department of earth sciences (lautech)

[Department of earth sciences (lautech)] 2014 - 2016

LADOKE AKINTOLA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY,

P.M.B. 4000, OGBOMOSO

FACULTY OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES

STUDENTS’ INFORMATION HANDBOOK

2014 - 2016

1 Students’ Information Handbook


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Front Cover……………………………………………………………………………….……1Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………….…….2The Visitors……………………………………………………………………………….……3List of Principal Officers of the University…………………………………….…3List of Staff………………………………………………………………………………..……4Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………7Degrees Awarded…………………………………………………………………..………8Admission Requirements………………………………………………………….……8UME Subjects…………………………………………………………………………………8Requirements for the Award of a B.Tech Degree……………………………9Course Duration ………………………………………………………………………….…9Evaluation of Student’s Performance…………………………………..…………9Examinations Regulations……………………………………………………….……11Professional Memberships and Affiliations………………………………..…13Students Welfare, Guidance and Counseling…………………………..……13Courses Outline. ……………………………………………………………………….…15Graduation Requirements……………………………………………………………21Description of Courses (Applied Geology) ……………………………………25Description of Courses (Applied Geophysics) …………………….…………37Logistics for Geological Field Mapping………………………………………….45Report Writing………………………………………………………………………….….48Field Safety…………………………………………………………………………………..49



THE VISITORS

The Executive Governor of Oyo StateSENATOR ISIAKA ABIOLA AJIMOBI

The Executive Governor of Osun StateOGBENI RAUF ADESOJI AREGBESOLA

LIST OF PRINCIPAL OFFICERS OF THE UNIVERSITY

CHANCELLORAsiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu

Pro-Chancellor and Chairman of CouncilProf. Wale Omole

Vice-ChancellorProfessor A. S. Gbadegesin

Deputy Vice-ChancellorProf. T. A. Adebayo

University RegistrarRev. J. A. Agboola

University BursarMr. A. B. C. Olagunju

University LibrarianMr. I. O. Ajala



STAFF LIST

Academic Staff`

S/N NAME QUALIFICATION RANK/POSITION FIELD/RESEARCH

1. O.G .Bayowa B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D (Ife) Lecturer I and Acting Head of Department

Applied Geophysics

2. M.A. Adabanija B.Sc. (Ife), M.Sc., Ph.D (Ibadan)

Senior Lecturer Applied Geophysics

3. A. O. Adewoye B.Sc. (Ilorin), M.Sc., M.Phil (Ibadan) Ph.D (Ogbomoso)

Lecturer I Hydrogeology, Environmental and Engineering Geology

4. I. A. Akinlabi B.Sc., M.Sc., M.Phil (Ibadan) Lecturer I Applied Geophysics

5. L. L. Kolawole B.Sc. (Ibadan), M.Sc. (Newcastle)

Lecturer I Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology

6. O. A. Afolabi B.Sc., M.Sc. (Ibadan) Lecturer I Mineral Exploration and Applied Geochemistry

7. G. O. Ogungbesan B.Sc. (Ago-Iwoye), M.Sc (Ibadan)

Lecturer II Sedimentology and Petroleum Geology

8. M. T. Jimoh B.Sc. (Ago-Iwoye), M.Sc (Ibadan)

Lecturer II Mineral Exploration and Applied Geochemistry

9. O. C. Oduneye B.Sc. (Ago-Iwoye), M.Sc (Ibadan)

Lecturer II Sedimentology and Petroleum Geology



Associate LecturersS/N NAME QUALIFICATION RANK/POSITION FIELD/RESEARCH

1. P. I. Olasehinde B.Sc. (Ibadan), PGD (Delft), M.Sc. (Ilorin), Ph.D (Ilorin)

Professor Applied Geophysics

2. G. O. Adeyemi B.Sc., M.Sc. Ph.D (Ife) Professor Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology

3. S.A. Alagbe B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D (Zaria) Associate Professor Hydrogeology

4. R.B. Bale B.Sc. (Ibadan), M.Sc. (Hull), Ph.D (Southampton)

Associate Professor Mineral Exploration and Applied Geochemistry

5. A. M. Gbadebo B.Sc. (Port-Harcourt), M.Sc. (Ife), PGD (Jerusalem) Ph.D (Ibadan)

Associate Professor Environmental Geology

6. A. A. Adepelumi B.Tech (Akure), M.Sc. (Ife) Ph.D (Rio de Janeiro)

Associate Professor Applied Geophysics

7. B. Adekeye B.Sc , M.Sc, Ph.D (Ilorin) Senior Lecturer Sedimentology/Petroleum Geology

8. I. A. Okunola B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D (Germany)

Associate Lecturer Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology



Technical Staff


S/N NAME QUALIFICATION RANK/POSITION

1. Mr. K. A. Sanni HND (Ibadan), PGD (Oyo), NISLT, COMEG REG.

Senior Technologist

2. Mr. O. K. Oyekan HND (Akure), NISLT Technologist II

3. Mr. P. O. Ajani B.Tech (Ogbomoso) Laboratory Assistant

4. Mrs. C. A. Ojedokun

ND (Iree), NISLT Laboratory Assistant

5. Mrs. L. T. Odeniran

NCE (Oyo) Laboratory Assistant

6. Mr. O. Ayoola WAEC Laboratory Assistant

7. Mr. F. O. Oyewo WAEC Driver


Administrative Staff


S/N NAME QUALIFICATION RANK/POSITION

1. Mrs. R. O. Oyedijo Open grading test stage II & III; OND (Ibadan), Certificate in Office Communication & Data Management. (Ogbomoso)

Data Management Officer II

2. Mrs. E. O. Abogunde Open grading test stage II & III; NCE, Certificate in Office Communication & Data Management (Ogbomoso)Certificate in Word Processing &Desktop Publishing (Ogbomoso)

Senior Typist II

3. Mr. M. Adeleye OND (Ibadan) Head Office Assistant


1.1 INTRODUCTION

The Department of Earth Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso was establish in 2004 to offer opportunities for studies leading to degrees of Bachelor of Technology in Applied Geology and Applied Geophysics. The domain of Earth Sciences is a multi-disciplinary field in which the principles of Chemistry, Physics, Biology and Mathematics are applied to finding solutions to the problems of the real world comprising subsurface and terrestrial Earth, understanding the history of the Earth and projection into the future. These have manifested in the growing demand for graduates with in Earth Sciences with sound scientific knowledge.

The aim of the programme is to train Earth Scientists in areas of exploration for minerals and ores to meet the growing demands for experts in exploration of abundant solid mineral deposits in Nigeria. In line with the University’s mission, the training of the graduates will be geared toward producing self- employable, self-sustaining and self-reliant individuals with great entrepreneurial skill.

The objectives of the programme are:i. To produce high-level manpower needed in the exploration of the

subsurface earth for exploitation and utilization of the abundant mineral resources in Nigeria.

ii. To provide broad and balanced foundation of geosciences knowledge and practical skills for Earth Scientists that would carry out research into problems of subsurface and terrestrial Earth.

iii. To provide necessary training and exposure for graduates suited for employment in the mining and petroleum industries, sectors of the Nigerian economy.



1.2 Degrees AwardedThe degrees awarded are: Bachelor of Technology Earth Sciences (Applied Geology) Bachelor of Technology Earth Sciences (Applied Geophysics)

1.3 Admission Requirements1.3.1 UME

Students intending to specialize in any of the Earth Sciences programme must satisfy University and Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences admission requirements. In addition, they must have passed at credit level in Physics, Mathematics, English Language, Chemistry and any of Biology, Technical Drawing or Geography at the final Senior Secondary School Certificate Examinations or at the GCE ordinary level or its equivalents.

1.3.2 Direct EntryStudents may be admitted into the second year (200 level) by direct entry if they have either GCE Advanced level or its equivalent with good passes in Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics. National Diploma with upper credit from recognized Polytechnics and colleges of Technology in relevant areas may also be admitted but may be required to sit and pass some audited first year courses to make up for any deficiency they may have.

1.4 UME SubjectsThese shall include English Language, Physics, Mathematics and Chemistry.



1.5 Requirements for the Award of B.Tech Degree To be eligible for the award of B.Tech degree in Earth

Sciences. Students must satisfactorily complete(i) General Studies 14 units(ii) Compulsory Courses 122 units(iii) Core Courses (Applied Geology Option) 53units(iv) Core Courses (Applied Geophysics Option) 58 units

The minimum number of units required to graduate shall therefore be 189 units for Applied Geology option and 196 units for Applied Geophysics option excluding free electives. Students may take additional courses of their choice as free electives provided they do not exceed the maximum specified load limit of 24 units per semester except in 400 Level rain semester which is meant for the Students’ Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) which carries 4 units. However, the free electives course must be passed before graduation. On no account should a student register for less than 12 units in any semester. Students with carry-over of more than 12 units in Rain semester of 300 level is not eligible to go for SIWES. Students are expected to register for their carryovers first before the main courses in a level.

