oTxi Statis qalaqebSi
da soflebSi
soflebi qalaqebi
andhra pradeSi 20.7 38.7
kerala 66.5 70.6
maharaSTra 29.3 72.7
uTar pradeSi 32.0 52.7
jami 29.0 64.0
N = sofeli 1,492; qalaqi 2,539.
wyaro: sujaTa (Sujatha 2007, gv.5).
es statistikuri monacemebi exmaureba sxva literaturaSi
mocemul monacemebs. magaliTad, 1998 wels egviptis Sromis
bazris kvlevis Sedegad gamovlinda Semdegi monacemebi: qveynis
54
27 guberniidan 22 guberniaSi 4,816 gamokiTxul ojaxSi
moswavleebis 39.6 procenti dadioda kerZo maswavlebelTan
soflebSi, xolo 52.0 procenti qalaqebSi (elbadavi da sxv.,
Elbadawy et al., 2006, gv.16). bavSvebis ganaTlebaze daxarjuli
Tanxebi kidev ufro metad gansxvavdeboda: 188.9 egvi pturi
funti / girvanqa soflebSi, da 491.5 egvipturi funti / gir-
vanqa qalaqebSi. bangladeSSic (naTi, Nath 2008, gv.58) dawyebiTi
skolebis pirvelklaselebis 19.6 procenti emzadeboda kerZod
soflebSi, da 43.6 procenti qalaqebSi. me-5 klasSi, dawyebiTi
skolis bolos, sxvaoba kidev ufro didi iyo: 35.6 procenti
soflebSi da 62.2 procenti qalaqebSi. es statistikuri
monacemebi asaxaven rogorc moTxovnas, aseve miwodebas. am
ukanasknels rac Seexeba, uotsoni (Watson 2008, gv.10) aR-
niSnavda, rom avstraliis soflebSi da moSorebul regionebSi
kerZo maswavleblebis ukmarisoba mniSvnelovan dabrkolebas
warmoadgenda mTavrobis vauCeruli gegmis ganxorcielebisTvis.
studentebi am regionebSi erTian standartul gamocdebze mud-
mivad iRebdnen erovnul saSualo maCvenebelze nakleb qulebs.
eTnikuroba da rasa
socialuri uTanasworobis kidev erTi ganzomileba eT-
nikurobas da rasas exeba. magaliTad, 1997-1998 wlebSi, viet-
namSi Catarebulma kvlevam gamoavlina, rom dawyebiTi skolis
eTnikuri umravlesobis moswavleebis 37.0 procenti da eT-
nikuri umciresobis 7.1 procenti kerZo repetitorTan emzade-
boda (dengi, Dang 2007, gv.688). saSualo skolis qveda
klasebSi proporciebi iyo 60.7 da 19.0 procenti; xolo saSu-
alo skolis zeda klasebSi – 78.0 da 55.9 procenti.
sxva garemoebebSi, eTnikuri umciresobis moswavleebi Sei-
Zleba ufro metad emzadebodnen kerZo repetitorebTan. air-
sonma da raSforTma (Ireson and Rushforth 2005, gv.6) daadgines,
rom inglisSi bazriT dominirebul garemoSi samxreT azieli,
Cineli da afro-karibuli warmoSobis moswavleebi ufro metad
emzadebodnen kerZo maswavleblebTan, vidre TeTri evropelebi.
kanadaSi, kerZo repetitorobis udidesi nawili vankuverSi da
torontoSi hong kongel, taivanel da Cinel migrantebze modis.
55
gansxvavebul konteqstSi, aSS-Si samTavrobo proeqti „arc erTi
CamorCenili bavSvi” warmatebiT afinansebda dabali akademiuri
moswrebis afro-amerikuli da espanuri warmoSobis mos -
wavleebs (cimeri da sxv., Zimmer et al., 2007; mori, Mori, 2009).
saganmanaTleblo zegavlena
sxva Crdilebisgan gansxvavebiT, Crdilovanma ganaTlebam Sei-
Zleba zegavlena iqonios im sxeulze, romelsac is baZavs.
umetes SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom kerZo repeti-
toroba mxars ubams ZiriTad saskolo sistemas da moswavleebs
sTavazobs damatebiT gzas saswavlo masalis aTvisebaSi. magram,
zogierT garemoebaSi is akninebs ZiriTad saskolo sistemas.
mTavrobis mier dafinansebuli kerZo momzadebis proeqtebi,
romlebic gamiznulia dabali akademiuri moswrebis moswavlee-
bis dasaxmareblad, gansxvavdeba sabazro ZalebiT marTuli
kerZo repetitorobisgan. Tumca TiToeul maTganSi farTo sax-
ecvlilebebi SeiZleba aRmoCndes. puasonma (Poisson, 2007) gaa-Suqa saganmanaTleblo zegavlenis ramdenime ganzomileba. esenia:
saskolo aRWurvilobis gamoyeneba, saswavlo dro, saswavlo
programis Sinaarsi da pedagogika, maswavleblebis mier Catare-
buli gakveTilebis xarisxi, moswavleebis mier masalis
aTviseba, da klasis dinamika (ix. agreTve dengi da rojersi;Dang and Rogers 2008, gv.8-14). Semdegi Tavebi nimuSebs ganix-
ilavs.
dabali akademiuri moswrebis moswavleTa dasaxmareblad
mTavrobis mier
dafinansebuli proeqtebi
ganaTlebis saerTaSoriso institutis forumis monawileebs
Soris iyo inglisis bavSvTa skolebis da ojaxebis departa-
mentis (DCSF) TanamSromeli, romelmac moxseneba gaakeTa 2007
wels dawyebul sapilote proeqtze (teilori, Taylor, 2007).„mniSvnelovani progresis” gegma gulisxmobs individualur
kerZo gakveTilebs, bavSvebis swavlaSi dasaxmareblad, raTa aR-
moifxvras uTanasworoba ganaTlebaSi miRwevebis SesaZle-
blobaSi. proeqtis mosamzadebeli nawilSi, misma Semqmnelebma
56
Seafases kerZo repetitorobis zegavlena inglisSi, avs-
traliasa da aSS-Si.
monacemebi inglisze, romlebzec dokumentSi iyo saubari,
airsonma (Ireson, 2004) da airsonma da raSforTma (Ireson andRushforth, 2005) Seagroves. am ukanasknelma naSromma daadgina,
rom (gv.4) SerCeuli me-6, me-11 da me-13 klaselebis 27 pro-
centi kerZo maswavlebelTan emzadeboda. mkvlevarebma aRniSnes,
rom yvelaze popularuli sagani maTematika iyo, romelsac mos-
devda inglisuri (kiTxva da wera me-6 klaselebisTvis), da mec-
niereba. sxva mniSvnelovani aRmoCenebi iyo Semdegi:
• kerZo repetitorTan siarulis mTavari mizezi iyo teste-
bis da gamocdebis kargad dawera (moswavleTa ori mesamedis
mosazrebiT).
• saSualo skolis moswavleebs xandaxan ahyavdaT kerZo
maswavleblebi, raTa maT daxmarebodnen im masalis aTvisebaSi,
romelic gamotoves avadmyofobis gamo.
• kerZo gakveTilebis xarisxi akademiur miRwevebze axdens
zegavlenas. kerZo gakveTilebis programebic sagZnoblad gan-
sxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisgan.
• kerZo repetitorobas umniSvnelo zegavlena hqonda saSu-
alo skolis damamTavrebel serTifikatze (atestatze) TeTrka-
niani moswavleebisTvis, magram ufro dadebiTi zegavlena hqonda
feradkanian moswavleebze (Tumca mcire raodenoba iyo gamok-
iTxuli). saerTo jamSi, efeqti iyo mciredi da dadebiTi. maTem-
atikaSi, kerZo gakveTilze siaruli biWebs ufro metad
exmareboda, vidre gogonebs saSualo skolis damamTavrebeli
saserTifikato (saatestato) gamocdebze.
radgan kerZo repetitoroba gansxvavdeboda sxvadasxva kon-
teqstSi, sistemuri monacemebi Zalian mcire raodenobiT
moipoveboda imaze, Tu visTvis ra iyo ufro sasargeblo da ra
garemoebebSi.
rac Seexeba avstralias, teilori (Taylor 2007, gv.5-6) ganix-ilavda samTavrobo iniciativas, romelic gamiznuli iyo im
CamorCenili moswavleebis dasaxmareblad, romlebmac 2003
wels mesame wlis erovnuli kiTxvis unaris minimaluri zRva -
ri ver gadalaxa. iniciativa uzrunvelyofda mSoblebs an
57
momvlelebs vauCerebiT, raTa 700 avstraliuri dolaris far-
glebSi daefaraT bavSvebis individualuri gakveTilebis Tanxa
kiTxvis gasaumjobeseblad (ix. agreTve uotsoni, Watson, 2007,gv.6). proeqti Semdeg Sefasebuli iyo kerZo gakveTilebis wina
da Semdgomi kiTxvis unarebis SefasebiT, da kerZo maswavle-
blebis da mSoblebis gamokiTxviT, Tu ramdenad daexmara kerZo
gakveTilebi maT Svilebs kiTxvis unaris gaumjobesebaSi. 2003
wels 19,000 mesame safexuris moswavlem ver gadalaxa mini-
mumis zRvari (mTeli raodenobis 7.6 procenti). amaTgan 6,200-
ma moswavlem miiRo monawileoba am proeqtSi, xolo 5,443
moswavle mTlianad kerZo gakveTilebiT iyo datvirTuli. Se-
fasebam cxadhyo, rom am proeqtma SesaZlebloba misca
moswavleebs gaeumjobesebinaT koncentracia da meti yuradReba
gaemaxvilebinaT swavlaze. is agreTve daexmara maT, rom
eswavlaT sircxvilis gareSe da aRudgina sakuTari Tavis pa-
tiviscema. skolasTan da ojaxTan dakavSirebulma faqtorebmac
mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula warmatebis miRwevaSi, rac zo-
gierT StatSi mniSvnelovani iyo. magaliTad, viqtorias StatSi,
moswavleebis 89 procentma gamoaswora kiTxvis Cvevebi 1.7
wlis mogebiT. Tumca, es mainc sapilote gegmad rCeboda, rac
damajerebeli daskvnebisTvis ufro met gamocdilebas moiTx-
ovda. uotsoni (Watson 2007, gv.9) dasZenda, rom sxva sagan-
manaTleblo proeqtebTan SedarebiT gegmis finansuri
efeqturobis (xarjebis efeqturobis) dasasabuTeblad sakmao
monacemebi iyo xelmisawvdomi.
mesame proeqti, romelic teilorma (Taylor, 2007, gv.6-7)ganixila, iyo CikagoSi ganxorcielebuli „arc erTi CamorCe-
nili bavSvi”. 2005 wels Cikagos sajaro skolebma kontraqti
daudes 30 kerZo kompanias da saagentos, rom 50 milioni aSS
dolaris sanacvlod daxmarebodnen 343 skolis 60,000
moswavles. kerZo gakveTilebs sTavazobdnen rogorc mogebaze
momuSave aseve aramogebaze momuSave saagentoebi. Cikagos sa-
jaro skolebi TavianT programasac afinansebdnen, rac
moswavleTa naxevars moicavda. Sefasebam gamoavlina, rom im
moswavleebSi, romlebic kerZo repetitorebTan emzadebodnen,
gacilebiT sagrZnobi winsvla SeiniSneboda, vidre imaTSi, visac
58
kerZo repetitoroba SesTavazes, magram maT uari ganacxades
kerZo gakveTilebze. proeqtSi monawile moswavleebs yvelaze
dabali akademiuri moswreba hqondaT. erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi,
im moswavleebs, romlebic kerZo repetitorebTan emzadebodnen,
1.09 wliani winsvla hqondaT kiTxvaSi da 0.94 wliani winsvla
maTematikaSi. es maCveneblebi im winsvlis maCveneblebze maRali
iyo, rac im moswavleebs hqondaT, romlebic akmayofilebdnen
repetitorobis programaSi monawileobis moTxovnebs, magram
uari ganacxades monawileobaze. maT 1.03 da 0.92 wliani
winsvla hqondaT. magram repetitorobis proeqtSi monawilee-
bis maCveneblebi saerTo saqalaqo maCveneblebze mainc naklebi
iyo. am ukanasknelis maCveneblebi Sesabamisad 1.06 da 1.01 iyo.
teilorma oTxi ZiriTadi problema wamoWra Cikagos
gamocdilebidan:
• kerZo repetitorobis SemoTavazeba xdeboda ufaso sko-
lis sauzmis kriteriumis dakmayofilebis mixedviT (e. i. kerZo
repetitorobas sTavazobdnen im moswavleebs, visac ufaso
saskolo sauzme ekuTnoda). es ki ekonomikuri statusiT ufro
iyo gadawyvetili, vidre akademiuri saWiroebiT. zogierTi
moswavle, romelsac repetitoroba esaWiroeboda, ver moxvda
am proeqtSi. mSoblebi irCevdnen im sagnebs, romlebSic bavSvebi
unda momzadebuliyvnen. isini xSirad araswor arCevans akeTebd-
nen. kerZo momzadebis kompaniebi farTo reklamiT, waxalise-
bebiT da intensiuri repetitorobiT izidavdnen mSoblebs,
magram es moswavleebisTvis akademiurad momgebiani ar iyo.
• kerZod mosamzadebeli jgufebis zoma mniSvnelovnad
varirebda. gakveTilebis nawili individualurad tardeboda,
magram umravlesoba mimdireobda 20-kacian jgufebSi.
• Sefasebis da mimwodeblis pasuxismgeblobis universaluri
meTodebi da kriteriumebi ar arsebobda. moswavlis warmatebis
SemTxvevaSi dafasebas kerZo repetitori iRebda da ara skola.
Zalian cota kompania afasebda gakveTils, da Zalian cota rea-
girebda mSoblebis an maswavleblebis moTxovnaze.
• kompaniebi, romlebic bavSvebis maswavleblebs repetitore-
bad qiraobdnen, ufro didi zegavlena hqondaT. bevri am
maswavlebelTagani micemul masalebs adaptirebas ukeTebda,
59
raTa moergo moswavleebis saWiroebebze. aseT kerZo repeti-
torebs Cveulebriv kargi akademiuri moswrebis moswavleebi
hyavdaT, da mSoblebis kargi rekomendaciebiT da skolebis maR-
ali ndobiT sargeblobdnen.
am faqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT, 2007 wels inglisSi sapilote
proeqti daiwyo, romelic erTi-erTze mecadineobis srul xar-
jebs faravda sabaziso stadiebis 2 da 3 doneebis (7-11 wlis
da 11-14 wlis bavSvebi) 484 skolis moswavlis 10 procen-
tisTvis. es moicavda kerZo gakveTilebis 10 saaTs da da-
matebiT TiTo moswavlesTan skolisa da repetitoris
2-saaTian kontaqts TiTo saganSi, inglisurSi da / an maTem-
atikaSi.
msgavsi programa muSaobs singapurSi (Teni, Tan 2009). 1980-
ian wlebSi mTavroba Relavda akademiur miRwevaSi rasul dis-
balansze, gansakuTrebiT dabal maCveneblebze eTnikur
malaizielebSi CinelebTan da indoelebTan SedarebiT. mTavro-
bis warmomadgenlebma gamohyves Tanxebi, raTa malaizeli /
musulmani bavSvebis damxmare ganaTlebis sabWos (mendaki, MEN-DAKI) maTTvis kerZo maswableblebTan momzadeba uzrunveleyo.
mTavrobam aseve neba darTo sabWos gamoeyenebina sajaro
skolebi ZiriTadi saswavlo procesis Semdgom saaTebSi, da
maswavleblebs treiningi Cautara, romlebic moxaliseebad an
dabal xelfasze muSaobdnen. repetitorobis programebi pirve-
lad mendakim (MENDAKI) wamoiwyo da Semdeg singapuris in-
douri ganviTarebis asociaciam (SINDA), romelic dRemde
efeqturi, Sedegiani da kargad reklamirebulia (ix. MENDAKI,2009; SINDA, 2009).
aseve aRsaniSnavia paraleluri gegma samxreT afrikaSi,
romelzec ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso institutis fo-
rumze redim gaakeTa moxseneba (Reddy, 2007). smxreT afrikismecnierebisa da teqnologiis departamentma (DST) moiTxovaCatarebuliyo kerZo repetitorobis kvleva da mimoxilva, raTa
saSualo skolebSi mecnierebis Seswavlis gaumjobesebis gzebi
dasaxuliyo. mimoxilvaSi warmodgenili rekomendaciebis sa-
fuZvelze, departamentma wamoiwyo gegma, romelic gamiznuli
iyo im skolebis gasaumjobeseblad, sadac dabalSemosavliani
60
ojaxebis Svilebi swavlobdnen. repetitorobis modeli
gulisxmobda mecadineobebs erTi-erTze, pirispir maswavle-
belTan. mTavrobam aseve kerZo seqtors mimarTa finansuri dax-
marebisTvis. es gegma iyo saCvenebeli magaliTi mTavrobis mier
dafinansebuli iniciativisa, romelic miznad isaxavda uTanas-
worobis Semcirebas da romelsac dadebiTi zegavlena unda
moexdina ZiriTadi saskolo programis daZlevaSi dabali
akademiuri moswrebis moswavleebis daxmarebiT.
bazriT regulirebuli kerZo repetitoroba
rogorc amas wignis sxva seqciebi cxadhyofs, arsebobs proe-
qtebi, rogorc mxolod sabazro ekonomikiT regulirebuli
wamowyebebi. maTganac swavlis procesSi Sedegebs moelian, rom-
lis gareSec maTze moTxovna daiklebda. Tumca, am iniciativebis
Sefasebebma aCvena, rom zogi maTgani ufro metad STabeWdile-
bebze da marketingzea dafuZnebuli, vidre Ffaqtobriv Sedege-
bze. bevri ram aris damokidebuli kerZo repetitorobis
saxeobaze da moswavleebis mzadyofnaze maqsimalurad sasarge-
blod gamoiyenon is. ufro sagangaSoa is faqti, rom zogierT
konteqstSi kerZo repetitorobam uaryofiTi Sedegebi moutana
ZiriTad saskolo ganaTlebas.
yvelaze problemuri aspeqtebia iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac
kerZo repetitoroba ZiriTad saskolo ganaTlebas Caenacvleba.
es gansakuTrebiT ZiriTadi arasaskolo gamocdebis moaxloe-
bisas SeiniSneba. aseT dros moswavleebi skolebs gamocde-
bisTvis mosamzadeblad Seuferebel adgilad Tvlian, radgan maT
konkretul moTxovnebs ver daakmayofileben, radgan skolebi
moswavleTa ufro farTo speqtrs emsaxureba da socio-poli-
tikur miznebs isaxavs. TurqeTSi, aman ukve iseT eqstremalur
zRvars miaRwia, rom moswavleebi samedicino cnobebisTvis
fuls ixdian, raTa skolaSi ar iaron. gansakuTrebiT semestris
im dros, rodesac moswavleebi saSualo da umaRles saswavle-
blebSi Sesasvlel gamocdebs abareben, isini yuradaRebis ufro
met koncentrirebas kerZo gakveTilebze, mosamzadebel centre-
bze da saxlSi momzadebaze axdenen, vidre skolaSi siarulze.
rogorc Tanseli da berqani (Tansel and Bircan, 2007) amboben
61
angariSSi, am sezonze „moswavleTa umetesoba yalb samedicino
cnobas iRebs, rac maT saSualebas aZlevs, rom gaacdinon sko-
lis gakveTilebi,” da rom es „farTod gavrcelebuli, miRe-
buli da Zviri procesi gaxda”. 2005 wels, ganmanaTlebelTa
Turqulma kavSirma Caatara 1,078 damamTavrebeli klasebis
moswavlis da 1,073 kursdamTavrebulis gamokiTxva. kiTxvaze,
Tu rogor zegavlenas axdenda gamocdebisTvis mzadeba skolis
daswrebaze, damamTavrebeli klasebis moswavleebis 55 pro-
centma da kursdamTavrebulebis 49 procentma upasuxa, rom
maT yalbi samedicino cnobebi moipoves.
msgavsi tendenciebia azerbaijanSi. kazimzade (Kazimzade,2007) aRniSnavda, rom gansakuTrebiT saSualo skolis damam-
Tavrebel klasebSi, moswavleebi, rogorc wesi, gakveTilebs ac-
denen da saskolo saaTebSi kerZo repetitorebTan dadian (ix.
agreTve silova da kazimzade, Silova and Kazimzade 2006, gv.128).
zogierTi moswavle qrTamsac ki uxdis skolis warmomadgen-
lebs, rom iqnen daTxovili skolidan – da skolis JurnalebSi
eweros, TiTqos gakveTilebs eswrebian. ase isini SeZleben kerZo
gakveTilebze siaruls. gamoexmaura ra obigados (Obeegadoo,2007) SeniSnavs mavrikTan dakavSirebiT, kazimzadem aRniSna, rom
am dros saklaso oTaxebi gansakuTrebiT dacarielebulia,
radgan moswavleTa umravlesoba kerZo gakveTilebze dadis.
kerZo repetitorobis intensivoba aseve zegavlenas axdens
moswavleTa koncentraciaze. qimi (Kim 2007, gv.16-17) koreaSirepetitorobis specialuri daniSnulebis umaRles skolebSi
(SPH) Sesvlaze zegavlenis Sesaxeb saubrobs. kerZo momzadebis
centrebi ufro Sesaferisad iTvleba gamocdebisTvis mosamzade-
blad. radgan mosamzadebeli centrebi did moTxovnebs uyeneben
moswavleebs, skolis saaTebis dros moswavleebs Cveulebriv sZi-
navT. TviTon moswavleebi aRiareben amas (qimi, Kim 2007, gv.17):
skolis maswavleblebs specialuri daniSnulebis
umaRlesi skolebis (SPH) aplikantebi ar uyvarT.
isini gakveTilebze koncentracias ver axdenen da
sanacvlod sZinavT. mesame klasis meore semestris
niSnebs specialuri daniSnulebis umaRlesi skolebi
62
(SPH) yuradRebas ar aqceven. ase rom, skolis
maswavleblebs aseTi moswavleebi ar uyvarT, radgan
isini gakveTilebze ureven...
specialuri daniSnulebis umaRlesi skolis
moswavleebs maRali akademiuri moswreba aqvT. isini
klasSi bevrs ar swavloben. Ees urevs gakveTilebs...
faqtiurad bevr maTgans gakveTilze sZinavs, rom
Semdeg kerZo institutis davaleba an sxva saWiro
sagnebi moamzados... inglisurze maT umetesobas (SPH–is aplikantebs) sZinavs. Cven ukve viswavleT es
masala, da maswavleblebma es ician.
zemomoyvanili citata ara mxolod koncentraciis speqtris
problemas wamoWris, aramed ZiriTad saskolo procesSi
akademiur moswrebebs Soris didi sxvaobis sakiTxsac ayenebs.
rodesac kerZo repetitoroba exmareba akademiurad CamorCenil
moswavleebs, is am dros amcirebs sxvaobas da exmareba skolis
maswavlebels. magram, sabazro ekonomikiT regulirebuli kerZo
repetitorobis udidesi nawili maRali akademiuri moswrebis
moswavleebs emsaxureba. rogorc es mavrikis magaliTzea moy-
vanili (bah-lalia, Bah-lalya 2006, gv.75):
rodesac zogi moswavle dadis kerZo repetitorTan,
zogi ki ara, skolis maswavleblebi ufro did
sxva o bas awydebian akademiuri momzadebis mxriv. da-
matebiT kerZo repetitorobas SeuZlia Seswavlis
gaumjobeseba Cveulebrivi gakveTilebis dros, magram
amave dros, mas SeuZlia saskolo gakveTilebze
Seswavlis da swavlebis procesis CaSlac.
dabrkolebebs Soris SeiZleba iyos is faqti, rom kerZo
maswavleblebis da skolis maswavleblebis pedagogika gansx-
vavdeba. magaliTad, mosamzadebel centrebSi moswavleebma maTem-
atikis amocanebis meqanikuri amoxsna SeiZleba iswavlon, imis
nacvlad rom principebis gagebas dauTmon dro. aSS-Si, programa
„arc erTi CamorCenili bavSvi” xSirad gaukritikebiaT imisTvis,
63
rom ar aris moTxovna damatebiTi mecadineobebis standartebi
da saskolo programebi erTmaneTs SeuTanxmon. kritikosebi aR-
niSnaven, rom damatebiTi mecadineobebis mesveurebs ar moeTx-
ovebaT ikontaqton skolis maswavleblebTan. es ki imas niSnavs,
rom damatebiTi momzadebis centrebi „asusteben skolebis or-
ganizaciul unars ganaviTaron koherentuli saswavlo pro-
gramebi” (sandermani, Sunderman 2006, gv.118).
albaT ufro problematuria is situaciebi, rodesac skolis
maswavleblebi ugulebelyofen gakveTilebs, radgan ician, rom
moswavleebi damatebiT gakveTilebs daeswrebian – xSir
SemTxvevaSi imave maswavleblis mier Catarebul gakveTilebs.
harTmanma (Hartmann, 2008, gv.52) Caiwera egvipteli moswavlis
Sexedulebebi, romlis qimiis kerZo maswavlebeli misive sko-
lis maswavlebeli iyo:
skolaSi, rogorc dina ambobs, moswavleebi gakveTile-
bze saubroben an sxva sagnebs amzadeben. “aravin
aqcevs yuradRebas. maswavlebelic Tavs ar iwuxebs
mTeli gakveTilis axsniT. man SeiZleba sakiTxi Za-
lian zedapirulad axsnas, detalebis gareSe, radgan
icis, rom Cven yvela kerZo maswavlebelTan davdi-
varT. ase rom, ratom Seiwuxebs Tavs?”
harTmanma agreTve aRniSna (gv.67), rom bevri repetitori
damatebiT Semosavals iRebs im saxelmZRvanelodan, romelic
man dawera. es wignebi Cveulebriv bazarze da maRaziebSi
iyideba, magram akrZalulia skolaSi, radgan oficialurad ar
yofila nebadarTuli da SeiZleba Crdili miayenos saswavlo
programebis mesveurTa pedagogiur praqtikas.
kerZo repetitorobis zegavlenis sxva ganzomilebebi naTeli
gaxdeba im sami SemTxvevis ganxilvidan, romlebsac wignis momde-
vno nawili gTavazobT. manam ki, sasargeblo iqneba cxrilis
saxiT warmogidginoT kerZo repetitorobasa da saskolo
ganaTlebas Soris SesaZlo urTierTobebis Semajamebeli mimox-
ilva, romelsac puasoni (Poisson) gvTavazobs (cxrili 10).
64
cxrili 10. kerZo repetitorobis zegavlena saskolo
ganaTlebaze
zegavlenis zegavlenis saxeobebi
sferoebi
dadebiTi uaryofiTi
65
•fondebis aramiznobrivad
mimarTva, maSin rodesac
maTi gamoyeneba ZiriTadi
skolis mesveurebs ukeT
SeuZliaT;
•mSoblebze ganxorciele-
buli zewola maswavle-
blebis mxridan, rom Tanxa
gadaixadon kerZo momzade -
bisTvis;
•saSemosavlo gadasasadis
mokleba saxelmwifosTvis
•meti resursebi
midis ganaTlebaze
globalurad
ganaTlebis
dafinanseba
•menejmentis procesis dar-
Rveva (zewola im samuSaoe-
bis ganawilebaze, romlebic
yvelaze meti Semosavlis
garan tias iZleva).
maswavleblebis
menejmenti
•sajaro aRWurvilobis
kerZo interesebisTvis
gamoyeneba
skolis
aRWurvilobis
gamoyeneba
•damatebiTi Semosa -
vali maswavleble -
bisTvis
•saklaso saaTebis
garda saskolo
aRWurvilobis
gaumjobesebuli
gamoyeneba
maswavleblebis
Semosavali
66
•swavlebis drois Semcireba
(maswavleblis gacdenebi);
•kerZo repetitorobaze uf -
ro meti yuradRebis gamaxvi -
le ba, vidre damxmare mecadi-
neo bebze, romlebic maswavle-
blebis xelmZRvanelobiT
imar Teba.
•klasgareSe drois
uke Tesad gamoyene -
ba (naklebi zeda -
mxed ve lobis qveS
myofi axalgazrde-
bis CaTvliT)
•skolis maswavle-
blebis datviTvis
Semcireba
saswavlo dro
•saswavlo programis mxo -
lod nawilis swavleba Ziri -
Tadi saskolo saaTebis
dros;
•dazepirebis meTodebis ses xe -
ba kerZo repetitorebisgan.
Sinaarsi da
pedagogika
•maswavleblebi nakleb Zal-
ixxmevas iyeneben yvela
moswavlis saTanado doneze
mosamzadeblad;
•kerZo maswavleblebis daR -
li loba da araefeqturoba;
•maswavleblebi ugulebely-
ofen TavianT ZiriTad mova-
leobebs kerZo repetitoro-
bis sasargeblod (gacdenebi)
maswavleblebis
mier Catare-
buli gakveTi -
le bis xarisxi
•Cveulebrivi sas -
ko lo dRis ganmav -
loba Si iwo de bu li
masalis aTviseba -
Si moswavleebis
daxmareba
•mZime samuSao datvirTva
da moswavleebis aRliloba;
•saklaso procesisadmi in-
teresis dakargva;
•moswavleebi meqanikurad
imaxsovreben masalas kerZo
gakveTilebze miRebuli
rCe ve bis mixedviT;
•moswavleTa gacdenebis
gazrdili raodenoba.
moswavleebis
swavlis
procesi
wyaro: puasoni, Poisson (2007), gv.14-15.
67
•kerZo repetitoroba ufro
mniSvnelovani xdeba, vidre
saklaso oTaxSi dagrovili
sinergetikuli gamocdileba;
•skolis maswavleblebis da
kerZo repetitorebis meTo -
di kebis Seusabamoba;
•skolis maswavleblebis up-
ativcemuloba;
•skolis maswavleblebi mos -
wav leebis momzadebis donee-
bis Soris did gansxvavebebs
awydebian
•im moswavleebis
daxma reba, vinc
Znelad iTvisebs
masalas
saklaso
dinamika
•axali masalebis
Seqmnis waxaliseba,
rac mosaxerxebelia
da moswavleebs
gamocdebisTvis
momzadebaSi exmareba
saxelmZRvane-
loebis
gamoSveba
da ganawileba
•moswavleebs Soris mzardi
socialuri uTanasworoba
•gazrdili sxvaoba, rodesac
maRali akademiuri moswre-
bis studentebi damatebiT
gakveTilebze dadian
•im moswavleebis dasja, vinc
kerZo repetitorebTan ar
dadis (ZaliT CaWra).
•saxelmZRvaneloebSi
dazepirebis meTodebis
Semotana
•akademiurad
Camor Cenili
moswavleebis
ukeTesi Sedegebi
•moswavleebis
swavlis da
konkurentunaria -
nobis gazrda
saganmanaTleblo
bazarze
studentebis
miRwevebi
•gamocdebis moTxovnebis
gamkacreba kerZo repeti-
torobis gasasamarTleblad;
•universitetSi miRebis pro-
ceduris damaxinjeba
Sefasebisa da
SerCevis
procedurebi
sami SemTxvevis ganxilva
calkeuli qveynebis gamocdileba sakiTxis sirTules ufro
naTlad warmoaCens. bevri qveynis SerCeva SeiZleboda, magram
SezRuduli sivrcis gamo sami SemTxveva iyo SerCeuli. korea
SeirCa, radgan kerZo repetitorobas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs,
da ramdenime mTavrobam zedized sxvadasxva politikis gatareba
scada problemis aRmosafxvrelad – magram naklebi warmatebiT.
mavriks garkveulwilad msgavsi istoria aqvs, magram koreisgan
gansxvavebiT, naklebi mosaxleoba hyavs da kultura da kerZo
repetitorobis ZiriTadi tipebic gansxvavdeba. safrangeTi
SeirCa, radgan misma mTavrobam kerZo repetitorobis
xelSemwyobi struqturebi daamkvidra, da bolo xanebSi am
mxriv mniSvnelovani ganviTareba SeiniSneba.
korea
seTi (Seth 2002, gv.1) koreis ganaTlebas aRwerda, rogorc
„erovnul gatacebas”. misi kvleva imisa, rasac koreelebi xan-
daxan „saganmanaTleblo ciebcxelebas” uwodeben (ix. agreTve
li, Lee, 2005), cxadhyofs, rom ganaTleba am qveyanaSi
ekonomikuri da socialuri cvlilebis ZiriTadi instrumentia.
gansakuTrebiT meoce saukunis meore naxevridan kerZo repeti-
toroba ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan komponentad iTvleba.
rogorc es ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso institutis
forumze qimma (Kim 2007, gv.1) aRniSna, 2007 wels zeda klase-
bis moswavleTa 63.1 procenti kerZo repetitorebTan emzade-
boda. zeda klasebis dawyebiT etapze procentuloba 78.4 iyo,
xolo daawyebiT klasebSi 88.2 procents aRwevda. Kkoreul
repetitorobas sxvadasxva saxeobebi aqvs. magaliTad, 2007
wels saSualo skolaSi, moswavleTa 45.5 procenti haquoni-s
(hakwons) saxeliT cnobil kerZo dawesebulebebSi swavlobda,
25.4 procenti individualur an jgufur kerZo mecadineobebze
dadioda, 10.4 procenti im samuSao furclebs iyenebda, rom-
lebic maT kompaniebma miawoda da romelTa damuSavebis proces-
sac mSoblebi xelmZRvanelobdnen xandaxan repetitorebis
konsultaciebiT. 5 procenti internetis meSveobiT iRebda
kerZo gakveTilebs (qimi, Kim 2007, gv.7). mTliani saojaxo
68
danaxarji kerZo repetitorebze 2006 wels 24 miliard aSS
dolaris eqvivalents Seadgenda (qimi da li, Kim and Lee2008, gv.3). es Seadgenda mTliani Sida produqtis 2.8 pro-
cents, da sajaro ganaTlebis dawyebiT da saSualo skolebze
mTavrobis danaxarjis 80 procentis eqvivalenti iyo.
am cifrebs mTavrobis warmomadgenlebic da sazogadoebac
orazrovnad uyurebda. qimma (Kim 2008, gv.1) aRniSna, rom:
kerZo damatebiTi ganaTleba koreaSi erTerTi mwvave
sakiTxia. mas brals sdeben mSoblebis ekonomikuri
tvirTis gazrdaSi, Raribebsa da mdidrebs Soris
uTanasworobis gaRrmavebaSi, saskolo saswavlo pro-
gramis damaxinjebaSi, skolis maswavleblebis av-
toritetis dakninebaSi, da moswavleTa
gawonasworebuli ganviTarebisTvis xelis SeSlaSi.
