Deep Sea Mining(DSM) under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS)

国連海洋法条約(UNCLOS)の下の 海底鉱物資源利用に関する制度

SIP次世代海洋資源調査技術 生態系の実態調査と長期監視技術の開発

国際シンポジウム「海底資源の未来と持続可能な開発－環境配慮は開発の近道」

Symposium on Sustainable Development of Deep-Sea Resources for the Future

2017.11.7

掛江朋子（横浜国立大学）

1

This talk aims to introduce： 1) rules under the related to DSM under the UNCLOS focusing on the Area 深海底を中心に、国連海洋法条約（UNCLOS）上の海底鉱物資源利用に関する制度を概説 2) Rules, rights and obligations related to exploration and exploitation in the Area including regulation on exploration and draft regulation on exploitation 深海底における海底鉱物資源の「探査（exploration）」と「開発（exploitation）」に関する規則、現在検討されている開発規則案の現状を紹介。

出典：外務省HP

High Sea

The Area Continental Shelf

Articles on the Area in the UNCLOS UNCLOSの深海底に関する規則

• Part XI 第11部 深海底

• Annex III BASIC CONDITIONS OF PROSPECTING,EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION

付属書III 概査、探査及び開発の基本的な条件

• (Annex IV STATUTE OF THE ENTERPRISE) 付属書IV 事業体規程

➕

• 1994 Implementation Agreement of Part XI 第11部実施協定（1994年）

1930 Hague codification conference

1945 Truman Proclamation

1958 First United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea

1960 Second United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea

1973 Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea(-82)

1982 UNCLOS adopted

1990 SG’s informal consultation(-94)

1994 UNCLOS entered into force

1996 Japan signed the UNCLOS

History of the UNCLOS

米国はUNCLOS非締約国

1994 Implementation Agreement 第11部実施協定（1994年）

USA is not a member

外務省HP

The Area under the UNCLOS Common Heritage of Mankind(CHM: 人類の共同財産)

The Area and its resources are the common heritage of mankind（§136 ）.

No sovereignty over the Area or its resources(§137/1)

All the rights vested in mankind as a whole(§137/2)

States Parties agree that there shall be no amendments to the basic principle relating to the common heritage of mankind(§311/6)

ISA International Seabed Authority

海底開発機構

ISA is tasked to provide for the equitable sharing, on a non-discriminatory basis, of financial and other economic benefits derived from deep seabed mining(§140/2)金銭的利益その他経済的利益の衡平な配分を無差別原則を通じて行う

ISA shall take measures… to promote

and encourage the transfer to developing States of such technology and scientific knowledge…(§144)技術・科学的知見の途上国への移転

to ensure effective protection for the

marine environment from harmful effects… To this end the Authority shall adopt appropriate rules, regulations and procedures…(§145)海洋環境の保護

ISA HP

Parallel system of access(UNCLOS§153)

Some mine sites reserved for exclusive access by developing

countries through ‘Enterprise’

+

available for States and private operators

Developing states wanted Direct exploitation through international Organization

Developed States wanted

Simple licensing system

Reserved Area

Mining sites for Contractors

1994 Implementation Agreement

puts ‘Enterprise’ on hold for the foreseeable future

-removed obligation for states to finance(2.3) -activate only after the approval of a plan of work for exploitation or an application for a joint venture(2.2)

From the presentation by Mr. SANDOR MULSOW International Seabed Authority at the Berlin Workshop in Sep. 2017

JOGMEC HP

PMS

SMS CRC

Blue Nodule HP World Ocean Review HP

JOGMEC HP

PMN マンガン団塊

PMS 熱水鉱床

JAMSTEC HP

JOGMEC HP

Nautilus Minerals HP

コバルトリッチクラスト

CRC

JAMSTEC HP

Nautilus Minerals HP

特別環境利益区域Areas Particular Environmental Interests: APEIs

留保鉱区Reserved Area

Contract for exploration- 15 years First group renewed their contracts in 2016 for 5 years. 探査契約期間15年 最初のグループは2016年に5年間契約延長

