curriculum vitae · 2019-07-25 · practice (glp)/good laboratory practice (glp) workshop at the...

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CURRICULUM VITÆ

PROFESSOR GILBERT O. KOKWARO

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Gilbert Kokwaro, [B.Pharm; MSc [Nairobi]; PhD [Wales].

Summary

I was born in Kenya in 1954, and had my higher education in Kenya [B.Pharm (1978); MSc (1982); University of Nairobi] and in the U.K [PhD (1987, Pharmacokinetics, University of Wales; Post-Doctoral Fellowship in Clinical Pharmacology (1991-1993; University of Liverpool]. I have attended short post graduate Certificate courses at the Royal Post Graduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, University of London (Clinical Pharmacology), Stowe Summer School for Drug Metabolism, Stowe, UK (Drug Metabolism) and at the University of Leiden, The Netherlands (Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic modeling). I was the Chairman of the Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, University of Nairobi from 1995 to 1999, and was an external examiner in Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania between 1989 and 1999. I am currently the Professor of Pharmaceutics at the University of Nairobi, visiting Professor of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, U.K., Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief Scientific Officer, African Centre for Clinical Trials (ACCT), and Head of the Clinical Pharmacology, Molecular Biology and Parasitology Research Group, The KEMRI/ Wellcome Trust Collaborative Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. I am also the Executive Director of the Centre for Drug Management and Policy (CEDMAP), Nairobi, Kenya. I am a former member (1999-2004) of the “Medicines for Malaria Venture” (MMV) Expert Scientific Advisory Committee (ESAC), based in Geneva, and currently on the Malaria Expert Advisory Board for Pharmaceutical Company, GlaxoSmithKline, a member of the Kenya National Academy of Science and a fellow of the African Academy of Sciences. My area of research is in the Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs used in the management of severe malaria and associated complications in children. I have held research grants from the Wellcome Trust and the World Health Organization (W.H.O), totalling approximately 40 million Kenya shillings, for research on severe malaria in African children. I have supervised nine PhD students (Glazier, Ismail, Radwen, Mberu, Ogutu, Amin, Sasi, Muchohi and Gitau) and several MSc students. I have over 70 publications in reputable refereed Journals. Together with Drs Alexis Nzila and Edward Mberu from my labs, we have filed two patents in the U.K for novel antimalarial compounds which we intend to do further research on. One of my PhD student at the University of Nairobi, Dr. Mberu carried out the preliminary in vitro work hat led to the development of a new antimalarial drug LapDap (chlorproguanil-Dapsone] by GlaxoSmithKine and the University of Liverpool, and currently being marketed in several African countries including Kenya. My current main areas of research are: • Clinical pharmacology of anticonvulsants in children with severe malaria . • Severe acidosis as a complication of severe malaria in African children • Population pharmacokinetics of aminiglycosides in African children with severe

disease • Biochemical pharmacology of novel resistance-reversal antimalarial drugs • Quality, range, cost and sources of antimalarial drugs in the informal sector:

implications for treatment of malaria. • Use of proteomic techniques to identify markers of severe disease in African children

and pregnant women. • Phase III Clinical Trials

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HOME ADDRESS: P.O Box 59548-00200,

Nairobi, Kenya Tel: 254-20-2718925;254-722323651 [Mobile] E-mail: [email protected]

WORK ADDRESSES:

1. Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, PO Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, KENYA Tel: 254-20-2721215 2.The African Centre for Clinical Trials (ACCT) Braham Court, Suite One, State House Road, PO Box 2288-00202, Nairobi, Kenya Te: 254-20-2733733 ; Fax: 254-20-2733044 3. Centre for Drug Management and Policy (CEDMAP) Braham Court, Suite One, State House Road, PO Box 2288-00202, Nairobi, Kenya Te: 254-20-2733733 ; Fax: 254-20-2733044

4.The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratories,

Clinical Pharmacology and Molecular Parasitology Research Group, PO Box 43640-00100, Tel: 254-20-2720163; Fax: 254-20-2711673, Nairobi, KENYA.

PERSONAL DETAILS

Date of birth: 2nd February, 1954 Marital status: Married to Margaret Kokwaro Nationality: Kenyan

EDUCATION 1991-93. Post-doctoral Research Fellow [Clinical pharmacology], Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Liverpool

1984-87: PhD, (Pharmacokinetics), University of Wales, UK, [Association of

Commonwealth Universities Scholarship]

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1982 MSc. (Pharmaceutics), University of Nairobi, [DAAD Scholarship from the Federal Republic of Germany]

1978 B.Pharm, University of Nairobi, [Distinction in Chemistry, 1975; Distinction in Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 1977] SELECTED (OUT OF A LIST OF 30) POSTGRADUATE COURSES ATTENDED 12th Workshop on Biochemical & Clinical Pharmacology, The Royal

Postgraduate Medical School, University of London, (10-13th March, 1992). Awarded a certificate

5th Stowe Summer School on drug metabolism, Stowe School,

Buckinghamshire, England, (7-10th July, 1992)

Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic modeling, Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research, University of Leiden, The Netherlands, (15-18th October, 1995). Awarded a certificate

National Institute of Health [NIH] – co-sponsored “Good Clinical

Practice (GLP)/Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) workshop at the Noguchi Memorial Institute of Medical Research, Accra, Ghana, (Nov 2-6,). Awarded a certificate

CONRAD GLP/Investigators’ workshop, 12-13 February 2004, Sofitel Hotel, Washington D.C (Microbicide trial workshop) Pfizer Global Research-sponsored GLP training workshop at the

Sheraton Hotel, Kampala, Uganda (22-27th February 2004)

AREAS OF SPECIALISATION

Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics and drug metabolism Clinical pharmacology of drugs used in the treatment of

tropical diseases. Clinical pharmacology of anticonvulsant drugs used in

children Drug Management and Rational Drug Use in Health Facilities Clinical Trials Proteomics and severe disease: potential for development of

new diagnostic and disease-monitoring techniques.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNALS FOR WHICH I HAVE BEEN A REVIEWER

Clinical Infectious Diseases British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and

Hygiene East African Medical Journal African Journal of Health Sciences

PROFFESSIONAL AWARDS/HONOURS

• Member, Kenya National Academy of Sciences (since 2004) • Fellow, African Academy of Sciences (since December 2006) • Multilateral Initiative on Malaria (MIM) Research Scientist of the month (September

2007) • Member (Silver Medalist), African Society for Drug Metabolism and Development (May

2007) • Member, Research Training Steering Committee, WHO Special Programme for

Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) (From February 2008) • Member (African representative), ANTIMAL health research capacity strengthening

committee (2007-Present) • Member, Review Panel, Global Health Leadership Awards (Since January 2008)

PROFFESSIONAL /HONORARY POSTS AND EMPLOYMENT [PRESENT]

Professor of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, College of

Health Sciences, University of Nairobi.