1.6 Course DurationFive (5) years for Candidates admitted through University Matriculations Examinations or the Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Pre-degree Science programme and 4 years for direct entry candidates.

1.7 Evaluation of Student’s Performance1.7.1 Examinations

Examinations are conducted in accordance with regulations approved from time to time by the University Senate. To sit for any of course examinations, candidates must be duly registered for the course, and attain 75% point in attendance at the course lectures, field work, laboratory practical sessions or tutorials as



applied. Students who are willing to absent from course lectures, field work, laboratory practical sessions or tutorials must communicate to and seek the approval of their course instructors. Every course shall be examined during their respective semesters.

(i) Written Examinations 70%(ii) Continuous Assessments (including Practicals) 30%The continuous assessment is compulsory for all taught courses

1.7.2 Grading SystemThe following letter grades are attached to the examination scores and the minimum pass mark for each course is 40%.

% Mark Letter Grade Grade Point70 - 100 A 560 - 69 B 450 - 59 C 345 - 49 D 240 - 44 E 10 - 39 F 0

1.7.3 Computation of Grade Point Average (GPA) and Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA)For each year of study, CGPA of a student shall be calculated. Any student whose CGPA is less than 1.0 will be placed on probation. If after one year (i.e. two consecutive semesters) the CGPA is still less than 1.0, the student shall be recommended for withdrawal from the University. The GPA is computed by dividing the total sum of the products of the grade points (GP) and corresponding course units (NU) by the total number of units (TNU).



That is: GPA=∑i=1

N

(G Pi x N U i)

∑i=1

i=N

Nu= TCPTNU

Where GP, is the grade point scored in course:NU, is the number of unit of course, N is the number of coursesTCP is the Total Credit PointTNU is the Total Number of Units

The CPGA is computer for a total number of semester M greater than 1 as:

CGPA = ∑j=1

M

TCP ( j)

∑j=1

M

TNU ( j )

1.7.4 Classes of DegreeThe classes of degree are designated as follows:-

4.50 - 5.00 First Class Honours3.50 - 4.49 Second Class Honours (Upper Division)2.40 - 3.49 Second Class Honours (Lower Division)1.00 - 1.49 Third Class Honours

1.8 Examination Regulations1.8.1 Conduct of Students at Examinations:

Students shall: (i) use or consult, during an examination; only such books, papers

notes, instruments or other materials or aids as are specifically permitted or provided by the Department whose examination is being taken



(ii) neither introduce nor attempt to introduce any books, papers notes, instruments or other materials or aids into the examination room.

(iii) neither pass nor attempt to pass any information from one to another during an examination.

1.8.2 Misconduct(i) Failure to observe any of the above rules shall prima facie,

constitute misconduct.(ii) At the discretion of the Chief Examiner, a candidate may be

required to leave the examination room when his conduct is judged to be disturbing or likely to disturb the examination. The Chief Examiner shall report any action taken by him to the Dean immediately.

The sanctions for various examination offences committed by any student/member of staff as approved by the University senate are as follow:

S/N Examination Offence Sanction1. Involvement in leakages of examination

questions and/or marking Scheme: Student(s) involved Staff involved

ExpulsionDismissal

2. Illegal possession of answer script(s) by studentsAnswer script(s) containing answers

Suspension for twoSemestersExpulsion

3. Possession of unauthorized text(s) filled with more than one handwriting: Student(s) involved Staff complicity in multiple handwriting malpractices

Expulsion

Dismissal4. Possession of unauthorized text(s) and

illustration(s) of any form that aid Suspension for 4 Semesters



examinations malpractices5. Impersonation (mercenary) in writing

examination: Student(s) involved Staff complicity in impersonation/malpractices/ Impersonation in any form

Expulsion

Dismissal6. Student(s) Involvement in assault on

personnel involved in Invigilation:Expulsion/Dismissal of parties involved

7. Assaults on personnel involved in invigilation.Harassment and/or battery of personnel involved in Invigilation

Suspension for 4 Semesters

Expulsion8. Harassment of co-students for non-co-

operation in examinations malpractices Battery of co-students for non-co-operation in examinations malpractices

Suspension for 2 semester

Expulsion9. Falsification of identity, such as

matriculation number, etc by a student.Suspension for 4 semesters

10. Grafting Suspension for 2 semesters

11. Exchanging of scripts or information during examination/failure to submit examination answer Script

Suspension for 4 semesters

1.9 Professional Memberships and AffiliationsAll registered students in the Department of Earth Sciences belong to the Students’ Chapter of the Nigerian Mining and Geosciences Society (NMGS). They are also eligible for Student Membership of the following Associations: Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG); American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG); Nigerian Association of Petroleum Explorationists (NAPE) and the Nigerian Association of Hydro- geologists (NAH).



1.10 Student’s Welfare, Guidance and Counseling

(a) Handling of Academic GrievancesThe interests of students are sacred and as such their academic grievances are handled by Students’ Welfare Committee and subsequently discussed at the Departmental Board. The Students’ Welfare Committee comprises the level advisors and the Head of Department.

(b) Students’ ForumThe Department organizes a Departmental Staff/Students Forum at least once every academic year. This is meant to complement the efforts of the administration of the University to bridge communication gap for a better understanding between the University and the students. The forum therefore provides platform for discussion and exchange of ideas. It also offers opportunity for disseminating official information, rules and regulations of the University. Students are encouraged to raise issues of significance as they may affect their welfare.

(c) Students’ Academic Advisor

The duties of the level advisor include: computation of results; welfare of students; registration of students; and attendance to academic grievances. Each staff advisor is responsible for all aforementioned duties to the point of graduation of the students assigned. This way, the academic records, progress and history of each student are well documented.

(d) Health MattersFor all health matters, students consult the University Health Centre. Hence, only the certificate obtained from the University’s. Director of Health Services is acceptable as evidence of sickness resulting to absence from examinations and/or lectures. If you are treated outside the University Clinic, it is imperative that you



submit your papers to the University Health Centre for authentication.

(e) Sources of Information The University provides information to students through university’s internet website, notice boards, University Bulletin, announcement by staff at lecture halls and laboratories. Students are therefore enjoined to use these media regularly. For further clarification or any other information, students are advised to consult their course lecturers, Level advisors or the Head of Department.

2.1 List of Courses by Semester

100 Level Harmattan Semester Course code Course Title Pre Reg. L T P Unit(s) MTH 101 Elementary Mathematics 1 5 0 0 5 BIO 101 General Biology 1 3 0 0 3 PHY 101 General Physics 1 4 0 0 4 CHM 101 Introductory Chemistry 1 4 0 0 4 GNS 101 Use of English 1 2 0 0 2 FAA 101 Fundamental of Drawing 2 0 0 2 PHY 103 Experimental Physics 1A 0 0 3 1

BIO 103 Experimental Biology 1A 0 0 3 1

CHM 191 Experimental Chemistry 1A 0 0 3 1

LIB 101 Use of Library 1 0 0 0 Total 23

100 Level Rain Semester Course code Course Title Pre Reg. L T P Unit(s) MTH 102 Elementary Mathematics II 5 0 0 5 BIO 102 General Biology II 3 0 0 3 PHY 102 General Physics II 4 0 0 4



CHM 102 Introductory Chemistry II 4 0 0 4 GNS 102 Use of English 11 2 0 0 2 PHY 104 Experimental Physics 1B 0 0 3 1

BIO 104 Experimental Biology 1B 0 0 3 1

CHM 192 Experimental Chemistry 1B 0 0 3 1

CSE 100 Introduction to Computing 1 0 0 1 GNS 104 Science & Technology through 2 0 0 2

the ages Total 24

200 Level Harmattan Semester Course code Course Title Pre Reg. L T P Unit(s)

AGY 201 Introductory Geology 2 0 3 3 AGY 203 Introductory Geological Field

Mapping 0 0 3 1 AGP 203 Introduction to Earth Physics 3 0 0 3 CVE 303 Elementary Surveying and

Photogrammetry 2 0 3 3 MTH 201 Mathematical Methods 1 3 0 0 3 CSE 201 Computer Programming 1 2 1 0 3 GNS 209 Elements of Administration 2 0 0 2

CHM 241 Principles of Analytical Chemistry 2 1 0 3Total 21

200 Level Rain Semester Course code Course Title Pre Reg. L T P Unit(s)

AGY 206 Geological Map Interpretations 0 0 3 1AGY 208 Introduction to Igneous & Metamorphic Petrology AGY 201 2 0 3 3AGY 210 Sedimentary Systems and Processes 2 0 3 3