Recommendations - for the guidance of contractors on the content, format and structure of annual reports ISBA/21/LTC/15 - for the guidance of contractors for the reporting of actual and direct exploration expenditure ISBA/21/LTC/11 - for the guidance of contractors for the assessment of the possible environmental impacts arising from exploration for marine minerals in the Area ISBA/19/LTC/8

ISA International Seabed Authority

海底開発機構

ISA is tasked to provide for the equitable sharing, on a non-discriminatory basis, of financial and other economic benefits derived from deep seabed mining(§140/2)金銭的利益その他経済的利益の衡平な配分を無差別原則を通じて行う

ISA shall take measures… to promote

and encourage the transfer to developing States of such technology and scientific knowledge…(§144)技術・科学的知見の途上国への移転

to ensure effective protection for the

marine environment from harmful effects… To this end the Authority shall adopt appropriate rules, regulations and procedures…(§145)海洋環境の保護

ISA HP

計算方法は？

企業秘密は？

「有害」の基準は？

Draft Regulation on Exploitation 開発規則案

2014.3 Stakeholder Survey

2015.3 Draft Framework and Action Plan Discussion Paper on the Financial Terms of Exploitation Contracts

2015.6 Revised Draft Framework and Action Plan

2016.2 Zero draft (→decided to have environmental and financial regulations separate )

2017.1 Discussion Paper on the environmental matters

2017.8 Draft Regulation on Exploitation (→environmental and financial matters integrated & streamlined)

Before mining

Environmental Scoping Report(DR18) Environmental Impact Statement(DR19)(including the results of the EIA, An

environmental risk assessment, a description of Mitigation, Monitoring and management measures, the description of the environmental management system)

Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan(EMMP) , Closure Plan (CP)

During mining

a review of Environmental Performance(DR24)

Annual report(DR37)

Incidents Register(DR40)

Before closure

Final Closure Plan and

post-closure monitoring (DR25)

Environmental procedure in Draft Regulation

Royalty Payable in the Draft Regulation 52

RP = ((RMV1 x ARR1 ) + (RMV2 x ARR2 ) + (RMV3 x ARR3 ) +….(RMV x ARR)) x Total quantity of Mineral-bearing (in metric tonnes) RP = Royalty Payable RMV1 = the first Relevant Mineral Value ARR1 = the Applicable Royalty Rate applicable to the first Relevant Mineral RMV2 = the second Relevant Mineral Value ARR2 = the Applicable Royalty Rate applicable to the second Relevant Mineral, and so on. RMV3 = the third Relevant Mineral Value ARR2 = the Applicable Royalty Rate applicable to the third Relevant Mineral, and so on.

Bits from ISA Workshop on

Impact reference zones (IRZs： 影響参照域) and Preservation reference zones (PRZs：保護参照域)

in Berlin(27-29 September 2017)

Presentation by DORD at Berlin WS Available at https://www.isa.org.jm/files/documents/EN/Workshops/2017/IRZ/DORD.pdf

DORD’s PRZ

Presentation by DORD at Berlin WS Available at https://www.isa.org.jm/files/documents/EN/Workshops/2017/IRZ/DORD.pdf

IRZs (DORD)

Presentation by DORD at Berlin WS Available at https://www.isa.org.jm/files/documents/EN/Workshops/2017/IRZ/DORD.pdf

DORD’s Requests to ISA

Presentation by DORD at Berlin WS Available at https://www.isa.org.jm/files/documents/EN/Workshops/2017/IRZ/DORD.pdf

From MIDAS research outcomes (NOT from Berlin WS)

Reference: Solwara 1’s case (Nautilus Minerals in PNG(EEZ))

Zoning Experiences from Solwara-1, Samantha Smith, presented at Berlin WS in Sep. 2017

熱水鉱床 PMS

Solwara 1’s case:

Zoning Experiences from Solwara-1, Samantha Smith, presented at Berlin WS in Sep. 2017