Amave dros, ojaxebis kerZo repetitorebze moTxovna didi
da uwyvetia. meore msoflio omis dasrulebisas, rodesac ko-
ream iaponiis koloniur mmarTvelobas Tavi daaRwia da
damoukidebeli gaxda, wera-kiTxvis ucodinaroba mosaxleobaSi
maRalmaCvenebliani da qveyana ki Zalian Raribi iyo. oTxi
aTwleulis Semdeg qveyanam industriuli transformacia gan-
icada da 1996 wels ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da gan-
viTarebis organizaciaSi (OECD) gaerTianeba SeZlo, romelsac
ganviTarebuli ekonomikebis „mdidarTa klubi” ewodeba (henri,
lingardi da sxv., Henry, Lingardi et al., 2001, gv.7). seTma (Seth2002, gv.3) aRniSna, rom am warmatebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili
ganaTlebis sistemam, gansakuTrebiT ki kerZo repetitorobam,
Seitana, radgan „yuradReba gamaxvilebuli iyo maswavleblis
avtoritetze da mZafr konkurenciaze, romelsac nawilobriv
skolaSi Sesasvleli Zalian didi konkursis mqone gamocdebi
iwvevda. es warmoSobda samuSao Zalas, romelic akademiuri
momzadebiT (wera-kiTxvis unariT) da disciplinis maRali
doniT gamoirCeoda, da qmnida kapitalisturi industriuli
reJimisTvis damaxasiaTebel konkurenciisTvis mzadmyof sazo-
gadoebas”.
69
gamocdebis dominireba da reformis gatarebis mcdeloba
iaponur kolonizaciamde saukuneebis manZilze koreas samo-
qalaqo samsaxuris gamocdebis Zlieri tradicia hqonda, rom-
lebic akontrolebdnen samTavrobo Tanamdebobebze
xelmisawvdomobas da did prestiJs aniWebdnen adamianTa im
mcire ricxvs, romlebmac viwro WiSkarSi Sesvla moaxerxa
(zengi, Zeng, 1999). es sistema CineTis modelze iyo agebuli
da konfucianizms misdevda, romlis mixedviTac formaluri
swavla da mecniereba ZiriTad socialur rols asruleben.
Tanamedrove sagamocdo sistema ki meoce saukunis iaponiis
koloniuri epoqis qmnileba iyo da damoukidebel koreaSi mx-
olod mciredi cvlilebebiT SenarCunda. 1950-ian wlebSi
gadamwyveti gamocdebi tardeboda saSualo skolebSi, damam-
Tavrebel zeda klasebSi da universitetebSi Sesasvlelad.
saSualo skolis gamocdebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo
da dawyebiTi klasebis moswavleebze did zewolas axdenda.
zogierTma skolam specialuri fasiani kursebi moawyo
saRamoobiT da SabaT-kviras. klasgareSe intensiuri swavlebis
sesiebi Semosavlis mniSvnelovani wyaro gaxda rogorc
maswavleblebisTvis, aseve da skolebisTvis.
klasgareSe sagamocdo mosamzadebeli kursebi farTod
gaakritikes, radgan stresis qveS amyofebda bavSvebs, finansur
tvirTad awveboda mSoblebs da socialur uTanasworobas aR-
rmavebda. ganaTlebis saministrodan araerTgzis wamovida di-
reqtivebi, Sewyvetiliyo kerZo momzadebis praqtika. 1955 wels
prezident ri singmanis (Rhee Syngman) dekretis mixedviT,bevrma skolam da maswavlebelma sargebeli miiRo „aplikante-
bis raodenobasa da skolis SesaZleblobebs Soris darRveuli
balansidan”, da gamocxadda, rom momavalSi aseTi qmedebebi,
klasgareSe mecadineobebis CaTvliT, „kanonis sruli ZaliT
daisjeboda” (seTi, Seth 2009, gv.143).
Tumca, am akrZalvebs didi Sedegi ar mohyolia. mTavrobis
mesveurebma Semdgomi nabiji gadadges kerZo repetitorobis
Sesamcireblad. sistemis reformirebis meSveobiT SearCies
moswavleebi SesarCevad ganaTlebis sxvadasxva safexurze. erT-
erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani reforma iyo saSualo skolis
70
gamocdebis SemTxveviTi latareiT Canacvleba, romelic seulSi
1969 wels SemoiRes. sxva danarCen did qalaqebSi es 1970
wels ganxorcielda, da mTeli qveyana ki 1971 wels moicva
(qimi, Kim 2004, gv.9).
reforma miznad isaxavda:
•stresis SemcirebiT bavSvebis normaluri ganviTarebis
xelSewyobas;
• saSualo skolis mosamzadebel gamocdebze dawyebiTi
skolebis zedmetad didi yuradRebis gamaxvilebis Semcirebas;
• kerZo repetitorobis aucileblobis gauqmebas;
• sxvadasxva saSualo skolebs Soris gansxvavebebis Sem-
cirebas;
• ojaxebisTvis finansuri da fsiqologiuri tvirTis Sem-
subuqebas.
am reformebTan erTad moxda skolaSi CaricxulTa raode-
nobis gazrda erovnuli miznis misaRwevad, rom uzrunveleyoT
cxrawliani savaldebulo ganaTleba yvelasaTvis.
reforma nawilobriv warmatebuli iyo, Tundac xanmokled,
magram sxva problemebi warmoSva. skolebma aRmoaCines, rom Car-
icxuli moswavleebis swavlis doneebs Soris didi gansxvave-
bebi iyo da maswavleblebs meTodebi Sesabamisad unda moergoT
maTze. saSualo skolis gamocdebis gauqmeba da CaricxulTa
raodenobis gazrda niSnavda, rom kritikulma etapma Semdeg
safexurze gadainacvla. ambiciurma da niWierma moswavleebma
gaacnobieres, rom Sereuli SesaZleblobebis klasebSi maTi
moTxovnebi srulad ar kmayofildeboda saSualo skolebSi da
mimarTes kerZo repetitorebs zeda klasebSi gadasasvleli
gamocdebisTvis mosamzadeblad.
movlenebis aseTi ganviTarebis fonze, mTavrobam 1974 wels
kidev ufro gaafarTova latareis sistema zeda klasebSi adg-
ilebis gamosayofad. es reforma, romelic seulSi da husanSi
SemoiRes pirvelad, 1980 wlisTvis 20 qalaqSi gatarda, 2003
wlisTvis ki man zeda klasebis moswavleTa 73 procenti
moicva (qimi, Kim 2004, gv.9). 1982 wels gansakuTrebulad ni-
Wieri bavSvebisTvis specialuri skolebis (zeda safexurebis)
71
daarsebis gegma SemuSavda. am skolebSi moswavleebi gaZliere-
bulad iswavlidnen mecnierebebs, teqnikur sagnebs, ucxo enebs,
aTletikas da sxva sagnebs. es im kritikis sapasuxod moxda,
romelic latareas akademiuri donis dawevaSi adanaSaulebda.
2007 wels, specialuri daniSnulebis skolebi saSualo sko-
lis moswavleebis saerTo raodenobis 4.2 procents emsaxure-
boda (qimi, Kim 2007, gv.3).
zeda klasebSi maRalkonkursiani gamocdebis gauqmebam kri-
tikuli etapis kidev erTi safexuriT zemoT gadaweva gamoi-
wvia. is universitetis misaRebi gamocdebisken gadaiwia.
faqtiurad, gamocdebi am safexurze imdenad mniSvnelovani iyo,
rom maT qveda safexurebzec didi gavlena hqondaT. seTma
(Seth 2002, gv.157) aRniSna, rom kolejisTvis momzadeba „sul
qveda safexurebze iwevda, sanam moswavleTa umravlesobam kerZo
repetitorebTan momzadeba da klasgareSe gakveTilebze
siaruli dawyebiT klasebSi ar daiwyo, da xSirad ufro
adreul etapzec ki.” saSualo da zeda klasebSi misaRebi
gamocdebis gauqmeba aseve niSnavda, rom prestiJuli dawese-
bulebebis mqone skolis ubnebSi cxovreba, ise rogorc aras-
dros, mniSvnelovani gaxda. zogierT ubnebSi skolebma
kursdamTavrebulebis didi raodenobiT kolejebSi warmate-
buli moxvedriT saxeli gaiTqva. aman uZrav qonebaze fasebis
zrda gamoiwvia. reputacia da saxelis moxveWa TviTrealize-
badi gaxda, radgan es ubnebi mdidari ojaxebis anklavebad iqca,
romlebsac bavSvebis kerZo repetitorebTan momzadebis unari
advilad SeswevdaT.
akrZalvis ganaxlebuli mcdelobebi
1980 wels, rodesac Cun du-huanma (Chun Doo-Hwan) Zalau-
fleba xelSi Caigdo, rogorc axali samxedro mTavrobis meTau-
rma, dawyebiTi klasebis moswavleTa 12.9 procenti, saSualo
skolis moswavleTa 15.3 procenti da zeda klasebis
moswavleTa 26.2 procenti kerZo repetitorTan emzadeboda
(qimi, Kim 2007, gv.1). ganizraxa ra am problemis gadaWra, prezi-
dentma Cunma kolejis misaRebi gamocdebis gakontrolebis
ufleba individualuri institutidan axal saxelmwifos mier
72
gakontrolebul kolejis misaRebi akademiuri miRwevis teste-
bze gadaitana. man akrZala zeda klasebis damatebiTi
gakveTilebic da kerZo repetitorobac akademiur sagnebSi.
dRevandlamde es yvelaze radikaluri zoma iyo. kerZo repeti-
toroba nebadarTuli iyo mxolod aTletikaSi, xelovnebaSi,
musikaSi, taeqvandoSi da yvavilebis morTvaSi.
Tumca, am akrZalvis sisruleSi moyvanac rTuli aRmoCnda.
seTis (Seth 2002, gv.186) gadmocemiT:
mSoblebi bevr xrikebs mimarTavdnen, rom kerZo
repetitorobis winaaRmdeg kanonebisTvis Tavi
aeridebinaT. kolejis studentebi, romlebic kerZo
repetitorobas eweodnen, xSirad skolis damamTavre-
beli klasebis formas icvamdnen, raTa moswavleebis
sacxovreblebSi ise SeeRwiaT, rom yuradReba ar
mieqciaT. zogi mSobeli kerZo repetitorebs binas
aqiravebda, ise rom am ukanasknelT SeZlebodaT
CaetarebinaT kerZo gakveTilebi bavSvebisTvis erTi
an meti ojaxidan da Tan zedamxedvelis yuradReba
ar mieqciaT. kurortebi da sastumroebi, aseve kon-
doebi, xSirad saidumlo intensiuri mecadineobis
skolebs sTavazobda TavSesafars. mdidrebi kerZo
gakveTilebisTvis Svilebs sazRvargareT gzavnidnen.
riski zrdida safasurs da saidumlo repetitoroba Se-
mosavliani saqmianoba gaxda.
kompromisze wasvlis aucileblobis gacnobierebis Semdeg,
mTavrobam TandaTan Searbila akrZalvis kanonebi (iangi, Yang,2001):
• 1984 wels, ufrosklaselebs neba hqondaT daswrebod-
nen kerZo ucxo enebis saswavlo institutebs zamTris
ardadegebze. dabali akademiuri moswrebis moswavleebs
(qveda 20 procentSi myofebs) neba hqondaT skolaSi
maswavleblebTan damatebiT gakveTilebze earaT.
• 1988 wels, yvela mowafisTvis nebadarTuli iyo da-
matebiTi gakveTili, sadac ZiriTadi skolis maswavle-
73
blebi sTavazobdnen mecadineobebs Tavissave moswavleebs
safasuris sanacvlod.
• 1989 wels, universitetis bakalavriatze myof stu-
dentebs ufleba hqondaT emecadinebinaT dawyebiTi da
saSualo skolis moswavleebi. damxmare samecadino au-
diomasalis Seqmna, yidva da gaqiraveba nebadarTuli iyo.
dawyebiTi da saSualo skolis moswavleebs ufleba
hqondaT ardadegebis dros daswrebodnen kerZo insti-
tutebs akademiuri miznebisTvis.
• 1991 wels, dawyebiTi da saSualo skolebis
moswavleebs ufleba hqondaT daswrebodnen kerZo in-
stitutebs akademiuri miznebisTvis saswavlo semestris
ganmavlobaSi.
• 1996 wels, universitetebis kursdamTavrebulebs
ufleba hqondaT CaetarebinaT kerZo gakveTilebi
dawyebiTi da saSualo skolis moswavleebisTvis.
SezRudvebis Semsubuqebam repetitorobis swrafi zrda
gamoiwvia. 1993 wels, mTelma erovnulma danaxarjma kerZo
repetitorobaze 3,410 miliardi uoni (aSS $ 4,3 miliardi)
Seadgina. es ricxvi 1994 wels 4,696 miliard uonamde
gaizarda, da 1995 wels 9,320 miliard uons miaRwia (iuni da
sxv., Yoon et al., 1997, gv.1).
1997 wlisTvis dawyebiTi, saSualo, da damamTavrebeli
klasebis moswavleebis kerZo repetitorobaze saSualo
gadasaxadi erT sulze mTliani erovnuli produqtis 12-16
procents Seadgenda. es iaponiasTan SedarebiT sam-oTx-jer
maRali maCvenebeli iyo (quaqi, Kwak, 1999). kerZo repeti-toroba yvelaze Zlierad dawyebiTi klasebis etapze vlinde-
boda, da yvelaze TvalnaTliv qalaqebSi Canda, magram aseve
mniSvnelovani iyo soflebSic.
nawilobriv aseTi farTo gavrcelebis gamo, 1997 wels
akrZalva isev politikur dRiswesrigSi dadga. prezidentma
qim dae-iungma (Kim Dae-Jung) gamoacxada 1998 wlis inaugu-
raciis mimarTvaSi, rom is „gaanTavisuflebda axalgazrdebs
klasgareSe mecadineobisgan da mSoblebs mZime fulad tvirTs
74
Seumsubuqebda” (citirebuli iis mier, Yi 2002, gv.2). 1998wels mTavrobam gamoacxada, rom saSualo skolis moswavlee-
bisTvis damatebiTi repetitoroba safexureobrivad aikrZale-
boda: 1999 wels saSualo skolis qveda klasebis
moswavleebisTvis da zeda klasebis pirveli safexuris
moswavleebisTvis, da 2001 wels yvela saSualo skolis
moswavlisTvis.
Tumca, am cvlilebas sakmao skepticizmiT Sexvdnen. kri-
tikosebi amtkicebdnen, rom repetitorobasTan efeqturi
gamklaveba mxolod misi saWiroebis gauqmebiT SeiZleboda. es
ganxorcieldeboda kerZo repetitorobiT mopovebuli
konkurentunarianobis SemcirebiT, da ZiriTadi saSualo
skolebis (sajaro skolebis) xarisxis gaumjobesebiT.
saredaqtoro statia masobrivi mimoqcevis JurnalSi (aziis
kvira, eiJauiqi, Asiaweek, 1997, gv.20) azrs gamoTqvamda, rom:
koreeli mTavrobis warmomadgenlebis mier Ta-
vianTive naklovanebebis aRmofxvra dawyebiT da saSu-
alo skolebSi kerZo repetitorebis akrZalviT,
cota ar iyos, mTeli mosaxleobis gaRaribebiT qur-
dobis aRmofxvris mcdelobas waagavs. mzardad
konkurentunarian aziaSi umciresi saerTo
mniSvnelis sasargeblod kanonmdeblobis miRebas
azri ar aqvs.
es axali akrZalvis mcdeloba winamorbedebze Sors ar wa-
sula. 2000 wels sasamarTloebma akrZalva arakonstituciu-
rad da adamianis uflebebis Selaxvad gamoacxades.
alternatiuli taqtikis mcdeloba
ganvlili istoriis pirispir aRmoCenilma koreelma mTavro-
bis mesveurebma ufro farTo midgoma airCies da 2004 wels
axali iniciativa saxelad „sajaro ganaTlebis sistemis aRd-
geniT kerZo repetitorobis xarjebis Semcirebis politika”
wamoiwyes. am politikis mizani iyo sajaro kmayofilebis
gaumjobeseba saxelmwifo ganaTlebis yvela doneze, da im
75
faqtis aRiareba, rom repetitorobis akrZalva simptomebs kur-
navda da ara mizezebs. aTi konkretuli cvlileba iyo gamocx-
adebuli (qimi, Kim 2004, gv.22):
1. ganaTleba eleqtronuli programebiT an mosamzadebeli
kursebi kolejis akademiuri unaris Sesamowmebeli testi-
saTvis (CSAT) saganmanaTleblo satelevizio arxiT da in-
ternetiT;
2. skolebi nebas darTavdnen moswavleTa akademiur moswre-
bis mixedviT sxvadasxva donis damatebiTi gakveTilebis
Catarebas ZiriTadi saskolo saaTebis Semdeg;
3. mravalferovani klasgareSe RonisZiebebis Catareba;
4. mecadineobebis Semdgomi gakveTilebi dawyebiTi klasebis
im moswavleebisTvis, visi mSoblebic muSaobdnen da fi-
nansurad ar SeswevdaT unari gaegzavnaT bavSvebi
mosavlel centrebSi;
5. profesionali maswavleblebis daqiraveba da maswavle-
blebis mravalmxrivi Semowmebis sistema;
6. swavlebisa da Semowmebis meTodebis cvlileba;
7. zeda klasebSi gaTanabrebis politikis Secvla iseTi
saswavlo sistemis SeqmniT, romelic studentebis dones
da unarebs iTvaliswinebs, da moswavleebs sxvadasxva
doneebis da siZneleebis jgufebSi Caricxavs;
8. kolejSi Sesvlis sistemis Secvla damamTavrebeli
klasebis niSnebze da klasgareSe aqtivobaze yuradRebis
gamaxvilebiT da kolejSi Sesasvleli testebis (CSAT)qulebze aqcentis SemcirebiT;
9. akademiuri miRwevis minimaluri donis uzrunvelyofa;
10. sazogadoebisa da kulturis daxmareba da gadarCena.
zogierTma am siaxlem mniSvnelovnad Secvala adrindeli
reformebi. kolejSi Sesasvleli sistemis Secvla skolis
rekomendaciebze da klasgareSe saqmianobaze dayrdnobiT
sagrZnoblad upirispirdeboda sxva qveynebSi gatarebul re-
formebs, romlebic centralizebuli sagamocdo sistemiT da
Sefasebis standartuli kriteriumebiT korufciis Semcirebas
isaxavs miznad (gorgoZe, Gorgodze, 2007). kerZo repetitorobis
76
garkveuli Tvisebebis ZiriTad saskolo sistemaSi SemoRebis
mizniT, axali gegma gulisxmobda cnobili intensiuri momzade-
bis kursebis maswavleblebis daqiravebas, raTa maT ufaso
satelevizio da internetis gakveTilebi CaetarebinaT ZiriTad
sagnebSi (li, Lee 2007, gv.1228).
mniSvnelovani Zvrebi moxda zeda klasebis gaTanabrebis
politikaSic. pirvelad is logikuri da mimzidvelic Canda,
rodesac 1974 wels SemoiRes, da iseT siaxled iTvleboda,
romelic pirveli SexedviT SeiZleba sxva qveynebis mTavrobeb-
sac moswonebodaT. ase rom, ironiulad JRers iseTi Semfase-
blebis komentarebi, rogorebic arian qimi (Kim) da li (Lee2008, gv.29), rodesac isini amboben, rom es reforma „SeiZleba
pirdapir davadanaSauloT kerZo repetitorobaze moTxovnis
gazrdaSi.” sxva Semfaseblebs (mag: biuns, Byun, 2008) SedarebiTsaxecvlili daskvnebi gamoaqvT. erTi ram ki cxadia, rom es
politika mis ganxorcielebaSi da SedegebSi calsaxa ar
yofila.
cxrili 11. moswavleTa procentuloba koreaSi, romlebic
kerZo repetitorebTan emzadebodnen 1980-2007
wlebSi
dawyebiTi skola saSualo skola zeda klasebi
1980 12.9 15.3 26.2
1997 72.9 56.0 32.0
2007 88.2 78.4 63.1
wyaro: qimi (Kim 2007), gv.1.
77
zemoCamoTvlili 10 konkretuli reformis sxva danarCeni
komponentisgan meaTe gamoirCeoda, romelic „sazogadoebis da
kulturis daxmarebas, da gadarCenas” gulisxmobda, da aqedan
gamomdinare, iyo Zalian zogadi da gansasazRvravad da gansax-
orcieleblad Zneli. konkurenciis roli da ganaTlebis pa-
tiviscema koreaSi Rrmad danergilia da misi xelis erTi
mosmiT Secvla Znelia. ase rom, ramdenime mTavrobis mcdelobe-
bis miuxedavad, kerZo repetitoroba sagrZnoblad gaizarda
(cxrili 11).
kerZo mosamzadebeli dawesebulebebis ricxvi (haquonebi,hakwons) gaizarda 381-idan 1980 wels 14,043-mde 2000 wels,
da 31,000-mde 2007 wels (kimi da li, Kim and Lee 2008, gv.9).kerZo repetitorobaze danaxarjebi ufro swrafad izrdeba,
vidre Semosavlebi (kimi da li, Kim and Lee, 2008, gv.3). miuxe-
davad amisa, koreeli mTavrobis warmomadgenlebi am problemis
gadaWraze Zal-Rones ar iSureben. li da jangi (Lee and Jang2008, gv.15) swored aRniSnaven, rom saWiroa „viyoT momTmenni
da problemas Sors gaTvlili perspeqtiviT mivudgeT,” rac
„mravalmxriv da yovlismomcvel midgomas gulisxmobs”.
CarCo 3. zewolasTan gamklaveba
koreis mTavrobam specialuri daniSnulebis skolaTa
jgufi Seqmna, romlebic skolebis gaTanabrebis moTxovnidan
ganTavisuflebulebi arian. am skolebSi mosaxvedrad bune-
brivia didi konkurenciaa. kerZo repetitoroba ki amis gar-
dauvali nawilia. qimma (Kim, 2007) Seiswavla, Tu rogor
umklavdeba am zewolas sxvadasxva ojaxi. moviyvanT koreeli
gogonas da-jangis (Da-jung) da dedamisis mosazrebebs. esnawyveti da-jangis cxovrebaSi gansakuTrebiT daZabul peri-
ods aRwers. msgavsi zewola, Tundac naklebi intensivobiT,
milionobiT koreeli bavSvis cxovrebas axasiaTebs yovel
dRe saskolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi.
da-jangi ori TviT daregistrirda kerZo mosamzadebel
dawesebulebaSi specialuri daniSnulebis skolaSi mosaxve-
drad. is koreuls, inglisurs da maTematikas swavlobda.
78
kerZo saswavlebelSi 5 saaTisTvis midioda, ZiriTadi
saskolo mecadineobebis Semdeg, da gakveTilebs saRamos 10
saaTamde eswreboda. is dilis 2 saaTamde rCeboda saswavle-
blis damoukideblad samuSao oTaxSi, da Semdeg brundeboda
saxlSi. dasaZineblad midioda dilis 3 saaTisTvis, dgeboda
dilis 6 saaTze da midioda skolaSi.
da-jangis deda ixsenebs, rogor cota eZina mis Svils:
is dgeboda maSinve, rogorc ki vaRviZebdi. Zalian ar msi-
amovnebda misi gaRviZeba. rodesac mas sibralulis gamo 6
saaTze ar vaRviZebdi, is mibrazdeboda da meubneboda: „unda
Zlieri iyo. gindac geZnelebodes, unda gamaRviZo. es CemTvis
aris. unda SemajanjRaro da damartya kidec, rom gamaRviZo”.
da miuxedavad imisa, rom da-jangis deda Tvlida, rom misi
Svilis cxovreba im periodSi sastiki iyo, kerZo mecadi-
neobebs mainc investiciad miiCnevda. am rwmenas uRrmavebda
sxva mSoblebTan Sexvedra da gageba, rom maTi Svilebic aseve
kerZod emzadebodnen.
kerZo momzadeba da-jangs daexmara misi perspeqtivebis
gafarToebaSi. da-jangma iq konkurencia gamoscada, da ufro
intensiurad iswavla. magram, misma swavlam kerZo dawese-
bulebaSi mas xeli aaRebina ZiriTad saskolo ganaTlebaze.
radgan is im saswavlebelSi dilis 2 saaTamde iyo, skolis
gakveTilebze xSirad eZineboda.
wyaro: qimi (Kim 2007), gv.7-8.
mavriki
koreeli kolegebis msgavsad, mavrikis mTavrobis mesveurebma
didi xania rac scades kerZo repetitorobis problemis
gdaWra, magram aseve mcire SedegiT. ganaTlebis dagegmvis saer-
TaSoriso institutis forumze ori yofili ganaTlebis min-
istri iyo mavrikidan: armoogum parsurameni (ArmoogumParsuramen, 1983-1995) da stiven obigado (Steven Obeegadoo,2000-2005). politikur asparezze isini mowinaaRmdege mxaree-
79
bze iyvnen, magram forumze erTiani mosazreba hqondaT imis
Sesaxeb, rom kerZo repetitorobis problemis efeqturi
gadaWris xerxis moZebna Zneli iyo. maT dasZines, rom maTi
winamorbedebic da STamomavlebic msgavs problemas waawydnen.
da marTlac, mavrikSi kerZo repetitorobis problema erT
saukuneze meti xania dgas. fondanma (Foondun 2002, gv.488)
1901 wlis gancxadebis citireba moaxdina. gancxadeba imdroin-
deli erTaderTi biWebisTvis arsebuli saxelmwifo saSualo
skolis xelmZRvanels ekuTvnis, romelic kerZo repetitorobis
uaryofiT mxareebze saubrobs, magram „Tavs uZlurad grZnobs”
mis xelSesaSlelad. 1911 wels msgavsi gancxadeba gaakeTa
mavrikis samefo kolejis xelmZRvanelma qiurfaifma (Curepipecitirebuli mavriki 1994, gv.1-2-ze), romelic Cioda, rom misi
12 TanamSromeli kviraSi 13-dan 33 saaTamde kerZo gakveTilebs
atarebda. is dasZenda:
am praqtikis aRmofxvra SeuZlebelia, Tu adekvaturi
kompensacia ar iqneba SeTavazebuli. arc aseTi zomis
miRebaa sasurveli. jentlmenebs klasgareSe Tavisu-
fali saaTebis gatareba ise SeuZliaT, rogorc maT
es moesurvebaT, da me ver vxvdebi, vin SeiZleba maT
es aukrZalos. aseve SeuZleblad mimaCnia SezRudvis
daweseba. rogor moxdeba misi ganxorcieleba?
wevrebma SeiZleba ganacxadon, rom maTi qmedebebi
samuSao saaTebis Semdeg ver gakontroldeba. me vaRi-
areb uaryofiT mxares, magram damakmayofilebel
gadawyvetas ver SemogTavazebT.
sami aTwleulis Semdeg, 1941 wlis angariSis avtori amt-
kicebda, rom maswavleblebi efeqturad ver imuSaveben, Tu
orSabaTidanm\ paraskevamde yovel Rame or damatebiT saaTs
imuSaveben. angariSi (citirebuli mavriki, 1994, gv.2-ze)
dasZenda:
Tu... samuSao dRe sakmarisi ar aris, misi gagrZeleba
SeiZleba. mTeli klasisTvis masobrivi kerZo mecadi-
neobis Catareba aucilebeli ar aris. ramdenime
80
CamorCenili biWisTvis skolis maswavlebelma unda
warmarTos damatebiTi mecadineobebi saWiroebisamebr
im xelfasis sanacvlod, rasac iRebs.
armoogum parsuramenis (Armoogum Parsuramen, 1983-1995) xelmZRvaneloba
armoogum parsurameni kerZo repetitorobaze mzardi SeS-
foTebis periodSi xelmZRvanelobda saministros da problemis
gadaWra ganizraxa. misi movaleobis Sesrulebis dasawyisSi
Seqmnili oficialuri dokumenti (mavriki, Mauritius 1984, gv.15)
amtkicebda, rom:
mTavrobas aRelvebs kerZo gakveTilebis safasuri da
ara maTi marTebuli warmarTva - gansakuTrebiT
dawyebiT klasebSi. is bavSvebi, romelTa ojaxebic
kerZo gakveTilebis safasurs ver ixdian, saskolo
cxovrebis dasawyisSive araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi
arian. mTavrobam gadawyvita, kerZo repetitorobis
sakiTxis Sesaswavlad da misi skolebze zegavlenis
Sesafaseblad sruli kvleva Caataros. kvlevis
Sedegebze dayrdnobiT, mkafio rekomendaciebi Seiqm-
neba. magram kerZo repetitorobis mavne Sedegebis
winaaRmdeg warmoebul kampaniaSi yuradReba saskolo
swavlebis xarisxis gaumjobesebaze unda
gamaxvildes. Tu skolis maswavleblebi TavianT
movaleobebs sindisierad da gulmodginebiT
Seasruleben, dawyebiT klasebSi kerZo repeti-
torobaze moTxovna sagrZnoblad Semcirdeba.
Kvlevis Catareba mavrikis universitetis mecnierTa erTerT
jgufs daevala. maT daadgines, rom 1986 wels kerZo repeti-
torebTan mosiarule moswavleTa proporcia gaizarda
dawyebiTi skolis I safexuris 11.2 procentidan VI safexuris
72.7 procentamde. proporcia daeca 37.3 procentamde saSualo
skolis I safexurze, magram isev gaizarda 87.2 procentamde
81
VI safexurze (joinaTsingi, manzuri, da sxv., Joynathsing, Man-zoor, et al., 1988, gv.31 da gv.43). dawyebiTi skolis bolo safex-
urze procentis zrda gamowveuli iyo dawyebiTi safexuris
ganaTlebis saserTifikato gamocdis mniSvnelobis zrdiT
(CPE), romelic saSualo skolaSi gadasvlis saSualebas
iZleoda. am safexurze gadasvlis Semdeg repetitorebTan
siarulis intensivoba iklebda manam, sanam zeda safexurze
gadasasvleli gamocdebi ar moaxlovdeboda. mavrikis saSualo
skolis sistema sagrZnoblad stratificirebuli iyo. fundanis
TqmiT (Foondun, 1992), dawyebiT klasebSi kerZo repetitorobis
intensivobas xuTvarskvlavian saSualo skolaSi moxvedris
„giJuri Sejibri” aZlevda biZgs. ukeTesi akademiuri monaceme-
bis moswavleebi ufro metad dadiodnen kerZo gakveTilebze.
kerZo gakveTilebis adgilmdebareoba doneebis mixedviT
cvalebadobda. repetitorobis udidesi nawili dawyebiTi
klasebis doneze TviTon maswavleblebis mier imarTeboda sko-
lis teritoriaze. bavSvebi didi zewolis qveS xvdebodnen, rom
earaT kerZo gakveTilebze. saSualo skolis doneze, kerZo
gakveTilebs calkeuli sagnebis specialistebi atarebdnen, rom-
lebic SeiZleba sxva skolidanac mosuliyvnen. gakveTilebi Sei-
Zleba maswavleblis saxlSic Catarebuliyo patara an didi
jgufebisTvis specialurad gamoyofil adgilebze. mavriks ko-
reuli haquonebis (hakwons) msgavsi ramdenime dawesebuleba
hqonda.
mavrikis universitetis mier Catarebulma kvlevam
garkveuli rekomendaciebi ver wamoayena, magram aRniSna, rom
(joinaTsingi da sxv., Joynathsing et al., 1988, gv.64-66):
• kerZo repetitorobis aseTi gavrceleba TviTganmt-
kicebis sistemis nawili iyo. sayovelTaod iyo aRi-
arebuli, rom saklaso swavleba gamocdebis
warmatebiT CabarebisTvis sakmarisi ar iyo, rac
bavSvebs iZulebuls xdida eZebnaT kerZo maswavle-
blebi. magram maswavleblebi, Tavis mxriv, Tvlidnen,
rom radgan maTi moswavleebi kerZod emzadebodnen,
gakveTilebze maT naklebi Zalisxmeva unda daexarjaT.
amis gamo, isini ver uzrunvelyofdnen mTeli klasis
82
erTnairad momzadebas gamocdisTvis. amitom, kerZo
maswavleblebis aucilebloba TavisTavad damkvidrda.