AGY 212 Crystallography & Systematic Mineralogy 2 0 3 3

MTH 212 Mathematical Methods II 3 0 0 3CSE 204 Computer Programming II 2 0 0 2GNS 202 Mind, Machine and Society 2 0 0 2

PHY 204 Electric circuit & Electronics 3 3 0 3

Total 20

300 Level Harmattan Semester (Applied Geology) Course code Course Title Pre Reg. L T P Unit(s)AGY 303 Sedimentology and

Sedimentary Petrology AGY 201 2 0 3 3AGY 307 Mineralogy AGY 212 2 0 3 3AGY 309 Introduction to Geochemistry AGY 201 2 0 3 3AGY 311 Introduction to Paleontology 2 0 3 3 AGY 315 Fundamental of Hydrogeology 3 0 0 3GNS 301 Introduction to Oral

Communications 2 0 0 2

STA 207 Statistics for Physical Sciences 3 1 0 4

21

300 Level Rain Semester (Applied Geology)Course code Course Title Pre Reg. L T P Unit(s)AGY 302 Independent Geological Field AGY 203

Mapping AGY206



AGY 208 0 0 3 2

AGY 304 Structural Geology 2 0 3 3 AGY 310 Principles of Stratigraphy &

Geochronology 2 0 0 2AGY 306 Photogeology and Remote Sensing 1 0 3 2AGY 318 Advanced Hydrogeology 3 0 0 3AGY 324 Entrepreneurial Skills and

Consultancy 1 1 0 3 2

GNS 302 Introduction to Communication Skills 2 0 0 2

URP 326 Geographic Information System 1 2 0 3 3

Total 21

400 Level Harmattan Semester (Applied Geology)Course code Course Title Pre Reg. L T P Unit(s)AGY 401 Petroleum Geology AGY 310 3 0 0 3AGY 403 Economic Geology AGY 307 3 0 0 3AGY 405 Engineering Geology 2 0 0 2 AGP 411 Exploration Geophysics AGP203 3 0 0 3AGY 409 Palynology & Sequence

Stratigraphy 3 0 3 4

AGY 410 Applied Geology Seminar 1 0 0 1AGY 411 Igneous petrology AGY 201 2 0 3 3AGY 415 Micropaleontology AGY 311 2 0 3 3

Total 22

Electives (Maximum of 5 units, Minimum: 0 units)



400 Level Rain Semester (Applied Geology)

Course code Course Title UnitsESC 400 SIWES PROGRAMME 4

500 Level Harmattan Semester (Applied Geology)Course code Course Title Pre Reg. L T P Unit(s)AGY 505 Global Tectonics & Structures AGY 304 2 1 0 3

AGY 509 Geology of Africa 2 0 0 2AGY 510 Final Year Project 0 0 9 3 AGY 511 Ore and Industrial Minerals AGY403 1 0 3 2AGP 515 Introduction to Earth Observations 2 0 3 3AGY 513 Marine Geology 2 0 0 2AGY 519 Exploration and Mining Geology 2 0 0 2AGY 523 Basin Analysis AGY210 2 0 0 2

Total 21


500 Level Rain Semester (Applied Geology) Course code Course title Pre Reg. L T P Unit(s)AGY 502 Metamorphic petrology AGY 208 2 0 3 3AGY 504 Gemstones Technology AGY307 2 0 3 3 AGY 506 Special Topics and Case

Histories in Geology 1 0 0 1 AGY 508 Environmental Geology 2 0 3 3AGY 510 Final Year Project 0 0 9 3AGY 512 Crustal Evolution & Metallogeny 2 0 0 2AGY 514 Entrepreneurial Skills & Consultancy II 1 0 3 2 Total 17




300 Level Harmattan Semester (Applied Geophysics)Course code Course title Pre Reg. L T P Unit(s)AGP 301 Gravity Methods in Prospecting 2 0 3 3

AGP 303 Electrical Method in Prospecting 2 0 3 3 AGY 315 Fundamentals of Hydrogeology 2 0 3 3 AGY 303 Sedimentology and

Sedimentary Petrology AGY 201 2 0 3 3GNS 301 Introduction to oral

Communication 2 0 0 2PHY 303 Electromagnetic Field Theory 3 0 0 3STA 207 Statistics for Physical Sciences 3 1 0 4

Total 21

300 Level Rain Semester (Applied Geophysics)Course code Course Title Pre Reg. L T P Unit(s)AGP 304 Magnetic Method in Prospecting 2 0 3 3AGP 306 Seismic Refraction Methods in

Prospecting 2 0 3 3 AGP 308 Independent Geological Field

Mapping and Geophysical AGY 203 Field Work AGP 208 0 0 6 2AGY 306 Photogeology and Remote Sensing 1 0 3 2AGY 314 Mineral Resources and



Environmental Geology 1 0 3 2 AGY 324 Entrepreneurial Skills and

Consultancy I 1 0 3 2 AGY 310 Principles of Statigraphy &

Geochronology 2 0 0 2AGY 304 Structural Geology 2 0 3 3URP 316 Geographic Information System I 2 0 3 3GNS 302 Introduction to Communication

Skills 2 0 0 2

Total 24

400 Level Harmattan Semester (Applied Geophysics) Course code Course Title Pre Reg. L T P Unit(s) AGP401 Borehole Geophysics 2 0 3 3 AGP 403 Radioactivity Methods in

Prospecting 1 0 3 2 AGP 405 Electromagnetics Prospecting Techniques 2 0 3 3 AGP 409 Seismic Reflection Prospecting Method 3 0 3 4 AGY401 Petroleum Geology AGP 310 2 0 3 3 AGY 405 Engineering Geology 2 0 0 2 AGP 410 Seminar 1 0 0 1 AGY 411 Igneous Petrology 2 0 3 3

Total 21

400 Level Rain Semester (Applied Geophysics)Course code Course title Unit(s)ESC 400 SIWES PROGRAMME 4

500 Level Harmattan Semester (Applied Geophysics)Course Code Course Title Pre Reg. L T P Unit(s)

AGP503 Computational Geophysics CSE204 2 0 3 3



AGP 505 Environmental Geophysics 2 0 3 3AGP507 Engineering Geophysics 2 0 3 3

AGP 509 Reservoir Geophysics AGP401 2 0 3 3 AGP510 Final Year Project 0 0 9 3 AGP 515 Introduction to Earth Observations 2 0 3 3 AGY519 Geology of Nigeria 2 0 0 2

Total 20

Electives (Maximum of 4 units, Minimum: 0 unit)

500 Level Rain Semester (Applied Geophysics)Course Code Course Title Pre Reg. L T P Unit(s)AGP 502 Global Geodynamics and 3 0 0 3

GeomagneticsAGY502 Metamorphic Petrology AGY208 2 0 3 3 AGP 504 Hydro Geophysics 2 0 3 3AGP506 Case Histories and Current 2 0 0 2

Trends in Geophysics AGP510 Final Year Project 0 0 9 3 AGP 516 Modelling in Geophysics 1 0 3 2 AGY514 Entrepreneurial Skills &

Consultancy II 1 0 3 2 Total 18

Electives (Maximum of 4 units, Minimum: 0 unit)

2.1 Graduation Requirements

(a) General Studies Courses Course Code Course Title L T P U

GNS101 Use of English I 2 0 0 2GNS102 Use of English II 2 0 0 2GNS104 Science & Technology through the ages 2 0 0 2GNS209 Elements of Administration 2 0 0 2GNS102 Mind, Machine and Society 2 0 0 2



GNS301 Introduction to Oral Communication 2 0 0 2GNS302 Introduction to Communication Skills 2 0 0 2

Total 14 (b) Departmental General Courses Course Code Course Title L T P U

MTH101 Elementary Mathematics I 5 0 0 5BIO101 General Biology I 3 0 0 3PHY101 General Physics I 4 0 0 4CHM101 Introductory Chemistry I 4 0 0 4FAA101 Fundamental of Drawing 2 0 0 2PHY103 Experimental Physics 1A 0 0 3 1BIO103 Experimental Biology 1A 0 0 3 1CHM191 Experimental Chemistry 1A 0 0 3 1LIB 101 Use of Library 1 0 0 0MTH102 Elementary Mathematics II 5 0 0 5BIO102 General Biology II 3 0 0 3PHY102 General Physics II 4 0 0 4CHM102 Introductory Chemistry II 4 0 0 4PHY104 Experimental Physics 1B 0 0 3 1

