designing effective multiple‐choice questions (mcqs)?

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Designing Effective Multiple‐Choice Questions (MCQs)? Does it ever fail to be true that none of the so‐called "Quagmire Factors" sometimes come into play during a routine Helzog‐Froomish analysis? ______________________________________ A. Yes, always B. No, never C. No, always D. All of the above E. None of the above F. "A" and "C" G. "D" and "E" VII. Sometimes, at low temperatures Source: http://cte.uwaterloo.ca/teaching_resources/tips/designing_multiple_choice_questions.html

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Page 1: Designing Effective Multiple‐Choice Questions (MCQs)?

Designing Effective Multiple‐Choice Questions (MCQs)? 

Does it ever fail to be true that none of the so‐called "Quagmire Factors" sometimes come into play during a routine Helzog‐Froomish analysis? ______________________________________ 

A. Yes, always B. No, never C. No, always D. All of the above E. None of the above F. "A" and "C" G. "D" and "E" VII. Sometimes, at low temperatures 

 

 Source: http://cte.uwaterloo.ca/teaching_resources/tips/designing_multiple_choice_questions.html

Page 2: Designing Effective Multiple‐Choice Questions (MCQs)?

Designing Effective Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs)

Teaching and Learning Services, McGill, with

support from professors Marie Dagenais (Dentistry), David Ragsdale (Medicine) and Carolyn Samuel (Continuing Studies).

Page 3: Designing Effective Multiple‐Choice Questions (MCQs)?

Workshop Goals  Describe what can be tested with multiple‐choice questions 

Evaluate multiple choice questions using commonly accepted criteria 

Become familiar with guidelines for writing effective multiple‐choice questions 

 Focus: Formal (graded) testing  

Page 4: Designing Effective Multiple‐Choice Questions (MCQs)?

Your Experience with MCQs  What has been your experience with MCQs as a student? 

As a TA or instructor? 

Page 5: Designing Effective Multiple‐Choice Questions (MCQs)?

What can be tested by MCQs?  “I am wondering if there is any way to really use multiple choice tests meaningfully before I banish them from my classes forever” 

Page 6: Designing Effective Multiple‐Choice Questions (MCQs)?

Levels of Learning (Bloom’s Taxonomy ‐ Revised)1 

Higher order learning 

Lower order learning 

Highest level: not appropriate for MCQs 

Higher order learning that can be tested with MCQs 

Lower order learning is what MCQs most often target 

1. Anderson, L.W., & Krathwohl, D. R. (Eds.). (2001). A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: A Revision of Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. New York: Longman. Image from Purdue University, Reflections on Teaching and Learning Webpage: http://blogs.itap.purdue.edu/learning/2012/05/04/review-of-idc-tools-to-assess-blooms-taxonomy-of-cognitive-domain/

Page 7: Designing Effective Multiple‐Choice Questions (MCQs)?

Examples of MCQs at Different Levels of Learning  See handout 

Page 8: Designing Effective Multiple‐Choice Questions (MCQs)?

Creating Effective MCQs 1. Defining the

purpose 2. Writing the

questions

Page 9: Designing Effective Multiple‐Choice Questions (MCQs)?

     Defining the Purpose 

What learning outcome do you want to test?  

Where could the learner go wrong?  (challenges, common mistakes, misconceptions) 

 

Page 10: Designing Effective Multiple‐Choice Questions (MCQs)?

 Examples of questions with rationale 

Calculate the median of the following numbers: 15, 27, 27, 44, 67, 75, 81.  A. 7 B. 27 C. 44 D. 48  

Page 11: Designing Effective Multiple‐Choice Questions (MCQs)?

Example Learning Outcome: to make appropriate clinical decisions based on laboratory data.  

A 62 year‐old woman with a history of confusion and constipation comes to the office for a follow‐up visit. Laboratory investigations reveal a serum calcium of 2.9mmol/L, a creatinine of 146 µmol/L, and a hemoglobin of 108 g/L.  

Which one of the following would help confirm the diagnosis?  

A. Parathyroid hormone B. Serum protein electrophoresis* C. 25‐OH vitamin D D. Serum creatinine E. Abdominal ultrasound  

Page 12: Designing Effective Multiple‐Choice Questions (MCQs)?

Writing the Questions  

Page 13: Designing Effective Multiple‐Choice Questions (MCQs)?

Anatomy of a MCQ 3. What is chiefly responsible for the increase in the average length of life in the USA during the last fifty years? 