• radgan kerZo repetitoroba struqturulad mTel
sistemas Seerwya, dainteresebulma gareSe Zalebma misi
SenarCuneba isurves. mSoblebi repetitorobas Ta-
vianTi Svilebis socialuri da ekonomikuri winsvlis
erTaderT gzad Tvlidnen. maswavleblebi repeti-
torobas daubegravi Semosavlis wyarod, sazogadoeba
ki saganmanaTleblo sistemis gaumjobesebis saSuale-
bad miiCnevda. Tanac es begaris gadamxdelebs araferi
ar ujdebodaT. yvela am mizezis gamo naklebi alba-
Toba iyo, rom repetitoroba Semcirdeboda, garda im
SemTxvevisa, Tu saskolo swavleba radikalurad ar
gaumjobesdeboda.
• SesaZlebeli iyo repetitorobaze moTxovnis Sem-
cireba ganaTlebis sistemis parametrebis cvlilebiT,
anu unarebis testebis CatarebiT da ara SeZenili
codnis Sesamowmebeli testebiT, an damqiraveblebis
waxalisebiT, rom samsaxurebSi maswavleblebi Ziri-
Tadad unarebis testebiT aeyvanaT da ara akademiuri
kvalifikaciebiT. Tumca, reforma warmatebuli mx-
olod socialur da ekonomikur realobaze dayrd-
nobiT iqneboda. reforma mSoblebis da moswavleebis
survilebis da samuSao bazris realobis Sesaferisi
unda yofiliyo. nebismieri Tavsmoxveuli problemis
gadaWra, romelic am faqtorebs ar iTvaliswinebda,
marcxisTvis iyo ganwiruli.
parsuramenma, rogorc ganaTlebis ministrma, SeZlo mavrikis
universitetis kvleva parlamentis yuradRebis centrSi moeq-
cia, sadac aman, 1988 wels mZafri debatebi gamoiwvia. parsura-
menma sazogadoebis yuradReba miapyro saswavlo saaTebis
xangrZlivobaze, „amazrzen fizikur pirobebze,” sadac kerZo
mecadineobebi mimdinareobda (maswavleblebis avtofarexebis
CaTvliT), da im faqtze, rom dabalSemosavliani ojaxebi isje-
bodnen. premier ministrma problemebi gaiTvaliswina, da
83
winadadeba wamoayena, Camoyalibebuliyo mSobelTa da maswavle-
belTa asociaciebi (PTAs), romlebic ufro gawonasworebulad
miudgebodnen problemas, bavSvebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
man aseve xazi gausva dawyebiTi skolis bolos wnexis Semsub-
uqebas saSualo skolaSi miRebis gafarToebiT, da dawyebiT-
skolamdel da mesame safexuramde bavSvebisTvis kerZo
gakveTilebis akrZalvis SesaZleblobis varaudi gamoTqva. man
aseve sazogadoebas mouwoda, rom politikosebs yvelasTvis
kargi magaliTis micema SeeZloT TavianTi Svilebis kerZo
gakveTilebze ar gagzavniT.
farTo sazogadoebisTvis mTavrobam kerZo repetitorobaze
erovnuli seminarebi moawyo. radgan mavriki kompaqturi qveyana
iyo erTmilioniani mosaxleobiT, seminarebze warmomadgenlobis
maRali xarisxi iyo, sadac mSoblebis jgufebmac da maswavle-
blebis kavSirebmac miiRes monawileoba. Amave dros, am Ro-
nisZiebam aCvena, Tu rogori fexmokidebuli iyo repetitoroba
qveyanaSi. amis fonze, 1989 wels ministrma ramdenime wesdeba
gamosca (parsurameni, Parsuramen, 2007):• mesame safexuramde akrZaluliyo kerZo gakveTilebi
bavSvebis janmrTelobis dasacavad;
• gadaexedaT qveda klasebis cxrilisTvis da gaezardaT
kiTxvis, samoqalaqo, SemoqmedebiTi ganaTlebis da sx-
vadasxva RonisZiebebis dro;
• IV, V da VI klasebSi nebadarTuliyo saklaso oTaxe-
bis kerZo gakveTilebisTvis gamoyeneba, raTa mecadi-
neoba DSesaferis garemoSi Catarebuliyo da ara
gadatvirTul pirobebSi maswavleblebis saxlebSi an
naqiraveb SenobebSi;
• kerZo gakveTilebis jgufebis raodenoba 40
moswavlemde yofiliyo dayvanili, moswavleTa kerZo
gakveTilebze gatarebuli dro ki kviraSi 10
saaTamde Semcirebuliyo.
am ganawesis Semdgomi etapi misi kanonmdeblobad SemuSaveba
iyo. 1991 wels kanonproeqtis parlamentisTvis wardgenis
dros, parsuramenma aRniSna, rom maswavleblebs im moswavleebis
84
kerZo mecadineobebze daSvebas sTxovdnen, visac Tanxis gadaxda
ar SeeZlo. is aseve gegmavda eTikis kodeqsis da maswavlebelTa
sabWos Camoyalibebas am reformebis mxardasaWerad. debatebis
dros, opoziciis wevrebma miuTiTes im riskze, rom IV-dan VI
safexuramde Seiqmneboda maswavleblebis kategoria, romelsac
kerZo mecadineobis Catarebis ufleba eqneboda, maSin rodesac
I-dan III safexuramde maswavleblebs amis ufleba ar eqnebodaT.
maT aseve aRniSnes, rom IV-VI safexurebze kerZo mecadineobebis
SenarCuneba „uaRresad gasakicxi” iyo, radgan is paraleluri
ganaTlebis sistemis SenarCunebas gulisxmobda. ministrma
Tavisi poziciebi daicva da debatebis Semdgom kanonmdebloba
daamtkices (parsurameni, Parsuramen, 2007).amis paraleluri movlena imave wels dawyebiTi skolis
akademiuri maCveneblebis Sesaxeb angariSis gamoSveba iyo,
romelic gansakuTrebel yuradRebas dawyebiTi ganaTlebis
saserTifikato (CPE) gamocdebze Cavardnebs uTmobda (manrax-ani, vasiSTa, da sxv., Manrakhan, Vasishtha, et al., 1991). angariSSiaRniSnuli iyo, rom Tumca repetitoroba bevri mSoblisTvis
ekonomikuri tvirTi iyo, maTi umravlesoba mainc gzavnida
bavSvebs kerZo maswavleblebTan, radgan Tvlida, rom es iyo
saSualeba, rom maTi Svilebi karg saSualo skolaSi
moxvedriliyvnen. saserTifikato gamocdebis (CPE) kandidatTa70 procenti kerZo maswavlebelTan emzadeboda, kviraSi 2-dan
5-dRemde intensivobiT. moswavleTa umravlesoba (88 procenti)
daxmarebas erTi maswavleblisgan iRebda, 9 procenti ori
maswavleblisgan, da 3 procenti sami maswavleblisgan.
moswavleTa 90 procenti, vinc warmatebiT Caabara gamocda, ker-
Zod emzadeboda. xolo CaWrilTa naxevari kerZod ar emzade-
boda.
aseTi monacemebiT da ministris zewoliT, rom mSoblebze
moexdinaT zegavlena, mTavrobam gamosca pamfleti saxel-
wodebiT „kerZo repetitorobis keTilad da borotad
gamoyeneba” (mavriki, 1994). es pamfleti ajamebda politikas,
romelic wesdebis, Sesrulebis da Txovnis kombinacias iyenebda.
I-III safexurebze repetitorobis akrZalva, kviraSi kerZo
gakveTilebze gatarebuli saaTebis SezRudva da jgufis zomis
85
Semcireba wesdebis nawilebi iyo. Sesruleba mdgomareobda
saskolo Senobebis gamoyenebaSi kerZo mecadineobebisTvis.
garda imisa, rom amiT bavSvebi swavlisTvis xelsayrel
pirobebSi mecadineobdnen, es wesi mTavrobis mesveurebs
saSualebas aZlevda SeemowmebinaT, ramdenad icavda repeti-
torobis procesi wesdebas. Txovnis komponenti maswavle-
blebisadmi mimarTvas iTvaliswinebda, ar daeCagraT moswavleebi
dabalSemosavliani ojaxebidan.
damatebiTi reforma iyo dawyebiTi klasebis da sagamocdo
programebis gadaxedva da sagnobrivi swavlebis SemoReba IV
safexurze, raTa moswavleebi erT maswavlebelze ar yofil-
iyvnen damokidebuli. ufrosi maswavleblebi da inspeqtorebi
dainiSnen, rom moexsenebinaT im maswavleblebze, vinc diskrimi-
nacias uwevdnen im moswavleebs, romlebic kerZo momzadebis
safasurs ver ixdidnen. meti Zalisxmeva iyo gaweuli saSualo
skolebs Soris gansxvavebebis aRmosafxvrelad da „xuT-
varsklavian” saswavlebelSi mosaxvedrad gaCaRebuli
konkurenciis Sesamcireblad.
wesdeba ZiriTadad im maswavleblebze iyo gaTvlili, rom-
lebic kerZo gakveTilebs utarebdnen im moswavleebs, viszec
ukve isedac pasuxismgeblebi iyvnen ZiriTad saskolo mecadi-
neobebze. Tumca, aseTi qmedebis akrZalva ufro advilia, vidre
nebismieri tipis repetitorobis aRmofxvra. ambiciuri
mSoblebi I-III safexurebze mainc qiraobdnen damoukidebel
repetitorebs. garda amisa, rogorc zogierTi parlamentari
SiSobda, I-III safexurebze repetitorobis akrZalvam skolebSi
stratifikacia gaaRrmava. rogorc mavrikis erTi gazeTi (l’e-
qspresi, L’Express, 20 ivnisi, 1993, citirebuli fundanSi, Foon-dun 2002, gv.506-ze) iuwyeboda, qveda safexurebis
maswavleblebs, repetitorobis gemrieli namcxvris naWeri
moakldaT. amis Sedegi iyo gamZafrebuli lobireba Tu romeli
maswavlebeli aswavlida zeda klasebs. iunisefis (UNICEF)1994 wlis angariSi (gv.35) aRniSnavda, rom:
IV safexuris dasawyisSi Cveulebrivi praqtikaa, rom
maswavlebeli ugzavnis mSoblebs Setyobinebas mis
86
mier kerZo gakveTilebis dawyebis Sesaxeb.
stipendiebis miRebaSi (SeTavazebaSi) gawafuli
(faiseurs de boursiers) maswavleblebi didi moTxovniT
sargebloben. bunebrivia, SeZlebul mSoblebs
saukeTeso individualuri repetitorebis daqiraveba
SeuZliaT. amgvarad, demokratiul sazogadoebaSi
Tanaswori, ufaso ganaTlebis sistema gardaiqmneba
elitur sistemad, sadac Sedegebi da maRali
xarisxis swavleba fulze iyideba.
parsuramenma ganaTlebis ministris xangrZlivi kariera
1995 wels daasrula. miuxedavad gamudmebuli Zalisxmevisa,
ori wlis Semdeg (parsurameni, Parsuramen 1997, gv.51) is kvlav
Cioda, rom „problema kidev arsebobs”. is ucdida, rom enaxa,
Tu ra zomebs mimarTavda „am rTuli problemis gadasaWrelad”
misi saqmis gamgrZelebeli.
ganaTlebis sadaveebTan qadress r. Cedumbarum filei
(Kadress R. Chedumbarum Pillay) dgeba (1997-2000)
parsuramenis saqmis gamgrZelebeli jeims berTi deividi
(James Burty David) iyo. is ofisSi mxolod weliwadnaxevari
gaCerda da repetitorobis problemas ar Sexebia. Tumca misi
saqmis gamgrZelebeli Seexo. es iyo qadress r. Cedumbarum
filei (Kadress R. Chedumbarum Pillay), romelic repetitoro-
bis da saganmanaTleblo sistemis stratifikacias gamudmebiT
ayenebda dRis wesrigSi. is iRvwoda grZelvadiani struqtu-
ruli reformebis gasatareblad. mas undoda skolebs Soris
is gansxvaveba aRmoefxvra, sadac zogi Tavs „xuTvarsklavian”
skolad Tvlida, zogi zogi ki meore an mesamexarisxovnad. ms-
gavsi zomebi dawyebiT klasebSic iyo gatarebuli, sadac
moswavleebs SeeZlebodaT metnaklebad erTnairi Sansi hqono-
daT saserTifikato gamocdebze (CPE). es zomebi Camoyal-
ibebuli iyo 1997 wlis samTavrobo dokumentSi (mavriki 1997,
87
gv.28), romelic amtkicebda, rom repetitoroba „zedmetad
konkurentuli ganaTlebis sistemis, maswavleblebis ganviTare-
bis gegmebis uqonlobis, saukeTeso niWis mqone maswavleblebis
mizidvis uunarobis, da xarisxis uzrunvelyofis gegmis ar ar-
sebobis pirdapiri Sedegi iyo.” dokumenti mkacri zomebis miRe-
bas Tavs aridebda. sanacvlod amtkicebda, rom farTo
saganmanaTleblo reformebis fonze repetitoroba TavisTavad
gaqreboda. miuxedavad amisa, dokumenti gulisxmobda (gv.28-29):
• skolebis teritoriaze repetitorobis akrZalvas;
• maswavleblebisgan kerZod Catarebuli gakveTilebis
saaTebis raodenobis,
studentebis raodenobis, sixSiris, drois da adgilmde-
bareobis monacemebis
oficialurad aRricxvas da Cabarebas;
• kerZo gakveTilebis Catarebis akrZalvas SabaT-kviras
da saxalxo
dResaswaulebze;
• maswavleblebis mier saskolo saaTebis Semdeg anazRau-
rebadi damxmare
gakveTilebis Catarebas;
• maswavleblebis statusis Sesworeba-cvlilebas;
• inspeqtorebis mier mkacr Semowmebas, Tu ramdenad
xarisxianad da efeqturad atarebs gakveTilebs
maswavlebeli da Seesabameba Tu ara dadgenil standar-
tebs;
• media masalebis ganviTarebas da eleqtronuli fostis
gamoyenebas mSoblebis dasaxmareblad, rom saklaso
samuSaos garda damatebiTi davalebebi Seasrulebinon
bavSvebs;
• mSoblebis darwmunebas repetitorobis uaryofiT ze-
gavlenaSi;
• maswavleblebis dawinaurebis ganxilvis dros wese-
bisadmi daumorCileblobis samxilis gamoyenebas;
• moswavleTa uflebebis axali qartiis mkacr pativisce-
mas.
88
adrindeli wesebisgan gansxvavebiT, gansxvavebuli wesi iyo
skolis teritoriis gamoyenebis Taobaze. rogorc aRiniSna,
adrindeli wesebis mixedviT, kanonmdeblebi kerZo gakveTilebis
skolebis teritoriaze Catarebis nebas rTavdnen maswavle-
blebs. amis mizezi iyo is faqti, rom es nebarTva kerZo repeti-
torobis Savbnel saqmianobas sinaTles mohfenda da aacilebda
didi jgufebis mecadineobebis maswavleblebis saxlebSi an sxva
Seuferebel adgilze Catarebis risks. garda amisa, patara
bavSvebs aaridebda skolidan kerZo gakveTilebis adgilze
siarulis risks. fileim ganizraxa am wesebis Setrialeba, im
argumentiT, rom aseTi qmedebebi sajaro adgilebis borotad
gamoyeneba iyo da zrdida albaTobas, rom maswavleblebi daaZa-
lebdnen TavianT moswavleebs kerZo gaskveTilebze earaT,
radgan moswavleebs Tavis daRwevis naklebi SesaZlebloba eqne-
bodaT.
Tumca, fileim naxa, rom misma Zalisxmevam didi winaaRmde-
gobebi gamoiwvia TviT mTavrobaSic ki. is gaurkvevel mdgo-
mareobaSi aRmoCnda im ministrebTan da maRalCinosnebTan,
romlebic exmaurebodnen repetitorobis momxre sazogadoebis
nawils. sabolood kolegebma gaimarjves: filei ucxoeTSi viz-
itiT gaemgzavra da misi aryofnis dros kabinetma mTeli kanon-
mdebloba gadaatriala da Secvala.
ganaxlebuli Zalisxmeva stiven obigados dros (StevenObeegadoo, 2000-2005)
stiven obigados (Steven Obeegadoo) mmarTvelobis periodic
iseTive problemebiT daiwyo, rogorc misi winamorbedebis. am
msgavsebis erTi maCvenebeli iyo axali politikis mauwyebeli
dokumenti, romelsac xatovnad „dawyebiT klasebSi virTxebis
Sejibris dasasruli” (mavriki, 2001) erqva. dokumenti kvlav
amaxvilebda yuradRebas Sejibrebaze saukeTeso skolebSi adg-
ilis mosapoveblad, da amtkicebda (gv.3), rom sistema „udides
89
fsiqologiur zewolas axdenda rogorc moswavleebze, aseve
maT mSoblebze da amaxinjebda skolis funqcias sazogadoe-
baSi”. gamoica reformebis paketi (Obeegadoo 2007, gv.4):
saxelmwifo saSualo skolebis raodenoba gaor-
magda, elitaruli saSualo skolebi meeqvse klasis
kolejebad gadakeTda da saSualo skolebSi miReba
sacxovreblis adgilmdebareobis mixedviT moxda,
raTa moxsniliyo dawyebiTi klasebis bolos didi
zegavlnis mqone gamocdebi. amave dros, saskolo
dRis xangrZlivoba gaizarda, raTa kerZo
gakveTilebis dro SezRuduliyo da maswavleblebs
damatebiTi xelfasi SesTavazes. garda amisa, daarsda
saganmanaTleblo qmedebebis zonebi, raTa damatebiTi
ufaso mecadineobebi Catarebuliyo dabali akademi-
uri moswrebis (da Raribi) bavSvebisaTvis.
Tumca, mTavroba am procesSi winaaRmdegobas da inercias
waawyda. erTi nimuSi, romelic obigadom ganaTlebis dagegmvis
saerTaSoriso institutis forumze moiyvana, Seexeboda sakanon-
mdeblo sistemas. Tavad advokats, obigados sakanonmdeblo sis-
temis gamoyeneba uyvarda. is bevr saCivars iRebda mSoblebisgan,
da bolos iseT mSobelsac Sexvda, romelic mzad iyo kerZo
repetitorisTvis eCivla sasamarTloSi. saqmes ori weli
dasWirda, da bolos, sajaro prokuraturis direqtorma
gadawyvita, rom saqme sapasuxod da gasarCevad ar Rirda.
inerciis kidev erTi ganzomileba obigados sakuTar
kolegebs Seexeboda. repetitorobis Sesamcireblad gaweuli
udidesi Zalisxmevis Semdeg mas ar esmoda progresi aseTi neli
ratom iyo. bolos man gaacnobiera, rom misi sakuTari
mrCevlebi ganaTlebis da mecnieruli kvlevis saministroSi
TviTon atarebdnen kerZo gakveTilebs da arsebuli sistemiT
sargeblobdnen. am repetitorebs es sistema gamovlili hqon-
daT, rogorc maswavleblebs, skolis direqtorebs da samin-
istros warmomadgenlebs. ase rom, maT iseTi reputacia hqondaT
mopovebuli, rac saSualebas aZlevdaT, kerZo gakveTilebze maR-
ali safasuri daewesebinaT.
90
meore ukiduresobas maswavlebeli warmoadgenda, romelmac
repetitorobaze uari Tqva, radgan Tvlida, rom Tavisufal
dros ukeTesi saqmeebis keTeba SeeZlo. masze obigadom fo-
rumze isaubra. mSoblebi brazdebodnen, radgan grZnobdnen, rom
maT Svilebs kerZo maswavleblebi esaWiroebodaT da
maswavlebels upasuxisgeblod Tvlidnen, Tu is repeti-
torobaze uars ganacxadebda. amis Sedegad, es maswavlebeli
sxva skolaSi unda gadaeyvanaT. obigados TqmiT, aseTi inciden-
tebi Cveulebrivi movlena iyo.
Tumca monacemebi ar arsebobda, obigado amtkicebda, rom mis
mier gatarebuli reformebis Sedegad dawyebiT klasebSi
repetitorobaze moTxovnam iklo, magram mainc farTod
gavrcelebuli iyo. ganaTlebis sistemis mimoxilva (bah-lalia,Bah-lalya 2006, gv.75) miuTiTebda, rom:
respondentebis azriT, bavSvebi da mSoblebi Tvlian,
rom Tu kerZo gakveTilebze ar ivlian, saswavlo
programas CamorCebian. aseve cxadia, rom warmate-
bulma maswavleblebma ukve daimkvidres adgili cod-
nis bazarze da gamosces wignebi, romlebsac
moswavleebi yiduloben kerZo gakveTilebisTvis.
dadgenilia, rom kerZo gakveTilebiT da wignebis
gayidviT maswavleblebi xelfass iormageben. faqtia,
rom saministros da ufros maswavleblebs xeli ver
miuwvdebaT maswavleblebTan damatebiTi samsax-
urisTvis skolis Semdgom saaTebSi, mSoblebTan
SexvedrebisTvis an klasgareSe saaTebSi sxva da-
matebiTi saqmianobisTvis. maswavleblebic Zlier
ewinaaRmdegebian nebismier siaxles da reformas,
rodesac es maT kerZo gakveTilebis droze da mon-
awileobaze zegavlenas axdens. maswavleblebsac ar
aqvT survili CaerTon skolisSemdgom RonisZiebebSi.
mokled, repetitoroba SeiZleba moeqces parazitobis
da finansuri da adamianuri resursebis gaflangvis
maxeSi, im resursebis, romlebic sxvagan ukeTesad Sei-
Zleba iyos gamoyenebuli.
91
aSkara problemebis da stiven obigados Zalisxmevis miuxe-
davad, kerZo repetitorobis interesebi Zlieri rCeboda. ro-
gorc obigadom moaxsena ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso
institutis forums, mis dros gatarebuli winaaRmdegobebiT
aRsavse reformebi Semdgomi ministris dros Sebrunebuli iyo
da repetitorobas axali biZgi misca.
rogori unda iyos morigi mcdeloba?
stiven obigado 2005 wels daram goqulma (DharamGokhool) Secvala. Tumca is sxva partiidan mivida da misi
winamorbedebis politika gaakritika, goqulma ver SeZlo al-
ternativebis moZebna. repetitorobis adgilmdebareobasTan
dakavSirebiT, maswavleblebs kvlav neba darTes skolis teri-
toria gamoeyenebinaT, magram momsaxurebisTvis unda gadaexadaT
(bah-lalia, Bah-lalya 2006, gv.94). goqulma (Gokhool 2006,
gv.4-5) aRiara, rom repetitoroba „swavlis process amaxin-
jebs” da „ganaTlebis mTel mizans anadgurebs”. gamosavali
manac saswavlo programis gadaxedvaSi, da gansakuTrebiT
dawyebiTi ganaTlebis saserTifikato gamocdis daxvewaSi
(CPE) dainaxa, Tumca sazogadoebis zogierTma wevrma (mag.: ma-hadeo, Mahadeo, 2008) gaixsena istoria, dainteresda Tu ratomdasWirda am process aseTi xangrZlivi dro, da skepticizmi
gamoxata dasaxuli miznebis miRwevis iol gzebze.
am wignis Temas gansakuTrebiT exmaureboda mavrikis presaSi
gamoqveynebuli statia, romelic aRniSnavda ganaTlebis dageg-
mvis saerTaSoriso institutis forumis dainteresebas mimd-
inare problemebiT (etieni, Etienne, 2007). statia aRniSnavda,rom ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso institutis forumze
„mravali ganaTlebis eqsperti Seikriba parizSi... rom ganexila
is, rasac bevri adamiani „aucilebel borotebas” [repeti-
torobas] uwodebs”. forumis Tema „mavrikis konteqstTan
gansakuTrebiT Sesaferisad” CaiTvala, sadac repetitoroba
„namdvil mankierebad iqca savalalo pedagogiuri da
ekonomikuri SedegebiT”. statia Semdgom dasZenda, rom:
92
mavrikSi kerZo repetitorobis problema mdgomare-
obs imaSi, rom is kerZos garda yvelaferia. imis
nacvlad, rom bavSvebi patara jgufebSi imyofebodnen,
sadac maT klasSi naswavli masalis irgvliv kiTxve-
bis dasma SeeZlebaT, isini ormoc bavSvTan erTad
maswavleblis farexSi arian SeyuJulebi. repeti-
toroba wesiT im moswavleebisTvis unda iyos
gamiznuli, romlebsac raime saganSi siZneleebi aqvT
da unda gulisxmobdes masalis ganmtkicebas
maswavlelis daxmarebiT, romelsac dro da moTmineba
aqvs da erT jerze or-sam moswavles amecadinebvs.
mavrikSi, kerZo gakveTilebis umravlesoba am mod-
elisgan Zalian Sors aris...
am sistemis mxolod sruli gadakeTeba gaxdis Sesa-
Zlebels repetitorobis axlandeli formis Sem-
cirebas an gauqmebas. amJamad es aris mankieri wre,
sadac mSoblebi verc ki bedaven, rom TavianTi
Svilebi kerZo gakveTilebze ar ataron, radgan yvela
sxva mSobeli Tavis Svils kerZod amzadebs. aqedan
gamomdinare, Tu romelime erTi bavSvi ar ivlis
kerZo maswavlebelTan, is daiCagreba mis Tanatoleb-
Tan SedarebiT. garda amisa, SeiZleba zogierTma
maswavlebelma gakveTilze masala srulad ar ga-
iaros im imediT, rom moswavleebi masalas kerZo
gakveTilebze iswavlian.
mniSvnelovani da detalurad Sedgenili programa aseTi
reorganizaciisTvis goqulis Semdgomma ministrma, vasant ban-
uarim (Vasant Bunwaree) gamosca (Mauritius, Mmavriki, 2008).dokumenti aSuqebda (gv.39) „ganaTlebis seqtoris ganm-
sazRvrel mZafr konkurencias”, da xazs usvamda ganaTlebis
sistemaSi da Sefasebis meTodebSi konceptualuri cvlilebebis
Setanis aucileblobas. angariSi miznad isaxavda (gv.12) „kerZo
repetitorobis saWiroebis etapobrivad aRmofxvras, romelic
garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi mxolod dawyebiTi qveseqtoris
mesame ciklSi (e. i. V-VI doneebze) iqneba nebadarTuli”. zo-
93
gierTi miRwevis Sesaxeb prioritetuli ganaTlebis zonebis
sistemis (Zones d’education prioritaires, ZEPs) meSveobiT
msjelobdnen, romelic socialuri uTanasworobebis daZlevas
naklebad ganviTarebul regionebSi poziciuri ganmtkicebiT da
meTodebiT cdilobda. angariSi aRiarebda, rom moswavleTa miR-
wevebis progresi nela mimdinareobda, rogorc amas gamocdis
Sedegebi aCvenebda, magram aSuqebda holisturi saganmanaTleblo
midgomis, skolis sazogadoebasTan partniorobis da mSobelTa
aqtiuri monawileobis pozitiur mcdelobebs. msgavsi Ro-
nisZiebebi miznad isaxavda skolebis „swavlis WeSmarit dawe-
sebulebebad” gadaqcevas (gv.85) maswavleblebis profesiuli
ganviTarebis da saskolo gegmis da programebis reformis
meSveobiT da amis Sedegad, repetitorobaze damokidebulebis
Semcirebas.
am dokumentis Semdeg 2009 wels ministrma banuarim
gamoacxada, rom repetitoroba aikrZaleboda moswavleebisTvis
IV donis CaTvliT momdevno wlidan (meeTarbani, Meetarbhan,2009). amdenad, es politika mkafiod exmaureboda 18 wliT
adre ministr parsuramenis (Parsuramen) mier wamowyebul ini-ciativebs. Tumca, maswavlebelTa profkavSirebi myisve
daupirispirdnen am politikas (hilberti, Hilbert, 2009), dasazogadoebis saerTo ganwyobac miuTiTebda imaze, rom am poli-
tikis gatareba wina wlebTan SedarebiT advili ar iqneboda.
mavriks repetitorobis simptomebTan da mizezebTan gamklavebis
iniciativebis xangrZlivi istoria aqvs, magram yoveli
aTwleulis kanonmdeblebma da politikosma naxa, rom repeti-
toroba kulturaSi Rrmad aris gamjdari da cvlilebas advi-
lad ar eqvemdebareba.
94
CarCo 4. ratom aris mavrikSi repetitoroba ase Zlieri?
istoriulad, mavrikis saganmanaTleblo sistema Zalian
SerCeviTi da konkurentulia, (i) saSualo klasebis doneze
saukeTeso skolebSi Casaricxad (rac kulturaSi gamjdar
miTad aris qceuli), da (ii) sazRvargareT universitetebSisaswavleblad saxelmwifo stipendiebis mosapoveblad.
Tanamedrove epoqaSi, repetitorobaze moTxovna nakarnax-
evia im faqtiT, rom ganaTleba arsebiTad SerCevis meqanizmad
rCeba, romelic gadatvirTuli saswavlo programis da didi
mniSvnelobis mqone gamocdebs efuZneba, romlebic „ukeTes”
universitetebSi moxvedris garantias iZleva. amgvarad,
repetitoroba konkurenciaSi upiratesobis mopovebis
saSualebaa. repetitorobaze moTxovna iseTi didia, rom
saSualo skolis maswavleblebi repetitorobaze uaris
Tqmis SemTxvevaSi problemebis winaSe xvdebian.
miwodebis poziciidan Tu ganvixilavT, SedarebiT dabali
xelfasebi erTgvari biZgia repetitorobis dasawyebad. 2002
wels, dawyebiTi klasebis maswavleblebis Semosavali erT
sulze mTliani Sida produqtis 0.8 procenti iyo, maSin,
rodesac ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis da ganviTarebis or-
ganizaciis qveynebSi es maCvenebeli saSualod 1.7 procenti,
xolo mavrikis msgavs qveynebSi 2.0 procenti iyo. repeti-
torobis meSveobiT, dawyebiTi klasebis maswavleblebs Se-
mosavlis gaormageba an gasammageba SeuZliaT.
wyaro: obigado (Obeegadoo 2007), gv.2.
safrangeTi
koreisgan da mavrikisgan gansxvavebiT, safrangeTSi repeti-
torobis industria ara mxolod socio-ekonomikuri ZalebiT,
aramed samTavrobo iniciativebiTac imarTeba. es gulisxmobs
sagadasaxado waxalisebebs ojaxebisTvis, romlebic damatebiT
repetitorobaSi investicias Cadeben. aseTi iniciativebiT,
95
mTavroba ganaTlebis donis amaRlebisken miiswrafvis, mSobleb-
Tan finansuri tvirTis gaziarebis saSualebiT.
repetitorobis pirveli mniSvnelovani kvleva sfrangeTSi
glasmanma da kolonJma (Glasman and Collonges, 1994) Caatares.maT wignSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom repetitorobis istoria
gasuli saukunidan iwyeboda, magram repetitorobis Tvisebebi
mniSvnelovnad iyo Secvlili saganmanaTleblo sistemis gafar-
ToebasTan da mravlismomcvelobasTan erTad. glasmanma da
kolonJma gaanalizes repetitorobis Tvisebebi da roli so-
cialuri konkurenciis da stratifikaciis konteqstSi. maTi
wigni efuZneboda ron-alpis (Rhone-Alpes) regionSi 12 liceu-
mis (zeda saSualo donis klasebi) 9,400 moswavlidan
Segrovebul monacemebs. saSualod 15 procenti dadioda kerZo
gakveTilebze, damatebiT 10 procenti momavalSi gegmavda
siaruls da 36 procenti saSualo skolis garkveul mon-
akveTSi kerZo gakveTilebze ukve namyofi iyo (glasmani da
kolonJi, Glasman and Collonges 1994, gv. 30). yvelaze popu-
laruli sagnebi iyo maTematika (57 procenti), romelsac mos-
devda fizika da qimia (20 procenti). inglisuri (9
procenti), da franguli 5 procenti. ufro metad repetitor-
Tan didi qalaqebis skolebSi dadiodnen, vidre patara qalaqe-
bis skolebSi, da repetitorTan kerZo skolis moswavleebi
ufro xSirad emzadebodnen, vidre sajaro skolis moswavleebi.
am kvlevis Semdeg repetitoroba gaizarda kidec da gam-
ravalferovanda aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi. glasmani (Glasman,2004) miubrunda am Temas angariSSi, romelic mas erovnuli
ganaTlebis da umaRlesi ganaTlebis da kvlevis saministroebis
skolebis Sefasebis umaRlesma sabWom [Haut Conseil ầ l’évalua-tion de l’école, HCEC] daukveTa. angariSSi aRniSnuli iyo (gv.