BIO104 Experimental Biology 1B 0 0 3 1

CHM192 Experimental Chemistry 1B 0 0 3 1CSE100 Introduction to Computing 1 0 0 1AGY201 Introductory Geology 2 0 3 3AGY203 Introductory Geological field Mapping 0 0 3 1 PHY204 Electric circuit & Electronics 3 0 0 3CVE303 Elementary Surveying and Photogrammetry 2 0 3 3AGY206 Geological Map Interpretation 0 0 3 1AGY208 Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic

Petrology 2 0 3 3

L = Lectures; T = Tutorials; P = Practicals; U = Units

Course Code Course Title L T P UAGY210 Sedimentary systems and Processes 2 0 3 3AGY212 Crystallography & Systematic Mineralogy 2 0 3 3AGP203 Introduction to Earth Physics 3 0 0 3MTH201 Mathematical Methods I 3 0 0 3CSE201 Computing Programming 1 3 0 0 3



CHM 241 Principles of Analytical Chemistry 3 0 0 3MTH212 Mathematical Methods 11 4 0 0 4CSE204 Computer Programming 11 2 0 0 2STA207 Statistics for Physical Sciences 4 0 0 4AGY303 Sedimentology and Sedimentary Petrology 2 0 3 3AGY304 Structural Geology 2 0 3 3AGY314 Mineral Resources and Environmental Geology 1 0 3 2AGY315 Fundamental Hydrogeology 2 0 3 3AGY310 Principles of Stratigraphy & Geochronology 2 0 0 2AGY306 Photogeology and Remote Sensing 1 0 3 2AGY324 Entrepreneurial Skills & Consultancy I 1 0 3 2URP326 Geographic Information System I 2 0 3 2AGY401 Petroleum Geology 2 0 3 3AGY405 Engineering Geology 1 0 3 2AGY411 Igneous Petrology 2 0 3 3ESC400 SIWES Programme 0 0 0 4AGY502 Metamorphic Petrology 2 0 3 3AGY514 Entrepreneurial Skills & Consultancy II 1 0 3 2AGY519 Geology of Nigeria 2 0 0 2AGP515 Introduction to Earth Observations 2 0 3 3 Total 122


(c) Core Courses (Applied Geology Option)

Course code Course Title L T P UAGY302 Independent Geological

Field Mapping 0 0 6 2AGY307 Mineralogy 2 0 3 3AGY309 Introductory Geochemistry 3 0 0 3



AGY318 Advanced Hydrogeology 2 0 3 3AGY403 Economic Geology 2 0 3 3AGY409 Palynology & Sequence Stratigraphy 3 0 3 4AGP411 Exploration Geophysics 2 0 3 3AGY415 Micropaleontology 2 0 3 3AGY410 Seminar 1 0 0 1AGY512 Crustal Evolution and Metallogeny 2 0 0 2AGY504 Gemstones Technology 2 0 0 3

AGY505 Global Tectonies & Structures 2 0 0 3AGY506 Special Topics and Case Histories

in Geology 1 0 0 1AGY508 Environmental Geology 2 0 0 3AGY509 Geology of Africa 2 0 0 2AGY510 Final Year Project 0 0 18 6AGY511 Ore & Industrial Minerals 1 0 3 2AGY513 Marine Geology 2 0 0 2AGY521 Exploration and Mining Geology 2 0 0 2AGY523 Basin Analysis 2 0 0 2

Total 53(d) Core Courses (Applied Geophysics Option)Course code Course Title L T P UAGP301 Gravity Methods in Prospecting 2 0 3 3AGP303 Electrical Methods in Prospecting 2 0 3 3AGP304 Magnetic Methods in Prospecting 2 0 3 3AGP306 Seismic Refraction Methods in Prospecting 2 0 3 3AGP308 Supervised Geological Field Mapping 0 0 6 2PHY303 Electromagnetic Field Theory 3 0 0 3AGP401 Borehole Geophysics 2 0 0 3AGP403 Radioactive Methods in Prospecting 1 0 3 2AGP405 Electromagnetic Prospecting Techniques 2 0 0 3AGP409 Seismic Reflection Prospecting Method 3 0 3 4


Course code Course Title L T P UAGP410 Seminar 1 0 0 1

AGP502 Global Geodynamics and Geomagnetism 2 0 0 3



AGP503 Computational Geophysics 2 0 3 3AGP504 Hydro Geophysics 2 0 0 3AGP505 Environmental Geophysics 2 0 3 3AGP506 Case Histories and current Trend in Geophysics 2 0 0 2AGP507 Engineering Geophysics 2 0 3 3AGP509 Reservoir Geophysics 2 0 3 3AGP510 Final Year Project 0 0 18 6AGP516 Modeling in Geophysics 1 0 3 2

Total 58

(e) ELECTIVES

Course code Course Title L T P UAGY322 Quaternary Geology 2 0 3 3AGY516 Energy Resources 3 0 0 3AGY518 Geotechnics 2 0 0 2AGP413 Signal Processing Skills for Geophysics 1 0 3 2AGP501 Archaeometry 2 0 3 3AGP512 Geophysical Field Methods & Instrumental Analysis 2 0 3 3AGP514 Contaminants Transport &

Groundwater Remediation 2 0 3 3PHY502 Nuclear Analytical Techniques 2 0 3 3


2.2 Course Descriptions (Applied Geology)

AGY201 Introduction Geology (2-0-3) 3 UnitThe composition of the Planet Earth from the Core to the Crust. Revision of the surface processes and landforms, major earth structures such as



joints, faults, folds etc. rivers, oceans and oceanic deposits. The solar system. Fundamentals of plate tectonics. Physics of the earth. Elementary crystallography. Physics of minerals. Elements of crystal chemistry and silicate structure. Properties of minerals and rocks. Classification, identification, occurrence and introductory petrogenesis of Igneous. Metamorphic and Sedimentary rocks. Facies and facies changes. Radiometric dating rock structures. Ore deposits.

AGY203 Introductory Geological Field Mapping (0-0-3) 1 UnitA field course involving geological mapping. Strike and dip measurement. Identification of structural features such as folds, fault and identification of rocks.Co-Requisite: AGY201

AGY206 Geological Map Interpretation (0-0-3) 1 UnitThe interpretation of simple topographic and geological maps involving the thickness of strata and the geometrical forms of outcrops. The interpretation of one-inch geological maps and the drawing of simple geological sections. AGY208 Introductions to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology (2-0-3) 3 UnitsOrigin of magmas: magmatic crystallization, magmatic differentiation and crystal fractionation. Classification of Igneous rocks: plutonic and volcanic associations.Physical conditions of metamorphism. Physico-chemical processes involved in metamorphism, controls of metamorphism, experimental appraisal of metamorphic reactions. Metamorphic differentiation and metasomatism.Pre-requisite: AGY201



AGY210 Sedimentary Systems and Processes (2-0-3) 3 UnitsSedimentary particles, their origin and properties. Main types of sediments. Overview of the sedimentary processes, facies and depositional environment, modern sediments and illustration on how these can be used to interpret the ancient sedimentary record. Mechanics related to sedimentary processes, and an analysis of fluid-sediment interaction including erosion, deposition and bed-form development and bio-and chemical processes of sediment formation. Spectrum of environments from continental to deep water, the processes that operate and the facies by which they can be distinguished. The practical component is based around laboratory and field excursions, and seeks to examine both modern processes and sediments as well as ancient sedimentary rocks.

AGY212 Crystallography and Systematic Mineralogy (2-0-3) 3 UnitsThe main morphological properties, classification and mode of occurrence of rock forming minerals. Crystal system and identification Optical properties of the common rock forming minerals.

AGY302 Independent Geological Field Mapping (0-0-6) 2 UnitsField mapping exercise lasting 4-6 weeks comprising 2 weeks of supervised and 4 weeks of independent mapping in selected parts of Nigeria. A report on this exercise must be written and submitted.Pre-requisite AGY203, AGY206, AGY208

AGY303 Sedimentology and Sedimentary Petrology (2-0-3) 3 UnitsOrigin of sediments, its distribution and classification, Sedimentary processes. Origin, identification and classification of sedimentary rocks, Texture of clastic sediments. Concepts of size, grade scales, methods of size analysis. Grain size distributions and interpretation. Shape, roundness, fabric and surface texture of clastic grains. Porosity and permeability. Composition of sedimentary rocks: minerals in sediments: primary, secondary detrital and authigenic minerals. Study of diagenetic



processes. Evolution of clastic and carbonate rocks. Petrography study of sedimentary rocks under the polarizing microscope.Pre-requisite: AGY201

AGY304 Structural Geology (2-0-3) UnitsPhysics of deformation: Stress and strain analysis, stress ellipsoid, stress components and trajectories in faults and classification of faults. Origin and classification of folds, salt domes and diaprism. Cleavage, lineation and other minor structures. Tectonic significance of structures of igneous rocks. Major crystal structures and tectonics such as geosynclines, orogenesis and orogenic belts; epirogenesis, world rift system, continental drift, sea floor spreading and plate tectonics. Solution of structural problems by stereographic projection.