Chairman, Committee on Clinical Trials, Pharmacy and Poisons Board, Ministry of Health, Kenya.

Head, Clinical Pharmacology, Molecular Biology and

Parasitology Research Group, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Collaborative Research Programme, Nairobi.

External reviewer, Programme for research, Technological

Development and Demonstration, European Commission (30 November 05-Date)

Member, Kenya National Academy of Science (2004-Date)

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Chief Scientific Officer, African Centre for Clinical Trials (ACCT), Nairobi. (August 03-Present)

Executive Director, Centre for Drug Management and Policy (CEDMAP), Nairobi (1998-Date).

Honorary Lecturer (Drug Metabolism), Institute of Tropical

Medicine and Infectious Diseases (ITROMID), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi (2004-2005)

Chairman, Interim Executive Committee on Health Research Capacity Strengthening in Kenya (Jan 2007-Date)

Chairman, Clinical Trials sub-committee, Ministry of Health,

Kenya (2005-Date)

Consultant (Clinical Pharmacokinetics), Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi). 2005-Present

PROFFESSIONAL/HONORARY POSTS AND EMPLOYMENT [PREVIOUS] 2002-2004 Chairman of the International Academic Board, The Tropical

Institute of Community Health and Development (TICH) in Africa (2002-2004).

July 2006-Jan 2007 Chairman (July 2006-Jan 2007), Kenyan Task Force on Health

Research Capacity Strengthening 2005 (Nov), Jan 07 External Examiner in Pharmacology, Moi University Medical School, Eldoret, Kenya 1999-2003 Member, Expert Scientific Advisory Committee (ESAC), Medicines

for Malaria Venture (MMV), Geneva 1995-2001 Associate Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacy

Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya.

1995-1999 Chairman, Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacy Practice,

University of Nairobi [1995-1999]

1990-1995 Senior Lecturer in Pharmaceutics, Dept. of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacy Practice, University of Nairobi, [1990-1995]

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1991-1993 Postdoctoral Fellow ,Clinical & Biochemical Pharmacology, Dept. of Pharmacology &Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, UK.

1984-1990 Lecturer in Pharmaceutics, Dept. of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacy Practice, University of Nairobi, 1989, 1990,1997,1998, 1999, 2005 External examiner in Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy Practice and

Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania,

1997. External examiner in Pharmacology & Therapeutics

exams), Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nairobi.

1988-1991]. Member of Drug Registration Committee, Ministry of Health, Kenya. CONTINUING EDUCATION COURSES CONDUCTED

An annual 4-week certificate course ( on Effective Drug Management and Rational Drug Use: 1999-Date. 129 Doctors, pharmacists, Nurses & pharmaceutical technologists from several African countries [Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, Sudan, Lesotho, Namibia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Cameroon have been trained. The course has received sponsorship from World Health Organization (Geneva), AFRO (Harare), W.HO Country Offices in Uganda and Kenya, World Council of Churches [Pharmaceuticals Division], Ministry of Health [Kenya] and the Kenya National Drug Policy Implementation Programme.

PUBLIC LECTURES /SEMINARS GIVEN (SELECTED FROM A LIST OF 30)

(1) Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Scientific Seminar, (Wednesday June 16 1999) Topic: Clinical Pharmacology of antimalarial drugs in the “Roll Back Malaria” Strategy

(2) Kenya Medical Association Annual Scientific Conference (2000): Combination Therapy in Malaria (3) Kenya Medical Association Scientific Conference (2001): Artemisinin derivatives in the treatment of malaria

PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS/MEMBERSHIPS AND DUTIES

Member, Pharmaceutical Society of Kenya (MPSK), since 1978

Member, Kenya National Academy of Sciences (2004-Present)

Member, Institute of Biology (MIBiol) and Chartered Biologist (CBiol), (1978-1998)

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CURENT AND RECENT RESEARCH FUNDING

Type: Phase 3 Multi centre Clinical Trial on Chloroquine plus Azithromycin. Sponsored by Pfizer

Administering body: The African Centre for Clinical Trials Budget (US$): 600,000 (Six Hundred Thousand US Dollars) Kokwaro’s role: Overseeing a team of ACCT staff and

contracted clinicians at various institutions in East Africa conducting a Phase 3 clinical trial on a new antimalarial drug combination for treatment of uncomplicated malaria.

Status of trial: Concluded

Type: “Grand Challenge” as part of the Malaria Genomic Epidemiology Network [MalariaGen]

Administering body: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Principal Applicant: Professor Dominic Kwaitkowski Sponsoring Institution: University of Oxford, UK Kokwaro’s role: collaborating African scientist Title of Grant Application: “Learning from the Human

Genome how protective immunity against malaria works” Status of application: Grant Awarded to the consortium

[[16.7 million US Dollars]. Project ongoing

Type: European Union Grant Administering body: The European Union Principal Applicant: Professor Steve Ward Sponsoring Institution: University of Liverpool, UK Kokwaro’s role: collaborating African scientist Title of Grant: “ Development of New Drugs for the

Treatment of Malaria” Status of application: Grant Awarded to the consortium (17

Million Euros). Project ongoing

Type: Research Capability Strengthening for Malaria Research in Africa

Administering body: World Health Organization (W.H.O) Multilateral Initiative on Malaria (MIM)

Principal Applicant: Professor Gilbert Kokwaro Sponsoring Institution: KEMRI/Wellcome Trust

Programme, Kilifi, Kenya Kokwaro’s role: Principal Investigator Title of Grant Application: “Changes in biomarkers of

severe disease: A Proteomic investigation on severe malaria in children and pregnant women”