 

distractor —    a.  Compulsory health and physical education courses in public schools. 

    answer —    b.  The reduced death rate among infants and young children 

distractor —    c.  The safety movement, which has greatly  reduced the number of deaths from accidents. 

distractor —    d.  The substitution of machines for human labor. 

alternatives

stem

Source: Burton et. al. (1991). How to Prepare Better Multiple-Choice Test Items: Guidelines for University Faculty. Brigham Young University Testing Services. Retrieved from http://testing.byu.edu/info/handbooks/betteritems.pdf

Page 14: Designing Effective Multiple‐Choice Questions (MCQs)?

One‐Best‐Answer Questions  Stem 

Vignette  Lead‐in question  

3‐5 alternatives  1 correct (best)  answer  2‐4 plausible distractors 

Page 15: Designing Effective Multiple‐Choice Questions (MCQs)?

Stem  

Addresses a single problem/question  Worded positively unless knowing what “not to do” is important 

Contains only relevant information  A question that can be answered by hiding the alternatives 

Page 16: Designing Effective Multiple‐Choice Questions (MCQs)?

Alternatives   Homogeneous in nature  Mutually exclusive  Plausible 

Page 17: Designing Effective Multiple‐Choice Questions (MCQs)?

Effective alternatives are designed to: 

  Prevent students who DON’T know the answer from guessing it correctly. 

    Prevent  students who DO know the answer from being confused. 

 (see checklist) 

Page 18: Designing Effective Multiple‐Choice Questions (MCQs)?

Example A test which can be scored by a clerk untrained in the content area of the test is an 1. diagnostic test.  2. criterion‐referenced tests.  3. objective test.  4. reliable test.  5. subjective test.  

 A test, which can be scored by a clerk untrained in the content area of the test, is said to be 1. diagnostic.  2. criterion‐referenced.  3. objective.  4. reliable.  5. subjective 

 

Page 19: Designing Effective Multiple‐Choice Questions (MCQs)?

Example 

Which of the following songs did the Beatles compose? a) Let It Be b) Yesterday c) Polythene Pam d) All of the above e) None of the above  

Page 20: Designing Effective Multiple‐Choice Questions (MCQs)?

 Activity: Evaluating MCQs  

What’s wrong with these questions? (see handout)  

Page 21: Designing Effective Multiple‐Choice Questions (MCQs)?

Conclusion A good MCQ:  Measures a learning outcome for which it is well suited 

Does not contain clues to the right answer  Is clearly worded   

  

Source: Burton et. al. (1991). How to Prepare Better Multiple-Choice Test Items: Guidelines for University Faculty. Brigham Young University Testing Services. Retrieved from http://testing.byu.edu/info/handbooks/betteritems.pdf

Page 22: Designing Effective Multiple‐Choice Questions (MCQs)?

References  This article provides a thorough overview of the topic: Burton, S., J., Sudweeks, R., R., Merrill, P., F., & 

Wood, B. (1991). How to prepare better multiple‐choice test items: Guidelines for university faculty. [PDF document]. Retrieved from Brigham Young University Testing Centre Web site: http://testing.byu.edu/info/handbooks/betteritems.pdf 

This blog post is written by Jonathan Sterne, an associate professor in the Department of Art History and Communication Studies at McGill. He presents a fresh take on developing multiple‐choice questions that go beyond recognition for use in a large lectures: J. Sterne. (2013, January 10). Multiple choice exam theory (just in time for the new term) [Web log comment]. Retrieved from http://chronicle.com/blogs/profhacker/multiple‐choice‐exam‐theory/45275 

Case, S. M., & Swanson, D. B. (2002). Constructing written test questions for the basic and clinical sciences (3rd ed.). [PDF document]. Retrieved from National Board of Medical Examiners Web site: http://www.nbme.org/PDF/ItemWriting_2003/2003IWGwhole.pdf 

Clegg, V. L., & Cashin, W. E. (1986). Improving multiple‐choice tests. IDEA Paper No. 16, Center for Faculty Evaluation and Development, Kansas State University. 

Haladyna T., M., Downing, S., M., & Rodriguez, M., C. (2010). A review of multiple‐choice item‐writing guidelines for classroom assessment. Applied Measurement in Education, 15, 309‐334. 

Hurley, K.F. (2005). OSCE and clinical skills handbook. Canada: Elsevier Saunders.   Medical Council of Canada. (2010). Guidelines for the development of multiple‐choice questions. Retrieved 

from Medical Council of Canada Web site: http://www.mcc.ca/pdf/MCQ_Guidelines_e.pdf  The Centre for Teaching Excellence, University of Waterloo. (n.d.). Designing multiple‐choice questions.  

Retrieved from http://cte.uwaterloo.ca/teaching_resources/tips/designing_multiple_choice_questions.html 

Page 23: Designing Effective Multiple‐Choice Questions (MCQs)?

Thank You!!  Please complete the workshop evaluation form