51) is zegavlena, rac mTavrobis im gadawyvetilebas hqonda,
romelic nebas rTavda ojaxebs moeTxovaT saSemosavlo
gadasaxadebis Semcireba saxlis saqmeSi, bavSvebis aRzrdaSi da
kerZo repetitorobaSi daxarjuli Tanxebis gamo. es so-
cialuri erTobis ministris (Minister of Social Cohesion) ini-ciativis nawili ufro iyo, vidre ganaTlebis ministris. mas
surda martoxela mSoblebs daxmareboda da aseve xels
96
uwyobda garkveuli tipis profesiis gavrcelebas. es reforma
xels uwyobda ojaxebs, romlebic safasuris gamo adre repeti-
torobaze fulis xarjvisgan Tavs ikavebdnen. Tumca, is mainc
garkveuli Tanxebis gaRebas moiTxovda da amdenad, ufro Se-
Zlebul da repetitorobaze Tanxis dabandebis msurvel
ojaxebs exmareboda. ramdenime firmam es kanonmdebloba Tavis
sasargeblod gamoiyena. sabazro lideri kompania saxelwodebiT
akadomia (Acadomia) iyo, romelic saaqcio birJis siaSi iyo,
agresiulad uwevda reklamas Tavis momsaxurebas, da gadasax-
adebis Semsubuqebis SeTavazebis gziT yuradRebas ipyrobda.
skolebis Sefasebis umaRlesma sabWom momdevno wels glasmanis
angariSis komentari gamoaqveyna (forestieri, Forrestier, 2005),sadac SeSfoTeba gamoxata angariSis socialur uTanas-
worobaze zegavlenis gamo da xazi gausva zedamxedvelobis
saWiroebas. amis sapasuxod, mTavrobam erovnuli seminari
moawyo repetitorobaze da sainformacio da komunikaciis
teqnologiebis (ICTs) sferoSi SesaZleblobebis uTanas-
worobaze. am seminars Tan axlda onlain dokumenturi
resursebi da mas kanonebis miReba mohyva Sedegad (basi da sxv.,Bassy et al., 2006).
imave wels, ufro masStaburi analizi iyo SemoTavazebuli
kaves (Cavet, 2006) mier, romelsac Tan axlda bmulebi doku-
mentur resursebze. analizi pedagogiuri kvlevis nacionaluri
institutis (INRP) saxeliT Catarda. dokumenti aSuqebda ofi-
cialuri kvlevis monacemebs 2003 wlidan, sadac miTiTebuli
iyo, rom repetitoroba ZiriTadad saSualo skolis doneze
mimdinareobda da maRal doneebze ufro intensiuri xdeboda.
umaRlesi klasebis sawyis safexurebze moswavleebi kerZo
repetitorebTan im SemTxvevaSi emzadebodnen, Tu romelime
sagani uWirdaT (gansakuTrebiT maTematika), magram gamokiTx-
ulTa 25 procenti ukve isedac kargad swavlobda da kerZo
gakveTilebs saukeTeso Sedegebis miRwevis strategiad Tvlida
(kave, Cavet 2006, gv. 2). kerZo gakveTilebisken maT maswavle-
blebi iSviaTad Tu ubiZgebdnen. amisken ZiriTadad mSoblebis-
gan, an TviT moswavleebisgan modioda biZgi (23 procenti
umaRlesi klasebis dawyebiT etapze, da 40 procenti damam-
97
Tavrebel safexurebze). mSoblebis umetesoba, romlebic Tanxas
ixdidnen kerZo gakveTilebSi, SedarebiT privilegirebul so-
cialur klasebs miekuTvneboda, da repetitorobas mimarTavda
an drois uqonlobas gamo an imis gamo, rom saswavlo progra-
mas fexs ver ubamda. kerZo gakveTilebs Cveulebrivi maswavle-
beli iSviaTad atarebda. ufro xSirad amas sxva studenti (34
procenti), sxva maswavlebeli (31 procenti), an kerZo organi-
zacia (21 procenti) akeTebda. kave (Cavet 2006, gv. 4) axdens
glasmanTan intervius citirebas, romelmac aRniSna, rom xan-
daxan mSoblebi repetitorebs qiraobdnen SvilebTan daZabu-
lobis mosaxsnelad. rodesac swavlis Cvevebze konfliqtebs
gareSe piri agvarebs, aRniSnavda glasmani, ojaxSi ufro harmo-
niuli urTierTobebi mkvidrdeba.
morigi dokumentacia 2007 wels sabazro kvlevaSi special-
izebulma kompaniam warudgina sazogadoebas. angariSi (melo,Melot 2007, gv. 104) aRwerda seqtoris „feTqebad” zrdas da
dasZenda, rom „2006 wels repetitorobis ukve zedized
eqvswliani 15 procentiani zrda gamowveuli iyo mSoblebis
saSualo skolis sistemis naklovanebebis SiSiT, da aseve. . .
uaRresad xelsayreli fiskaluri garemoTi”. bazris saerTo
sidides rac Seexeba, melo aRniSnavda, rom saSualo skolis
qveda klasebis moswavleebis 25 procenti da zeda klasebis
33 procenti kerZod emzadeboda, gansakuTrebiT maTematikaSi,
magram aseve miuTiTebda regionalur mravalferovnebaze da
saxeobebze. melos aRniSvniT, proporciebi gansakuTrebiT maR-
ali parizSi iyo, da akademiis Sefasebis citirebas axdenda (gv.
105), rom didi parizuli liceumebis moswavleTa 75 procenti
kerZo maswavlebelTan dadioda. saerTo erovnuli maCvenebliT,
2008 wels repetitorTan erT milionze meti moswavle da-
dioda (peSi, Pech, 2008).
bazarze mimwodeblis ori ZiriTadi tipi arsebobda:
• individualurad momuSave kerZo maswavleblebi.
mSoblebi da maswavlerblebi erTmaneTs rekomenda-
ciebiT an gancxadebebiT ukavSirdebodnen, an kidev
sul ufro xSirad internetiT. aseTi uSualo kon-
98
taqti yvelaze FfarTod gavrcelebuli meTodi iyo.
Tumca fuladi tranzaqciebi oficialurad ar iyo
gamocxadebuli, sagadasaxado waxaliseba ubiZgebda
maswavleblebs, rom maTi saqmianoba legaluri gaexa-
daT, raTa maTi SemoTavazeba ojaxebisTvis ufro
mimzidveli yofiliyo. zogi maswavlebeli gamocdili
iyo (an isev muSaobda an pensiaze iyo), zogi ki stu-
denti an axali kursdamTavrebuli iyo, romelic sam-
saxurs eZebda.
• skolis Semdgom saaTebSi momuSave kerZo sarepeti-
toro kompaniebi.
es kompaniebi sxvadasxvanairad muSaobda:
- yvelaze popularuli da mzardi tipis iyo kompaniis
mier gamogzavnili maswavleblis kerZo gakveTilebi
saxlSi, an patara jgufTan kompaniis SenobaSi;
- ardadegebis dros mowyobili intensiuri kursebi
patara jgufebSi nela viTardeboda;
- Sereuli programebi, romlebic swavlas, garTobas da
bavSvis movlas erTad aTavsebda, gavrcelebas iwyebda.
- onlain gakveTilebi jer kidev ganuviTarebeli iyo,
magram farTovdeboda;
- skolis mecadineobebi, romlebic yuradRebas
amaxvilebda Tavdajerebulobis, motivaciis da orga-
nizebis ganviTarebaze iwyebda gavrcelebas, magram jer
kidev mxolod elitas miuwvdeboda maTze xeli.
MmuSaobis saxeobebSi da saSualebebSic iyo gansxvaveba kom-
paniebs Soris. zogi maTgani sTavazobda mecadineobebs jgufebs
TavianT SenobaSi, zogi ki qiraobda repetitors, rom moswavlee-
bis saxlSi Caetarebina gakveTielebi. zogi kompania konkretul
saganSi specializdeboda, an ganaTlebis konkretul safexurze
moqmedebda, zogi ki ufro zogadi midgomiT gamoirCeoda. kom-
paniebis erTi jgufi repetitorobas sxva momsaxurebis naw-
ilad sTavazobda sazogadoebas. es momsaxureba iyo bavSvis
movla da sxva saSinao daxmareba. meTormete cxrili warmoa-
Cens statistikas sabazro liderebze. zogi am kompaniaTagani
99
safrangeTis konkretul nawilSi muSaobda, zogi ki ukve yvela
did qalaqSi muSaobda, an apirebda amas. sul cota ori
muSaobda rogorc mravalnacionaluri kompania: duamaT-s
(2Amath) filialebi hqonda kanadaSi da marokoSi, qifsqul-s
(KeepSchool) ki germaniasa da gaerTianebul samefoSi. am mxriv,isini silvani-s (Sylvan) konkurentebi iyvnen, romlis saTao
ofisi aSS-Si iyo da frangul bazarze SeWra ganezraxa.
cxrili 12. ZiriTadi sarepetitoro kompaniebi safrangeTSi
kompania CaricxulTa filialebis biznesis
ricxvi raodenoba oficialurad
safrangeTSi gamocxadebuli
zoma
(€ milionebSi)
akadomia
(Acadomia) 100,000 97 87
kuR leJandR
(Cours Legendre) 30,000 9 16
kompletiud
(Complétude) 23,000 34 23
silvani ar aris
(Sylvan) miTiTebuli 18 8
anakuR
(Anacours) 16,000 50 5
du amaT
(2Amath) 10,000 72 12
qifsquli
(KeepSchool) 8,000 80 5
domikuR
(Domicours) 6,500 20 5
wyaro:¨melo (Melot), 2007.
100
es kerZo kompaniebi maT mier SemoTavazebuli momsaxurebis
Sesabamisad ganviTarda. glasmani (citirebuli qave, Cavet 2006,
gv.11-ze) aSuqebda kompaniebis saxelebis cvlilebas sxvadasxva
periodSi:
• 1960-ian da 1970-ian wlebSi repetitorobas Cveule-
briv daxmarebis formad gansazRvravdnen. kompaniebs
iseTi saxelebi erqvaT, rogorebicaa maTematikaSi-dax-
mareba (Math-Assistance), maTematikis damxmare kursi(Math-Secours) da orTo-maTematika (Ortho-Math).
• Sua 1980-ian wlebSi, seqtori konkurenciasTan gaxda
asocirebuli. kompaniebis saxelebi iyo: damatebiTi
swavla (Études Plus), PSesruleba (Performance),swavla momavlisTvis (Stud Avenir) da progres sis-
tema (Progress System).axlandeli Taoba „normalur“ da moSvebul (galaRe-
bul) konotaciebs amjobinebs. kompaniebis gavrcele-
buli saxelebia: Domicours, Keepschool, Complétude, daAprès la Classe, romlebic skolis Semdgom mecadi-
neobebs, an swavlis dasrulebas gulisxmobs.
kerZo kompaniebis mier aseTi seriozuli imijis Seqmna Sei-
Zleba gansakuTrebiT skolaSi da dasaqmebis bazarze arsebuli
mRelvarebis mosagvareblad iyos Sesaferisi. es socio-
ekonomikuri garemoebebi gansxvavdeba safrangeTSi, koreaSi,
mavrikSi da sxva adgilebSi. TviT safrangeTSic isini gansx-
vavdeba socio-ekonomikuri jgufebisa da adgilmdebareobis
mixedviT (gansakuTrebiT did qalaqebSi, patara qalaqebSi da
soflebSi). es dakvirveba xazs usvams repetitorobis ganxil-
vas konkretuli konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT. amave dros,
sarepetitoro servisis mimwodeblebi sargebels nebismieri
faqtoridan iReben, rac akademiur konkurencias da skolaSi
daZabulobas zrdis, magaliTad privatizaciidan, skolebs Soris
Sejibridan, da saskolo sistemis segmentebis gauaresebisgan.
Tumca, seqtorma miipyro im kritikosebis yuradReba, rom-
lebic am miwodebis xarisxs kiTxvis qveS ayenebdnen. magaliTad,
2009 wlis dokumenturi filmi frangul televiziaze (ben-
dali da turti, Bendall and Tourte, 2009), aSuqebda mravali
101
repetitoris samoyvarulo, araprofesionalur, dones da
amowmebda maTi damqiravebeli kompaniebis sabazro standartebs.
rogorc melo (Melot 2007, gv. 99) aRniSnavda, seqtoris
udidesi nawili „iatakqveS” moqmedebda, da mTliani bazari
„gabzarul-daSlili, aramdgradi da bundovani” iyo (gv. 119).
CarCo 5. repetitorobis finansuri ariTmetika safrangeTSi
safrangeTis mTavroba ojaxebs repetitorobaze daxarjuli
Tanxis 50 procentis gamoqviTvis nebas aZlevs saSemosavlo
gadasaxadebidan. akadomia im kompaniebis ricxvs miekuTvneba,
romelic am SeRavaTs Tavis sasargeblod iyenebs. kompania
brokeris rols asrulebs, romelic mSoblebs da repeti-
torebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebs. mSoblebi repetitorebs ux-
dian da Semdeg sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs moiTxoven.
bavSvis registraciisTvis mSoblebma sawyisi Tanxa 75 evros
odenobiT unda gadaixadon, romelic sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs
ar eqvemdebareba. Semdeg TiTo Catarebuli saaTisTvis isini
saSualod 32 evros ixdian, saidanac 14 evro (xandaxan
naklebic) midis maswavleblis xelfasze, 5 evro daqirave-
buli TanamSromlis gadasaxadebze da 13 evro akadomias er-
icxeba. mTliani 32 evrodan, 16 evro mSoblebisTvis
sagadasaxado SeRavaTs eqvemdebareba.
saboloo jamSi, erTi saaTis mTliani gadasaxadi 16 evros
Seadgens. repetitorma unda ganacxados Semosavali
14+13=€27 evros odenobiT, magram SeuZlia akadomiasTvis
gadaxdili 13 evro daqviTos, rogorc „xarjebi”.
wyaro: kave (Cavet, 2006), gv. 12.
yvelaze mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba safrangeTis, koreis da
mavrikis magaliTebs Soris aris sagadasaxado sistemis roli
ojaxebis waxalisebaSi, rom repetitorobaSi daabandon Tanxebi.
safrangeTis mTavrobis warmomadgenlebis pasuxi kritikaze, rom
es zrdis socialur uTanasworobas, ormxrivi iyo. erTi iyo
102
is, rom saxelmwifos mier organizebuli saSinao davalebis
momzadebaSi ufaso damxmare sistemebi SeiZleba gafarTovdes.
erTi saxelmwifos mier organizebuli sistemebi 1980-iani
wlebidan momdinareobs, moqmedebs oTxi sxvadasxva saministros
egidis qveS (ganaTlebis, dasaqmebis, janmrTelobis da so-
cialuri dazRvevis), da eyrdnoba 2,000 asociaciis da sajaro
an naxevrad-sajaro dawesebulebis qsels (kave, Cavet, 2006, gv.4). meore pasuxi ki imaSi mdgomareobda, rom mTavrobam
gansazRvra politika skolebis qselebSi repetitorobis gan-
viTarebisTvis im mizniT, rom daxmareba gaeweoda yvela socio-
ekonomikuri mdgomareobis moswavles. pirvelad, SeTavazeba
aucilebeli iyo zog skolaSi, magram nebayoflobiTi iyo sxva
skolebisTvis. Semdeg ki mTavrobam gamoacxada, rom yvela skola
SeuerTdeboda am sqemas, romelic gulisxmobs kviraSi oTxi
dRis ganmavlobaSi saRamos 4-idan 6 saaTamde saSinao davalebis
momzadebaSi daxmarebas, da kulturul da sportul Ro-
nisZiebebs. mTavrobam am politikis ganxorcielebisTvis 140
milioni evro gamoyo (ventura, Ventura 2009b, gv. 9).
103
3. sapasuxo politika
wina seqcias„diagnozi” ewodeboda, romelic gansazRvravda
repetitorobis sistemis maxasiaTeblebs da zegavlenas, rom-
lebsac kanonmdeblebisgan sapasuxo qmedeba esaWiroeba. zo-
gierT sapasuxo politikaze saubari ukve iyo koreis, mavrikis
da safrangeTis magaliTebis ganxilvis dros. wignis es gany-
ofileba ganixilavs sapasuxo qmedebebis tipebs, romlebic Sei-
Zleba kanonmdeblebma sxvadasxva konteqstSi gaiTvaliswinon.
es seqcia Seicavs rogorc im politikis ganxilvas, romelmac
gaamarTla, aseve im SemTxvevebisas, rodesac politika warmate-
buli ar iyo.
ganxilva dagegmvis monaxazis cnebiT iwyeba, radgan
TiToeuli konteqsti gansxvavebulia da politika konkretul
konteqsts unda moergos. Semdeg ganxilulia repetitorobis
moTxovna da miwodeba. momdevno msjeloba ki im gzebs exeba,
romelTa saSualebiTac kanonmdeblebs sabazro Zalebis mo-
Tokva SeeZlebaT, rom did miznebs miaRwion. Msjeloba aseve
exeba SesaZlebeli maregulirebeli struqturebis maxasiaTe-
blebs da bunebas.
konteqstebis, miznebis da struqturebis dagegmva da mona -
xazi
rodesac dagegmvas iwyeben, kanonmdeblebs SeuZliaT ori
sasargeblo ZiriTadi SekiTxvis dasma:
• ramdenad aris Crdilovani ganaTleba problema (an
SeiZleba iqces
problemad), romelic azianebs saganmanaTleblo, so-
cialur da ekonomikur
miznebs da saWiroebs gakontrolebas?
• ramdenad aris Crdilovani ganaTleba potenciuri
sargebeli, romelic
aqamde srulad ar yofila gamoyenebuli da unda wax-
alisebuli iyos?
am wignis wina seqciebma cxadhyo, rom bevr konteqstSi
104
repetitorobas SeiZleba ambivalenturad mivudgeT. is sagan-
manaTleblo miznebis miRwevas SesaZlebels xdis mTavrobisTvis
da gadamxdelisTvis sruliad ufasod, da erTgvari usafrTx-
oebis sarqvels Seadgens ojaxebisTvis, romlebsac SeuZliaT
masSi fulis gadaxda da Tvlian, rom ZiriTadi ganaTlebis sis-
temidan srulad ar iReben imas, rac surT. Tumca, mTlianad
sabazro ZalebiT marTuli repetitoroba socialur uTanas-
worobas aRrmavebs, da mas SeiZleba ZiriTadi ganaTlebis sis-
temisTvis arasasurveli Sedegebi mohyves. agreTve, SeiZleba
gaugebrobebi warmoiSvas ori sistemis Tanaarsebobis
SemTxvevaSi, romelTagan erTi mTavrobis mier ufasod aris
uzrunvelyofili, xolo meoreSi ki kerZo seqtori imave
klientebisgan safasuris gadaxdas iTxovs.
kanonmdeblebma unda gaiTvaliswinon studentebis socio-
ekonomikuri profilebi, kulturuli konteqstebi da sxva faq-
torebi. repetitorobis saxeobebi avstraliasa da aSS-Si, sadac
mTavroba repetitorobas xels uwyobs akademiurad CamorCe-
nili bavSvebis dasaxmareblad, gansxvavdeba koreaSi da iaponiaSi
arsebuli repetitorobis saxeobebisgan, sadac kerZo gakveTile-
bze akademiurad warCinebuli moswavleebi dadian. ufro metic,
singapurSi arsebuli repetitoroba, sadac maswavleblebs
ekrZalebaT kerZo gakveTilebis Catareba im moswavleebisTvis,
romlebsac ZiriTad saskolo mecadineobebze aswavlian da ukve
aqvT aRebuli maTze pasuxismgebloba, gansxvavdeba mavrikSi ar-
sebuli repetitorobisgan, sadac aseTi qmedeba normad iTvleba.
kanonmdeblebma aseve unda gaiTvaliswinon, Tu ra doziT See-
ZlebaT waaxxalison an aukrZalon kerZo gakveTilebis Catareba
saSualo skolis moswavleebs, universitetis studentebs, pen-
sionrebs da sxvebs. Semdegi gansxvavebebi repetitorobis war-
marTvis meTodebs da saSualebebs exeba. kerZo mecadineobebi
individualur moswavleebTan gansxvavdeba did jgufebTan
saleqcio auditoriebSi Catarebuli mecadineobebisgan; da
pirispir Catarebuli mecadineobebi aSkarad gansxvavdeba in-
ternetiT distanciaze Catarebuli mecadineobebisagan.
kanonmdeblebma unda moaxdinon arsebuli repetitorobis
saxeobebis klasificireba da gansazRvron, Tu rogori tipis
105
repetitorobas Seuwyon xeli da rogori tipis repetitoroba
aRkveTon. es SeiZleba ganxorcieldes iseTi cxrilis dax-
marebiT, rogoricaa cxrili 13. is ganixilavs ara mxolod
repetitorobis saxeobebs da miwodebis saSualebebsa da
meTodebs, aramed misi gavrcelebis masStaburobas da samo-
mavlod misi kidev ufro metad danergvis survils. es Sefase-
bebi SeiZleba kidev ufro dakonkretdes Tu moxdeba
maCveneblebis iseT qvekategoriebad dayofa, rogorebicaa:
• saSemosavlo jgufebi: xelmisawvdomia Tu ara zo-
gierTi tipis
repetitoroba mxolod konkretuli Semosavlis mqone
jgufebisTvis da
surT Tu ara kanonmdeblebs xelmisawvdomobis gafar-
Toveba?
• genderi: arian Tu ara gogonebi biWebTan SedarebiT
daCagrul poziciaSi (da
piriqiT), da xeli unda Seewyos ufro met Tanas-
worobas Tu ara?
• eTnikuroba: dadian Tu ara kerZo mecadineobebze
garkveuli eTnikuri
jgufis (rasis) warmomadgenlebi ufro metad, vidre
sxvebi, da aris Tu ara es problemuri sakiTxi?
• adgilmdebareoba: aris Tu ara konkretuli regionebi,
da soflis /urbanuli adgilebi ufro privilegire-
bul an ufro daCagrul poziciaSi, da geografiuli
balansi daculi unda iyos Tu ara?
sakiTxis ufro daxvewisTvis SeiZleba iseTi damatebiTi faq-
torebis ganxilva, rogorebicaa:
• intensiuroba: romel safexurebze, ra sezonze, da
romel sagnebSi aris
kerZo mecadineobebis intensiuroba yvelaze didi?
• xarisxi: rogoria kerZo mecadineobebis xarisxi, da
ramdenad exmareba isini moswavleebs ara mxolod
gamocdebisTvis momzadebaSi, aramed sxva konteqsteb-
Sic?
106
• fasebi: ra fasebi aqvs sxvadasxva tipis repetitoro-
bis erTeulebs da
ramdenad awevs es safasuri ojaxebs tvirTad?
• ekonomikuri Sedegebi: ramdenad sasargebloa repeti-
toroba samuSaos an
damatebiTi Semosavlis msurveli adamianebisTvis?
surs Tu ara mTavrobas
meti sarepetitoro samuSaos sagadasaxado sistemaSi
CarTva? kidev ra
ekonomikuri Sedegebi mohyveba sxvadasxva tipis
repetitorobas?
cxrili 13. kerZo repetitorobis klasificirebis sistema
107
kerZo
repetitorobis
mimwodeblebi
miwodebis
saSualeba
da meTodi
ramdenad
gavrcelebulia
is amJamad
(SesaZlebelia
dayofa
saSemosavlo
jgufebad,
genderad, eTnikur
jgufebad da
adgilmdebareobis
mixedviT)
ramdenad
sasurvelia misi
gavrceleba
momavalSi
(SesaZlebelia aseve
dayofa SemosavliT,
genderiT, eTnikuri
warmomavlobiT da
adgilmdebareobiT)
maswavleblebi
amecadineben
sakuTar
moswavleebs
erTi-erTze
patara jgufSi
did jgufSi
maswavleblebi
amecadineben
sxva maswavle-
blebis
moswavleebs
erTi-erTze
patara jgufSi
did jgufSi
radgan monacemebi mwiria, amJamad kanonmdeblebi iZulebulebi
arian Sefasebebi moaxdinon da mdgomareoba gansajon sakuTar
codnaze dayrdnobiT, an im monacemebze dafuZnebiT, rac maT an
sxva qveynebSi iqna Segrovebuli. erTi ZiriTadi rekomendacia,
rasac ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso institutis forumi
da es wigni gvTavazobs aris is, rom gacilebiT didi yuradReba
unda daeTmos monacemTa Segrovebas yvela tipis konteqstSi
da garemoSi.
108
studentebi
(saSualo
skolis
moswavleebi
da/an univer-
sitetis
studentebi)
erTi-erTze
patara jgufSi
internet-
mimwodeblebierTi-erTze
sxvebi
(profesio -
nalebi,
pensionrebi,
diasaxlisebi)
erTi-erTze
patara jgufSi
did jgufSi
sarepetitoro
kompaniebi
(adgilobrivi,
nacionaluri,
privilegire-
buli
qselebi)
erTi-erTze
patara jgufSi
did jgufSi
saleqcio
darbazebSi
intensiuri
momzadebis
adgilebSi
kompiuteruli
daxmarebiT
CarCo 6. juku-s (juku) tipebis gansxvaveba iaponiaSi
zogierTma komentatorma, gansakuTrebiT ara iaponuri war-
momavlobis, jukus dawesebuleba Zalian zogadad warmoadgina,
xolo TviT sityva juku Targmna rogorc „intensiuri
momzadebis skola” da ver SeniSna sxvadasxva tipebs Soris
farTo varireba. ufro guldasmiT Seswavlis Sedegad mravali
tipis jukus identificireba gaxda SesaZlebeli. TiToeul
tips gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba aqvs kanonmdeblisTvis.
rosgaardma (Roesgaard 2006, gv. 32) daiwyo farTo gansx-
vavebis dadgeniT akademiur gakuSiu jukus (gakushû juku) daim jukus Soris, romlebic amzadeben xelovnebaSi, teqnikur
unarebSi, inglisur saubarSi, da a. S. amas Semdeg mosdevs gan-
sxvavebebi gakuSiu jukus (gakushû juku) Soris specialobebis
mixedviT. hoSiu juku (hoshû juku) damxmare kursebs sTava-zobs moswavleebs, fukuSiu juku (fukushû juku) uzrunvelyofs
damatebiT mecadineobebs, xolo ioSiu juku (yoshû juku)atarebs mosamzadebel mecadineobebs. Singaku juku (shingakujuku) emsaxureba maRali akademiuri moswrebis moswavleebs,
visac kidev ufro meti codnis SeZena surT, kiosai jukus (kyô-sai juku) ki ufro moqnili midgoma aqvs momzadebasTan doriru
jukusgan (doriru juku) gansxvavebiT, romelic gameorebas da Se-
jibrisTvis gamiznul savarjiSoebs efuZneba. zogi juku deaino ba-s anu idokoro-s (idokoro) principiT (adgili, sadac
unda iyo da Sexvde megobrebs), an Takujijo-s (takujijo) prin-
cipiT (movlis centri) muSaobs.
rosgaardi CauRrmavda kvlevas da rva cvladze dafuZneb-
uli tipologia aago:
- atmosfero, anu rogori atmosferoa dawesebulebaSi:
konkurentuli, mastimulirebeli, moSvebuli-laRi,
damxmare, da a. S.
- kursebis fokusi: kursebi orientirebulia Cveulebriv
saskolo sistemaze Tu misaRebi gamocdebis momzadebaze.
- skolasTan urTierToba: misdevs Tu ara kursi
saskolo programas Tu aqvs sakuTari miznebi da pro-
grama.
109
- moswavleebi: klienturis tipi, da gansakuTrebiT maTi
akademiuri momzadebis done.
- saswavlo masala: saskolo, komerciuli da saSinao
masalis kombinacia.
- zoma: klientTa raodenoba, da aris Tu ara juku
dawesebulebaTa qselis nawili.
- miReba: xdeba Tu ara klientebis misaRebi gamocdebiT
Semowmeba, Tu iReben yvelas, ramdensac dawesebuleba
fizikurad moaTavsebs.
- reklamireba: moswavleTa mozidva sazogadoebaSi
gavrcelebuli informaciiT xdeba Tu komerciuli
reklamebiT. ra maxasiaTeblebzea yuradReba gamaxvile-
buli: pedagogikaze Tu universitetSi Semsvlel
gamocdebSi miRweul warmatebaze.
jukus tipebis da cvladebis matricam saintereso da
mravlismTqmeli tipologia warmoqmna:
110
atmosfero konkurentuli/
mastimulire-
beli
laRi/damxmare aRmzrdelobiTi
/damxmare
laRi (xSirad
saxlSi swavla)
kursis
fokusi
misaRebi
gamocdebi
askolo prog-
ramis daweva
da saskolo
testebi
sabaziso
swavleba
sabaziso
unarebi
skolasTan
urTierToba
aranairi saskolo
mecadineobebs
mihyveba,
xSirad
mWidro
urTierToba
Zalian mcire
urTierToba
an aranairi
aranairi
Singaku juku
Shingaku
juku
hoSiu juku
Hoshû juku
kiosai juku
Kyôsai juku
doriru
juku
Doriru juku
repetitorobaze moTxovnis problemis gadaWra
avstraliis, inglisis, safrangeTis, singapuris da aSS-s
mTavrobebma sxvadasxva gziT scades repetitorobaze moTxov-
nis stimulireba. avstraliuri gegmiT, 2004 wels wamoiwyes
sarepetitoro vauCeris iniciativa wamoiwyes da mSoblebs
misces SesaZlebloba bavSvebis momzadebaze $700 (avstraliuri
dolari, daaxloebiT aSS $547) daexarjaT. 2007 wels avs-
traliis federalurma mTavrobam oTxi wliT dafinanseba
gamoyo momdevno gegmisTvis, romelsac „Tanabari dawyeba”
ewodeboda (uotsoni, Watson 2008, gv.7). msgavsi sistema iyo
111
moswavleebi maRali
akademiuri
moswrebis
saSualo
momzadebis
susti
akademiuri
moswrebis
yvela donis
saswavlo
masala
sakuTari
teqstebi
saxlSi
momzadebuli,
komerciuli
an saskolo
teqstebi
saxlSi
momzadebuli,
komerciuli
an saskolo
teqstebi
sakuTari
teqstebi
zoma > 200
moswavle
dnav
privilegire-
buli
< moswavleebi < 100 moswavle aTasobiT
moswavle
miReba misaRebi
gamocda
an testi
mxolod
fizikuri
limiti
mxolod
fizikuri
limiti
ulimito,
SeuzRudavi
reklamireba komerciuli,
yuradRebas
universitetSi
Cabarebaze
amaxvilebs
sazogadoebaSi
xmis gavrcele-
bis gziT,
yuradRebas
pedagogikaze
amaxvilebs
sazogadoebaSi
xmis gavrcele-
bis gziT,
yuradRebas
pedagogikaze
amaxvilebs
komerciuli,
zog
SemTxvevaSi
yuradRebas
pedagogikaze
amaxvilebs
gamoyenebuli aSS-Si (berCi da sxv., Burch et al., 2006), da orivegegma STagonebas inglisSi wamowyebuli modelidan iRebda
(teilori, Taylor, 2007). singapurSi, mTavrobam grantebi da sxvawamaxalisebeli saSualebebi daawesa sazogadoebrivi
jgufebisaTvis, raTa dabali akademiuri moswrebis mqone
moswavleebSi repetitorobaze moTxovna gazrdiliyo (Tani,Tan, 2009). amis sapirispirod, sagadasaxado waxalisebebis
franguli sistema arc dabali akademiuri moswrebis
moswavleebze yofila gaTvlili da arc dabalSemosavlian
ojaxebze (melo, Melot, 2007).yvela es modeli garkveul winaaRmdegobas waawyda. uotsoni
(Watson 2007, gv. 9) xazs usvamda avstraliaSi repetitorobis
efeqturobaze da Sesaferisi unarebis mqone repetitorebis
moZebnis siZneleebze, gansakuTrebiT soflis da Soreul
raionebSi, ufro damajerebeli monacemebis moZiebis aucile-
blobas. es problemas ar warmoadgenda uaRresad urbanul sin-
gapurSi, sadac siZneles dabali akademiuri moswrebis
moswavleebSi repetitorobaze moTxovnis SenarCuneba warmoad-
genda im pirobebSi, sadac sabazro Zalebi sul ufro zrdidnen
ufskruls sazogadoebis zeda eSelonebs da sxva fenebs Soris
(Ceo da qua, Cheo and Quah, 2005; Tani, Tan, 2009). aSS-Si san-
dermeni (Sunderman 2006, gv. 119) akritikebda „arcerTi
CamorCenili bavSvi”-s programas, radgan ver moxda am programis
efeqturobis damadasturebeli samxilis mopoveba. is agreTve
aRniSnavda, rom mimwodeblebi „araskrupulozur meTodebs”
iyenebdnen moswavleebis mosazidad, da dasZenda, rom programis
Sesaferis moswavleTa mxolod 20-ma procentma Tu miiRo
masSi monawileoba mTeli qveynis masStabiT. Tu kanonmdeblebi
msgavsi gegmebis ganxorcielebas apireben sxva qveynebSi, maT es
faqtorebi unda gaiTvaliswinon.
sxva pirobebSi, mTavar problemas repetitorobaze moTxov-
nis Semcireba ufro warmoadgens, vidre misi stimulireba. ko-
reis magaliTma gviCvena, rom im qveyanaSi mravali strategia
iyo gamoyenebuli repetitorobis srulad akrZalvisTvis. amis
msgavsad, mavritaniis magaliTma gviCvena, rom iyo repetitoro-
bis akrZalvis mcdeloba pirvelidan mesame safexuris CaTvliT.