Status of application: Grant Awarded for Year 2(March 06-Date] [US$39,000]. Project ongoing

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PREVIOUS RESEARCH FUNDING

1991-1993 Awarding body: The Wellcome Trust [Grant Number 033365/Z/91/Z/1.4X/REH/RF] Amount: Sterling pounds 60,000 (Sixty thousand pounds Sterling) Purpose: Postdoctoral fellowship in Clinical & Biochemical Pharmacology. Place where research was done: University of Liverpool, U.K Project: Effect of malaria on drug disposition

1995-1998 Awarding body: The Wellcome Trust [Grant Number

043167/Z/REH/LEC] Amount: Sterling pounds 31,200 (Thirty one thousand two hundred pounds Sterling) Purpose: Research development Award in Tropical Medicine Place where research was done: Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacy Practice, University of Nairobi/Wellcome Trust Research Laboratories, Nairobi Project: Clinical pharmacology of diazepam in children with severe malaria.

1998-2003 Awarding Body: World Health Organization (TDR/Multilateral Initiative on Malaria) [Grant Number 980074]. Amount: US$ 209,000 (Two Hundred and Nine Thousand US Dollars) Purpose: Research Capability Strengthening in Africa Place where research was done: Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacy Practice, University of Nairobi; Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Dar es Salaam; Department of Pharmacology, University of Dar es Salaam; Wellcome Trust Research Laboratories, Nairobi and Kilifi, Kenya. Project: An integrated training and research project on the clinical pharmacology of key drugs used in the treatment and management of falciparum malaria in children

CURRENT RESEARCH TEAM

1. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Dr. Simon Ndirangu [BSc, MSc.]: Senior Research Assistant. Awarded PhD (2007): ‘Pharmacokinetics and Clinical efficacy of midazolam and Lorazepam in Kenyan Children

Miss Evelyn Gitau [BSc., MSc]: Research Assistant. Awarded

PhD (2008). Thesis Title”: “Changes in Protein Levels as Markers of Severe Disease: An Investigation of Severe Malaria”

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Isaiah Mureithi [HND]: Research Technician and Principal Technologist[from the University of Nairobi, but helps Kokwaro both at the University and at the Wellcome Trust Research Laboratories in Nairobi]

2. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY

Dr. Alexis Nzila [PhD, University of Monpellier; Post

doctoral training, University of Seattle, USA]……Senior Research Fellow

Miss Lea Mwai [B.Pharm;]. Research Assistant, Registered

for a PhD

RECENT PHD THESES EXAMINED

“The antimalarial activity of Dicoma anomala and the Chloroquine Resistance Reversing effects of Sclerocarya birrea on Plasmodium falciparum in vitro” by Motlalepula Gilbert Matsabisa, University of Cape Town, 2001.

“A study of The antimalarial Action of pyronaridine and

its accumulation in Plasmodium falciparum” by Chikumbusko J Mtegha, University of Cape Town, 2004

“Estimating the Sequestered Load in Plasmodium

falciparum Malaria” by Lucy Beldinah Ochola, University of Basel, Switzerland, May 30 2005

“The isolation, characterisation and antiplasmodial

activity of two novel dimeric sesquiterpenes from Dicoma anomala” by ML Tselanyane, University of Cape Town, 2007

“Drug resistance polymorphisms in African isolates of

Plasmodium falciparum and their influence on Drug response” by Rabia Mukadam, University of Liverpool, 2007.

RESEARCH STUDENTS SUPERVISED/ CURRENTLY BEING SUPERVISED

1) Saboriah Ismail (Kokwaro assisted IG Edwards, main supervisor); PhD 1994: “Drug conjugation pathways in malaria”. University of Liverpool, UK

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2) Anthony Glazier (Kokwaro assisted IG Edwards, main

Supervisor); PhD 1995: “Effect of an experimental malaria

infection on cytochrome P-450 mediated metabolism in the rat”

University of Liverpool, UK

3) Edward Mberu (Kokwaro main University supervisor); PhD 1998: “Chlorproguanil/Dapsone: An alternative antimalarial combination”. University of Nairobi. 4) Hellen Radwen (Kokwaro assisted IG Edwards main supervisor); PhD 2000: “Metabolism of Albendazole by liver microsomes in vitro)” 5) Benhards Ogutu, a paediatrician from Kenya (Kokwaro main University supervisor); PhD 2002, “Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of diazepam, paraldehyde, phenytoin, fosphenytoin and phenobarbitone in Kenyan children with severe malaria”. University of Nairobi. First Kenyan paediatrician to obtain a PhD in Clinical Pharmacology. 6) Philip Sasi, a clinician from Tanzania (Kokwaro main University supervisor). Has successfully defended his PhD Thesis(2007) (University of Dar es Salaam): “ Contribution of salicylate and small organic compounds to development of acidosis in children with severe malaria” 7) Abdinasir Abass Amin (Prof. Bob Snow main supervisor; Kokwaro second supervisor); Obtained his PhD in April 2005: “Range, quality and costs of antimalarial drugs available in the informal sector in Kenya” 8) Simon Muchohi (Kokwaro main supervisor); PhD (2007): “Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of midazolam and lorazepam in Kenyan children with severe malaria and neonatal tetanus” 9) Evelyn Gitau (S Ward main supervisor; Kokwaro second supervisor), PhD (2008): “Changes in protein levels as markers of severe disease: An investigation on severe malaria” 10) Simon Muchohi MSc (2000): Pharmacokinetics of phenytoin, fosphenytoin and chloramphenicol in the rabbit and rat”. University of Nairobi.

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CONFERENCES/WORKSHOPS ATTENDED TO PRESENT PAPERS: [Selected List out of over 100 workshops and conferences attended between 1984-2007)] 2000 Kokwaro G., Nzila A., Ogutu, B. and Watkins, W.M. The clinical

pharmacology of antifolate drugs used in the treatment of malaria: an update. Presented at the informal consultation on the use of antimalarial drugs, W.H.O, Geneva, 13-17th November, 2000

2000 Kokwaro GO. “Some aspects of the Clinical Pharmacology of

antimalarial drugs”. Presented at the Kenya Paediatric Association Meeting, May 25, 2000, Nairobi

2000 Ogutu BR, Newton CRJ and Kokwaro GO. “ Role of drug level

monitoring in the management of seizures”. Presented at the Oxford Tropical Network meeting, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, April 2000

2000 Ogutu BR, Muchohi SN, Ouma D, Otieno GO, Newton CJRC

and Kokwaro GO. “Pharmacokinetics of intravenous diazepam in children with severe malaria”. Presented at the African Health Sciences Congress Meeting, Nairobi, April 2000.