AGY306 Photogeology and Remote Sensing (1-0-3) 2 UnitsConcepts and foundations of remote sensing; types of sensors; elements of photographic systems. Aerial photography types (Geomorphological, Geological etc); principles of stereoscopic vision. Measuring and plotting instruments in photogeology. Principles of aerial photo-interpretation; photogeological mapping; factors that affect results, their identification and interpretation. The use of remote sensing and photogeology in reconnaissance mapping, economic mineral prospecting and hydrogeology.Pre-Requisite: AGY208

AGY307 Mineralogy (2-0-3) 3 UnitsCrystal structure, crystallographic notations, crystal lattices, elements of symmetry: the crystal systems, twining. Morphological, optical and X-ray techniques in crystallography. Stereographic projections. Systematic description, occurrence and uses of common rock-forming minerals; association of minerals in rocks; physical and optical properties and identification of common rock-forming minerals. Bonding, Isomorphism and polymorphism of minerals.Pre-Requisite: AGY201



AGY309 Introductory Geochemistry (3-0-0) 3 UnitsAbundance, classification and distribution of elements in the cosmic systems; meteorites; Lithosphere; Hydrosphere; and atmosphere, Geochemistry of different rock types and mineral deposits; weathering and soil formation; principles and methods of exploration geochemistry and geochemical analysis.Pre-requisite AGY201

AGY310 Principles of Stratigraphy and Geochronology (2-0-0) 2 UnitsConcepts of chronostratigraphy, lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, agnetostratigraphy and stereotypes. Principles of stratigraphic classification, terminology and correlation. Facies analysis. Origin and evolution of sedimentary basin. Depositional sedimentary environments and unconformities. Principles of geochronology; Rb-Sr, K-Ar, U-Pb and other dating methods. Stable isotopes; Pre-Cambrian geochronology.

AGY311 Introduction to Paleontology (2-0-3) 3 UnitsFossils, fossilization, major groups. Invertebrate paleontology. Morphology, classification, geological history and paleoecology of major invertebrate phyla namely Protozoa, Porifera, Coelenterate, Bryozoa, Brachopoda, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata.

AGY314 Mineral Resources and Environmental Geology (1-0-3) 2 Units.Metallic and non-metallic mineral resources: composition, distribution and utilization with emphasis on Nigeria. Fossil fuels. Surface and groundwater hydrology. Environmental pollution: types, sources, hazards and control. Prediction and control of geologic hazards.



AGY 315 Fundamentals of Hydrogeology (3-0-0) 3 UnitsOrigin of groundwater, the hydrologic cycle: groundwater movement. Aquifers and their hydrologic properties, artesian systems, Springs, Groundwater mapping; hydrometeorology: rainfall, Run off and evapotranspiration.Elementary theory of groundwater flow: Darcy’s law: porosity: permeability, hydraulic conductivity. Flow net, Elements of soil physics and effects on groundwater flow and storage. Methods of groundwater exploration, Groundwater in sedimentary and crystalline rocks. Groundwater inventory; (groundwater in Nigeria.)

AGY 316 Ore Deposits (2-0-3) 3 UnitsOrigin, transports, deposition and occurrence of ores. Hydrothermal, Placer, Epigenetic, Hypogenetic, Syngenetic, Sedimentary deposits; Group and classification. Study of the physical and optical properties, laboratory study inclusive of clay and Industrial minerals. Association of mineral in rocks. Ore deposits in Nigeria.Pre-requisite: AGY307

AGY318 Advance Hydrogeology (2-0-3) 3 UnitsAquifers and types, groundwater exploration and exploitation techniques, hydrochemistry. Case histories of basement complex hydrogeology, Hydrogeologic mapping; groundwater development (including springs). Water quality using physical, chemical and biological parameters. Effect of groundwater on rocks and soils as construction materials.Pre-requisite AGY315

AGY322 Quaternary Geology (2-0-0) 2 UnitsWorld-wide geological events in quaternary times-glacial and interglacial periods, marine transgressions and regressions. Shifting climatic belts in the tropics. Mineral deposits in quaternary environments. Origin of man and the earliest use of rocks and minerals. Quaternary geology of West Africa with special emphasis on Nigeria.



AGY324 Entrepreneurial Skills and Consultancy I (1-0-3) 2 UnitsStudents are trained about the geological, geophysical and technical skills required in establishing a consultancy outfit; development of the students skill in design and execution of a project and project management. Students will be exposed to the application, tender and bidding and geosciences consultancy for mining, Quarry Company, water borehole and environmental projects.

AGY401 Petroleum Geology (2-0-3) 3 UnitsThe origin, migration and accumulation of petroleum. Source rock characteristics, maturation and production of petroleum. Properties of petroleum reservoirs, fluid flow in reservoirs. Subsurface and production geology. Hydrocarbon traps: Stratigraphic traps, structural traps, unconformities, salt domes. Exploration methods, evaluation of petroleum potential and reserves. Reserves and basin classification. Drilling, completing and producing oil and natural gas wells. Examples of major oil deposits in Nigeria. Oil and geopolitics.Pre-requisite AGY 310

ESC400 Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) 4 Units.Six months industrial attachments in industries, research institutes and governments establishments/parastatals. The students prepare and defend the reports on the scheme.

AGY403 Economic Geology (2-0-3) 3 UnitsThe role of structure in mineral exploration. Definition of economic minerals and economic mineral deposits. “Ore” and “gangue” minerals. Processes of formation of mineral deposits: environments and localization of ore deposits. Wall-rock alteration. Paragenesis and zoning in minerals deposits with emphasis on Nigeria. Textures of ore deposits.Pre-requisite AGY307



AGY405 Engineering Geology (1-0-3) 2 UnitsEngineering properties of rocks: concrete aggregates and quarrying techniques. Elements of soil mechanics. Geological site/investigations. Landfill sites, foundations (building) and dams. Influence of groundwater on engineering structures. Clays and other soil types. Geological aspects of engineering projects: slopes, road, railroads, dams and reservoirs. Methods of ground improvement: grouting, compaction, anchoring and drainage.

AGY409 Palynology and Sequence Stratigraphy (3-0-3) 4 UnitsReproductive cycle of plants. Functions of pollen and spores. Morphology and classification of pollen and spores: sample collection from field. Laboratory preparation of palynological slides. Application of palynology in geology qualitative and quantitative study: presentation of data and interpretation. Palyhorizons, Palynology of Nigerian Basins, sequence stratigraphy. Data requirements: procedure for well log. Seismic sequence stratigraphy analysis. System trends. Application of sequence stratigraphy.Co-requisite AGY415

AGY410 Seminar (1-0-0) J UnitPresentation by class members of material drawn from personal investigation or material selected from geological literature.

AGY411 Igneous Petrology (2-0-3) 3 UnitsExtrusive and intrusive igneous processes; associations of igneous rocks space and time; phase equilibrium and the genesis of selected igneous rocks. Classification and petrogenesis of granitic rocks: older and younger granites of Nigeria, mafic and ultramafic rocks, layered complexes, Basalts-variation with structural environment, petrognesis, serpentinites, peridoties, kimberlites, carbonatites, alkali volcanic rocks.



AGY415 Micropaleontology (2-0-3) 3 UnitsMorphology and biostratlgraphy study of major groups of microfossils especially foraminifera, ostracods and conodonts. Rules of nomenclature in naming species. Life history of foraminiferid; trimorphism and polymorphism, foraminifera tents, chamber development/plan of growth/arrangement of chamber and economic uses of forams. Morphology of Ostracods, carapace, geologic history and stratigraphic range. Condonts: nature of condonts, microstructure and morphology: nature of condont-bearing organisms.Pre-requisite AGY311

AGY502 Metamorphic Petrology (2-0-3) 3 UnitsTextures of metamorphic rocks. Classification of metamorphic rocks. General characteristic of contact and regional metamorphism. Metamorphic facies and facies series. Retrograde metamorphism, ploymetamorphism and Orogeny, Facies of regional dynamothermal metamorphism. The carbonatite problem: Eclogites, Evolution of gneisses and migmatites; Anatexis and granitisation: metasomatism.Pre-requisite ACY201, AGY208

AGY503 Exploration Geochemistry (2-0-3) 3 UnitsFundamental principles of geochemistry; Distribution of elements in the earth; geochemical mobility; associations of elements. Primary dispersion syngenetic, hydrothermal and gasesous dispersion pattern; secondary dispersion patterns. Biochemical anomalies, anomalies not related to mineral deposits.Principles of trace elements analysis, preparation and analytical procedures. Geochemical surveys, fields operations, collecting and processing of samples, surveying techniques, preparation of maps interpretation of data.Geochemical methods in mineral prospecting and exploration. Case histories of geochemical surveys and of integrated exploration programme.Pre-requisite:ACY309