112
am reformebs mraval qveyanaSi aqvs paraleli, magaliTad, kam-
bojaSi (brei da banli, Bray and Bunly 2005, gv. 75), egvipteSi
(harTmani, Hartmann 2008, gv. 48), keniaSi (uaniama da njeru,Wanyama and Njeru 2004, gv. 1), TurqeTSi (Tanseli da berqani,Tansel and Bircan 2007, gv. 6), ugandaSi (eilori, Eilor 2007,
gv.28), indoeTis Stat dasavleT bengalSi (jalaladini, Jalalud-din 2007, gv.2). Tumca, arcerTi repetitorobis akrZalvis mcde-
loba am qveynebSi Sedegiani ar yofila. magaliTad, harTmani
(Hartmann 2008, gv. 48) gamoexmaura hereras SeniSvnebs (Herrera1992, gv. 75), romelic egvipteSi repetitorobis akrZalvas
iseTive uSedegos uwodebda, rogorc „quCis araswor adgilebze
gadasvlis ukanonod CaTvlas, radgan mas aranairi legaluri
riski ar axlavs Tan”. koreasa da mavrikSi ki, sadac repeti-
toroba sayovelTaod aikrZala da mTavrobebma Zalisxmeva ar
daiSures mis aRsakveTad, mcdelobebi mainc uSedegod das-
rulda. yvelaze seriozuli SemTxvevaa, rodesac skolis
maswavleblebs ekrZalebaT kerZo gakveTilebis Catareba im
moswavleebisTvis, romlebzec isini isedac pasuxismgeblebi
arian ZiriTad saskolo mecadineobebze. magram es kerZo
repetitorobis sayovelTaod akrZalvisgan gansxvavdeba.
rogorc Cans, politikam, romelic yuradRebas repetitoro-
bis moTxovnaze amaxvilebs, am moTxovnis Zireuli mizezebi unda
gadaWras da ara zedapiruli simptomebi. mravali am mizezTagani
mxolod ganaTlebis saministroebis mier ver gadaiWreba, radgan
isini kulturul-ekonomikur sferoebs exeba. kulturuli faq-
torebi gulisxmobs, Tu ramdenad socialurad prestiJulad da
msxverplis gaRebis Rirsad iTvleba akademiuri miRweva.
ekonomikuri faqtorebi ki exeba ganaTlebis umaRles safexure-
bze dabandebuli investirebidan miRebul mogebas da aqedan
gamomdinare, imis gadawyvetas, Tu ramdenad mizanSewonilia
ganaTlebis maRal safexurebze swavlaSi investireba. am kuTxiT
qmedeba SeiZleba ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministroebs, sao-
jaxo ganviTarebis saministroebs, an maT msgavs dawesebulebebs,
da agreTve ganaTlebis saministroebs daWirdes. iseT gansxvave-
bul qveynebSi, rogorebicaa avstria da korea, zogi ZiriTadi
reformis iniciativa mTavrobis maRali eSelonebidan wamovida
113
da ara ganaTlebis sferoSi momuSave profesionalebisgan. sam-
Tavrobo uwyebebma SeiZleba aseve TanamSromloba sazogadoebriv
organizaciebTan moisurvon, magaliTad religiur organizacieb-
Tan an socialuri keTildReobis jgufebTan.
miuxedavad amisa, ganaTlebis saministroebSi momuSave pro-
fesionalebs Cveulebriv aqvT garkveuli berketebi, rom
Crdilovani ganaTlebis masStabze da saxeobaze zegavlena
moaxdinon. maT gansakuTrebiT Semdegi faqtorebi unda gaiT-
valiswinon:
• gamocdebi. bevr qveyanaSi gamocdebis tipi ganapirobebs
repetitorobaze moTxovnis udides nawils. bevr
gamocdas Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs moswavleTa
Semdgomi cxovrebis SesaZleblobebisa da
winsvlisaTvis. sagamocdo formati SeiZleba afasebdes
repetitorTan momzadebis Sedegad mokle droiT
dazepirebul masalas, rac xangrZlivi drois manZilze
sakiTxebis fundamenturi da safuZvliani gaazrebis da
SeZenili codnis sapirispiroa. ganaTlebis mesveurebma
unda gadaxedon sagamocdo formatebs da tipebs.
Tumca, maT miamiturad ar unda irwmunon, rom gamocde-
bis reforma advili saqmea. rogorc es koreis da
mavrikis magaliTebma cxadhyo, mravali dainteresebuli
mxaris da interesTa dabalansebis faqtorebis gaT-
valiswinebaa saWiro.
• donidan doneze gadasvlis intensivoba. zog qveyanaSi
repetitorobaze moTxovna gamZafrebulia imis gacno-
bierebiT, rom aplikantTa mxolod SezRudul raode-
nobas SeuZlia ganaTlebis erTi safexuridan meoreze
gadasvla. repetitorobaze moTxovnis Semcirebis erTi
gzaa, miRebis gafarToeba, ise rom ufro met msurvels
SeeZlos erTi safexuridan meoreze gadasvla. Tumca, es
meTodic yovelTvis calsaxa ar aris. zog sazogadoe-
baSi, ZiriTadi kiTxva icvleba: Tu adre ismoda kiTxva,
SeZlebs Tu ara moswavle Semdgom safexurze
gadasvlas, axla ismis kiTxva, Tu romel institutSi
SeiZleba gadasvla Semdeg safexurze. stratificirebul
114
sazogadoebebSi, sadac elitaruli saswavleblebi isev
adamianebis mcire ricxvisTvis Tu aris xelmisawvdomi,
bunebrivia maTSi mosaxvedrad repetitorobaze moTxovna
kvlav maRali darCeba.
• saerTo sazogadoebis rwmena. repetitorobaze moTxovna
xSirad umeteswilad ganpirobebulia mSoblebis ukmay-
ofilebiT ZiriTadi saskolo sistemis xarisxiT.
skolebi SeiZleba socializaciis da sxva funqciebis
matarebel dawesebulebebad CaiTvalos, magram aucile-
blad saWiroeben damatebiT resursebs. raoden ironiu-
ladac ar unda JRerdes, zog SemTxvevaSi es swored
moswavleTa miRebis gafarToebiT aris gamowveuli,
romelic repetitorobaze moTxovnis Sesamcireblad iyo
gamiznuli. Tumca, mTavrobebma aseve unda gaacnobieron,
rom repetitorobaze moTxovnis umetesi nawili maRali
akademiuri moswrebis moswavleebisagan modis da ara
CamorCenili moswavleebisgan. saerTaSoriso Sedarebis
dros ki unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli is faqti, rom
saerTo maRali akademiuri moswrebis qveynebSi, magali-
Tad aRmosavleT aziaSi, repetitoroba SeiZleba ufro
farTod iyos gavrcelebuli, vidre dabali akademiuri
moswrebis qveynebSi, magaliTad, afrikaSi.
kanonmdeblebma da ganaTlebis mesveurebma aseve unda gaiT-
valiswinon konkretulad ra mizans isaxavs sxvadasxva tipis
repetitoroba. ratom arian mSoblebi mzad gadaixadon fuli,
rom maTi Svilebi 110-moswavlian momzadebis jgufSi Cairicxon
(CarCo 7), maSin rodesac ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamen, ufaso sa-
jaro skolebSi klasis zomam 35 moswavles Tu gadaaWarba?
mSoblebis azriT, ra codnas iZenen bavSvebi patara jgufebSi
an individualuri mecadineobis dros, risi miRebac maT ar Seu-
ZliaT ZiriTad saskolo gakveTilebze an saxlSi mSoblebis
daxmarebiT? ra SemTxvevaSi CaiTvleba gamoucdeli univer-
sitetis studentis mier saSualo skolis bavSvisTvis Catare-
bul gakveTilebSi gadaxdili Tanxa sasargeblo investiciad,
maSin rodesac am ukanasknels skolaSi gamocdili profesion-
ali utarebs gakveTils?
115
116
CarCo 7. profesionali repetitori egvipteSi
harTmani (Hartmann 2008, gv. 43) gvTavazobs egvipteli
repetitoris aRweras, romelsac kargi reputacia da maRali
sabazro moTxovna aqvs damkvidrebuli sazogadoebaSi. ro-
gorc aRvniSneT, is did jgufebsac izidavs.
me mimiwvies... rom daveswro qimiis gakveTils. vikaveb
adgils gogonebis mxaris bolo rigSi. Rodesac gakveTili
iwyeba, me viTvli 14 wlis asakis 110 moswavles. sami-oTxi
axalgazrda TanamSromeli-asistenti maT siCumisken
mouwodebs. rodesac mister hiSami oTaxSi Semodis, CurCuli
wydeba da 110 Tvalis wyvili didi molodiniT maswavleb-
liskenaa mipyrobili. mister hiSami daaxloebiT 45 wlis
gamxdari aRnagobis kacia, Txeli TmiT da Txeli ulvaSiT.
konservatulad aris Cacmuli. acvia perangi, halstuxi da
limnisferi Sarvali, magram misi sada Sexeduleba
bevrs SecdomaSi Seiyvans.
rogorc momdevno ori saaTi gviCvenebs, mister hiSami ara
mxolod gamocdili da cnobili maswavlebelia, aramed ni-
Wieri „Soumenic”. is auditoriis win dinamiurad moZraobs,
wers formulebs dafaze da imave dros mikrofonSi saubriT
riTmulad xsnis maT. drodadro, leqsiviT warmoTqvams for-
mulebs da frazebs, romlebsac Semdeg moswavleebi ramden-
jerme erTxmad imeoreben, romlebmac Cans maswavleblis
miTiTebebi da miniSnebebi kargad ician... moswavleebi
kiTxvebs TiTqmis ar svamen, Tumca SeuZliaT furclebze
daweron kiTxvebi, romlebsac asistentebi Seagroveben da
Semdeg maswavlebels
repetitorobis miwodebis problemis gadaWra
zog garemoebaSi miwodebam SeiZleba Seqmnas moTxovna.
am mxriv sami konkretuli mdgomareobis ganxilva SeiZleba:
• maswavleblebi qmnian sakuTa bazars. rogorc ukve
aRvniSneT, rig qveynebSi maswavleblebi Cveulebriv
sTavazoben damatebiT gakveTilebs im moswavleebs,
romlebzec isedac pasuxismgeblebi arian ZiriTad
saskolo mecadineobebze. yvelaze problemur
SemTxvevebSi, maswavleblebi moswavleebze zewolas
imiT axdenen, rom gakveTilze programis nawils gadian
da moswavleebs amcnoben, rom maTi zeda klasSi
gadasvla nawilobriv mainc maswavlebelzea damokide-
buli. rogorc silova (Silova 2007, gv.8) aRniSnavs,
„iZulebiTi” repetitoroba:
gulisxmobs maswavleblis mier moswavleebze ganx-
orcielebul zewolas (da xSirad daSantaJebas), rom
skolis Semdeg iaron maTTan kerZo mecadineobebze.
isini xSirad bavSvebs dabali niSnebiT emuqrebian
uaris SemTxvevaSi.
silovas mier Seswavlili regionebidan, es qmedeba
gansakuTrebiT farTodaa gavrcelebuli centralur aziaSi
(yazaxeTSi, yirgizeTSi, tajikeTSi da monRoleTSi) da kavkasi-
aSi (azerbaijanSi da saqarTveloSi).
• zewola Tanatolebisgan. rodesac irgvliv yvela ker-
Zod emzadeba, moswavleebic da mSoblebic Tvlian, rom
CamorCebian Tanatolebs, Tu isinic kerZo maswavle-
belTan ar moemzadebian. rogorc qimTan (Kim 2007,
gv. 9) interviuSi erTerTma mSobelma Tqva:
yvela masmediis saSualeba gadmoscems, rom bavSvebi
kerZod emzadebian, da Cemi Svilis megobris
mSoblebic amboben, rom maTma Svilebma esa Tu is sak-
iTxi kerZo dawesebulebebSi iswavles. . . . me minda,
rom Cem Svils ukeTesi cxovreba hqondes, ase rom
vaiZuleb iaros kerZo saswavleblebSida amiT met
investicias vdeb mis ganaTlebaSi.
117
• repetitorobis mimwodeblebis reklamireba. komer-
ciul garemoSi repetitorebi sxva biznesebiviT iqce-
vian da cdiloben Seqmnan moTxovna im servisze, rasac
isini sTavazoben xalxs. zogi gancxadebebs akravs
quCebSi, gazeTebSi da sazogadobriv transportSi.
maTi muSaobis xarisxs SeiZleba empiriuli safuZveli
ar hqondes, da rogorc ZiriTadi ganaTlebis sis-
temaSi, cudi Sedegebis SemTxvevaSi, moswavlis
dadanaSauleba SeiZleba da ara maswavleblis. inter-
netis gavrcelebam miwodebaze geografiuli SezRud-
vebi moxsna. zog qveyanaSi, moTxovna kidev ufro
gazrdilia uflebebis miniWebiT. rogorc amas deivisi
da aurini xsnian (Davies and Aurini 2006, gv.124):
aseTi mowyoba patara biznesebs centralur qse-
lebTan akavSirebs, magram privilegirebulebi kor-
poraciuli qselisgan imiT gansxvavdebian, rom
adgilobriv biznesmenebs sakuTari centrebi aqvT
da riskis did nawils Tavis Tavze iReben... adg-
ilobriv mesakuTreebs finansuri daintereseba aqvT,
amitom, albaT motivirebulebi arian, rom uzrunve-
lyon privilegirebuli momsaxureba, ufro efeqtu-
rad, vidre amas xelfasis mqone menejeri gaakeTebda.
es mcire investorebi iZenen damkvidrebuli da aRi-
arebuli produqtis gayidvis uflebas, Rebuloben
marketingul daxmarebas, menejerul
momzadebas, da daxmarebas produqtis SemowmebaSi...
iqneba es yavis gayidva, manqanis gaqiraveba, Tu
moswavleebis kerZo momzadeba, adgilobriv privi-
legirebul mflobelebs myisierad miuwvdebaT xeli
produqtze da damkvidrebul samomxmareblo
bazarze.
maswavleblebis mier Tavisive moswavleebisTvis SemoTavaze-
buli kerZo gakveTilebi SeiZleba ganxiluli iyos korufciaze
118
farTo diskusiis konteqstSi (olaki da puasoni, Hallak andPoisson, 2007; puasoni, Poisson 2007; dousoni, Dawson, 2009).CarCo 8 warmoadgens klitgaardis (Klitgaard) sasargeblo for-
mulas sakiTxebis warmosaxvisTvis. rodesac formulas repeti-
torobas mivusadagebT, gamoCndeba, rom maswavleblebi ufro
metad arian korumpirebulebi, rodesac TavianTi moswavleebis
saswavlo procesze monopolia aqvT, rodesac TviTneburad Seu-
ZliaT gadawyveta, Tu vin Caabarebs tests da vin CaiWreba, da
rodesac isini sistemis sxva nawilis winaSe angariSvalde-
bulni ar arian. mavrikSi, imis gadawyvetileba, rom IV-V safex-
urebze klasis xelmZRvanelebi yvela saganSi sxvadasxva
maswavlebliT CaenacvlebinaT, gamiznuli iyo am xelmZR-
vanelebis monopoliis Sesamcireblad. sxva reformebi miznad
isaxavs moswavleTa gamorCevis TviTneburi gadawyvetilebis
saSualebis Semcirebas da maswavlebelTa angariSvaldebulebis
gazrdas skolis da sistemis doneze.
119
CarCo 8. monopolia + moswavleebis TviTneburi gamorCeva
_ angariSvaldebuleba
korufciis maxasiaTeblebis da mizezebis ganxilvisas
klit gaardma (Klitgaard 1988, gv. 75) ZiriTadi elementebi
formulamde daiyvana:
korufcia = monopolia + gadawyvetilebebis TviTneburad
miReba _ angariSvaldebuleba.
man wamoayena mosazreba, rom ukanono qmedeba vrceldeba,
rodesac agentebs klientebze monopolia aqvT damyarebuli,
rodesac agentebs gadawyvetilebebis miReba TviTneburad
SeuZliaT, da rodesac maTi angariSvaldebuleba mcirea.
bisualma (Biswal 1999, gv. 323) aCvena, Tu rogorc para-
lelebs avlens es koncefcia kerZo repetitorobasa da ko-
rufciis sxva formebs Soris, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac
ZiriTadi maswavleblebi kerZo gakveTilebs sTavazoben Tavis
moswavleebs. rogorc bisuali aRniSnavda, am maswavleblebs
„monopolia aqvT mopovebuli studentebisTvis TavianTi
jonsonma (Johnson, 2008) am koncefcias iseTi cvladebi
daumata, rogorebicaa sagani, romelsac maT aswavlian,
moswavleebis socio-ekonomikuri statusi da maTi akademiuri
moswreba. yirgizeTSi Catarebuli kvlevis moxmobiT jonsonma
aRniSna, rom (gv. 213):
korufciaSi monawile an aramonawile maswavle-
blebis gansxvaveba erTmaneTisgan ara maTi eTnikuri
warmoSobiT, genderiT, asakiT an maTi adminis-
traciuli roliT SeiZleba, aramed ufro imis cod-
niT, Tu vin arian maTi moswavleebi, vin arian maTi
kolega maswavleblebi, vin aris maTi skolis direq-
tori, ra sagnebs aswavlian isini, da ra ubanSi cx-
ovroben.
ufro konkretulad ki (gv. 219):
yvelaze metad korumpirebuli maswavlebeli yir-
gizeTSi aswavlis iseT maRalmoTxovnad sagnebs, ro-
gorebicaa maTematika, yirgizuli ena, an inglisuri
ena, da ara iseTi dabali moTxovnis sagnebs, rogor-
icaa istoria. isini aswavlian maRali socio-
ekonomikuri statusis mqone moswavleebs, romlebsac
saSualo maCveneblebiani akademiuri moswreba aqvT
[GPA]. isini naklebad ganviTarebul da eTnikurad
ufro homogenur regionSi aswavlian, rogorc ur-
banul aseve soflis raionebSi. rac yvelaze niSan-
doblivia, yvelaze korumpirebuli maswavleblebi
120
servisis miwodebaze. maT aqvT gadawyvetilebis TviTneburad
miRebis ufleba, Tu ras miawvdian klientebs, da TavianT
qmedebebze angariSvaldebulni ar arian. es warmoSobs iseT
situacias, rodesac maswavleblebi moswavleebisgan da-
matebiT samomxmareblo Semosavals iReben skolaSi
gakveTilebis gacdeniT da fasiani damatebiTi klasgareSe
mecadineobebis SemoTavazebiT.”
aswavlian im skolebSi, sadac sxva maswavleblebis
„simkacre” da skolis direqtoris profesionalizmi
maT iurisdiqciaze ar vrceldeba.
amgvarad, jonsoni gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom klitgaardis
ZiriTadi debuleba moqmedia, radgan aseT maswavleblebs
udidesi monopolia aqvT moTxovnad ganaTlebaze da maT xelT
aris ganawilebisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis umetesi wili.
jonsonis mier damatebuli cvladebi ki Seicavs msyidvelobiTi
unaris mqone moswavleebis mier gazrdil moTxovnas, romelic
maTi SesaZleblobebiT da konkretuli sagnebiT dainteresebiT
aris ganpirobebuli. aseT SemTxvevaSi, korumpirebul
maswavlebels korumpirebuli klienti esaWiroeba. kanonmde-
blebisTvis ki es sxvadasxva cvladebis sxvadasxva konteqstSi
gaTvaliswinebas niSnavs.
am kuTxidan Tu SevxedavT, is faqti, rom zogierTi
ganaTlebis sistema ufro metad zrdis, vidre amcirebs,
maswavleblebis TviTnebur qmedebebs ufro nakleb winaaRmde-
gobrivi mogveCveneba, vidre es SeiZleba erTi SexedviT Candes.
erTi gza, rom Semcirdes didi mniSvnelobis mqone gamocdebis
uaryofiTi zegavlena, aris is, rom sxva meTodebTan erTad
gamocdebi saskolo Sefasebis mxolod erTerT komponentad vaq-
cioT. saskolo Sefasebebi aucileblad zrdis maswavleblebis
rols, rac maT mier gadawyvetilebebis TviTneburad miRebis
uflebamosilebasac zrdis. kanonmdeblebisTvis ismis ZiriTadi
SekiTxva: gamoasworebs Tu ara sistemas gafarToebuli saskolo
Sefaseba, Tu morig problemebs warmoSobs? pasuxi damokidebuli
iqneba maswavlebelTa profesionalizmze da saswavlo procesis
TviTregulaciis masStabze. es qmedeba SeiZleba yirgizeTis zo-
gierT nawilSi mizanSewonilad ar CaiTvalos, magram SesaZloa
qveynis sxva nawilebSi an sulac sxva qveynebSi gamodges,
gansakuTrebiT Tu is TviT repetitorobis eTikis kodeqsTan
erTad iqneba ganxorcielebuli (puasoni, Poisson 2007, gv.17).maswavlebelTa profkavSirebi SeiZleba Rirebul partniorebad
iqcnen im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moxerxdeba maTi darwmuneba, rom am
sakiTxSi kanonmdeblebs mxari auban.
121
aseve yuradRebas imsaxurebs modelebis cxrili, romelsac
teilori (Taylor 2007, gv,17-18) gansaxilvelad gvTavazobs
programaSi „mniSvnelovani progresis gakeTeba”, romelic 2007
wels inglisSi daiwyo (cxrili 14). es proeqti aqtiurad
ganixilavda skolis maswavleblebis daqiravebas, rom Caetare-
binaT damatebiTi gakveTilebi TavianTi moswavleebisTvis, albaT
imis CaTvliT, rom sazedamxedvelo struqturebi adeqvaturi
iqneboda (anu sakmarisi angariSvaldebuleba iarsebebda) da
eTikis sakiTxebi problemebs ar warmoSobda. aseve mowveulni
iqnebodnen sxva skolebis maswavleblebi, profesionali repeti-
torebi, da saswavlo-mentorebi, im pirobiT, rom maT eqnebodaT
kvalificiuri maswavleblis statusi (QTS).arakvalificiuri universitetis studentebi programaSi
monawileobas ar miiRebdnen, xolo staJiori-maswavleblebi mx-
olod im gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi daiSvebodnen, Tu maT
moswavlis skola ukve icnobda. es modelebi SeiZleba sxva
qveynebSic gamodges, Tumca xazi unda gaesvas im faqts, rom
isini iseT garemoSi Seiqmna, sadac mZlavri finansuri
resursebi da maswavleblebis profesionalizmisTvis Zlieri
baza arsebobda.
122
cxrili 14. inglisis „mniSvnelovani progresis gakeTebis”
programisTvis Seqmnili repetitorobis
modelebi
123
modeli dadebiTi mxare SezRudvebi
skolis
maswavlebeli
•icnobs moswavles
da mis saWiroebebs,
moTxovnebs.
•icnobs mSoblebs.
•klasSi programis
midevneba ufro
advilia.
•xarisxis uzrunvel
yofa ufro garanti-
rebulia.
•skolis maswavleblis klas-
gareSe repetitorad aRqma
moswavlis mier.
•axleburi midgoma/Tvisebebi
SeiZleba gaxdes saWiro
bavSvis mecadineobaSi
CarTvisTvis.
•maswavleblis datvirTva
SeiZleba problemas war-
moadgendes.maswavleblis
arasaskolo dro SeiZleba
ukve dakavebuli iyos.
•mSobelTa Sexeduleba
repetitorobaze
– repetitori skolis
maswavleblisgan
gansxvavebuli pirovneba unda
iyos, anu sxva adamiani unda
iyos.
skolis an
skolasTan
dakavSirebu-
li sxva
maswavlebeli
•saxis da stilis
cvlileba.
•farTo amocdileba.
•skolis sistemebis
da ganawesis codna.
•wyvilSi muSaobis
SesaZlebloba.
•skolis
maswavlebelsa
da mSoblebs Soris
kontaqti ufro
advili xdeba.
•moswavle cvlilebisas Tavs
daucvelad grZnobs.
•maswavlebeli bavSvis
saWiroebebs da moTxovnebs
ar icnobs.
•maswavleblis amJamindeli
datvirTva SeiZleba proble-
mebs qmnides.
•maswavleblis skolis Semd-
gomi dro SeiZleba ukve
dakavebuli iyos.
124
•Canawerebze, akade-
miur informaciaze
da saswavlo
gegmebze
xelmisawvdomoba.
•SeiZleba moswavlis
Tvis da
mSoბlisTvis
ukve nacnobi iyos.
•xarisxis
uzrunvelyofa
ufro
garantirebulia.
•mSoblebis azri repeti-
torobaze – repetitori
unda skolis maswavleblis-
gan gansxvavdebodes, anu sxva
unda iyos.
maswavleblebi
partniori
skolebidan
•axali saxe/axali
ideebi.
•axali gamocdileba
maswavleblebisTvis.
•aumjobesebs da
aZlierebs gadasvlas
skolidan skolaSi.
•kargi gamocdilebis
gaziareba saskolo
raionebs Soris.
•SeiZleba moiTxovon gareSe
maswavleblebis gadamzadeba.
•ufrosi moswavleebisTvis
ukeTesi, eguebian maswavle-
blebis cvalebadobas.
•maswavleblebi axali
garemos/fazis
moTxovnebs/molodins ar
icnoben.
•maswavleblebma ar ician
bavSvs ra esaWiroeba.
•mecadineobebis xarisxis
uzrunvelyofaze Tvalis
devneba ufro rTulia.
nebismieri
maswavlebeli
•axali saxe/axali
ideebi.
•moswavlis saWiroe-
bebze axali Sexedu-
leba.
•afarTovebs maswav-
leblebis monawi-
leobas programaSi.
•Sesaferisi arsebiTi sagno-
brivi codnis nakleboba.
•skolis sistemebis ucodi-
naroba.
•skolis maswavlebelTan
kontaqtis damyarebis
garTuleba droiTi da
adgilmdebareobis SezRudve-
bis gamo.
125
•axal konteqstSi
muSaobis
gamocdile-
bis SeZena.
•fazis molodinis, moTx-
ovniebis ucodinaroba.
•ar icis ra esaWiroeba
bavSvs.
•saswavlo sesiebis xarisxis
uzrunvelYofis
gakontroleba ufro
Zneli xdeba.
sarepetitoro
organizacia
•isini qiraoben
repetitorebs.
•ufro meti
arCevani.
•yvela administra-
ciuli sakiTxi
adgilobrivi
mTavrobisTvis
keTdeba.
•tevadoba da dro
ar warmoadgens
problemas.
•amsubuqebs samuSao
zewolas skolis
maswavleblebze.
•Tanamedrove strategiebis
codnis done.
•sesiebis xarisxis gakon-
troleba Zneli.
•repetitoris geografiuli
adgilmdebareoba.
•moswavleebTan da mSobleb-
Tan swrafi urTierTobis
damyarebis SesaZleblobis
arseboba. saskolo sisteme-
bis codna, mag.: moswavleebis
profilireba/doneebad
dayofa.
•teritoriis/Senobis safa-
suri.
•usafrTxoebis da uSiSroe-
bis sakiTxebi.
126
sxva mosazre-
bebi:
konsultan-
tebi; wamyvani
maswavleblebi;
Semdgomi
ganaTlebis
maswavleblebi;
maswavleblad
dabrunebulebi;
sainformacio
da komunika-
ciis teqnolo-
giebi (ICT);ara-sapilote
programebis
maswavleblebi/
ufrosi maswav-
leblebi;
saojaxo
repetitorebi
(unda hqon-
des kvalifi-
ciuri maswav-
leblis
statusi
[QTS]); saswav-lo mentorebi
(unda hqondeT
QTS);maswavlebeli
staJiorebi
im gamonaklis
SemTxvevebSi,
Tu maT skola
icnobs.
•saxis da stilis
cvlileba.
•farTo amocdileba.
•SeiZleba moswavle
da mSoblebi ukve
icnobdnen.
• sagnis Sesaferisi
codna
•sesiebis xarisxis
monitoringi
ufro rTuli xdeba.
•gadamwyveti etapisTvis
Sesaferisi axali da
relevanturi gamocdileba.
•gadamwyveti etapisTvis
Sesaferisi sagnobrivi
codnis nakleboba –
SeiZleba damatebiTi
treiningi da
daxmareba dasWirdes.
bazris moTokva/regulireba
kanonmdeblebs, romlebsac sjeraT, rom repetitoroba ukve
arsebobs da ver aRmoifxvreba, Tundac mTavrobis warmomadgen-
lebs amisi survili hqondeT, SeuZliaT eZion gzebi bazris
dasaregulireblad da sinergiis gansamtkiceblad. amisi
nimuSebi zemoT ukve iyo moyvanili. magaliTad, mavrikSi
maswavleblebs neba darTes, rom gamoiyenon saklaso oTaxebi
da amiT Crdilovan ganaTlebas ufro meti wesrigisa da reg-
ulirebis iersaxe miscen. aseve zanzibaris mTavrobam neba
darTo sazelmwifo skolebs, rom daaweson mciredi gadasaxadi
damatebiTi mecadineobebisTvis, romlebsac maswavleblebi ofi-
cialuri samuSao saaTebis Semdeg Caatareben im situaciaSi,
sadac mSoblebTan amis Taobaze SeTanxmeba arsebobs. samTavrobo
dokumenti (zanzibari, Zanzibar 1998, gv. 18) xsnis:
Tumca es reforma winaaRmdegobrivia, is mSoblebs
iSviaT SesaZleblobas sTavazobs, rom nebayoflobiTi
wvlili Seitanon maswavleblebis anazRaurebaSi da
amiT gazardon maswavleblebis motivacia da Seamc-
iron maTi survili eZebon sxva samsaxuri. am re-
formas dadebiTi zegavlena aqvs swavlis
xelmisawvdomobazec, radgan moswavleTa mzardi rao-
denobis fonze daqiravebul maswavlebelTa ricxvic
stabilurad izrdeba.
es politika garkveul riskTan aris dakavSirebuli, radgan
is sasurveli struqturuli cvlilebebis gatarebaze aucile-
blobas xsnis, ris Sedegadac maswavleblebs aunazRaurdebodaT
Catarebuli samuSao, romelsac isini Sesabamis safexurze
Caatarebdnen. ufro metic, es politika SeiZleba privatizaciis
farul formad iqces, romelic skolis kulturas cvlis da
Znelad Seqcevadia. miuxedavad amisa, mTavrobis warmomadgenlebma
aRiares, rom repetitoroba arsebobs da ZiriTad saskolo sis-
temasTan paralelurad sinergiebis Camoyalibebas Seuwyes xeli.
sxva iniciativebic SeiZleba iyos wamowyebuli skolis
127
doneze, magram SeiZleba raionulad an ufro maRal doneze
gavrceldes. rogorc bevr sxva adgilas, aseve kambojaSi
dawyebiTi klasebis administratorebma SeniSnes, rom maswavle-
blebs ufro metad surT aswavlon popularuli sagnebi zeda
klasebSi, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi kerZo repetitorobis
bazarze adgils advilad imkvidreben (brei da banli, Bray andBunly, 2005; dousoni, Dawson, 2009). amis Sedegad, qveda
safexurebi da sxva sagnebi SeiZleba ugulebelyofili darCes.
erTi mTavari maswavlebelis SorsmWvreteluri strategiiT,
repetitorobidan Segrovebul Semosavals skolis yvela
maswavlebels unawilebdnen. es erTi maswavleblis iniciativiT
xdeboda, magram misi gamoyeneba mTeli sistemis masStabiT Sei-
Zleba.
mTavrobebs agreTve SeuZliaT waaxalison repetitorebi, rom
TavianT saqmianobas profesionaluri saxe miscen. magaliTad,
taivans aqvs repetitorobis uzrunvelyofis asociacia,
romelic misi wevrebis saganmanaTleblo da biznes saqmianobebs
zedamxedvelobas uwevs. 1999 wels taipeiSi daaxloebiT 1,150
sarepetitoro skola iyo, romelTagan naxevari sarepetitoro
ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofis taipeis asociaciis wevri iyo. aso-
ciacia ganixilavda sazogadoebis saCivrebs wevri skolebis
winaaRmdeg, aqveynebda axali ambebis cnobars, da TviTregulire-
bad organod moqmedebda (brei, Bray 2003, gv. 57). saberZneTSi
msgavsi organizacia aris mowinave maswavleblebis elinisturi
federacia (Hellenic Federation of Frontistiria Teachers), romelic
1981 wels daarsda da 2008 wlisTvis 3,000 wevri hyavda, rom-
lebic sarepetitoro skolebis mflobelebi iyvnen da 37,000
wevri hyavda, romlebic repetitorebi iyvnen (hagiTegasi, Hagite-gas, 2008 a, gv.1; ix. agreTve hagiTegasi, Hagitegas, 2008 b). esorganizaciebi profesiuli dawesebulebebia, romlebTanac
mTavrobas bavSvebis keTildReobis saerTo interesebisTvis
urTierTobis damyareba da molaparakebis warmoeba SeuZlia.
sxva sarepetitoro kompaniebma moipoves reputacia xarisxis
kontrolis standartebis gaSuqebiT. germaniaSi msxvili
sarepetitoro kompania, Schuellerhilfe.de, amayobs, rom is eqvemde-bareba klienturis momsaxurebis xarisxis sertificirebis
128
process, ISOO9001. safrangeTSi, kompletiudmac (Complétude)msgavsi meTodiT konkurentebs Soris Tavi gamoiCina. am ini-
ciativebs TviT kompaniebi axorcielebdnen, magram SeiZleba wax-
alisebuli iyos erovnuli mTavrobebis mier, im muqaris
gamoyenebiT, rom Tu aseTi kompaniebi TviT-regulacias ar moax-
denen, maTi regulireba gare Zalebidan moxdeba.
mTavrobebs aseve sarepetitoro skolebis sabazro strate-
giebis gamoyeneba SeuZliaT, raTa sazogadoebis garkveul seg-
mentebSi Segneba aamaRlon. rogorc qimi (Kim 2007, gv.14)
gadmoscems, koreaSi kerZo dawesebulebebis instruqtorebi
Cveulebriv ganasxvaveben sazogadoebis zeda saSualo fenas da
qveda fenas, da aRniSnavs, rom qveda fenis mSoblebi naklebad
aZaleben bavSvebs, rom iswavlon. radgan sarepetitoro
saswavleblebs TavianTi bazris gafarToeba surT, isini “mud-
mivad aRviveben sazogadoebis ltolvas socialuri mobiluro-
bisken ganaTlebis meSveobiT”. es mTavrobebis miznebsac
emsaxureba, imdenad ramdenadac qveda socialur fenebSi sagan-
manaTleblo qmedebebs acocxlebs.