2000 Ogutu BR, Muchohi SN, Otieno GO, Newton CJRC and Kokwaro

GO. “Pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in children with severe malaria”. Presented at the African Health Sciences Congress Meeting, Nairobi, April 2000.

2000 Mberu EK, Nzila MA, Kokwaro GO, Sibley CH and Watkins WM.

“In vitro activity of sulfadoxine and dapsone in P. falciparum field isolates from Kenya: correlation with dihydropteroate synthase point mutations”. Presented at the African Health Sciences Congress Meeting, Nairobi, April 2000.

1999 Kokwaro GO. “Pharmacokinetics of antimalarial drugs: New

challenges.” Malaria Symposium, organised by WHO/ Kenya Association of Physicians/ Ministry of Health, 29th May 1999, Nairobi.

1999 Kokwaro GO. “An integrated postgraduate training programme in

Clinical Pharmacology” Presented at the 20th African Health Sciences Congress, 19-23 April, 1999, Accra, Ghana

1998 Kokwaro GO. “ Antimalarial drugs: efficacy, kinetics & toxicity”

Presented at the 3rd Pan African Malaria Conference, 22-24th June 1998, Nairobi.

1998 Kokwaro GO. “ Chloroquine and seizures: a hypothesis” Presented at the Oxford Malaria Network Meeting, 28th April 1998, Kilifi, Kenya.

1991 Kokwaro GO, Glazier P and Edwards G. “ Effect of malaria infection and endotoxin-induced fever on metabolism of diazepam by rat liver microsomes” Presented at the Fifth Stowe symposium on Drug Metabolism, July 7-10, 1993, Stowe School, Buckinghamshire, England.

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1993. Kokwaro GO and Edwards G. “ Effect of malaria infection and

endotoxin-induced fever on theophylline clearance in the rat”. Presented at the Scottish/Newcastle Drug metabolism group meeting, 20-21 April, 1993, University of Newcastle, England.

1992. Kokwaro GO and Edwards G. “Effect of malaria infection and

endotoxin-induced fever on phenacetin O-deethylation by rat lliver microsomes” Presented at the UK Drug metabolism Group meeting, Pfizer Central Research, 3-5 September 1992, Sandwich, Kent, England.

1990. Kokwaro G and Indalo AA. “ Pharmacokinetics of temazepam

in male surgical patients” Presented at the 11th Annual KEMRI/KETRI Medical Scientific Conference, 1990, Nairobi.

1989. Kokwaro GO. “ Transdermal drug delivery: new challenges” Presented at the 2nd Annual Scientific Conference of the Kenya Association of Dermatologists, 1989, Aga Khan Hospital, Nairobi.

1989 Kokwaro GO. “ Effect of oxamniquine on antipyrine

metabolism in the mouse” Presented at the 10th Annual KEMRI/KETRI Medical Scientific Conference, 1989., Nairobi.

1988 Kokwaro GO. “Biopharmaceutic and pharmacokinetic aspects

of geriatric pharmacy” Presented at the Annual symposium of the Pharmaceutical Society of Kenya, 1988, Mombasa, Kenya.

1987 Kokwaro GO and Taylor G. “ Effect of oxamniquine on hepatic drug metabolising capacity in the mouse” Presented at the British Pharmaceutical Conference, 1987, Manchester, England.

1987 Kokwaro GO and Taylor G. “ Effect of oxamniquine on hexobarbitone and caffeine metabolism in the mouse” Presented at the 47th Federation of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FIP) Conference, 1987, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

1987 Kokwaro GO and Taylor G. “Pharmacokinetics of praziquantel in

experimental liver cirrhosis” Presented at the 3rd European Congress of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, 1987, Freiburg, West Germany.

1986 Kokwaro GO and Taylor G. “ Quantitative first-pass metabolism of

oxamniquine” Presented at the British Pharmaceutical Conference, 1986, Jersey, Channel Islands.

1985 Kokwaro GO and Taylor G. “Pharmacokinetics of oxamniquine in

healthy volunteers” Presented at the British Pharmaceutical Conference, 1985, Leeds, England.

1984 Kokwaro GO. “Therapeutic drug monitoring: The role of the

Pharmacist” Presented at the Annual symposium of the Pharmaceutical Society of Kenya, 1984.

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CONSULTAQNCY WORK UNDERTAKEN (UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE CENTRE FOR DRUG MANAGEMENT AND POLICY [CEDMAP])

1. Conducted annual 4-week course of “Drug Management and Rational Drug Use” in Nairobi since 1998. Has trained 121 health care practitioners (Doctors, Pharmacists, Nurses) from Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, DRC, Zambia, Malawi, Lesotho, Angola , Sierra Leone, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Liberia and the Sudan.

2. Conducted “in country” training on Drug Management in Malawi (sponsored by Catholic

Mission in Malawi) and the Sudan (sponsored by the Khartoum State Ministry of Health)

3. Technical assistance to SIDA (through ETC, East Africa), on Health Commodity

Quantification for the Rural Integrated Health Services Programme, Ministry of Health, Nairobi.

4. Was a WHO Consultant for a Logistics and Supply Management Assessment for

antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) and related commodities in Thailand [ 13-23rd June 2004]

5. Consultant (June –September 2005) for “Management for Health Services [MSH] to

prepare a formulary for ARVS, anti-TB drugs and antimalarial drugs for use in the Eastern, Central and Southern African sub-Region:

6. Was involved (May 2005) in facilitation of the preparation of a common pre-service- and

in-service training syllabus on HIV-AIDS commodities in Eastern and Central African Universities.