AGY504 Gemstones Technology (2-0-3) 3 UnitsCrystal form and habit, Twinning, Isomorphism and Isomorphoms replacement. Determination of specific gravity and refractive index or crystals. Optical properties, Colours; causes and artificial alteration. Diffraction of light spectroscopy and absorption spectra. Luminescent and electrical properties. Application of X-rays and ultra violet light to gem testing. Inclusions and other internal features. Description of gem materials; Natural gemstones; color, chemical composition, crystal system, cleavage, hardness, specific gravity, refractive index. Pleochroism, luster, mode of occurrence, sources of different gem varieties and methods of identification.Pre-requisite: AGY307

AGY505 Global Tectonics & Structures (2-1-0) 3 UnitsThe Earth’s magnetic field and paleomagnetism. The Earth’s heat and internal temperatures. The structure of the continents and oceans, Isostas; seismicity and earth-quake zones; volcanic belts; Orogeny and mountain belts. Continental drift, sea floor spreading and plate tectonics, Palinopastic reconstructions of fold-bets.Pre-requisite AGY304

AGY506 Special Topics & Case Histories in Geology (1-0-0) 1 UnitThe case histories of interests include: Applied geology methods in mineral exploration, Oil prospecting, Water Investigation, Detailed geological mapping in Nigeria, problems and prospects.

AGY508 Environmental Geology (2-0-3) 3 UnitsFundamental concepts of environmental geology: Earth as a closed system, Limitations of earth resources, natural earth processes (endogenetic and exogenetics processes). Land use decisions, Hazardous Earth processes; River flooding, Landslides, Earthquakes, volcanic Activity and coastal hazards. Hydrology and human use; surface and groundwater hydrology, sediment and groundwater pollution, channelization. Waste disposal; solid waste (definition and classification)



disposal, deep-well disposal, radioactive waste management, septic-tank sewage disposal, waste-water treatment Environmental impact of mineral development. Recycling of resources. Land use; land-use planning, site selection (Engineering purpose and landfill sites) and evaluation, Environmental impact, Trace elements and health.

AGY509 Geology of Africa (2-0-0) 2 UnitsPrinciples of Precambrian stratigraphy and application to major shield areas of the world. Precambrian Geology of African, Regional, Paleozoic stratigraphy of Africa, with special reference to coastal and other sedimentary basins.

AGY510 Final Year Project 6 UnitsIndependent research project involving geologic mapping and independent study of an assigned area followed by laboratory analysis, data interpretation and the preparation of thesis. The thesis shall be defended (orally) after a seminar on the research must have been presented.

AGY511 Ore and Industrial Minerals (1-0-3) 2 UnitsThe role of structure in mineral exploration, systematic study of economic mineral deposits; ferrous metals and their alloys (Iron, Manganese, columbite, tantalite, tungsten, molybdenum, nickel, cobalt, chromium, titanium non-ferrous metals (Copper, Lead, Zinc, Aluminum, Tin), precious metals (Gold, Silver, Platinum), radioactive elements (Uranium, Thorium), industrial minerals (Talc, Clay, Limestone, Marble, Asbestos, Barites, Serpentine etc) their possible uses in industry. Methods of acquisition and exploration of mineral deposits in Nigeria.Pre-requisite AGY403

AGY512 Crustal Evolution and Metallogeny (2-0-0) 2 UnitsThe geological time scale. The Archean; petrology, tectonism, metallogeny and crustal evolution. The early Proterozoic; Basic/ultrabasic intrusion, geosynclines, mineralization, Mid-late Proterozoic, Basinal development crustal evolution and metallogeny. The Paleozoic:



petrotectonic evolution of continents from Cambrian to Permian; mineralization associated with the tectonism. Mesozoic-Cenozoic, the break-up of pangea; the evolution of new Atlantic ocean, petrol tectonic evolution and associated mineralization.Pre-requisite AGY208

AGY513 Marine Geology (2-0-0) 2 UnitsElements of physical, chemical and biological oceanography. Methods of ocean floor sampling and probing. Structure and physiography of ocean basins. Distribution of marine sediments and mineral resources. Beach erosion and coastal management.

AGY514 Entrepreneurial Skills and Consultancy II (1-0-3) 2 UnitsDesign and execution of a consultancy project emphasized in AGY324, including literature searching and data analysis. The simulation skill take place in a structure environment and emphasis placed on independent and team based approach to the problems. The students will write a project report. Liaison meetings with the co-ordinator will provide suitable feedback and progress. A series of oral presentations on progress are held giving opportunity for supervisory internal (and if possible external) and peer appraisal.

AGY516 Energy Resources (3-0-0) 3 UnitsIntroduction to energy resources: Primary resources; the earth’s internal heat. Secondary resources, photosynthesis and fossil fuel. The fossil fuel bank. Global perspective of energy resources, the growth of energy demand, global requirement and distribution. Fossil energy; coal geology, origins, stages of formation, properties, and ages, world coal resources; petroleum nature, origin, generation. World petroleum resources problems of fossils fuel conversion. Nuclear energy: Nuclear reactions and reactors, fuel requirement for reactors: uranium, geology and geochemistry; occurrence pegmatite’s and magmatic deposits, veins (e.g. fissures, fault zones), unconformities, production and economics importance, reserves and resources. Geothermal Energy; Hyper-thermal



resources, hot rocks. Geysers and warm springs. Surface Energy; solar energy –thermal collection, photovoltaic conversion, biomass conversion through photosynthesis. Wind energy, Hydro-electric power-contribution to global power supplies. Tidal power, Wave energy.

AGY518 Geotechnics (2-0-0-) 2 UnitsGeotechnics and applications, terrain classification, Application of soil mechanics, water retaining structures, dams, highways, foundations, slope stability, settlement, design of structures, site investigations methods –tunneling, driving and sampling techniques. Reclamation and dredging, Erosion problems.

AGY519 Geology of Nigeria (2-0-0) 2 UnitsMajor geomorphic and structural elements in Nigeria. The Basement Complex; origin, structure and evolution of early-middle Proteozic lithostratigraphy schist belt, pan African orogeny and the evolution of older granites. The Jurassic of Nigeria younger granite. Postpaleozoic drfts and the evolution. Structure and stratigraphy of the Nigerian sedimentary basins. The lectures must be complemented with geological map of Nigeria and excursion at the end of the semester around some Basement complex and sedimentary parts of Nigeria.

AGY521 Exploration and Mining Geology (2-0-0) 2 UnitsDefinition and scope of mineral exploration. Mode of occurrence and factors controlling ore deposition. Concepts of ore search. Reconnaissance and detailed exploration techniques; geological, geochemical and geophysical. Types of drilling and machinery, ore reserve estimation Mining and mining methods. Factors controlling the choice of mining methods. Geological mapping and surveying of open-pits and underground mines. Roles of geologists in mining. Introduction to mineral economic. Mining rights and mining law.



AGY523 Basin Analysis (2-0-0) 2 UnitsDescription of sediment transport determinations under unidirectional currents, waves and wave/current interaction. Basic concepts of sediment movement within the context of coastal and inner continental shelf waters. A series of applied studies such as modeling of non-cohesive/cohesive sediment transport; sea bed scouring; beach.

2.3 DESCRIPTION OF COURSES (APPLIED GEOPHYSICS)

AGP203 Introduction to Earth Physics (3-0-0) 3 UnitsSolar system and earth’s history. The earth’s interiors. Seismiciy and earthquake zones. Erth’s gravitational field, origin, nature law of gravitation, measurements, variation, shape of the earth (polar flattening concept). Earth’s revolution and planetary motion. Kepler’s law of planetary motion. The Earth’s magnetic field. Rock magnetism, measurement, magnetization proress, hysteresis loop, paleomagnetism, polar wandering and the continental drift. Head flow and geothermometry.

AGP301 Gravity Methods in Prospecting (2-0-3) 3 Units Introduction: potential theory, gravitational attraction, Green and Gauss theorems. The field equations, Green’s formulae and equivalent surface layers. Fundamental principles and instrumentations, Field procedure (data acquisition), data reduction. Residualization process (residual and regional anomaly separation). Bouguer and free air anomalies. Isostasy, interpretation of gravity data and anomalies, depth and total mass estimates, Application of gravity methods in mineral and Oil exploration and geologic mapping.