Amsgavsad amisa, mTavrobebs SeuZliaT ganaviTaron repeti-
toroba arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan da sazogadoebriv or-
ganizaciebTan SeTanxmebiT. jalaladinma (Jalaluddin 2007, gv.4)
gaaSuqa bangladeSis sazogadoebis swavlis daxmarebis proe-
qti (CLAP) romelic 1998 wels daiwyo bavSvebis da sazoga-
doebis dasaxmareblad, rom swavlis gasaumjobeseblad
ganaviTaron sakuTari SesaZleblobebi. am proeqtis erTerTi
komponentia sazogadoebidan repetitorebis daqiraveba, rom-
lebic umetesad kolejebis da universitetebis studentebi
arian, romlebsac adgilobrivi sazogadoeba irCevs da maTTan
erTad momuSave arasamTavrobo organizacia utarebs
treningebs. repetitorebi skolis maswavleblebTan mWidro
kavSirSi muSaoben, Tumca ara maTi xelmZRvanelobis qveS.
msgavsi iniciativa Catarda egvi pteSi, sadac mTavroba
TiTqos da ewinaaRmdegeba Crdilovan ganaTlebas, magram
gadawyvita, rom garkveul aspeqtebSi Seuwyos xeli saqvelmo-
qmedo organizaciebis miwodebiT, raTa dabalSemosavliani
fenebisaTvis damatebiTi mecadineobebi uzrunvelyon meCeTebSi,
129
eklesiebSi da sxva SenobebSi. harTmanis (Hartmann 2008, gv.41)
gadmocemiT, es repetitorobis oficialuri da legaluri
forma SemoRebuli iyo “rogorc reaqcia farTod gavrcele-
bul aralegalur repetitorobaze.” kerZo moxalise asocia-
ciebs moeTxovebaT, rom daregistrirdnen ara ganaTlebis
saministroSi, aramed socialuri sakiTxebis saministroSi.
maregulirebeli struqturebis gaumjobeseba
maregulirebel struqturebze komentarebis gakeTeba
sasargeblo iqneba silovas (Silova, 2007) statiis xsenebiT.man aRniSna, rom (gv. 9) repetitorobis farTomasStaburobis
da uaryofiTi Sedegebis miuxedavad, aRmosavleT evropaSi da
aziaSi, mis mier Seswavlili 12 qveynidan mxolod eqvss hqonda
maregulirebeli sistemebi - yazaxeTs, litvas, monRoleTs, slo-
vakeTs, tajikeTs da ukrainas (cxrili 15).
cxrili 15. repetitorobis maregulirebeli sakanonmdeblo
CarCoebi evropisa da aziis eqvs qveyanaSi
saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis
mier damatebiTi ganaTlebis servisis uzrunve-
lyofa 1999 wlis dekretiT regulirdeba.
kerZo repetitoroba gansazRvrulia, rogorc
saskolo sagnebSi moswavleebisTvis damatebiTi
individualuri mecadineobebis Catareba, garda
saxelmwifo saswavlo programiT dadgenili
akademiuri saaTebisa. dekreti agreTve adgens,
rom skolebs SeuZliaT aseTi saganmanaTleblo
momsaxurebis SeTavazeba, rogorc saxelmwifo
saganmanaTleblo standartebze maRla mdgomi
damatebiTi saganmanaTleblo programebisa.
130
yazaxeTi
2003 wlis ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kanonis mixedviT
SemoRebul iqna Tavisufali maswavleblis cneba,
romelic gulisxmobs pirovnebas, romelsac
mopovebuli aqvs licenzia indvidualurad Caer-
Tos saganmanaTleblo saqmianobaSi.
Tavisufal maswavlebels SeuZlia SesTavazos
araformaluri ganaTleba an gamoiyenos sapro-
gramo modulebi, romlebic avseben skolamdel
programas da / an formalur saganmanaTleblo
programebs. Tavisufal maswavleblebs aqvT
ufleba imuSaon sakuTari individualuri pro-
gramebiT an airCion meTodebi da pedagogiuri
moRvaweobis formebi da SesTavazon konsulta-
ciebi da samsaxurebSi daxmareba. kanoni Tavis-
ufal maswavleblebs rig moTxovnebs uyenebs,
magaliTad eTikis dacvas, moswavlis usafrTx-
oebis garantias, iseTi samuSao adgilis qonas,
romelic higienis moTxovnebs akmayofilebs, da
moswavleebTan SeTanxmebuli saswavlo procesis
gamoyenebas gulisxmobs. kanoni ukrZalavs Tavi-
sufal maswavleblebs kerZo gakveTilebi Cau-
taron TavianTi ZiriTadi skolis moswavleebs.
2006 wlis ganaTlebis kanoni da 2007 wlis
skolamdeli, dawyebiTi skolis da saSualo sko-
lis maswavleblebis eTikis kodeqsi ukrZalavs
maswavleblebs, Cautaron gakveTilebi TavianT
moswavleebs. eTikis kodeqsis meore seqcia yu-
radRebas amaxvilebs, rom maswavleblebs “ara
aqvT ufleba aiZulon moswavleebi SeiZinon
wignebi, saswavlo masalebi da sxva nivTebi;
moTxovon maT gadaixadon Tanxa, romelic kanon-
mdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris, da saku-
Tari iniciativiT SesTavazon kerZo
131
litva
monRoleTi
gakve Tilebi”. eTikis kodeqsis damrRvevi
maswavleblebi daisjebian maswavleblis serTi-
fikatis CamorTmeviT.
savaWro licenzirebis aqti ucxo enebSi da
xelovnebaSi kerZo mecadineobebis Catarebis
pirobebs adgens. ucxo enebis swavleba SesaZle-
belia mxolod am saganSi xarisxis mopovebis
Semdeg (sauniversiteto xarisxi an ucxo enis
serTifikati) an 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi im
qveyanaSi cxovrebiT, sadac es ena oficialurad
gamoiyeneba. repetitoroba xelovnebis dargSi
SeiZleba im pirobiT Tu maswavlebeli serti-
fikats xelovnebis skolidan moipovebs an am
dargSi 10-wliani gamocdilebis Semdeg. Tumca,
sxva sagnebSi kerZo gakveTilebis Casatareblad
oficialuri sakvalifikacio moTxovnebi ar ar-
sebobs da aranairi sakanonmdeblo SezRudvebi
ar aris TviTon maswavleblebis mier Catarebul
kerZo mecadineobebze.
2004 wlis ganaTlebis kanoni kerZo repeti-
tors gansazRvravs, rogorc “maswavlebels,
romelic moswavleebs individualur an jgu-
fur mecadineobebs sTavazobs [oficialuri]
samuSao saaTebisgan Tavisufal dros skolaSi
an universitetSi”. 24-e muxlis Tanaxmad,
mSoblebs an aRmzrdelebs SeuZliaT moTxovon
saxelmwifo saSualo skolebs, rom moawyon da-
matebiTi mecadineobebi garkveuli gadasaxadis
sanacvlod. kanoni adgens, rom damatebiTi
mecadineobebi SeiZleba Catardes oficialuri
saskolo programebis miRma Semdeg sferoebSi:
(1) calkeul programebSi da sagnebSi, romleb-
132
slovakeTi
tajikeTi
sac saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo programa ar
iTvaliswinebs; (2) im sakiTxebis siRrmiseul
SeswavlaSi, romlebsac saganmanaTleblo dawe-
sebulebebi ar iTvaliswinebs, da (3) im sagan-
manaTleblo momsaxurebaSi, romelic
saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo standartebs
scildeba.
2003 wels ganaTlebis da mecnierebis samin-
istrom skolebis teritoriaze kerZo mecadi-
neobebis Catareba akrZala. “iZulebiT
repetitorobaze” (e.i. klasis maswavlbelis
mier SeTavazebul da an moTxovnil kerZo
mecadineobebze) mSobelTa saCivris sapasuxod,
2004 wels saministrom skolis maswavleblebs
aukrZala TavianTi moswavleebis kerZod
momzadeba.
wyaro: silova (Silova, 2007), gv. 10-11.
am eqvsi qveynidan, litvas yvelaze daxvewili sistema hqonda.
litvis 2003 wlis ganaTlebis kanoni kerZo repetitoris (aR-
werili, rogorc “Tavisufali maswavlebeli”) yovlismomcvel
gansazRvrebas sTavazobda sazogadoebas, da detalurad aRwerda
daregistrirebis procedurebs. is aseve moTxovnebs adgenda
repetitorebisTvis, kerZod ki moiTxovda maswavleblis eTikis
kodeqsis dacvas, SemswavlelTa, usafrTxoebas da repetitoro-
bisTvis Sesaferisi adgilis SerCevas. litvis kanoni aseve iT-
valiswinebda, rom zogierT repetitors SeiZleba ZiriTad
saskolo sistemaSic emuSava. aseT SemTxvevaSi is maswavle-
blebs ukrZalavda emecadinebinaT sakuTari moswavleebi (ix
agreTve budieni da zabulionisi, Būdienė and Zabulionis 2006,
gv. 218).
133
ukraina
amis sapirispirod, slovakeTSi savaWro licenzirebis aqti
repetitorobas xels uwyobda mxolod ucxo enebSi da
xelovnebaSi. sxva saskolo sagnebSi kerZo mecadineobis Casa-
tareblad kvalifikaciebi saWiro ar iyo. maswavleblebis ume-
tesoba Crdilovan ekonomikaSi muSaobda savaWro licenziis
da Semosavlidan gadasaxadebis gadaxdis gareSe (ix. agreTve
kubanova, Kubánová 2006 gv. 282). garda amisa, aranairi kanoni
ar zRudavda TviT maswavleblebis mier kerZo mecadineobebis
Catarebas. am jgufSi mxolod sami qveyana (litva, monRoleTi
da ukraina) ukrZalavda maswavleblebs emecadinebinaT Ta-
vianTive moswavleebi, romlebsac ZiriTad saskolo gakveTile-
bze isedac aswavlidnen.
silova aRniSnavda (gv. 11), rom nebismier SemTxvevaSi es
kanonebi iSviaTad Tu Sedioda ZalaSi. yazaxeTSi da tajikeTSi
procedurebi gansakuTrebiT rTuli da Zviri iyo; da litvaSic
ki, sadac yvelaze daxvewili struqtura arsebobda, cota
repetitori Tu registrirdeboda, rogorc es maT moeTxovebo-
daT. garda amisa, litvis saxelmwifo sagadasaxado inspeqcia
TiTqmis SeuZleblad Tvlida imis damtkicebas, rom pirovneba
kerZo mecadineobebs atarebda da ganucxadebel Semosavals
iRebda. yazaxeTSi da tajikeTSi, kanonmdebloba adgenda, rom
mSoblebs damatebiTi gakveTilebis safasuri saswavleblebis sa-
banko angariSebze gadaericxaT, magram yazaxeTSi Zalian mcire
raodenobis sajaro skolas, tajikeTSi ki arcerT sajaro sko-
las sabanko angariSi ar hqonda. silovam aseve gaaSuqa (gv. 12)
sagadasaxado waxalisebis ararseboba. tajikeTis ganaTlebis
kanoni adgenda, rom “fasiani saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebidan
miRebuli Semosavlebi ibegreboda tajikeTis kanonmdeblobis
mixedviT”. Tumca, mTavrobas aranairi meqanizmi ar hqonda am kano-
nis ZalaSi Sesayvanad, da repetitorebs ki aranairi waxaliseba
ar hqondaT, rom kanons TavianTi nebiT damorCilebodnen.
sxva qveynebs gansxvavebuli sakanonmdeblo struqturebi da
normebi aqvT. koreas da iaponias Sorisac ki mniSvnelovani
gansxvavebebia, miuxedavad koreis sakanonmdeblo sistemaze
iaponiis zegavlenisa kolonializmis periodSi. qimi da li
(Kim and Lee 2008, gv. 9) aRniSnavdnen, rom haquonebis (hak-
134
wons) damfuZneblebma mTavrobisgan nebarTva unda moipovon.
maTi instruqtorebi garkveul moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebd-
nen da maTi aRWurviloba usafrTxoebis standartebs unda
Seesabamebodes. kanonebi aseve moiTxovs, rom gadasaxadebi adg-
ilobrivi saganmanaTleblo komitetebis mier dadgenil lim-
itze naklebi iyos. qimi da li aRniSnavdnen (gv. 9), rom:
es mkacri kanonmdebloba iaponiiis jukuSi (juku)saxelmwifos mxridan Caurevlobis politikisgan
mkveTrad gansxvavdeba. iaponiis mTavroba jukus
(juku), rogorc nebismier sxva mcire bizness iseeqceva, da maT ar aregulirebs. jukusgan gansx-
vavebiT, romelic repetitorobis sxvadsxva formas
Seicavs da saganmanaTleblo moTxovnebs moqneulad
udgeba, haquoni (hakwon) ufro mkacrad gansazRvru-lia da skolas waagavs.
am SeniSvnebs iseTi avtorebi exmaurebian, rogorebic arian
dirqesi (Dierkes, 2008) da mori (Mori, 2008). ganaTlebis
dagegmvis saerTaSoriso institutis forumze sxva nimuSebic
iyo moyvanili:
• avstriaSi, repetitorobas ZiriTadad erTi-erTze
mecadineobebis “saSinao industriis” forma aqvs,
sadac mecadineobebs universitetis studentebi, pen-
sionrebi, da aqtiuri maswavleblebi atareben. sajaro
moxeleebis Sesaxeb kanoni maswavleblebs ukrZalavs,
rom damatebiTi mecadineobebi Cautaron TavianTive
skolis moswavleebs (gruberi, Gruber 2007, gv. 3; ix.
agreTve gruberi, Gruber, 2008).
• indoeTSi repetitorobis maregulirebeli aranairi
erovnuli politika ar arsebobs, magram zog Stats
aqvs wesdeba (sujaTa, Sujatha 2007, gv. 29-30),
romelic skolis maswavleblebs kerZo mecadineobebis
Catarebas ukrZalavs. zog StatSi skolis direq-
toris nebarTviT, skolis maswavlebels SezRuduli
raodenobiT kerZo mecadineobebis Catarebis uflebas
135
aZleven, Tu maswavlebeli ukiduresad gaWirvebul md-
gomareobaSia. sujaTa (Sujatha) aRniSnavda (gv. 29),rom “yvelasTvis cnobilia, rom maswavleblebi
SeuzRudavad atareben kerZo gakveTilebs”. maharaS-
Tras StatSi (Maharashtra State) sarepetitoro cen-trebi daregistrirebulia Statis saSemosavlo
departamentis sacalo vaWrobis (maRaziebis sakuTre-
bis, Sesyidvebis licenziis) aqtiT, maSin rodesac is
saagentoebi, romlebic saSinao repetitorobisTvis
maswavlebels qiraoben, daregistrirebulia saqvelmo-
qmedo komisiis aqtiT. TeoriaSi, registracia yovel
sam weliwadSi unda ganaxldes, magram es “rogorc
wesi ar xdeba aRniSnuli departamentebis da maTi
mesveurebis modunebuli damokidebulebis gamo” (su-
jaTa, Sujatha 2007, gv. 30).
• namibiaSi, “repetitorobis maregulirebeli aranairi
meqanizmi ar arsebobda” (ngionani, Nghiyoonnanye2007, gv. 2), kerZo mecadineobebis aSkara gavrcelebis
miuxedavad.
• 1999 wels portugaliis mTavrobam kanonmdebloba
miiRo ganaTlebis seqtorSi “kerZo saqmianobis mqone
sajaro samsaxurebis mozRvavebis Taobaze” (ne-
tomendesi da kosta, Neto-Mendes and Costa 2007, gv.
3). movaleobebis damatebiT Sesruleba SeiZleba im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu “kerZo damatebiTi saqmianoba, romelic
sajaro saqmianobis msgavsia, ar aris imave studente-
bisken mimarTuli [romlebsac maswavlebeli ZiriTadi
saqmianobis dros ukve isedac aswavlis]”. 2005 wlis
ufro konkretuli kanonmdebloba adgenda, rom sa-
jaro skolis maswavlebels kerZo saqmianobis war-
marTva ar SeuZlia, rac amave dros kerZo
gakveTilebis Catarebas gulisxmobs, rodesac
maswavlebeli imave skolis moswavleebs aswavlis,
sadac TviTon muSaobs. Tumca, neto-mendesi da kosta
dasZendnen (Neto-Mendes and Costa 2007, gv. 3), rom:
136
iuridiuli dokumentebis mier dadgenil SezRudvebi imdenad
Rirebulia, ramdenadac Cven maT vicnobT: maT im miniSnebis fasi
aqvT, rasac mTavrobebi sazogadoebas aZleven, da rac SesaZle-
blobebs da SezRudvebs gansazRvravs... Tumca, maTi efeqturoba
bevr eWvs badebs, gansakuTrebiT Tu Tan ar axlavT damatebiTi
zomebi, romlebic erTis mxriv, aseTi miTiTebis upiratesobas
warmoaCens, da meores mxriv, sazogadoebis erTsulovan poli-
tikur nebas gamoxatavs, rom mxari dauWiron da ZalaSi Seiy-
vanon miRebuli kanonmdebloba. es ki kontrols da simkacres
gulisxmobs.
• singapurSi skolis maswavleblebma nebarTva unda
moipovon, Tu kviraSi eqvs saaTze meti xangrZlivobis
kerZo mecadineobebis Catareba surT. garda amisa maT
ekrZalebaT mecadineobebi SesTavazon moswavleebs im
skolebSi, sadac TviTon muSaoben. Tumca, es kanonebi
srulyofilad ar aris amoqmedebuli da arcerTi maT-
gani repetitorobis xarisxis sakiTxs ar ganixilavs
(Tani, Tan, 2007; ix. agreTve Tani, Tan, 2009 gv. 100). • makaoSi, 1998 wels miRebuli kanonmdebloba sarepeti-
toro centrebisgan moiTxovs, rom licenziebi
moipovon da im adgilebSi imuSaon, romlebic higienis
da usafrTxoebis standartebs akmayofilebs (sou, Sou2007, gv. 3). licenziis mqone erTeulma kriminaluri
udanaSaulobis serTifikati unda warmoadginos,
xolo pirovnebas, romelic yoveldRiur marTvas
udgas saTaveSi, kolejis an ufro maRali donis kval-
ifikacia unda hqondes. repetitorebs, romlebic
dawyebiTi, qveda saSualo skolis klasebis da zeda
saSualo skolis klasebis moswavleebs amecadineben,
unda Sesabamisad hqondeT sul mcire qveda saSualo
skolis, zeda saSualo skolis da umaRlesi
ganaTleba. sarepetitoro centrebis licenziebi
yovel wels ganaxlebadia. mTavrobis ganaTlebis da
axalgazrdobis saqmeTa biuros ufleba aqvs ulicen-
zio centrebi daxuros. radgan registraciis sistema
137
Sromatevadia da amave dros, maswavleblebs sanacvlod
maRal anazRaurebas hpirdeba, licenzirebuli
maswavleblebi ulicenzio maswavleblebs xSirad sam-
Tavrobo organizaciebSi asmenen.
• ugandaSi, ganaTlebis da sportis saministros
“repetitorobaze konkretuli politika ar aqvs”
(eilori, Eilor, 2007 gv. 33). saministrom gamoscacirkularebi da mTavar maswavleblebs da maswavle-
blebs muSaobis ufleba Seuwyvita repetitorobis
meSveobiT pasuxismgeblobis borotad gamoyenebis ni-
adagze. man repetitorobis aRmosafxvrelad mSoblebs
TanamSromlobisTvis ramdenjerme mimarTa. Tumca, ro-
gorc es repetitorobis problemis gadaWraSi
marTvis sxvadasxva doneebis rolebis bundovanebam
cxadhyo, “am problemis gadaWris efeqturi meqanizmi”
ar arsebobs (eilori, Eilor 2007, gv. 33).
inglisSi arsebuli repetitorobis saxeebic imsaxurebs yu-
radRebas. airsonis TqmiT (airsoni, Ireson 2007a, gv. 5), bazarzerepetitorobis umetes saxeobebSi “nebismiers SeuZlia iyos
repetitori kvalifikaciis da gamocdilebis gareSe”. Tumca,
samTavrobo gegmaSi “mniSvnelovani progresis gakeTeba” vrceli
maregulirebeli kanonebi arsebobs imis Taobaze, Tu vis Seu-
Zlia iyos repetitori da ra raodenobis anazRaureba ekuTvnis
aseT pirovnebas. magaliTad, herTfordSiris adgilobrivi
mTavrobis mier gamoqveynebuli faqtebis dokumenti, romelic
sazogadoebisTvisaa Sedgenili (2009), aRniSnavs, rom am gegmis
farglebSi daqiravebul repetitors unda:
-hqondes kvalificiuri maswavleblis statusi (QTS), Tumcaar aris aucilebeli maswavleblad muSaobdes; an
-kvalificiuri maswavleblis statusis mopovebis win
zafxulSi ar aris aucilebeli es statusi hqondes; an
-iyos ucxoeli sertificirebuli maswavlebeli, romelsac
kvalifikacia aqvs aswavlos inglisis skolebSi; an iyos Semd-
gomi ganaTlebis an umaRlesi ganaTlebis xarisxis da Sesabamis
sagnebSi kvalifikaciis mqone maswavlebeli.
138
yvela repetitorma kriminaluri istoriis biuroSi Se-
mowmeba unda gaiaros. is repetitorebi, romlebsac adgilo-
brivi mTavrobebi an skolis marTvis organoebi daiqiraveben,
miiReben Sesabamis anazRaurebas im sistemiT, romelic sapensio
programasac gulisxmobs. Sarma (Sharma, 2009) aRniSnavda, romsakiTxis ase mogvarebiT:
qveynis repetitorTa iatakqveSeTis armia, romelTagan
bevri SeTavsebiT muSaobs,… gamoyenebuli iqneba, ro-
gorc mniSvnelovani resursi skolebSi samTavrobo
“personaluri swavlebis” miznebisaTvis gansaxor-
cieleblad.
Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom Taneris, deis, da sxvaTa (Tan-ner, Day, et al. 2009, gv. 47) mier Catarebulma 103 sarepeti-
toro saagentos gamokiTxvam saerTo bazarze aRmoaCina, rom
mxolod 43 procenti iTxovda maTi repetitorebisgan
swavlebis kvalifikacias an kvalificiuri maswavleblis sta-
tuss (QTS), xolo 79–ma procentma ganacxada, rom yvela
repetitors kriminaluri istoriis biuros Semowmeba Cautara.
am maregulirebeli zomebis mimoxilva gviCvenebs, rom zogi
mTavroba sakiTxs seriozulad udgeba, zog mTavrobas saerTod
ar aqvs maregulirebeli sistemebi, zogs bundovani da
orazrovani maregulirebeli sistemebi aqvs, zogs ki mkafio da
gasagebi maregulirebeli sistemebi aqvs, magram ver axerxebs
maT efeqtur gamoyenebas. zogadad, am sferos meti naTelis
mofena da gageba esaWiroeba, rac erebs da qveynebs Soris
SedarebiTi analiziT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes. umetes
qveyanaSi, yvelaze seriozuli sakiTxia, iseTi repetitorobis
akrZalva, rodesac skolis maswavleblebi damatebiT mecadi-
neobebs utareben TavianT moswavleebs, romlebzec ukve isedac
pasuxismgeblebi arian ZiriTad saskolo mecadineobebze. aseTi
repetitoroba inglisSi da avstraliaSi gaTvaliswinebuli da
oficialurad sanqcirebulia. is aseve nebadarTulia
safrangeTSi da sxva mraval qveyanaSi. magram aseTi saxis
repetitorobis nebis darTvis winaaRmdeg korufciis
139
gavrcelebis SesaZlebloba Zlieri argumentia – ra Tqma unda,
im pirobiT, rom mTavrobebi skolis maswavleblebs sakmaris
anazRaurebas SesTavazeben, raTa es ukanasknelni iZulebuli ar
gaxdnen, eZion damatebiTi Semosavlis wyaros aseTi formebi.
140
4. monitoringi da Sefaseba
aucilebelia, rom kanonmdeblebma monitoringi gauwion Ta-
vianT iurisdiqciaSi myof yvela saxis ganaTlebas, raTa dageg-
mili da daugegmavi (moulodneli) cvlilebebis saxeobebis
identificireba moaxdinon. garda amisa, gansakuTrebiT saWiroa
Sefasebis meqanizmebi, raTa Sefasdes konkretuli politikis
da reformis zegavlena da Sedegebi. momdevno seqciebi repeti-
torobis sferodan sxvadasxva magaliTs ganixilavs. monacemebi
saWiroa mraval doneze: individualuri skolis, ubnis, qveynis
da saerTaSoriso doneebze. pirveli nawili ganixilavs qveynis
Sida Sefasebebs, xolo meore nawili erovnebaTa da qveynebs
Soris Sedarebas eTmoba.
erovnuli da adgilobrivi gamoxmaurebis da rCevebis
kvanZebi
am wignis nawili diagnozis Sesaxeb imis aRniSvniT daiwyo,
rom repetitorobis masStabebis da formebis Sesaxeb zusti
monacemebis Segroveba sakmaod rTuli procesia. sxvadasxva
mizeziT repetitorebma, moswavleebma da mSoblebma SeiZleba ar
isurvon informaciis gamxela, imis Taobaze, Tu ra raodenobis
da ra saxis repetitorobas sTavazoben, iReben Tu yiduloben.
garda amisa, repetitorobis xangrZlivoba da intensivoba sezonu-
rad cvalebadobs; da misi zegavlenis dadgenac rTulia mravali
sxva cvladis arsebobis pirobebSi.
miuxedavad amisa, is faqti, rom repetitoroba SesaZlebelia
gakontroldes da Sefasdes, aSkara gaxda am wignSi ganxiluli
mravali Catarebuli kvlevis safuZvelze. airsonma (Ireson 2007a,gv.3) aRniSna, rom moswavleebi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi
informaciis saukeTeso wyaros warmoadgenen, radgan maTTvis
klasSi kiTxvarebis darigeba SedarebiT advilia. man dasZina, rom:
moswavleebis gamokiTxva didi raodenobis sasarge-
blo informacias iZleva repetitorobis saxeobebze
141
da gavrcelebaze, sxvadasxva saganSi mis popu-
larobaze, saskolo wlis ganmavlobaSi mis intensi-
urobaze da saxeobebze. es kiTxvarebi xSirad
moipoveben damatebiT, demografiul informacias da
agreTve Seicaven SekiTxvebs repetitoris ayvanis
mizezebze da moswavleebis Sexedulebebze repeti-
torobis Sesaxeb.
mkvlevarebs SeuZliaT raodenobriv kiTxvarebs interviuebi
da sxva xarisxobrivi kvlevebi daurTon. am ukanasknelma Sei-
Zleba maT daxmareba gauwios repetitorobis mravali saxis
identificirebaSi da klasificirebaSi. magram aqve unda aRin-
iSnos, rom marTalia araSemTxveviTi SerCevis dros informan-
tebi sasargeblo aRweriT informacias iZlevian, maTi monacemebi
naklebad Rirebulia aqvs sxvadasxva qveyanaSi repetitorobis
gavrcelebis masStabebis an sxvadasxva drois mimdinareobebis
Sesadareblad.
airsonma (Ireson, 2007a) agreTve aRniSna, rom kiTxvebixSirad eyrdnoba respondentebis mexsierebis sizustes, magal-
iTad gavlili kerZo mecadineobebis raodenobaze da fasze. pa-
suxebi axlandel situaciaze ufro zusti iqneba, vidre adre
miRebul gakveTilebze. kerZo mecadineobebis Tanxis Sesaxeb
kiTxvebma SeiZleba moswavleebisgan zusti da sando informa-
cia ver moipovos, radgan moswavleebma SeiZleba ar icodnen
maT mSoblebs da repetitorebs Soris Tanxis Sesaxeb dade-
buli garigebis yvela detail. garda amisa, rodesac
moswavleebi sxvadasxva saxis damatebiT gakveTilebs eswrebian,
maT SeiZleba ver dainaxon zusti zRvari da gansxvaveba fasian
da ufaso gakveTilebs Soris.
yvela am sakiTxSi, arsebuli variantebis da SesaZleblobebis
detaluri codnaa saWiro, raTa kiTxvebi sworad iyos Camoy-
alibebuli da maTze sando pasuxebi iyos miRebuli.
gansakuTrebuli sifrTxilea saWiro patara bavSvebisTvis
damoukidebeli kiTxvarebis Sedgenisas. airsonma (Ireson 2007a,gv. 5) dasZina, rom:
142
dRiuris weris meTodma SeiZleba moswavleTa pa-
suxebis sizuste gazardos, radgan realur axlan-
del droSi mowodebuli informacia ufro sandoa,
vidre warsul mexsierebaze dafuZnebuli. Tumca, dRi-
urebi SeiZleba ar iyos bolomde Sevsebuli, an Sei-
Zleba daikargos, da informaciis mopovebis xarisxi
da Sefasebis sandooba Semcirdes. amdenad, dRiurebi
SeiZleba farTomasStabiani gamokiTxvisTvis sasarge-
blo ar iyos, magram sasargeblo iqneba moswavleTa
kiTxvarebidan miRebuli informaciis sizustis
gadasamowmeblad.
mSoblebi informaciis mopovebis kidev erTi wyaroa. maT
SeiZleba ar icodnen konkretuli moswavleebis jgufebisaTvis
skolaSi Catarebuli damatebiTi gakveTilebis Sesaxeb, magram
mSoblebi iTvlebian sando wyarod kerZo repetitorobis ar-
sebobis Sesaxeb, radgan Cveulebriv isini agvareben bavSvebisTvis
kerZo mecadineobebis Catarebis sakiTxs maswavleblebTan da
ician ra Rirs aseTi mecadineobebi. radgan inglisuri enis
skolebi mSoblebis saxelebze da misamarTebze informacias ar
iZlevian, airsonis (Ireson) kvlevis strategia iyo kiTxvarebis
bavSvebisaTvis saxlebSi gataneba. es kiTxvarebis gadacemis
utyuari meTodi SeiZleba ar iyos, magram airsonis rwmeniT man
sakmaod kargi Sedegebi gamoiRo. mas gamoexmaura im mSoblebis
38 procenti, visac 6 wlis asakis bavSvi hyavda, da im mSoblebis
29 procenti, romlebsac 9 da 11 wlis asakis bavSvebi hyavdaT.
sxva qveynebSi SeiZleba aseTi SemzRudavi maregulirebeli
kanonebi ar iyos, ase rom SesaZlebelia sxva meTodebis
gamoyeneba, mSoblebTan uSualo kontaqtic ki.
mSoblebisgan monacemebis Segrovebis kidev erTi gza aris
ojaxebis gamokiTxvis Catareba. repetitoroba SeiZleba erT-
erT sakiTxad Sevides mosaxleobis cenzis tipis kiTxvarebSi,
magaliTad iseTi, rogoricaa vietnamis cxovrebis standartis
gamokiTxva (dangi, Dang, 2007). Tumca, radgan bevri saministro cdilobs, rom Tavisi in-
teresis sferos kiTxvebi Seataninos aseT gamokiTxvebSi da
143
SeiZleba maTTvis repetitoroba prioritetul sferos ar war-
moadgendes, am Temaze mxolod Zalian zogadi da sabaziso
kiTxvebis Setana Tu SeiZleba aseT kiTxvarebSi. kidev erTi
alternativaa SemTxveviTi SerCeviT Catarebuli satelefono
gamokiTxvebi, rac magaliTad, hong kongSi gamoiyenes (brei da
quoqi, Bray and Kwok 2003, gv. 614) da inglisSi (pitersi da
sxva, Peters et al., 2009, gv. 2). aseT meTodsac aqvs Tavisi
naklovanebebi. magaliTad, respondentebs ar uyvarT, rodesac
maT cxovrebaSi iWrebian, an repetitorobis fasi zepirad ar
ician da amdenad, myisier pasuxs ver iZlevian. miuxedavad amisa,
mniSvnelovani informaciis Segroveba mainc SeiZleba.
sarepetitoro skolebi, individualuri repetitorebi da
sarepetitoro saagentoebi aseve informaciis mniSvnelovani
wyaroebia. intensiuri momzadebis skolebis da sarepetitoro
saagentoebis identificireba Zalian advilad SeiZleba gancx-
adebebis da adgilobrivi cnobarebis meSveobiT. es gancxadebebi
TavisTavad informaciis mniSvnelovani wyaroebia -
gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac mosaxleobas iseT eqstravagan-
tul pirobebs sTavazoben, rogoricaa “garantirebuli”
Sedegebi. zogi gancxadeba aris kompaniebis qselis Sesaxeb, zogi
ki SeiZleba geografiul arealSi SezRuduli iyos, rac Tavis-
Tavad arTulebs saerTo erovnuli suraTis Seqmnas. individu-
aluri repetitorebi xandaxan gancxadebas TviTon aqveyneben,
magram moswavleebs iyvanen mxolod piradi rekomendaciebiT, da
faqtiurad uxilavebi arian.
airsoni (Ireson, 2007a, gv.5) dasZenda, rom Jurnalistebi,
romlebic reportaJs kerZo repetitorebze amzadeben, eyrdno-
bian msxvili saagentoebis direqtorebTan an ramdenime
damoukidebel repetitorTan interviuebs. aseTma saagentoebma
TavianTi saqmianobis Sesaxeb namdvilad ician, magram SeiZleba
sifrTxile iyos saWiro:
pirvel rigSi gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom, Tu
saagentos direqtors JurnalistebTan saubris
survili aqvs, es imas niSnavs, rom mas biznesSi
saqmeebi kargad aqvs da am faqtis gaxmaureba da
144
reklamireba surs. garda amisa, saagentoebi aseT gax-
maurebas ufaso reklamirebis saSualebad iyeneben da
ician, rom am gziT SeiZleba mSoblebis darwmuneba,
rom repetitorebi maTi saagentodan daiqiraon da
reklamirebis aseTi saSualeba normad CaTvalon. amg-
varad, maT interesSia, rom Tavisi saagentos biznesis
zrdaze yuradReba gaamaxvilon.