7. Was a member of the Scoping and Design Mission (6-21October 2005) for Health

Research Capacity Strengthening in Kenya and Malawi, sponsored by DFID (UK ) and Wellcome Trust (UK)

8. Conducted (24th-28th October 2005) a Drug Management Course for the Kenya Medical

Supplies Agency (KEMSA)

9. Was [from July 06 to Jan 07] National Chairman of a Task Force on Health Research Capacity Strengthening (HRCS)for Kenya. The HRCS will be funded by the Wellcome Trust, DFID and IDRC to the tune of Sterling pounds 10 million for an initial period of 5 years.

10. Currently (from Feb 07 to date) Chairman of the Interim Executive Committee (IEC)

preparing for the launch of the HRCS Initiative mentioned in item 9 above

11. March 2006-Date: Consultant for the “Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative” (DNDi) on the Clinical Pharmacokinetics of aminosidine and antimony in patients with visceral leishmaniasis.

12. Recently [March to June 06] trained health care workers (Doctors, Pharmacists, Nurses,

Technologists) from the public sector on the clinical use of artemether/lumefantrine, the newly introduced first line treatment for uncomplicated malaria in Kenya

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RESEARCH PAPERS IN PREPARATION

1. Murithi I, Muchohi SN and Kokwaro GO. Determination of aminosidine by HPLC in plasma from patients with visceral leishmaniasis

2. Gitau EN, Kokwaro GO, Ward SA and Newton CRJC. “Proteomic analysis of plasma and

CSF from children with severe disease”

3. Gitau EN, Kokwaro GO, Ward SA and Newton CRJC. “Proteomic analysis of plasma from mice infected with Plasmodium berghei”

PAPERS ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION

1. Nzila A, et al. “The effect of folate derivatives on the activity of antifolate drugs used against malaria and cancer. Parasitology Research

2. Simon N. Muchohi, Gilbert O. Kokwaro, Bernhards R. Ogutu et al. Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Efficacy of midazolam in children with severe malaria and convulsion” British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology

BOOKS 1. Kokwaro G, Kirika R, Thuo M and Wangai M (Editors) 2006. “Model Formulary for HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria for ECSA Countries” A publication by the Rational Pharmaceutical Management Plus Programme, Arlington, VA. Management Sciences for Health. RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS 1. Lang TA and Kokwaro GO. “Malaria Drug and Vaccine Trials in Africa: obstacles and opportunities” Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (2008); 102: 7-10

2. AA Amin and G O Kokwaro “Antimalarial Drug Quality in Africa”. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics (2007); 32: 429-440

3. .Simon Muchohi, Keneth Obiero, Charles Newton, Bernhards Ogutu, Geoffrey Edwards and Gilbert Kokwaro “Pharmacokinetics and Clinical effects of lorazepam in children with severe malaria and convulsions” British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology ( 2007); 65: 12-21

4. Claire Seaton, James Ignas, Simon Muchohi, Gilbert Kokwaro, Kathyryn Maitland and Alison Thomson, “Population pharmacokinetics of a single daily dose of gentamicin in children with severe malnutrition”. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (2007); 59: 681-9

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5. Abdinasir Amin, Tom Walley, Gilbert Kokwaro, Peter Winstanley and Robert Snow . Commentary: Reconciling national treatment policies and drug regulation in Kenya. Health Policy and Planning (2007); 22: 111-2 6. Kokwaro G, Mwai L, Nzila A .Artemether/lumefantrine in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria . Expert Opinion in Pharmacotherapy (2007); 8: 75-94 7. Sasi P, English M, Berkley J, Lowe B, Shebe M, Mwakesi R, Kokwaro G. Characterisation of metabolic acidosis in Kenyan children admitted to hospital for acute non-surgical conditions. Transactions of the Royal Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (2006); 100: 401-9

8. Kokwaro GO, Muchohi SN, Ogutu BR, Newton CR. Chloramphenicol pharmacokinetics in African children with severe malaria. Journal of Tropical Paediatrics (2006); 52: 239-43 9. Ogutu BR, Kokwaro GO . Combination therapy in the treatment of malaria. East African Medical Journal (2005); 82: 385-6 10. A.A. Amin, RW Snow and GO Kokwaro. The quality of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and amodiaquine products in the Kenyan Retail sector. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics (2005); 30: 559-565 11. Muchohi SN, Obiero K, Kokwaro GO, Ogutu BR, Githiga IM, Edwards G and Newton CRJC. Determination of lorazepam in plasma from children by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Journal of Chromatography (2005); 824:333-340 12. Kokwaro GO. Once-daily combination therapy for uncomplicated malaria: Is this the way forward? Clinical Infectious Diseases (2005); 41: 433-4 13. Muchohi SN, Ward SA, Preston L, Newton CRJC, Edwards G and Kokwaro GO. Determination of midazolam and its major metabolite 1’ –hydroxymidazolam by High-performance Liquid Chromatograph-Electrospray Mass Spectrometry in plasma from children. Journal of Chromatography (2005); 821: 1-7 14. Ogutu B.R., Nzila, A, Ochong, E, Mithwani, S, Wamola, B, Olola, CHO, Lowe, B, Kokwaro G.O.,

Marsh K. and Newton C.R.J.C. The role of sequential administration of sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine following quinine in the treatment of severe falciparum malaria in children.Tropical Medicine and International Health (2005); 10: 484-488

15. Nzila A, Ochong E, Nduati E, Kokwaro G, Winstanley P, Ward S, Marsh K. Why has the dihydrofolate reductase 164 mutation not consistently been found in Africa? Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (2005); 99: 341-346 16. Sheila Ommeh, Eunice Nduati, Eddy Mberu, Gilbert Kokwaro, Kevin Marsh, Andre Rosowsky and Alexis Nzila. In vitro activities of 2,4-diaminoquinazoline and 2,4-diaminopteridine derivatives against Plasmodium falciparum. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (2004); 48: 3711-3714 17. English M, Mohammed S, Ross A, Ndirangu S, Kokwaro G, Shann F, Marsh K. A randomised, controlled trial of once daily and multi-dose daily gentamicin in young Kenyan infants. Archives of Diseases in Children (2004); 89: 665-669

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18. Watkins B, Kokwaro G, Galinski M, Mutabingwa TK, Trape JF. WHO, the Global Fund and medical malpractice in malaria treatment. Lancet (2004); 363 (April 3): 1161-2 19. Isaiah M. Githiga, Simon N. Muchohi, Benhards R. Ogutu, Charles R.J.C. Newton, Godfrey O. Otieno, Evelyn N. Gitau, Gilbert O. Kokwaro. Determination of paraldehyde by gas chromatography in whole blood from children. Journal of Chromatography (2004); 805: 365-369. 20. Alexis Nzila, Gilbert Kokwaro, Peter Winstanley, Kevin Marsh and Steve Ward. Therapeutic potential of folate uptake inhibition in Plasmodium falciparum . Trends in Parasitology (2004); 20: 109-112.