AGP303 Electrical Methods in Prospecting (2-0-3) 3 UnitsAn introduction to the fundamentals of electrical methods; potential distribution in the earth; electrical properties of rocks and ores, instrumentation, field procedure, computations. Interpretation, and



application of electrical exploration methods namely; Electrical resistivity self or spontaneous potential, Telluric, Induced polarization.Co-requisite: PHY303

AGP304 Magnetic Methods in Prospecting (2-0-3) 3 UnitsIntroduction; Potentials function, Fundamentals of magnetic dipole interactions with applications to simple mass distribution (relative and absolute equipments), data acquisition; field procedure, Air borne, seaborne and ground magnetic surveys, Interpretations and data reduction. World magnetic map and distribution, Applications of magnetic methods in mineral exploration and geologic mapping.

AGP306 Seismic Refraction Methods in Prospecting (2-0-3) 3 UnitsWave types, P-wave, S-wave, Raleigh wave, Love wave, Elastic and deformation properties of materials. Seismic waves, direct, refracted and reflected wave paths. Curved ray theory and applications, Refraction for the n-layer horizontal case. Numerical solution for a refraction profile over a single dipping interface. Field techniques, processing and interpretation of modern seismic refraction section, static correction charts.

AGP308 Independent Geological Field Mapping and Geophysical Field Work (0-0-6) 2 Units.Field mapping exercise and geophysical field work using electrical resistivity, ground magnetic and spontaneous polarization techniques as may be applicable lasting 4-6 weeks in selected parts of Nigeria comprising 2 weeks of supervised and 4 weeks of independent during first semester at 400 level. A report on this exercise must be written and submitted.Pre-requisite AGY203, AGY208, AGY303, AGP301, AGP303Co-requisite AGP304.



AGP314 Geophysics for Geologists and Engineers (2-0-3 3 UnitsGravity and magnetic methods; data acquisition and interpretation. Electrical potential, potential due to a point source (general concept and applications to various electrodes configurations to obtain the apparent resistivity); spontaneous potential and electrical resistivity methods. Electrical receptivity field equipments, data acquisition and interpretation.

AGP403 Radioactivity Prospecting Methods (1-0-3) 2 UnitsFundamental principle of radioactivity, Nuclear disintegration, radioactive decay processes, radioactivity of rocks. Soils and minerals, Instrumentation and data interpretation Radiometry, Radiometric mapping, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) sound and interpretation. Case histories and field work.

AGP 405 Electromagnetic Prospecting Techniques (2-0-3) 3 UnitsOverview of the application of electrical methods in mineral exploration. The principles of electromagnetic methods. Classification of electromagnetic method. Amplitude and phase anomalies, compensator method. Turam method, Moving source and receive mthods. Transient electromagnetic methods (TEM). Maxwell’s electromagnetic equations, Electromagnetic depth soundings and interpretation, Applications of electromagnetic methods in mineral and groundwater exploration.Pre-requisite PHY303 AGP303

AGP409 Seismic Reflection Prospecting Method (3-03) 4 UnitsRay path geometry of seismic reflection, Instrumentation sources (explosives and non explosives, their advantages and limitations); Detectors (Geophones and hydrophones, mechanisms or detection using damped harmonic oscilation concept). Processing of seismic reflection data; move outs (Normal move outs, dip move out, common depth point and CP gather; stacking; migration, convolution and deconvolution Field techniques and interpretation of modern seismic reflection sections.Pre-requisite AGP306



AGP410 Seminar (1-0-0) 1 UnitPresentation of seminar by class members on a chosen topic investigated personally from the field of geophysics.

AGP411 Exploration Geophysics (2-0-3) 3 UnitsRole of geophysics in ore and oil prospecting, methods or geophysics, basic sciences and applied geology, Magnetic methods, Earth’s magnetic field, magnetic susceptibility of rocks and ores. Instruments and field procedures, interpretation of data, aerial magnetic surveys, Resolving different geological problems by magnetic methods. Gravity methods, Fundamental principles, instruments, field procedure and reduction of gravity data. Density of rocsks and ores, Interpretation of gravity data. Application of gravity method in prospecting and exploration for oil and ores.Electrical methods; Fundamental principles, electrical properties of rocks and ores, self potential, resistivity and equipotent methods. The “mise-a-la -masse” method. Electromagnetic and induced polarization methods, Application of electrical methods in oil and mineral prospecting, radioactive methods, Prospecting techniques, radioactive elements in rocks and minerals, prospecting for radioactive ores and examples of radioactive surveys. Pre-requisite AGP203

AGP413 Signal Processing Skills for Geophysicists (1-0-3) 2 UnitsSignals processing; Definition of signals, signals transmission (Modulation and demodulation); carrier waves, signals amplification, mutiplexing, demultiplexing,; digital representation. Noise, Filters (low-pass, high-pass, bank reject Notch. Chebysheve, Butterworhs). Sampling theory, Contour map gridding and digitization techniques.

AGP401 Borehole Geophysics (2-0-3) 3 UnitsFundamental principles of Borehole geophysics, Geophysical borehole techniques; Electrical, radioactive and neutron logging technique. Archie’s law, Application of geophysical logging in oil and mining geology.Pre-requisite 303



ESC400 Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) 04 UnitsSix months industrial attachments in industries, research institutes and government establishments/ parastatals. The students prepare and defend the reports on the scheme.

AGP501 Archaeometry (2-0-3) 3 UnitsRadioactivity and radioactive decay process. Radioisotopes and applications. Radioisotope dating elements (carbon-14, Rb-sr, K-Ar, Ar-Ar); Decay schemes and applications in age determination of fossils and rocks. Physical dating techniques ; Gas-spanning (Thermo luminescence, optical stimulated Luminescence, electron spin resonance); Accelerator mass spectrometry; shallow geophysical technique (Electrical and magnetic methods, Ground-penetrating radar system). Ages of the earth,. Its material contents and the solar systems discoveries.

AGP502 Geodynamics and Solid Earth Geophysics (2-0-3) 3 UnitsThe use of geophysics to describe the internal structure of he earth. Other topics include; seismology – interpretation of first motions from seismogram to determine focal” mechanisms, terrestrial heat flow practical experience of the application of elastic plate bending theory and heat conduction equations; geomagnetism and palaeomagnetism with an emphasis on understanding the geometry, kinematics and dynamics of plate motion, and interpretation of palaomagnetic data in terms of large-scale plate motions. Development of simple models of lithosphere rheology and application to case studies.

AGP503 Computational Geophysics (2-0-3) 3 UnitsFourier series, Fourier Integrals, Fourier transforms and applications time series analysis of geophysical waveforms and data filter design convolution impulse response sampling theory. Review and detailed study of Z-transforms and geophysical application. Specil functions, Gamma, delta, and Bessel functions with particular attention to geophysical application. The computer must be extensively used by grouping the



students and assign them laboratory work which must be submitted with reports.Pre-requisite CSE204

AGP504 Hydorgeophysics )2-0-3) 3 UnitsApplications of geophysical methods in ground water exploration, Aquifer determination in basement complex and sedimentary area. Mapping of geological structure useful to groundwater investigation, Determination of aquifer characteristics. Relevant geophysical techniques and Field procedures, Borehole location strategy, Case histories.Pre-requisite AGY206, AGP308, AGP405

AGP505 Environmental Geophysics (2-0-3) 3 UnitsApplication of geophysical techniques in environmental pollution studies, saline water intrusion and mapping, Determination of groundwater quality, Chemical pollution at industrial sites and delineation of chemical plumes, oil spillage, pollution and its mapping.

AGP506 Case Histories and Current Trend in Geophysics (1-0-0) UnitStudents will write reports on important and new developments in geophysics. The case histories of interest include; Applied geophysical methods in mineral exploration, Oil prospecting; Ground water Investigation, Detailed geophysical investigations and survey in Nigeria; problems and prospects.