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, im drosac ki, rodesac aseTi saagen-
toebi sruliad miukerZoebelia, naklebi albaTobaa, rom isini
srulad warmoaCenen arsebul viTarebas.
Tu monitoringidan Sefasebisken gadavinacvlebT, unda
aRvniSnoT teiloris (Taylor 2007, gv.11) 2007 wels inglisSi
dawyebuli programis gaSuqeba, saxelwodebiT “mniSvnelovani
progresis gakeTeba.” man axsna, rom swavlebis da swavlis
xarisxis Semowmeba sarepetitoro sesiebis da gegmebis nimuSe-
bis SefasebiT moxdeboda. yvela skolas moeTxoveboda war-
moedgina akademiuri miRwevebis monacemebi wlis dasawyisSi da
wlis bolos, im moswavleebze, romlebic kerZod emzadebodnen.
kerZo mecadineobebis dasrulebis Semdeg skolis maswavleblebi
Seamowmebdnen akademiuri miRwevis dones. sxvadasxva testi da
maswavleblis Sefasebis monacemebi gamoyenebuli iqneboda im
moswavleTa mudmivi SemowmebisaTvis, romlebic kerZod emzade-
bodnen, da aseve sasargeblo iqneboda maTi progresis sxva
moswavleebTan Sesadareblad. garkveuli drois Semdeg
daukavSirdnen sakonsultacio firmas, rom Seefasebina es sapi-
lote programa, romelic 10 adgilobrivi ubnis 450 dawyebiT
da saSualo skolaSi Catarda (fraisuoTerhaus qufersi, Price-waterhouse Coopers, 2008). rogorc amas cxrili 16 gviCvenebs,
Semfaseblebis sawyisi kvleva sam samuSao nakadad Catarda.
145
cxrili 16. Sefasebis meTodologia sapilote
programisTvis „mniSvnelovani
progresis gakeTeba”
SerCeuli skolebi saqmianoba
146
dif daiv skolebi
(Deep dive schools)
erTi skola saTiTao
adgilobrivi
ubnidan, romelic
6 dawyebiT
da 4 saSualo
skolas moicavs.
• saTiTao skolis monaxuleba im
mizniT rom: interviuebi Cautardes
ZiriTad momsaxure personals da
TanamSromlebs, mTavar
maswavlebels(direqtors), skolis
sapilote programebis liders
(SPL), maTematikis da inglisuris
mTavar maswavleblebs, specialuri
saganmanaTleblo saWiroebis pro-
gramis koordinators, progresis
uzrunvelyofis maswavlebels da
sxva maswavleblebs;
• Catardes moswavleebis gamokiTxva
saSualo skolebSi (rva wlis
asakis 100 moswavle TiTo sko-
laSi), an fokus jgufebi dawyebiT
skolebSi (xuTi wlis asakis 8-10
moswavle TiTo skolaSi); da
Catardes mokle (arCeviTi)
maswavleblebis gamo kiTxva.
• daaxloebiT 100 moswavlis mSob-
lis/mzrunvelis gamokiTxva, rom-
lis Sedegebic dif daiv skolebis
daxmarebiT dokumentad iyo gamo-
cemuli.
• es samuSao daefuZna 8 Tvis win
dasrulebul msgavsi samuSaoebis
raunds da 4 TviT adre Catarebul
satelefono interviuebs direq-
torebTan da sapilote programe-
bis liderebTan (SPL).
wyaro: fraisuoTerhaus qufersi (Pricewaterhouse Coopers,2008), gv. 6.
sxva qveynebis mTavrobebma SeiZleba aseTi daxvewili midgoma
ver gamoiyenon, radgan SesaZloa ar hyavdeT saWiro unarebis
da kvalifikaciis mqone personali da / an ar hqondeT fi-
nansuri resursebi. miuxedavad amisa, bevri ramis miRweva Sei-
Zleba arsebuli samTavrobo meqanizmebiT. 2005 wels
portugaliis ganaTlebis saministrom gadawyvita Caetarebina
martivi gamokiTxva kiTxvarebis meSveobiT saSualo skolebis
147
laiT TaC skolebi
(Light touch schools)
oTxi skola
saTiTao adgilo-
brivi ubnidan,
romelic
20 dawyebiT
da 20 saSualo
skolas moicavs.
• satelefono interviuebi saTiTao
skolis direqtorTan da / an sapi-
lote programis liderTan.
• daaxloebiT 100 moswavlis mSob-
lis / mzrunvelis gamokiTxva, rom-
lis Sedegebic laiT TaC skolebis
daxmarebiT dokumentad gamoica.
• es samuSao daefuZna 8 TviT adre
dasrulebul msgavsi samuSaoebis
raunds (sadac satelefono in-
tevriuebis nacvlad direqtoreb-
Tan an sapilote programebis
liderebTan) fokus jgufebi
Catarda.
mosaxleoba yvela
danarCeni sapilote
skola
• yvela direqtoris eleqtronuli
gamokiTxva (aseve 8 TviT adre
dokumentad gamocebuli).
• interviuebis Catareba 10 adgilo-
brivi ubnis sapilote programebis
liderTan (aseve CautardaT in-
terviu 8 da 4 TviT adre), raTa
warmoCindes saTiTao adgilobrivi
ubnis skolebis farTo
gamocdileba.
zeda klaselebSi, rodesac isini erovnul universitetSi
Semsvleli gamocdebisTvis registrirdebodnen (kosta da sxv.,Costa et al., 2008). kiTxvari Seicavda SekiTxvebs kerZo
gakveTilebis sagnebis, adgilmdebareobis, fasebis da drois
Sesaxeb. miuxedavad imisa, rom es gamokiTxva SezRudulad
SerCeul respondentebs Seicavda, anu mxolod im moswavleebs,
romlebic universitetSi Cabarebas apirebdnen, da ara damam-
Tavrebeli klasebis yvela moswavles, mainc saintereso infor-
maciis mopoveba gaxda SesaZlebeli. kiTxvaris Sevseba
SeiZleboda furcelze an internetiT onlain reJimSi. kiTx-
varebma bevri respondenti moicva. is TiTqmis yvelam Seavso,
radgan monawileebi ukve motivirebulebi iyvnen, rom SeevsoT
sagamocdo saregistracio formebi da albaT zog maTgans egona,
rom kiTxvarebis formis Sevseba saerTo proceduris nawili
iyo.
mTavrobebisTvis monitoringis da Sefasebis SesaZleblobis
gafarToebis alternatiuli gza aris universitetebTan da
kvleviT institutebTan TanamSromloba. zemoT aRweril
mavrikis magaliTSi gamoyenebuli iyo mavrikis universitetis
mkvlevarebis mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebi, romelic maT
mTavrobam daukveTa (joinaTsingi da sxv., Joynathsing et al., 1988).msgavsad amisa, 2007 wels makaos mTavrobam hong kongis Cinuri
universitetidan mkvlevarTa jgufi daiqirava repetitorobis
da mSoblebis Sexedulebebis Sesaswavlad (ho, Ho, 2008). Riasazogadoebis institutma (OSI) yofil sabWoTa qveynebis
blokSi repetitorobis sakiTxis gamosakvlevad adgilobriv
meTaurebTan da kanonmdeblebTan iTanamSromla (silova da sxv.,Silova et al., 2006; silova, Silova, 2009). mTavrobebs agreTveSeuZliaT isargeblon universitetis mkvlevarebis mier
damoukideblad Catarebuli samuSaoebiT, da aseve saerTaSoriso
saagentoebis mier Catarebuli kvlevebiT (ix. mag: iunesko, UN-ESCO, 2000; msoflio banki, World Bank, 2004).
aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom ugandaSi da boTsuanaSi Catare-
buli sawyisi kvlevis monaxazis gakeTebas stimuli ganaTlebis
dagegmvis saerTaSoriso institutis forumma misca (eilori,Eilor, 2007; maqgoTi, Makgothi, 2007). ganaTlebis dagegmvis
148
saerTaSoriso instituti moxaruli iqneba maT daxmareba Semd-
gom muSaobaSic aRmouCinos.
saerTaSoriso Sedarebebi
qveynebs da erovnebebs Soris SedarebiTi kvlevebic aseve
exmareba adgilobriv kanonmdeblebs ara mxolod maTi konkre-
tuli qveynebis monacemebiT, aramed saerTaSoriso Sedare-
bebiTac. oTxi arsebuli kvleva gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
imsaxurebs.
maTematikis da mecnierebis mesame saerTaSoriso kvleva
(TIMSS) da misi STamomavlis, maTematikis da mecnierebis saer-
TaSoriso kvlevis mimdinareobebis (aseve saxelwodebiT
TIMSS), Seswavla saganmanaTleblo miRwevis Sefasebis saerTa-
Soriso asociaciis (IEA) egidiT Catarda. TIMSS–is testire-bis pirveli raundis dros, romelic 1995 wels Catarda,
monacemebi Segrovda xuT sxvadasxva asakobriv da safexureo-
briv doneze 45 qveynis maTematikis da mecnierebis Semswavleli
500,000 moswavlisgan. aseve Segrovda monacemebi maTi maswavle-
blebisgan da direqtorebisgan (martini, Martin 1996, gv. 1-2).
meore raundi 1999 wels Catarda da 38 qveyanaSi merve safex-
uris moswavleTa maTematikis da mecnierebis miRwevebze
gamaxvilda yuradreba (robitaili da biToni, Robitaille andBeaton, 2002, gv.11). 2003 wels Catarebulma raundma 49 qveynis
meoTxe da merveklaselTa Sesadarebeli monacemebi Seagrova
(mulisi, martini da sxv., Mullis, Martin et al., 2005, gv. 3-4).am kvlevebma sxva cvladebTan erTad Crdilovan ganaTlebaze
saintereso monacemebi warmoSva (beikeri, akiba da sxv., Baker,Akiba et al., 2001; uolfi, Wolf, 2002; beikeri da letandri,Baker and LeTendre, 2005). radgan kvlevebi mravalmxrivi iyo,
analitikosebma sxvadasxva cvladebze mravaljeradi korelac-
iebis Catareba SeZles. Tumca, isini meTodologiur sirTuleebs
waawydnen. 1995 wlis gamokiTxvis dros maTematikis komponen-
tis gasaanalizeblad meSvide da merveklaselebs ekiTxebodnen:
“kviris ganmavlobaSi ramden saaTs atareb maTematikis da-
matebiT mecadineobebze an intensiuri momzadebis skolaSi
149
Ziri Tad gakveTilebamde an gakveTilebis Semdeg?” (TIMSS, 1998,gv. SQ 2-3). msgavsi SekiTxva iyo dasmuli mecnierebaze. pa-
suxebi aSkarad Seicavdnen kerZo repetitorobaze gacilebiT
met informacias, magaliTad, ZiriTadi skolis maswavleblebis
mier ufasod Catarebul damatebiT mecadineobebze, rac maT
Cveulebrivi samuSao datvirTvis nawilad iTvleboda. garda
amisa, radgan kiTxvaSi miTiTebuli iyo “kviris ganmavlobaSi”
damatebiTi mecadineobebis raodenoba, sezonur cvalebadobaze
informaciis Segroveba ver moxdeboda. 2003 wlis
merveklaselTa gamokiTxvaSi SekiTxva ufro dazustebuli iyo:
“mimdinare wlis ganmavlobaSi, ra sixSiriT dadiodi ama Tu im
saganSi damatebiT klasgareSe mecadineobebze?” (TIMSS, 2003,gv. 27).
respondentebs Txovdnen informacias maTematikis, bi-
ologiis, bunebis mecnierebis, qimiis da fizikis Sesaxeb, sadac
maT arCevani eZleodaT Semdegi variantebidan: “yovel dRe an
TiTqmis yoveldRe,” “kviraSi erTxel an orjer”, “xandaxan”, da
“arasdros an TiTqmis arasdros”. mTel weliwadze yuradRebis
gamaxvilebam sezonuri cvalebadobis problema Seamcira, magram
srulad ver aRmofxvra, radgan savaraudod moswavleebi maRali
da dabali intensivobis sezonebidan saSualo ariTmetikuls
angariSobdnen. SekiTxvam aseve ver ganasxvava erTmaneTisgan
fasiani da ufaso repetitoroba.
meore regularuli kvleva, romelic gaSuqebas saWiroebs
aris ganaTlebis xarisxis monitoringis samxreT da aR-
mosavleT afrikis konsorciumi (SACMEQ, saqmeqi). 1995 da
2000 wlebSi SACMEQ–ma monacemebi Seagrova eqvs sagan-
manaTleblo sistemaSi meeqvseklaselTa damatebiTi mecadi-
neobebis Sesaxeb (ix. zemoT cxrili 3). aqac, monacemebi
garkveul bundovanebas Seicavda, radgan zogierTma rspondentma
ufaso da fasiani mecadineobebi erTad daasaxela. analizis
dasaxvewad 2007 wlis kiTxvari, romelic 15 qveyanaSi darigda,
ufro konkretul SekiTxvebs Seicavda, romlebic winaswar iyo
pilotirebuli da Semowmebuli (pavio, Paviot, 2007; 2009).dasmuli iyo cameti kiTxva pasuxebis ramdenime asarCevi vari-
antiT:
150
1. am wlis ganmavlobaSi emzadebodiT damatebiT mecadi-
neobebze skolis sagnebSi arasaskolo saaTebSi?
2. romel saskolo sagnebSi emzadebodiT klasgareSe
saaTebSi saswavlo wlis ganmavlobaSi?
3. wlis romel sezonze emzadebodiT damatebiT am sag-
nebSi?
4. ra sixSiriT dadiodiT damatebiT mecadineobebze
saswavlo wlis ganmavlobaSi?
5. ramdeni moswavle eswreboda damatebiT mecadineobebs
(Tqveni Tavis CaTvliT) saswavlo wlis ganmavlobaSi?
6. kviraSi daaxloebiT ramden saaTs atarebdiT damatebiT
mecadineobebze saswavlo wlis ganmavlobaSi?
7. ras akeTebdiT damatebiT gakveTilebze saswavlo wlis
ganmavlobaSi?
8. vin gitarebdaT damatebiT gakveTilebs saswavlo wlis
ganmavlobaSi?
9. sad gitardebodaT es mecadineobebi wlis ganmavlobaSi?
10. vis undoda, rom Tqven gearaT damatebiT mecadineobe-
bze?
ra iyo Tqveni am gakveTilebze siarulis mTavari mizezi?
ra azris xarT im damatebiT mecadineobebze, Tqven rom da-
diodiT?
iRebda Tu ara raime Tanxas swavlebisTvis is pirovneba,
romelic gitarebdaT damatebiT gakveTilebs?
SekiTxvebi gakveTilebis fasebze, da Sesabamisad, mecadineobe-
bis kerZo repetitorobad da moxalise ufaso an sajaro
gakveTilebad dayofis Taobaze, kiTxvaris boloSi iyo mo-
cemuli. Tumca, mkvlevarebi acnobierebdnen im faqts, rom bun-
dovanebebi mainc darCeboda. meeqvseklaselebs SesaZloa ar
scodnodaT gakveTilebi fasiani iyo Tu ara; da arcerTi kiTxva
ar iyo dasmuli gadasaxadis Skalirebaze. Tu moswavleebi miu-
TiTebdnen, rom Tanxas ixdidnen, maSin maT ekiTxebodnen “es
gadasaxadi fuladi saxis iyo, sxva saxis, Tu orive saxis kom-
binacia?” (pavio, Paviot 2007, gv. 15). Tumca, SACMEQ–is samec-
niero komitetma gadawyvita metad aRar CaRrmaveboda am
151
sakiTxs, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom “gadasaxadis sakiTxi Zalian
mgrZnobiare da bevr SemTxvevaSi winaaRmdegobrivi iyo.”
erovnebaTSorisi SedarebiTi kvlevis erTerTi sirTulea
mravali saxis mgrZnobiare momentis gaTvaliswineba, ramac Sei-
Zleba sakvlevi meTodebis Sesusteba gamoiwvios.
mesame erovnebaTSorisi kvleva, romelic ukve zemoT aRvniS-
neT, Ria sazogadoebis institutma (OSI) Caatara. kvlevam
moicva cxra qveyana 2004-2005 wlebSi (silova da sxva, Silovaet al., 2006), da kidev sami qveyana 2005-2006 wlebSi igive
meTodebis gamoyenebiT (silova, Silova, 2009). 2007 wels Ria
sazogadoebis institutma kvlevis ganmemorebiT Catareba
gadawyvita, raTa erovnebaTaSoris Sesadarebel monacemTa
sizuste daecva drois ganmavlobaSi. TIMSS–is da SACMEQ-isgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic dawyebiT da saSualo skolis
sawyisi safexuris moswavleebze amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas, es
kvlevebi fokusirdeboda universitetis pirvelkursel stu-
dentebze, romlebsac Txovdnen skolis damamTavrebel klasSi
kerZo gakveTilebze siarulis dros SeZenili gamocdileba
gaexsenebinaT. radgan respondentebi ufrosi asakis iyvnen, maTi
pasuxebis xarisxic ukeTesi da ufro zusti iyo. 12-idan mx-
olod 2 qveyanaSi (litvaSi da slovakeTSi) iyo TIMSS–icCatarebuli, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada ganaTlebis sistemis sx-
vadasxva safexurze miRebuli Sedegebis Sedareba da ufro
srulyofili suraTis Seqmna repetitorobis sakiTxze.
meoTxe masStaburi erovnebaTSorisi kvleva, romelic aR-
niSvnis Rirsia, aris ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da gan-
viTarebis organizaciis (OECD) mier Catarebuli moswavleTa
saerTaSoriso Sefasebis programa (PISA). PISA-m Seamowma 15
wlis asakis moswavleTa akademiuri miRwevebi mraval sagan-
manaTleblo sistemaSi (2000 wels 43 moswavle, 2003 wels
41 moswavle da 2006 wels 58 moswavle). 2006 wels
mSoblebisTvis gamiznuli kiTxvari Seicavda monacemebs
ganaTlebaze ojaxis mTliani danaxarjebis Sesaxeb, magram xar-
jebs repetitorobaze sxva saxis xarjebisgan ar ganasxvavebda.
moswavleTa kiTxvarma ki Seagrova monacemebi klasgareSe
mecadineobebze, magram repetitoris mier Catarebuli kerZo
152
gakveTilebi sxva gakveTilebisgan ar ganasxvava (ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizacia, OECD 2005,
2006b). PISA-s kvleviTma jgufma ganixila kerZo repeti-
torobaze ufro konkretuli monacemebis Segrovebis sakiTxi
samomavlo kvlevebisTvis, magram kvlavac acnobierebs koncep-
tualuri da lojistikuri sirTuleebis arsebobas.
153
5. daskvnebi
wignis es bolo nawili imis aRniSvniT iwyeba, rom repeti-
toroba globaluri fenomeni gaxda sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gan-
sxvavebuli maxasiaTeblebiT da TvisebebiT. ukanasknel
aTwleulebSi is mniSvnelovnad gafarTovda da TviTmyofad
sistemad gadaiqca. es faqtebi met yuradRebas moiTxovs. kanon-
mdeblebi win unda aRudgnen Crdilovani ganaTlebis sistemebs,
raTa Sesabamisi sapasuxo Tu winaswar aRmkveTi RonisZiebebi
dasaxon TavianT qveynebSi. mizani ara mxolod procesis gakon-
troleba da gaZRola unda iyos, aramed am “Crdilisgan”kanon-
mdeblebs da ganaTlebis sitemis mesveurebs bevri ramis
swavlac SeuZliaT.
mimdinareobebis aRwera
2007 wlis ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso institutis
forumis bolos obigadom (Obeegadoo 2007, gv. 6) Tavisi
mosazrebebi Semdegnairad Seajama: “kerZo repetitoroba
sazRvrebs da kulturebs miRma, aRmosavleTSi da dasavleTSi,
mdidar da Rarib qveynebSi erTnairad swrafad vrceldeba
mzardi sabazro Zalebis da ganaTlebis privatizaciis fonze.”
am SeniSvnas forumis sxva monawileebic gamoexmaurnen.
garkveul wilad, kerZo repetitoroba farul bazarze mimd-
inareobs (ix. silova da sxv., Silova et al., 2006), magram droTaganmavlobaSi es bazari naklebad faruli xdeba. Tu metaforas
gamoviyenebT, kerZo repetitoroba “Crdilidan SuqSi gadadis”.
repetitorobas bevr kulturaSi Rrmad aqvs fesvebi
gamdgari, da evropidan aRmosavleT aziamde vrceldeba. meoce
saukunis meore naxevramde is Zalian mokrZalebuli masStabebis
iyo, Semdeg ki ZiriTad fenomenad da movlenad iqca iseT
qveynebSi, rogorebicaa iaponia da korea, xolo saukunis miwu-
ruls iseT qveynebSi gavrcelda, rogorebicaa azerbaijani, kam-
boja, mavriki da Sri lanka. ocdameerTe saukunis
dasawyisisTvis reptitoroba aSkarad gavrcelda aRmosavleT
154
evropaSi da centralur aziaSi, dasavleT evropaSi, CrdiloeT
amerikaSi, avstraliaSi da afrikaSi, da fexs ikidebs laTinur
amerikaSic.
am zrdis xelSemwyobi Zalebi gansxvavebulia sxvdasxva adg-
ilas. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi, yirgizeTsa da tajikeTSi, Zir-
iTadi faqtori skolis maswavleblebis araadeqvaturi
xelfasebia, rac maT aiZulebs ojaxebis sarCenad Semosavlis
damatebiTi wyaroebi eZion. amis sapirispirod, maswavleblebs
hong kongSi, koreaSi, iaponiaSi da singapurSi SedarebiT maRali
xelfasebi aqvT, da repetitorobis ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli
Zala uaRresad konkurentuli atmosferoa. aSS-Si da inglisSi,
kerZo repetitoroba garkveulwilad samTavrobo iniciativebze
gamoZaxilia, raTa skolebi ufro konkurentuli gaxadon da
amavdroulad dabali akademiuri moswrebis moswavleebs stan-
dartis gaumjobesebaSi daexmaron. ugandaSi da malaviSi ki
repetitoroba saganmanaTleblo sistemis xarisxis gauarese-
basTan asocirdeba.
xarisxis gauaresebis erTerTi ironia swored imaSi mdgo-
mareobs, rom mTavroba cdilobs gazardos ufaso dawyebiT da
qveda saSualo safexurebze moswavleTa miReba. amas ki is mos-
devs, rom Tumca oficialur doneze sajaro skolebSi swavla
ufasoa, ZiriTad saskolo sistemas Crdilad mainc faruli pri-
vatizacia Tan sdevs, rac sazogadoebaSi socialur uTanas-
worobas aRrmavebs. ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso
institutis forumze kitaevma (Kitaev 2007, gv. 3) damswreTa
yuradReba am ironiaze miapyro. repetitorobis zrda, rac
aSkarad im faqtze metyvelebs, rom zogierTi mSobeli mainc
axerxebs ganaTlebaSi Tanxis gadaxdas, ufaso ganaTlebis sis-
temis pirobebSic ki kiTxvas badebs, Tu ramdenad vargisiania
da ZalaSia yvelasaTvis ufaso ganaTlebis fundamenturi idea.
boTsuanas mTavroba am sakiTxs seriozulad moekida da saSu-
alo skolaSi gadsaxadi daawesa imis safuZvelze, rom
mSoblebis nawils mainc SeuZlia gadaxda da ufaso ganaTlebis
resursebi ukiduresad savalalo mdgomareobaSi myof seq-
torebs SeiZleba moxmardes (maqgoTi, Makgothi, 2007).obigados SeniSvnebi (Obeegadoo 2007, gv. 6) aseve yu-
155
radRebas amaxvilebda repetitorobis mzard moTxovnaze da mi-
wodebaze. moTxovnasTan dakavSirebiT man aRniSna, rom:
codnis Tanamedrove epoqaSi, ganaTleba da akademiuri
warmateba adamianis cxovrebis SesaZleblobebis gan-
msazRvrel faqtorad da sazogadoebis socialur-
ekonomikuri progresis mamoZravebel Zalad iTvleba.
cvalebadi SromiTi bazrebi da teqnologiebiT aR-
Wurvili ekonomikiT gamowveuli unarCvevebis gam-
ravalferovneba sazogadoebas ubiZgebs eZios
ganaTlebis mopovebis sxvadasxvanairi gzebi.
amave dros unda aRiniSnos, rom repetitorobis mi-
wodeba gazrdilia ara mxolod im faqtiT, rom is socialurad
misaRebi gaxda, aramed globalizaciis ZaliTac, rac sxvadasxva
qveynidan personalis daqiravebis saSualebas iZleva (ix. mag:
nanda, Nanda, 2005; marlantesi da sunoli, Marlantes and Sunol,2006; ventura, Ventura, 2008a). repetitorobis miwodeba axla
ukve sazRvrebs miRma SeiZleba, cxadia internetis saSualebiT,
aseve adgilobrivad. kidev erTi mamoZravebeli Zala, romelzec
obigadom (Obeegadoo) miuTiTa aris konsiumerizmi (momxmare-bloba), rac “maswavleblebis mudmiv survils qmnis iSovon
meti fuli profesiuli warmatebis gansamtkiceblad da
sazomad, da maswavleblis profesiaSi biznes-sawarmos ku-
lutris ayvavebas xels uwyobs.” maswavleblis profesia marT-
lac Seicvala bevr qveyanaSi, zog adgilas mTavrobis
zegavleniT, romelic ecada ganaTlebis sistema ufro konkuren-
tuli gaexada, zog adgilebSi ki maswavleblebis da ojaxebis
sabazro ekonomikis signalebze gamoxmaurebiT.
aseT pirobebSi, kerZo repetitoroba ubralod ver gaqreba.
zogierTi, kanonmdebeli am movlenis ugulebelyofas Seecada,
magram es sul ufro SeuZlebeli xdeba. da mainc, problemis
gacnobierebidan konkretuli politikis da zomebis dasaxvaze
gadasvla advili ar aris. repetitoroba mravali komponentis
Semcveli Zalian rTuli movlenaa, romlebic kulturebis,
ekonomikur sistemebis, geografiuli adgilmdebareobebis da
156
socialuri klasebis mixedviT icvleba. garda amisa, is faqti,
rom koreis da mavrikis mTavrobebma ramdenime aTwleuli moan-
domes am problemis gadaWras da mainc Zalian mcire Sedegs
miaRwies, yvelasTvis sasargeblo gakveTilia. es SemTxvevebi
miuTiTeben winaswari dagegmvis aucileblobaze da repeti-
torobis CarCoebSi moqcevis saWiroebaze, sanam mas mokrZale-
buli masStabebi aqvs, da ara imis molodinze, Tu rodis
gaidgams is fesvebs Rrmad politikis da reformebis dasax-
vamde. isini aseve xazs usvamen sifrTxilis gamoCenis aucile-
blobas iseT qveynebSi, rogorebic aris avstralia, inglisi da
safrangeTi, sadac keTili ganzraxviT wamowyebulma samTavrobo
iniciativebma akademiurad CamorCenili moswavleebis dasaxmare-
blad SeiZleba moulodneli da daugegmavi formebiT Secvalos
saskolo sistemebis kulturebi.
ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso institutis forumze
bevri daeTanxma obigados (Obeegadoo 2007, gv.6), rom repeti-
torobis gavrcelebas ramdenadac SeiZleba:
xeli unda SevuSaloT an winaswari zomebi miviRoT
da sajaro saskolo sistemaSi arsebul naklovanebe-
bze mivuTiToT. erovnuli konteqstebidan da re-
alobebidan gamomdinare, reformebi SeiZleba
gulisxmobdes didi socialuri mniSvnelobis
gamocdebis gauqmebas, saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebis
xarisxis gaumjobesebas da gakontrolebas, swavlis
SesaZleblobebSi da formebSi meti arCevanis da
mravalferovnebis arsebobas, kerZo iniciativebis
CaTvliT.
ganaTlebisTvis gaRebuli meti saxelmwifo xarjebi ar
gulisxmobs, rom ojaxebi aucileblad Seamcireben repeti-
torobaSi Tanxebis gadaxdas. piriqiT, mTavrobis daxmarebis ga-
farToveba ZiriTad saskolo sistemaSi savaraudod misi
“Crdilis” gazrdasac gamoiwvevs. amitom bevri ram aris
damokidebuli ojaxebis Semosavalze da, rac kidev ufro
mniSvnelovania, ojaxebis damokidebulebaze zogadad
157
ganaTlebis, da gansakuTrebiT ki, repetitorobis mimarT. bevri
ojaxi Tvlis, rom sasurvelia yvela SesaZleblobis gamoyeneba
TavianTi bavSvebis cxovrebiseuli Sansebis gazrdisTvis da yve-
lafers akeTebs am miznis misaRwevad. zog sazogadoebaSi ufro
metis miRweva SeiZleba araakademiur sagnebze yuradRebis
gamaxvilebiT, magaliTad baletze, fortepianos gakveTilebze,
da religiur ganaTlebaze. zog sazogadoebaSi ki maTematikaze,
ucxo enebze da mecnierebebeze yuradRebis gamaxvileba inve-
stirebis saukeTeso saSualebad iTvleba.
iq, sadac repetitoroba farTod gavrcelebulia, sayovelTao
akrZalva saukeTeso gamosavali ar aris. aseTma akrZalvam ver-
sad ver gaamarTla. Tumca, skolis maswavleblebisTvis TavianTi
skolis moswavleebisTvis kerZo gakveTilebis Catarebis akrZa-
lva sasurvelia. umetes qveyanaSi repetitoroba ufro
mravalmxriv midgomas saWiroebs sxvadasxva niuansis gaTval-
iswinebiT. repetitorobis yvelaze damaxinjebuli da so-
cialuri uTanasworobis gamomwvevi formebi saWiroa
daregulirebis meTodiT aRmoifxvras. amave dros, mTavrobebs
repetitorobis procesSi TviTonve SeuZliaT CarTva dabali
akademiuri moswrebis moswavleebis dasaxmareblad – ra Tqma
unda imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom aseTi samTavrobo Careva
saskolo sistemebs zians ar miayenebs da uaryofiT zegavlenas
ar iqoniebs mSoblebis, maswavleblebis da sxva dainteresbuli
pirebis saskolo sistemisadmi damokidebulebaze.
swavla Crdilisgan
kanonmdeblebma da ganaTlebis mesveurebma repetitoroba mx-
olod negatiur cnebad da movlenad ar unda aRiqvan – anu im
sarevela balaxad, romelic movlil baRSi vrceldeba, aramed
maT unda dasvan SekiTxva Tu ratom surT mSoblebs sakmaod
didi Tanxebi daabandon im ganaTlebaSi, romelic bavSvebma Zir-
iTadi saskolo ganaTlebis garda unda miiRon. da marTlac,
ratom surs zogierT mSobels individualuri repetitoroba
Tavisi SvilisTvis, maSin rodesac sxvebi safasurs ixdian, raTa
maTi Svilebi 100 an 1,000 kacian jgufebSi Cairicxon? risi
158
swavla SeuZliaT skolebs im faqtidan, rom garkveul sezonebSi
maTi saklaso oTaxebi SeiZleba carieli iyos, radgan
moswavleebma qrTamebi gadaixades, raTa gakveTilebis gacdenis
ufleba moipovon, da sanacvlod sarepetitoro centrebSi
iaron? da ra SeiZleba iswavlon kanonmdeblebma teqnolo-
giebiT arWurvili repetitorebisagan, romlebic videoze Caw-
eril gakveTilebs sTavazoben moswavleebs. es ukanasknelni ki
kompiuterebidan CamotvirTaven am gakveTilebs da uyureben
metroSi, parkSi, skolaSi da saxlSi?
am SekiTxvebze erTi pasuxi aris is, rom zogierT kul-
turebSi repetitorebi klientebze metismetad orientire-
bulebi da axali meTodebis damnergavebi arian. glasmani
(Glasman, 2007) aRniSnavda, rom safrangeTSi repetitorebigamWvirvaled Tvlian Tavs, radgan isini moswavleebs ufro
droul da amomwurav rCevebs da komentarebs aZleven, vidre
skolebi. is dasZenda, rom skolebSi moswavleebis akademiur
CamorCenilobaze standartuli pasuxia: rom maT weli gaime-
oron. amis sapirispirod, erTi sarepetitoro kompania acxadebs,
rom Tu moswavleebi warmatebas ver miaRweven, SeuZliaT
mSoblebma gadaxdili Tanxa ukan moiTxovon an moswavleebma
Semdegi weli ufasod gaiaron. qimi (Kim 2007, gv. 12) aR-
niSnavda, rom koreaSi specialuri skolebis damamTavrebel
klasebSi Casaricxi aplikantebis umetesoba:
…sarepetitoro saswavleblebis upiratesobas
moswavleebis akademiuri SesaZleblobebis mixedviT
dajgufebaSi da diferencirebul saswavlo pro-
gramebSi xedavs Cveulebriv skolebTan SedarebiT,
sadac yvela moswavle erTad swavlobs SesaZle-
blobebis ganurCevlad. maTi mSoblebi met individ-
ualur midgomas moiTxoven skolebisgan ara mxolod
moswavleTa yofaqcevasTan mimarTebaSi, aramed
akademiuri warmatebis miRwevaSic. kerZo saswavle-
blebi individualur midgomas xalxis mizidvis
mZlavr iaraRad iyeneben, ris gamoc sazogadoeba maT
ufro metad endoba.
159
qimi (Kim) dasZenda, rom es tendencia nawilobriv koreuli
ojaxebis Tvisobriv cvlilebebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. orive
mSoblis muSaobis fonze da gazrdili geografiuli mobilo-
bis pirobebSi, rodesac bebiebi da babuebi SviliSvilebisgan
moSorebiT cxovroben, sarepetitoro saswavleblebi bavSve-
bisTvis im individualuri yuradRebis miqcevis saSualebad
iTvleba, rasac ojaxebi veRar uzrunvelyofen, xolo skolebi
ki verc verasdros uzrunvelyofdnen.
teqnologiebiT gavrcelebuli CamosatvirTi kerZo
gakveTilebis mozRvaveba koreaSi SeiZleba kanonmdeblobisTvis
damafiqrebeli iyos. Coum (Choe 2009, gv. 14) aRniSna, rom
ukanaskneli xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi korea miliardobiT
dolars abandebs internetis 10-jer daCqarebaSi. is faqti, rom
moswavleebs SeuZliaT CamotvirTuli gakveTilebis win da ukan
gadaxveva, nawilebis moniSvna da nawilebis gameoreba, aZlevs
maT met SesaZleblobebs da Tvisuflebas, rac individualuri
gakveTilebis dros ar eqnebodaT. ase rom, CamotvirTuli
gakveTilebi onlain da pirispir individualurad Catarebuli
gakveTilebisTvis sasargeblo damatebaa. aseTi CamosatvirTi
gakveTilebis uzrunvelyofa mTavrobasac SeuZlia, magram dRes-
dReisobiT kerZo seqtori liderobs. erTma internet liderma
sarepetitoro biznesSi (citirebuli Cous mier, Choe 2009,
gv. 4) mosazreba gamoTqva, rom momavalSi “moswavleebi skolaSi
mxolod kviraSi erTxel jgufuri RonisZiebebisTvis,
sportisTvis, ivlian.” es SeiZleba cotaoden gadaWarbebuli
prognozireba iyos, magram garkveuli tipis moswavleebs
garkveul garemoebebSi namdvilad moergeba - gansakuTrebiT mo-
tivirebul moswavleebs sagamocdo sesiebis dros.
sxva garemoebebSi sarepetitoro skolebi adamianuri kon-
taqtebis gazrdas ufro uwyoben xels, vidre Semcirebas. ase
rom soum (Sou 2007, gv. 4) ojaxebis cvalebadobaze makaosTan
mimarTebaSic miuTiTa, ris gamoc sarepetitoro centrebi
bavSvze zrunvis serviss “erT ganuyofel procesad” moiazreben
da sazogadoebas sTavazoben:
160
SuadRisas skolis Semdeg, sarepetitoro centri pa-
suxismgebelia waiyvanos bavSvebi, mouaros maT da
asadilos. Semdeg bavSvebi skolaSi ukan mihyavT, raTa
isini naSuadRevs gakveTilebs daeswron. skolis
Semdeg bavSvebi isev sarepetitoro centrebSi mi-
hyavT, rom daexmaron saSinao davalebis momzadebaSi
manam, sanam maT samsaxuridan dabrunebuli mSoblebi
miakiTxaven.
da mainc, ar arsebobs damajerebeli mizezi imisa, Tu ratom
ar SeiZleba skolebma igive momsaxureba gauwion sazogadoebas.
inglisSi, ganaTlebis mesveurebi saeqsperimento gaxangrZlive-
bul saskolo dRes nergaven, romelic dilis 8 saaTidan
saRamos 6 saaTamde grZeldeba da bevri skola bavSvebs SuadRis
sakvebiTac uzrunvelyofs (airsoni, Ireson, 2007b). makaos
mTavrobam 2002 wels skolis sazogadoebrivi programa wamoi-
wyo, sadac sazogadoebas saskolo mowyobilobebze xeli mi-
uwvdeba. ufrosi klaselebisTvis makaos mTavrobam aseve moawyo
saswavlo oTaxebi, da samoqalaqo organizaciebi daafinansa, rom
isini efeqturad funqcionirebdes. 1997 wlidan ki makaos
mTavroba satelefono momsaxurebas sTavazobs moswavleebs
saSinao davalebaSi da dasaxmareblad (sou, Sou 2007, gv.9).
Tu skolis da sarepetitoro centris urTierTCanacvlebas
davubrundebiT, saintereso iqneba erTi moswavlis mZafri ko-
mentari, romelsac harTmani egvi pteSi Catarebul kvlevaSi
moixmobs (Hartmann 2008, gv.57). moswavle skolaSi gatarebul
dros dabali xarisxis akademiur miRwevasTan akavSirebda: “Tu
skolaSi saerTod ar vivli da mxolod kerZo gakveTilebs
daveswrebi, ukeTesi iqneba.” ra Tqma unda, es moswavle sakiTxs
mxolod sakuTari viwro perspeqtividan udgeboda, mTavrobebs
ki ufro farTo miznebi aqvT skolis funqciebTan mimarTebaSi,
magaliTad, socializacia, eris Seneba, da sportis da akademiuri
miRwevebis saSualebiT bavSvis dabalansebuli ganviTareba. mi-
uxedavad amisa, ganaTlebis mesveurebma unda Seamsubuqon
moswavleebis mRelvareba da stresi pikis sezonebSi mniSvnelo-
vani sajaro gamocdebis win. samwuxaroa, rom aseTi sezonebis
161
dros ganaTlebis farTo da fundamenturi miznebi da gan-
zomilebebi ugulebelyofilia; magram moswavleebic da ojaxe-
bic zustad acnobiereben sistemis mier wayenebul moTxovnebs.
da Tu kerZo repetitoroba sajaro skolas sarkis anarek-
liviT mis xarvezebs uCvenebs, maSin bunebrivia, skolebma meti
Zalisxmeva unda gamoiCinon am xarvezebis Tavad aRmosafxvre-
lad.
rogorc praqtika gviCvenebs, zogierT sazogadoebaSi
skolebi exmaurebian am problemebs. Tanis (Tan, 2007) gadmo-cemiT, singapurSi sarepetitoro centrebi Seecadnen ZiriTadi
saskolo sistemisTvis gaeswroT da bavSvebisTvis programa
winaswar eswavlebinaT. amis Sedegad, skolebmac daaCqares pro-
gramis swavleba, zogi moswavlisTvis mainc. amis Sedegi ki iyo
sarepetitoro centrebis da ZiriTadi saskolo programebis
Tanxvedra. koreaSi skolebis damamTavrebel klasebSi gatare-
bulma gaTansworebis politikam repetitorobaze moTxovna
ufro gaamZafra, vidre Seamcira, xolo meti Tavisuflebis da
moqnilobis saWiroebam ki koreis mTavroba aiZula Sesworebebi
Seetana gaTanasworebis politikis miznebsa da TvisebebSi.
amgvarad, mTavrobebma zedmetad TavdacviTi meqanizmebis
amuSavebis nacvlad SeiZleba, piriqiT, Crdilovani saganmanaTle-
blo sistemisgan bevri ram iswavlon. es isev da isev xazs us-
vams am fenomenisadmi ufro meti yuradRebis miqcevis
aucileblobas. erTerTi yvelaze problemuri da mcdari
midgoma kanonmdeblebis da ganTlebis mesveurebis mxridan iqne-
boda Crdilovani ganaTlebis sistemis ugulebelyofa. piriqiT,
kanonmdeblebma da ganaTlebis mesveurebma bevri ram SeiZleba
iswavlon “Crdilisgan”; da yvela konteqstSi maT unda gaiT-
valiswinon misi saganmanaTleblo, socialuri da ekonomikuri
maxasiaTeblebis farTo speqtri. am wignma aCvena, rom bevri
ramis swavla SeiZleba sxvadasxva qveynebis gamocdilebis
SedarebiTi analizidan.
162
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sagnobrivi saZiebeli
a
adamianuri kapitali 17, 45
akademiuri 7, 13, 18, 33, 34, 47, 56, 59, 60, 61, 69, 72, 73, 74,
76, 82, 85, 90, 109, 110, 112, 113, 115, 120, 130, 145,
152, 155, 158, 159, 161
miRweva 73, 76, 113, 145, 161
sagnebi 37, 63, 82, 96, 121, 128, 148
akrZalva (repetitorobis) 76, 85, 86, 88, 113, 139, 158
avstralia 15, 32, 34, 57, 105, 112, 139, 155, 157
avstria 31, 113, 135
azerbaijani 26, 53, 154
azia 10, 53, 75, 115, 117, 130, 154, 155
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi (aSS) 9, 32, 40, 42, 43, 47, 56,
57, 63, 100, 105, 111, 112,
155
arasamTavrobo organizaciebi 8, 14, 129
araformaluri ganaTleba 21, 131
arcerTi CamorCenili bavSvi (NCLB) 8, 32, 42, 47, 56, 58, 63, 112, 163, 165
afrika 10, 29, 34, 39, 60, 115, 155
aRmosavleT azia 13, 33, 34, 53, 115, 154
aRmosavleT evropa 10, 26, 27, 33, 53, 130, 155
b
bangladeSi 22, 129
boTsuana 148, 155
bosnia da hercogovina 26, 53
brazilia 33, 195
g
gamocdebi 26, 28, 36, 57, 61, 62, 69, 70, 71, 72, 82, 85, 90, 106,
109, 110, 114, 121, 148, 157, 161
gare (arasaskolo) gamocdebi 36, 57, 61
zeda klasebis / saSualo skolis gamocdebi 71, 72, 82
182
samoqalaqo samsaxuris gamocdebi 70
Sesasvleli gamocdebi 72, 109, 110, 148
gamocdebis maxasiaTeblebi (saxeoba) 22
ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso institutis
politikis forumi 155
ganaTlebis marketizacia da privatizacia 155
ganaTlebis sistemebi 156, 162
ganmanaTleblebi 62
gansxvavebebi ix. agreTve Tanasworoba 51, 106
gancxadebebi 98, 144
genderi 106, 107, 120
ganzomileba(ebi) 15, 18, 36, 43, 49, 51, 52, 55, 56, 64,
90, 162
gansxvavebebi 10, 49, 51, 53, 71, 86, 105, 109, 134
uTanasworobebi 16, 17, 45, 46, 47, 50, 52, 55, 56, 61, 69, 70,
94, 97, 102, 105, 155, 158
germania 100, 128
d
dabali akademiuri moswreba 18, 34, 47, 56, 59, 61, 71, 90, 112,
115, 155, 158
dabalSemosavliani
qveynebi 22
ojaxebi 61, 83, 86
damgegmavebi ix. agreTve kanonmdeblebi,
politikosebi, praqtikosebi 13-14, 17-18, 33-34, 42-43, 115, 148,
149, 154, 157-158, 161-162
dasavleT evropa 31, 32, 34, 155
e
egvipte 12, 25, 44, 49, 51, 52, 64, 113, 129, 161
evropa 10, 34, 53, 130, 155
eTnikuroba ix. agreTve rasa 55
ekonomikuri 13, 43, 44, 85, 92, 107
zegavlena 13, 43, 44
183
tvirTi 69, 70, 74, 85, 96
Sedegebi 44, 92, 107
ekonomikuri da socialuri cvlilebis instrumenti 68
ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da
ganviTarebis organizacia (OECD) 8, 14, 69, 152, 153, 168, 174
ena 120, 132
erTi-erTze repetitoroba ix. repetitoroba 60, 61, 135
v
vietnami 25, 51, 143
z
zambia 29
zanzibari 29, 127
zegavlena (repetitorobis) 11, 13, 39, 43, 44, 47, 56, 57, 59, 61,
62, 65, 85, 88, 91, 96, 104, 114, 121,
127, 141, 158
ekonomikuri 13, 43, 44
saganmanaTleblo 43, 56
socialuri 43, 47
T
Tanasworoba ix. agreTve gansxvavebebi 51, 106
TurqeTi 49
i
iaponia 12, 13, 22, 26, 33, 41, 74, 105, 109, 134, 154, 155
inglisi 11, 56, 111, 138, 157
indoeTi 8, 10, 11, 29, 30, 36, 38, 40, 53, 54, 113A
andhra pradeSi 30, 36, 54
dasavleT bengali 29
kerala 30, 36, 37, 38, 54
maharaSTra 30, 37, 38, 54, 136
uTar pradeSi 30, 37, 54
184
intensivoba ix. repetitoroba 5, 10, 18, 21, 35, 36, 43, 62,
82, 114, 141
interneti 18, 21, 38, 40, 42, 68, 76, 77, 98, 105, 118, 148, 156,
160
irlandia 32
k
kavkasia 117
kamboja 22, 23, 51, 113, 128, 154
kanada 22, 23, 332, 41, 55, 100
vankuveri 55
toronto 55
kanonebi, wesebi 73, 88, 89, 134, 135, 137, 138, 143
kenia 22, 25, 29, 50, 51, 113
kerZo mecadineobebi 17, 83, 85, 86, 105, 106, 132, 133, 134, 135,
136,137, 142, 143, 145, ix. agreTve repetitoroba
Tvisebebi da roli 96
zoma da forma 15, 16, 17, 21, 141
kerZo repetitorebi 23, 25, 25, 28 - 33, 43, 47, 48, 50, 53 - 55,
58 - 60, 62, 68, 69, 71
kviprosi 24
klasgareSe (RonisZiebebi, aqtivoba) 76
klasgareSe repetitoroba ix. repetitoroba
kolejSi Sesasvleli gamocdebi 76
kolombo 45
konfucianizmi 33, 70
konfucianuri tradiciebi 33
korea 33, 39, 44, 45, 50, 62, 68, 69, 70, 77, 113, 154, 160
korufcia 14, 17, 118, 120
kulturebi 43, 52, 156, 157
l
laTinuri amerika 33, 34, 155
litva 26, 27, 54, 130, 133, 134, 152
185
m
mavriki 29, 63, 79 - 87, 89, 92, 93, 95, 102, 104, 114, 148,
152, 157
makao 38, 137, 148, 160, 161
malavi 29, 155
masStabebi ix. agreTve repetitoroba 16, 33, 34, 141, 142
154, 157
maswavleblebis motivacia 127
maRali akademiuri moswrebis moswavleebi 18, 33, 63, 67, 109,
115
mTliani Sida produqti (mSp) 7, 24, 44, 69, 95
mimwodeblebi repetitorobis 40, 42, 102, 107, 108, 112, 118
mkvlevarebi 51, 148, 151
moTxovna (kerZo) repetitorobaze ix. repetitoroba
momxmareblebi ix. agreTve mSoblebi
monitori / monitoringi ix. repetitoroba
monRoleTi 27, 54, 131, 134
moswavleebi 12, 18, 19, 22 - 25, 28, 31, 35, 36, 38, 66,
67, 108, 111, 116, 119, 120, 125, 146
dabali akademiuri moswrebis moswavleebi 18, 34, 47,
56, 61, 73, 90, 112, 155, 158
eTnikuri umciresobis moswavleebi 55
zeda saSualo klasebis moswavleebi 23, 24
umaRlesi skolis moswavleebi 63
mSoblebi ix. agreTve momxmareblebiM 16, 39, 42, 45, 47 -
50, 58 - 60, 68, 69, 73, 76, 83, 84, 86, 88, 90, 91, 93, 97,
98, 102, 115, 117, 143, 145, 148, 152, 155, 158, 161
mSobliuri ena 37
n
namibia 29, 36, 136
o
ojaxis 28, 47, 48, 50, 52
gamokiTxva 24
danaxarjebi 23, 152
186
repetitorobis dafinanseba 23
ojaxis danaxarji ganaTlebaze 23
p
politika 39, 42, 75, 77, 85, 92, 94, 103, 104, 113, 127, 135,
138, 162
politikis forumi (IIEP) ix. IIEP-is politikis forumi 6,
14, 15 26, 56, 92, 108, 154, 155
politikosebi 16, ix. agreTve damgegmavebi
praqtikosebi ix. agreTve damgegmavebi
poloneTi 27, 54
portugalia 10, 35, 36, 136, 147
praqtikosebi ix. agreTve damgegmavebi, kanonmdeblebi, poli-
tikosebi
privatizacia 155
r
rasa ix. agreTve eTnikuroba 55
repetitoroba 12, 13, 15 - 19, 21, 22, 26, 27, 28, 30 - 34,
38, 39, 42, 44, 46, 50, 52, 53, 56, 57, 59, 61, 63, 64,
68, 69, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 81, 83, 84, 85, 88, 91- 98,
101, 102, 105, 106, 107, 111 - 115, 117, 127, 129, 130,
132 - 135, 138, 141, 143, 144, 150, 153 - 158, 162
adgilmdebareoba 22, 82, 92
qalaqis / soflis dawesebulebebSi 106
haquonebi (korea) 68, 78, 82, 134, 135
juku (iaponia) 12, 24, 41, 109, 110, 135
intensivoba 10, 18, 21, 35, 36, 43, 62, 82, 141
masStabi 10, 21, 22, 26, 27, 34, 43
mimwodeblebi 40, 42, 101, 107, 108, 112, 118
moTxovna 46, 47, 53, 59, 61, 64, 69, 81, 91, 95, 104,
112 - 115, 156, 162
momarageba / uzrunvelyofa 76, 130, 160
monitori / monitoringi 8, 14, 19, 28, 141, 145, 148,
150
formati / saxeoba / miwodebis saSualeba 22, 39, 114
individualuri, erTi erTze 60, 61, 135
187
internetis saSualebiT 18, 38, 156
skolis Semdeg 19, 39, 91, 99, 101, 117, 123, 161
saxeobebi 12, 18, 21, 33, 34, 38, 40, 42, 68, 105
sixSire 30, 36
xangrZlivoba 21, 35, 38, 83, 141
repetitorobis miReba ix. momxmareblebi 40
repetitorobis saxeobebi ix. repetitoroba
s
sabazro Zalebi 17, 19, 56, 104, 105, 112, 154
sabazro ZalebiT marTuli repetitoroba 56, 105
saberZneTi 32, 44, 128
sabWoTa kavSiri 26, 33, 34
Semosavali 46, 102
saganmanaTleblo zegavlena (repetitorobis)
ix. zegavlena 11, 43-44, 57, 65
saganmanaTleblo miRweva ix. agreTve akademiuri
miRweva 113
saganmanaTleblo, socialuri da ekonomikuri
maxasiaTeblebi 162
sagnebi ix. akademiuri sagnebi 37, 63, 82, 96, 121, 128, 148
saklaso 62, 65 - 67, 82, 84, 88, 127, 159
programa 61, 64, 109, 123, 132
swavleba 66, 82, 88
samTavrobo 18, 24, 32, 33, 39, 42, 46, 56, 57, 70, 87, 95, 114,
127, 138, 139, 147, 155, 157, 158
danaxarji 32, 46
politika 18, 33, 39, 42
samxreT azia 34, 55
samxreT 15, 28, 29, 34, 39, 55, 60, 150
saswavlo programa 16, 36, 39, 46, 56, 64, 66, 69, 91, 92, 95,
98, 130, 159
satelevizio gadacemebi 39, 42, 76, 77
safrangeTi 11, 12, 15, 31, 32, 44, 48, 68, 95, 100 - 102, 104, 111,
129, 139, 157, 159
188
saqarTvelo 26, 27, 53, 117, 155
saSemosavlo jgufi 106, 107
singapuri 8, 36, 40, 60, 105, 111, 112, 137, 155, 162
skola 7, 8, 10, 18 - 21, 23 - 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, 33 - 40,
45, 46, 48, 51, 55 - 60, 62, 65, 67, 120, 123, 124,
126, 147
dawyebiTi da saSualo skola 10, 19, 23 - 26,
29, 31 - 38, 40, 42, 49, 50, 55, 57, 60, 68 - 72,
74, 75, 77, 81, 82, 84 - 86, 90, 95, 97, 98, 105, 115,
131, 132, 137, 145, 147, 152, 155
intensiuri momzadebis skolebi 32, 44, 109, 144,
149
kerZo skola 96
saskolo sagnebi 37, 63, 82, 96, 121, 128, 148
sajaro skola 7
skolis teritoria 30, 82, 88, 89, 92, 133
slovakeTi 26, 27, 54, 130, 132, 134, 152
socialuri 13, 16 - 18, 22, 37, 46, 49, 52, 55, 67, 68, 70, 83, 94,
96 - 98, 102 - 104, 113, 114, 129, 130, 155 - 158,
162
klasebi 98, 157
socialuri da ekonomikuri 67, 105, 155, 156, 158, 162
uTanasworobebi 17, 47, 52, 70, 94, 97, 62, 105, 155,
158
winsvla 19, 83
Zalebi 95
uTanasworobebi 55
socialuri, ekonomikuri da saganmanaTleblo zegavlena 43-
44
(repetitorobis) ix. zegavlena 3, 43, 44, 47, 56
sruli akrZalva 112, 158
stratifikacia 86, 87, 96
swavlebis xarisxi 8, 28, 45 - 47, 56, 57, 66, 81, 87, 106,
123 - 125, 145
t
taivani 33, 55, 128
tanzania 29
189
tajikeTi 27, 45, 54, 117, 130, 132, 134, 155
testebi ix. agreTve gamocdebi 57, 73, 76, 83, 110
teqnologiebi 7,, 38, 41, 60, 97, 156, 159, 160
tvirTi (finansuri) 69, 70, 74, 85, 96
u
uaryofiTi zegavlena (repetitorobis) 16, 61, 80, 88
uganda 28, 113, 138, 148, 155
ukraina 27, 54, 130, 133, 134
universaluri da savaldebulo ganaTleba 71
ufaso ganaTleba 87, 115
q
qumoni 41
Q
y
yazaxeTi 27, 53, 117, 130, 134
yirgizeTi 27, 51, 54, 117, 120, 121, 155
S
Sedareba (saerTaSoriso) 115, 149
Sedegebi 14, 18, 29, 34, 35, 44, 53, 61, 67, 77, 81, 87, 92, 94,
97, 105, 107, 118, 130, 141, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148, 152
ekonomikuri 44, 92, 107
Semosavali 33, 45, 46, 52, 65, 95, 102
SesaZleblobis xarji, CaTvlili xarji 45
Sefaseba 7, 8, 11, 19, 42, 58, 59, 61, 67, 76, 93, 96, 97, 98,
106, 108, 141, 143, 145, 146, 152
Sri lanka 44, 154
C
Caricxva 49, 50
CineTi 23, 26, 38, 40, 70
CrdiloeT amerika 34, 155
Crdilovani ganaTlebis sistema 13, 16, 17, 19, 33, 41, 104,
114, 127, 129, 149, 154, 162
190
Z
ZiriTadi 11, 13, 16, 17, 21, 22, 26, 30, 332, 37, 38, 39, 42, 43,
46, 47, 50 - 52, 56, 60, 61, 63, 68, 70, 73, 75, 76,
77, 79, 83, 86, 98, 100, 104, 105, 108, 113 - 115, 117,
118, 121, 133, 136, 139, 150, 155, 157, 158, 162
ganaTlebis sistema (sistemebi) 13, 16, 17, 105, 118, 158
saskolo sistema 42, 43, 50, 56, 77, 115, 127, 133, 155,
157, 162
saskolo sistemis maswavleblebi 39, 43, 46, 73, 131, 150
x
xarisxi(s) 8, 45, 47, 50, 51, 56, 57, 75, 81, 84, 87, 106, 115, 125,
126, 128, 132, 137, 138, 143, 145, 150, 152, 155, 157,
161
momsaxureba 41, 128, 157
uzrunvelyofa 88, 123, 125
xarjebi 24, 35, 44, 45, 60, 75, 102, 152, 157
xarjis efeqturoba 58
xorvatia 26, 27, 53
j
juku (iaponia) 12, 24, 41, 109, 110, 135
h
haquonebi (korea) ix. agreTve repetitoroba 68, 78, 82,
134, 135
hong kongi 24, 25, 33, 40, 55, 144, 148, 155
191
ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso institutis (IIEP)publikaciebi da dokumentebi
ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso institutma 1,200-ze meti
dasaxelebis publikacia gamosca, romlebic ganaTlebis dageg-
mvis yvela sakiTxs moicavs. am publikaciebis sruli katalogi
Semdeg sagnobriv kategoriebad aris Sedgenili:
ganaTlebis dagegmva da globaluri sakiTxebi
zogadi kvlevebi – globaluri / ganviTarebis sakiTxebi
ganaTlebis administrireba da marTva
decentralizacia – monawileoba – distanciuri ganaTleba
– skolis dagegmva – maswavleblebi
ganaTlebis ekonomika
xarjebi da dafinanseba – dasaqmeba – saerTaSoriso Tanam-
Sromloba
ganaTlebis xarisxi
Sefaseba – siaxleebi – zedamxedveloba
formaluri ganaTlebis sxvadasxva doneebi
dawebiTi ganaTlebidan umaRles ganaTlebamde
ganaTlebis alternatiuli strategiebi
mudmivi ganaTleba – araformaluri ganaTleba – arasaxar-
bielo / dazaralebul mdgomareobaSi myofi jgufebis ganaTleba
- genderuli ganaTleba
katalogis aslebis mopoveba SeiZleba moTxovniT Semdegi
internet misamarTebidan da saitebidan:
GganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso institutis (IIEP) pub-likaciebis da komunikaciebis ganyofileba
192
axali publikaciebis saTaurebis da Tezisebis moZieba Sesa-
Zlebelia Semdeg saitze:
www.iiep.unesco.org
193
ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso instituti
ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso instituti (IIEP) arisumaRlesi safexuris treiningis da kvlevis saerTaSoriso cen-
tri ganaTlebis dagegmvis sferoSi. is 1963 iuneskos
(UNESCO) mier daarsda da finansdeba iuneskosa da wevri
qveynebis nebayoflobiT gaRebuli TanxebiT. Ukanaskneli wlebis
ganmavlobaSi Semdegma wevrma qveynebma Seitanes nebayoflobiTi
wvlili institutis dafinansebaSi: avstraliam, daniam, indoeTma,
irlandiam, niderlandebma, norvegiam, espaneTma, SvedeTma da Sve-
icariam.
institutis mizania mTels msoflioSi ganaTlebis gan-
viTarebis xelSewyoba codnis gavrcelebis da ganaTlebis
dagegmvis dargSi kompetenturi profesionalebis momzadebiT.
Aam miznis gansaxorcieleblad instituti wevri qveynebis
treiningis da kvleviT organizaciebTan TanamSromlobs. insti-
tutis samTavrobo sabWo maqsimum rva arCeuli wevrisa da
gaerosa da masTan arsebuli specializirebuli saagentoebisa
da institutebis mier arCeuli oTxi wevrisgan Sedgeba. sabWo
amtkicebs institutis programas da biujets.
Tavmjdomare:
reimond i. uoneri (aSS) Raymond E, Wanner (USA)iuneskos sakiTxebze ufrosi mrCeveli, gaeros fondi, vaSig-
toni, kolumbiis olqi, aSS.
gaeros mier daniSnuli wevrebi:
qristin evans-qloqi Christine Evans-Clockdireqtori, saerTaSoriso SromiTi organizaciis SromiTi
Cvevebis da dasaqmebis unaris departamenti, Jeneva, Sveicaria.
karlos lopesi Carlos Lopesgeneraluri mdivnis asistenti da aRmesrulebeli direq-
tori, gaeros treiningis da kvlevis instituti (UNITAR),gaero, niu iorki, aSS.
jamil salmi Jamil Salmi
194
ganaTlebis seqtoris menejeri, msoflio bankis instituti,
vaSingtoni, kolumbiis olqi, aSS.
dieri seqi Diėry Seckdireqtori, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis da dagegmvis afrikuli
instituti, dakari, senegali.
arCeuli wevrebi:
aziza benani (maroko) AAziza Bennani (Morocco)marokos elCi da mudmivi delegate iuneskoSi.
nina iefimovna borevskaia (ruseTi) Nina Yefimovna Borevskaya(Russia)
mTavari mkvlevari da proeqtis xelmZRvaneli, Soreuli aR-
mosavleTis Semswavleli instituti, moskovi.
birger fredriqseni (norvegia) Birger Fredriksen (Norway)msoflio bankSi mrCeveli ganaTlebis ganviTarebis sak-
iTxebSi.
rikardo henrikesi (brazilia) Ricardo Henriques (Brazil)prezidentis specialuri mrCeveli, erovnuli ekonomikuri
da socialuri ganviTarebis banki.
Takivaa manuhi (gana) Takyiwaa Manuh (Ghana)afrikis kvlevebis direqtori, ganas universiteti.
filip meo (safrangeTi) Philippe Méhaut (France)Sromis ekonomikis da sociologiis laboratoria-samec-
niero kvlevis erovnuli
centri LEST-CNRS, Aix-en-Provence, safrangeTi. SinSeng zang (CineTi) Xinsheng Zhang (China)ganaTlebis ministris moadgile, CineTi.
institutTan dakavSirebuli SekiTxvebi SeiZleba gaigzavnos
Semdeg misamarTze:
The Office of the Director, International Institute for EducationalPlanning,
7-9 rue Eugène Delacroix, 75116 Paris, France
195