21. Abdinasir Amin, Dyfrig Hughes, Vicki Marsh, Timothy Abuya, Gilbert Kokwaro, Peter Winstanley,

Sam Ochola and Robert Snow. The difference between effectiveness and efficacy of antimalarial drugs in Kenya. Tropical Medicine and International Health (2004); 9: 967-974

22. Sadik M, L Aarons, Kokwaro G , Oneeb Majid, Muchohi SN, Edwards G, Sumia M, Marsh K and Watkins WM . Population pharmacokinetics of artemether and dihydroartemisinin following intramuscular administration to children with Severe malaria. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology (2004); 57: 146-152. 23. EN Gitau, SN Muchohi, BR Ogutu, IM Githiga, GO Kokwaro. Selective and sensitive liquid chromatographic assay of amodiaquine and desethylamodiaquine in whole blood spotted on filter paper. Journal of Chromatography (2004); 799: 173-177. 24.. Attaran A, Barnes K, Curtis C, d’Alessandro U, Fanello C, Galinski M, Kokwao G et al. WHO, The Global Fund and medical malpractice in malaria Treatment. Lancet (2004); 363: 237-240 25. Ochong E,, Nzila A, Kimani, S, Kokwaro G, Mutabingwa T, Watkins W, Marsh K. Molecular monitoring of Leu-164 mutation of dihydrofolate reductase in highly sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine-resistant area in Africa. Malaria Journal (2003); 2: 46 26. Kokwaro GO, Ogutu BR., Muchohi SN, Otieno GO and Newton C.R.J.C. Pharmacokinetics of

phenobarbital in children with severe falciparum malaria and convulsions. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology (2003); 56. 453-457.

27. Ogutu BR, Newton CRJC, Muchohi SN, Watkins WM, Otieno GO, Edwards G and Kokwaro GO.

Pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of phenytoin and fosphenytoin in children with severe malaria and convulsions , British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology (2003); 56:112-119

28.Nzila MA, Mberu KE, Bray P., Kokwaro G., Ward S., Watkins B, Winstanley P and Marsh K.

Reversal of antifolate and chloroquine resistance by Probenecid in Plasmodium falciparum. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (2003); 47: 2108-2112

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29. .AH Thompson, GO Kokwaro, M English, S Muchohi, S. Mohammed and IG Edwards. Population Pharmacokinetics of Intramuscular Gentamicin Administered to Infants with suspected sepsis in Kenya British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology (2003); 56:25-31

30. J. O. Oundo, F. Muli, , S. Kariuki, P. G. Waiyaki, Y Iijima, J. Berkley, G. Kokwaro, C. J. Ngetsa, S. Mwarumba, R. Torto, B. Lowe. Association of non-typhi salmonella with severe malaria in children in Kilifi on the Kenyan coast. East African Medical Journal (2002); 79: 633-638 31. Mberu EK, Nzila AM, Nduati E, Ross A, Monks SM, Kokwaro GO, Watkins WM, Hopkins Sibley C. Plasmodium falciparum: in vitro activity of sulfadoxine and dapsone in field isolates from Kenya: point mutations in dihydropteroate synthase may not be the only determinants in sulfa resistance. Experimental Parasitology. (2002);101(2-3):90-96 32. Muchohi SN, Kokwaro GO, Maitho TE, Munenge RW, Watkins, WM and Edwards IG. Pharmacokinetics of phenytoin and fosphenytoin following intravenous and intramuscular administration. European Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics (2002); 27: 83-89 33.Ogutu BR, Newton CRJC, Crawley J, Muchohi SN, Otieno GO, Edwards, G, Marsh K and

Kokwaro GO. Pharmacokinetics and anticonvulsant effects of diazepam in children with severe falciparum malaria and convulsions. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology (2002);53:49-57

34.Ogutu BR, Newton CRJC, Muchohi SN, Otieno G, Kokwaro G. Phenytoin pharmacokinetics and clinical effects in African children following fosphenytoin and chloramphenicol co-administration. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology (2002); 54: 635-642 35. G Kokwaro and S Kariuki. Medical research in Africa: problems and some solutions. Bulletin of Tropical Medicine and International Health (2001); 9: 4-5 36.Kokwaro GO (2001). Clinical drug interactions. (Editorial). East African Medical Journal 78: 505-506 37. Muchohi SN, Ogutu BR, Newton CRJC, Kokwaro GO. (2001).“High performance liquid chromatographic determination of diazepam in children with severe malaria. Journal of Chromatography (Biomedical Applications), 761/2: 255-259. 38.J Crawley, G Kokwaro, D Ouma, W Watkins and K Marsh (2000). “Chloroquine is not a risk factor for seizure in childhood cerebral malaria” Tropical Medicine and International Health, 5(12): 860-864 39. HC Radwen, GO Kokwaro, SA Ward and G Edwards (2000). “Relative contribution of cytochrome P-450 and flavin–containing monoxygenases to the metabolism of albendazole by human liver microsomes”. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 49: 313-322 40.Mberu EK, Mosobo M, Nzila M. A, Kokwaro GO, Sibley C & Watkins WM (2000). The changing pattern of in vitro response to pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine in Plasmodium falciparum field isolates from Kilifi, Kenya. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 62 (3): 396-401.