AGP507 Engineering Geophysics (2-0-3) 3 UnitsShallow geophysical techniques for evaluation of engineering parameters; elastic co-efficient, geologic structure, groundwater, seismic hazards and regulatory criteria.Prerequisite AGP306, AGP318, AGP405

AGP509 Reservoir Geophysics (2-0-3) 3 UnitsConcepts of the logging techniques, Electrical logging methods, Resistively, self potential, Induced polarization, Electromagnetic,



dipmeter, Porosity, Sonic, density and neutron los, Instruments, data acquisition and interpretation of logs. Applications of geophysical logs in oil and groundwater exploration. Voids; origin, types and relationship to porosity, Digenesis and formation of oil reservoirs. Permeability concepts, types (effective and relative permeability), significance and piper representation for oil, water and gas permeability. Classification of oil and gas traps, Petrophysical characteristics of hydrocarbon source, reservoir and cap rock, Hydrocarbon recovery methods primary, secondary and tertiary, Coring; cutting, Cleaning, Storage and applications.Pre-requisite AGP401

AGP512 Geophysical Field Methods and Instrumental Analysis (2-0-3) 3 UnitsStudy of the essential elements of geophysical data acquisition systems. Seismic surveys using explosive and surface sources, Elements of current and voltage measurement circuitries in electrical prospecting methods. Field surveys using gravimeters and land based magnetometers. Sources and receivers in electromagnetic prospecting, Field procedures for the different electromagnetic methods, Geophysical logging instruments and methods, Instrument circuitry in induced polarization.Pre-requisite PHY204, AGY307, AGP308

AGP514 Contaminants Transports and Groundwater Remediation (2-0-3) 3 UnitsBrief introduction to fluid mechanics and Darcy’s law. Single phase flow and the associated dynamics and kinematics, Darcy’s law for single phase flow, Multiphase flow, general conception, geologic medium, problems of multiphase flow system (fluids miscibility and saturation). Flow models, Network flow model; theoretical basis and assumptions, Continuity equation, Numerical solutions to the flow model fracture network model solute (tracers and contaminants) transport in geologic media homogenous and heterogeneous media, adjective dispersive equation, breakthrough curves, Application to groundwater contaminants and use of tracers.



Groundwater remediation technology: Geological and geophysical approach.

AGP510 Supervised Independent Final Year Project (0-0-18) 6 UnitsAn independent research project in geophysical field of interest by student and supervised by staff during the final year. The research must involve field work.

AGP515 Introduction to Earth Observations (2-0-3) 3 UnitsIntroduction on earth observatory systems, Modern earth observation techniques and applications. The diverse applications of satellite earth observations, The historical development of earth observing systems. Remote sensing of the atmosphere, Land remote sensing, Observing the earth as a system, Handling remote sensing data, Data processing and analysis for earth observation, Data visualization and presentation. Using in situ instrumentation and measurements for calibration, validation and complement satellite data. Combining data from different sources (synergy). Earth observation as an international activity – the space agencies and other international organizations. Policy and legal issues, who owns satellite data?, source of funds. Global monitoring for environment and security. The future of earth observations.

AGP516 Modeling in Geophysics (1-0-3) 2 unitsSpecific topics to be covered are; quantitative earth science; hydrodynamic and climate system; biogeochemical cycling and geophysical imaging, modeling and inversion-understanding of a variety of forward and inverse modeling approaches and apply them intelligently to earth system science. Use of numerical models in scientific programming. The lectures must be complemented with computer-based practical sessions and students presentations.



2.4 LOGISTICS FOR GEOLOGICAL FIELD MAPPING

IntroductionGeological mapping is the process of gathering geological data in the field and adding that to a topographic map to create a geological map of our own. It involves the careful observation of exposures, searching for other clues about the hidden geology, interpretation of these data to create the map and often, then writing a report to accompany the map. It can be fun and it will change the way that a student looks at published geological, maps and perhaps the science as a whole. A general introduction to geological sciences and courses in Physical and Historical Geology, Mineralogy, Petrology, Structural Geology, Stratigraphy and Sedimentology are required pre-requistites. The main purpose of fieldwork is to inculcate in the students, the art of map reading, simple observation on outcrops and the use of the compass-clinometer to measure strike and dip

The main aspects include: Introduction to field geological mapping techniques and recording

of outcrop information from igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks.

Fieldwork Tools Report Writing Field Safety.

Fieldwork Tools

1. Geology compass equipped with clinometer (not hikers’ compass, positioning compass)

2. Hard-cover field notebook3. Geological hammer, chisels4. Proper field clothing: sun hat, sunglasses, strong walking boots

with spare laces, thick socks; Avoid red clothing and perfumes5. Protractor, ruler, set square (Maths set)



6. Pencil (2H and HB) coloured crayons/pencils, sharpeners, rubber and graph paper

7. Mapping case (large enough to take maps and air photo)8. Pocket measuring tape (5m)9. Sample bags and waterproof markers10. Binoculars and camera11. GPD (or altimeter/aneroid barometer)12. Hand lens13. Diluted hydrochloric acid in small bottle14. Global Positioning System (GPS)

Topographic/Base Map

A topographical map is an already prepared map by a cartographer on which the geologist plots his data. The scale adopted for the map may be enlarged depending on the scale adopted for the field exercise to form base map. Good topographical maps show all the major natural topographical features such as hills, plains, valleys, rivers as well as towns, villages, major and secondary roads, bridges, among others. In mapping any locality, the student needs to be able to:* locate himself and place the rock exposures on the basemap

(topographic map).* obtain systematic necessary information from the rock exposures,

and * interpret and utilize the geologic information so obtained.

Global Positioning system (GPS)The use of GPS helps the student to properly locate himself in the

field, as it provides information on longitudes and latitudes, elevations and bearing, which should be correlated with the coordinate details on the basemap.



Notebook, Pencil and EraserThese constitute the major recording tools during geological field mapping. The standard field notebook is a pocket-size hardcover type. 2H pencils and good quality erasers are widely used for mapping and should be attached to the map case. The inside from cover page should contain the bio-data of student: e.g. Full name, home address (not school address) next of kin name; address and phone number, blood group, specific medical need.

Compass-ClinometerThe compass-clinometer is a very important equipment used to

examine the structural features of an outcrop, in order to understand the geologic history of the area of interest. Strike and dip measurements record the structural attitude of rocks (e.g. layers, planar fabrics of folds, cleavages, faults joints and planar veins). It also aid field traversing as a tool for determination of directions.

Scale ProtractorProtractor is used for plotting bearing lines and symbols of structures on maps and photographs. It helps to measure angles as well as locations at given points.

Hammer and ChiselThese are indispensable and useful tools for breaking off hard (igneous or metamorphic or indurated sedimentary) rocks during fieldwork. Usually, only fresh samples are collected and these should be properly labeled with type name, sample (location) number and date with waterproof/permanent marker. Good and adequate sampling gives strong value to fieldwork and a sense of accomplishment to the field geologist.

Sample BagsRepresentative samples collected from the field for detailed analysis after fieldwork must be stored in temporary containers referred to as sample



bags. Cloth or plastic sample bags can be used depending on the nature and type of samples collected.

Steel Tape/RulerTo plot the exact positions of rocks and their exposures during fieldwork, it is important to measure distances in metres to a good degree of accuracy.

Hand lensHand lens is a very useful tool for on-the-spot examination of textures, mineral grains in rocks and the finer details of fossils in the field. CameraA camera, preferably the digital type, is useful in recording pictures and important structural features in the field.

Clothing, Footwear and HatBrightly coloured dresses/clothing such as white, bright red and bright yellow are recommended as they easily reveal the presence of human beings. Spotted or striped clothing/dresses such as snake skin and tiger coat or any wildlife skin colours are dangerous as hunters may mistake such colour in the bush for real animals. All students irrespective of sex and beliefs, should put on jeans trousers. Footwear should be any strong brand that have sufficient grip on slippery earth and slopes. It is dangerous and absolutely useless to wear high-heeled shoes and slippery footwear as they easily cause accidents and slow down the progress of the mapping. A broad, hard hat and sunglasses are useful shields during mapping in a hot bright day.

2.5 REPORT WRITING

Title Page and author: The title should be concise and informative, for example “The geology of …”



Abstract: A short précis of the report that should make sense without reading the whole report, designed to give the reader the key points about the geology of the area.The main part of the report is split into sections or chapters (such as the examples below):

Introduction: The introduction includes the aims of the mapping, details of previous research in the area (from your literature search), techniques used in the present investigation, geography and geomorphology.

The Rocks: A descriptive listing of the rock types in the area should be

Geological history of the Area Geology and Landscape Conclusions References: Remember to follow accepted standards for

referencing.

2.6: FIELD SAFETY

Activity Hazard Risk ActionHammering or using a hammer and chisel

Handling specimens

Pieces of rock may fly off and cause injury toyou or others nearby

Sharp edges-some specimens, especially “hard rocks” that have

Moderate to high depending on your experience

Moderate to high

Never use a hammer if other people are near you

Never use a second geological hammer as a chisel

Never hammer under an overhang or on a loose rock face

Consider wearing thick gloves to protect your hands

Carry out a visual inspection before handing specimens,



Augering to obtain samples of sub-soil

been recently hammered, may have sharp edges that could cause cuts.

Heavy lifting when removing auger from hole

Back strain

do not hold the sharp edges and take care when handing specimens to other students

Wear stout gloves when hammering “hard rocks”

Do not discard rock fragments with sharp edges in fields where they will be a hazard to livestock and wildlife

Do the augering in stages-don’t put the auger in so deep that it is difficult to lift using your leg muscles rather than by bending your back.

Ask someone else to help you


department of earth sciences (lautech)

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