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41. White NJ, Nosten F, Looaresuwan S, Watkins WM, Marsh K, Snow RW, Kokwaro G, Ouma J, Hien TT, Molyneux M, Taylor T, Newbold CI, Ruebush TK, Dannis M, Greenwood B, Anderson RM, Olliaro P. (1999). “ Averting a malaria disaster” Lancet, 353:1965-1967 42. GO Kokwaro (1998), “Medical Research: Are we doing enough in Africa?” [Editorial: African Journal of Health Sciences, 5:1 43. GO Kokwaro (1998), “Use of artemisinin (qinghaosu) derivatives in the treatment of malaria”, African Journal of Health Sciences, 5:8-11 44. GO Kokwaro (1997), “Bioavailability of artemether” ,British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 44: 305 45. GO Kokwaro, G Edwards, P Roberts, S Ward, P Winstanley and W Watkins (1997), “Infection with Plasmodiun berghei alters benzodiazepine receptor in rat brain”, Archives of Medical Research, 28: 425-427 46. GO Kokwaro, TO Kwasa, AA Indalo, and IO Kibwage (1996), “Steady state anticonvulsant drug levels in epileptic patients”, East African Medical Journal, 73: 679-682 47. GO Kokwaro, G Edwards, SA Ward, PA Winstanley, K Marsh and WM Watkins (1996), “Common antimalarial drugs do not affect the metabolism of diazepam and desmethyldiazepam by human liver microsomes”, Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2: 243-245 48. MO Oluka, ES Mitema, IO Kibwage, TO Kwasa and GO Kokwaro (1996), “A comparative bioavailability study of four carbamazepine tablet formulations available in the Kenyan market”, East African Medical Journal, 73: 323-326 49. GO Kokwaro and AA Indalo (1996), “Metabolism of diazepam and ethosuximide in rats with malaria and endotoxin-induced fever”, African Journal of Health Sciences, 3: 22-26 50. GO Kokwaro, AA Indalo and G Taylor (1996), “ Pharmacokinetics of oxamniquine in rabbit and rat”, European Journal of Drug metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, 21: 23-26 51. GO Kokwaro and AA Indalo (1996), “Effect of route of administration on systemic availability of oxamniquine in the rabbit”, African Journal of Health Sciences, 3: 101-104 52. GO Kokwaro and AA Indalo (1996), “Oxamniquine inhibits metabolism of caffeine, hexobarbitone and antipyrine in vivo in mice”, African Journal of Health Sciences, 3: 105-108 53. GO Kokwaro (1995), “Pharmacokinetic basis of Nifedipine-Digoxin interaction”, East African Medical Journal, 72: 684-687 54. GO Kokwaro and AA Indalo (1995), “Pharmacokinetics of temazepam in male surgical patients”, East African Medical Journal, 72: 483-485 55. WM Watkins, PA Winstanley, EK Mberu, GO Kokwaro, SA Murphy, I Mwangi, C Waruiru, D Foster and K Marsh (1995), “Halofantrine pharmacokinetics in Kenyan children with complicated and uncomplicated falciparum malaria”, British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 39: 283-287

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56. AP Glazier, GO Kokwaro, S Ismail and G Edwards (1994), “Effect of an experimental malaria infection on phenacetin metabolism in the rat isolated perfused liver”, Xenobiotica, 24: 785-793 57. S Ismail, GO Kokwaro, DJ Back and G Edwards (1994), “The effect of malaria infection on the pharmacokinetics of paracetamol in the rat”, Xenobiotica, 24: 527-533 58. AP Glazier, GO Kokwaro and G Edwards (1994), “Possible Isozyme-specific effects of experimental malaria infection with Plasmodium berghei on hepatic cytochrome P450 activity in rat liver microsomes”, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 46: 352-355 59. GO Kokwaro, ISF Szwandt, AP Glazier, SA Ward and G Edwards (1993), “Metabolism of caffeine and theophylline in rats with malaria and endotoxin-induced fever”, Xenobiotica, 23: 1391-1397 60. GO Kokwaro, S Ismail, AP Glazier, SA Ward and G Edwards (1993), “Effect of malaria infection and endotoxin-induced fever on antipyrine and metronidazole metabolism in the rat”, Biochemical Pharmacology, 45: 1243-1249 61. GO Kokwaro, AP Glazier, SA Ward, AM Breckenridge and G Edwards (1993), “Effect of malaria infection and endotoxin-induced fever on phenacetin O-deethylation by rat liver microsomes”, Biochemical Pharmacology, 45: 1235-1241 62. GO Kokwaro and G Taylor (1991) “”Oxamniquine pharmacokinetics in healthy Kenyan volunteers”, East African Medical Journal, 69: 359-364 63. GO Kokwaro and G Taylor (1990), “Effect of experimentally-induced hepatic cirrhosis on the pharmacokinetics of orally administered praziquantel in the rat”, European Journal of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, 15: 191-202 64. GO Kokwaro and G Taylor (1990), “Partitioning of Oxamniquine into brain tissue following administration to female Wistar rats”, Drugs & Chemical Toxicology, 13: 347-354 65. GO Kokwaro (1989), “Effect of oxamniquine on antipyrine metabolism in the mouse”, In: Kinoti SN, Omuse JK and Kofi-Tsekpo WM (Eds), Proceedings of the 10th Medical & Scientific Conference, KEMRI, Nairobi, pp.105-107 66. GO Kokwaro (1987), “The Disposition of Schistosomicidal Drugs”, PhD Thesis, University of Wales, U.K 67. GO Kokwaro and G Taylor (1987), “Effect of oxamniquine on caffeine and hexobarbitone metabolism in the mouse”, In: Breimer DD and Speicer P (Eds), Proceedings of the 47th International Congress of Pharmaceutical Sciences of F.I.P., Amsterdam, and p.155 68. GO Kokwaro and G Taylor (1986), “First-pass metabolism of oxamniquine: a quantitative study in the rabbit”, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 32: 38P 69. GO Kokwaro and G Taylor (1987), “Pharmacokinetics of praziquantel in rats with experimental liver cirrhosis” Proceedings of the 3rd European Congress in Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, Freiburg, p. 2.12

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70. GO Kokwaro and G Taylor (1987), “ Effect of oxamniquine on hepatic drug metabolising capacity in the mouse” Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, 39: 97 71. GO Kokwaro and G Taylor (1985), “ Oxamniquine pharmacokinetics following oral administration to healthy volunteers” Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacology 37: 41 72.DG Sixsmith, WM Watkins and GO Kokwaro (1982), “The stability of adrenaline ophthalmic solutions on sterilization and storage”, Journal of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, 7: 205-207 73.GO Kokwaro (1982), “Formulation of Stable Adrenaline Eye Drops for use in open-angle glaucoma”, MSc. Thesis, University of Nairobi. SELECTED ABSTRACTS (out of a list of 100) 1.GO Kokwaro and WM Watkins. “An integrated postgraduate training programme in clinical pharmacology” Presented by Kokwaro at the African Forum for Health Sciences Meeting in Accra, 19-23 April, 1999 2.EK Mberu, M Mosobo, A Nzila-Mouanda, G O Kokwaro, PA Winstanley and WM Watkins. “ The changing pattern of in vitro response to pyrimethamine/sulphadoxine (PM/SD) in Plasmodium falciparum field isolates from Kilifi, Kenya”. Presented by E. Mberu at the MIM African Malaria Conference, Durban, South Africa, 14-19 March 1999. 3.WM Watkins and GO Kokwaro. “African Scientists and Institutions in Developing drugs for malaria: An overview of potentials and resources available in Africa”. Presented by WM Watkins at the MIM African malaria conference, Durban, South Africa, 14-19 March, 1999. 4.EK Mberu, M Mosobo, PA Winstanley, A Nzila-Mounda, GO Kokwaro and WM Watkins (1998), “ The changing in-vitro chemosensitivity pattern to antifolates in P.falciparum field isolates from Kilifi, Kenya”, presented by E. Mberu at the Antifolate workshop, University of Liverpool, 11-12 September, 1998. 5.GO Kokwaro (1998), “Antimalarial drugs: efficacy, kinetics and toxicity” A commentary presented at the 3rd Pan African Malaria Conference, 22-24th June, Nairobi 6.GO Kokwaro (1998), “Chloroquine and seizures: a hypothesis”, presented by Kokwaro at the Oxford Malaria Network Meeting, Kilifi, Kenya (April) 7.E Mberu, A Nzila-Mounda, GO Kokwaro, E Amukoye, M Mosobo, PA Winstanley and WM Watkins (1998), “Short-term in vitro culturing of P. falciparum field isolates for antifolate chemosensitivity “ Presented by EK Mberu at the 16th NIMR/19th KEMRI joint Scientific Conference, Arusha, Tanzania (April) 8.EK Mberu, A Nzila-Mounda, GO Kokwaro, E Amukoye, M Mosobo, PA Winstanley and WM Watkins (1997), “The in vitro targeting of plasmodial DHFR by sulfadoxine in P. falciparum field isolates from Kilifi, Kenya”, Presented by EK Mberu at the MRC [The Gambia] jubilee meeting: 14-21 November.

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9. G Edwards, AP Glazier and GO Kokwaro (1994), “Kinetics of cytochrome P-450 mediated reactions in liver microsomes of malaria-infected rats”, Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 72: 313, Presented by G Edwards at the Congress of Clinical Pharmacology meeting, Montreal, Canada 10. AP Glazier, GO Kokwaro, S Ismail and G Edwards (1994), “ Effect of an experimental malaria infection on the metabolism of phenacetin in the isolated perfused liver”, British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 32: 167[ Presented by AP Glazier at the British Pharmacological Society meeting, Aberdeen, Scotland. 11. GO Kokwaro, AP Glazier, SA Ward, AM Breckenridge and G Edwards (1993), “Malaria infection and endotoxin-induced fever decrease phenacetin O-deethylation by rat liver microsomes”, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 87:345. Presented by Kokwaro at the Transactions meeting, London 12.Ogutu BR, Newton CJRC, Muchohi SN, Otieno GO, Edwards G, Watkins WM, Marsh K, Kokwaro GO. Anticonvulsants in severe childhood malaria [ Presented by Ogutu at the MIM conference, in Arusha, Tanzania, November 2002] 13.Ogutu B.R., Muchohi S.N., Ouma D., Otieno G.O., Newton C.J.R.C and Kokwaro G.O. eRole of

phenytoin in severe malaria management. Oxford Network meeting Feb 2002, Thailand.

14.Ogutu B.R., Otieno G.O., Mwambi B., Peshu J., Kokwaro G.O., Marsh K. and Newton C.R.J.C. A comparison of rectal Diazepam and Paraldehyde in the treatment of acute convulsions in a District Hospital. Kenya Paediatric Association meeting, Mombasa, 2001

15.Ogutu B.R., Muchohi S.N., Ouma D. , Otieno G.O., Newton C.J.R.C. and Kokwaro G.O. Pharmacokinetics of phenytoin and fosphenytoin sodium in children with severe malaria and convulsions. SONA conference, 2001 16.Ogutu B.R., Newton C.J.R.C. and Kokwaro G.O. The role of drug level monitoring in the management of seizures in severe malaria. WHO IMCI Operation Research, Regional conference, Lusaka, Zambia, 3rd –6th October, 2000. 17.Ogutu B.R., Muchohi S.N., Ouma D., Otieno G.O., Newton C.J.R.C. and Kokwaro G.O. Pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in children with severe malaria. AFHES Annual Scientific congress 2000, Nairobi. 18. Ogutu B.R., Muchohi S.N., Ouma D., Otieno G.O., Newton C.J.R.C and Kokwaro G.O. Pharmacokinetics of intrvenous diazepam in children with severe malaria: AFHES Annual Scientific congress 2000, Nairobi

REFEREES

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1. Ivan Addae-Mensah , PhD [Cambridge] Professor of Chemistry, Former Vice-Chancellor, University of Ghana, PO Box 71, Legon, ACCRA GHANA. E-mail: [email protected] 2. Professor Sir Alasdair Breckenridge, MD, OBE Emiritus Professor of Pharmacology The University of Liverpool,

Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE UK E-mail: [email protected] 3. Carol Hopkins Sibley, PhD

Professor of Genetics Department of Genetics 1959 NE Pacific Avenue University of Washington, Box 357360, Room J291 HSB Seattle Washington 98195-7360 USA E-mail: [email protected] Signed……………………………………..Version date: 7th February 2008

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