developing reading proficiency 2

gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 1

DEVELOPING READING PROFICIENCY 2archon قديم آتن عاليرتبه افسران از كيsuperintendent

offend

accused متهمelect

ballot مخفي رايsevere

penalty

white-bearded man of 70

lack فقدانsentence

exile

scholar

sculptor

midwife they were about to have babies.

thoughtful

disturb

sophist

boast

justice عدالتgoodness نيكي poor فقيرpreference preference to those of the soul."

soul (seek) روانwarn دادن هشدارtwist

ruler حاكم preach

declare

defend this world is God, who will judge you and them.

at all costs قيمتي هر بهbeyond ماورا

- it was the palace of one of the Archons, the superintendents of the religious life of Athens who

مدير - .tried those people accused of offending the gods سرپرست

رنجاندن - كردن كردن = try تخطي محاكمه

انتخاب - دادن Five hundred judges, elected by the citizens, decided by secret ballot whether the accused were - راي

guilty or not and how severe the penalty should be.

فرسا - طاقت سختجريمه - - كيفر جزا

سفيد ريش ساله 70مرد - an old, white-bearded man of 70 stood before the judges. He had been accused by three men of

lack of respect for the city gods.

) محكوميت - - ) فتوي .his sentence could be extremely severe. It might be exile or, perhaps, even death - حكم

كردن - تبعيد تبعيددانش‌پژوه - .although scholars are not sure, they think that Socrates was born in 469 B.C - محقق

پيكرتراش - ساز his father was a sculptor and his mother was a midwife, a woman who helped other women when - مجسمه

قابله - ماماانديشمند - .when Socrates grew up he proved himself to be an intelligent and thoughtful man - متفكر

آشفتن - ساختن مضطرب - Socrates was disturbed by many ideas popular in the city at that time.

باز - - زبان باز سفسطه .at the same time that Socrates lived, there was in Greece a group of men called sophists - سوفيسطايي

كردن - - خودستايي خواندن رجز .they boasted that they knew everything - باليدن

- Socrates fought this idea. He said that truth, justice, goodness, and honesty did exist.

- Socrates remained poor and said, "do not love riches and the other good of the body in

رجحان - برتري

- he warned against twisting the truth by using words and false arguments.

پيجاندن - كردن كج - he told his listeners not to follow the wishes of rulers or anyone else, big or small, if the ideas they

كردن - وعظ كردن .preached were wrong موعظه

كردن - - اعالم گفتن داشتن seek the truth, and declare and defend it against any one, at all costs and always …. Beyond - اظهار

كردن - حمايت از كردن دفاع


gadfly

annoy

sting

pester

went about the city شهر در گشتنcommon people عادي مردمdeeply F عميقاcriticize

defeat دادن شكستcarry out دادن انجامunjust ناعادالنه shame كردن شرمندهall-wise عاقل F كامالall-good Fخوب كامالworship

mount Olympus المپيك كوهthreaten

charge (against)

tribunal

serene

defence

court دادگاه accuser كننده متهمoutspoken

criticism

assure دادن اطمينانdishonesty نادرستيinjustice عدالتي بيcondemn

followers پيروانdistress the verdict calmly.

outcome

verdict

calmly

آزار - مردم و مزاحم آدم calling himself a gadfly -a kind of fly that annoys and stings- because he believed that everybody - خرمگس

كردن - اذيت .had to be pestered, if necessary, into seeing what was really true آزردن

گزيدن - نييشكردن - - بيحوصله آوردن بستوه كردن اذيت

- Socrates went about the city. He talked about the things he considered to be just with the

common people -especially the young men. He made them think.

- he loved his city and was deeply religious, but many people hated him and wanted to silence him

كردن - نكوهش كردن .because he criticized what he thought was wrong انتقاد

- he had defeated the sophists often in arguments. He and his students criticized the government.

sometimes he refused to carry out orders he considered unjust.

- he shamed dishonest men with his courage and honesty.

- also, he believed in one God, the all-wise and all-good ruler of the world, while the Greeks at that

time still worshipped the many gods on mount Olympus -Zeus, Apollo, Athena and many others.

عبادت - كردن پرستش

ترساندن - كردن Socrates was offered titles and riches. He was threatened, nothing could silence him. Finally three - تهديد

ساختن - متهم .men made false charges against him and he was sent before the tribunal اتهام

محاكمه - - ميز محاكمات ديوان محكمه دادگاهآرام - Socrates, serene and thoughtful, spoke in his own defence and tried to get the court and his - متين

كردن - دفاع .accusers to admit that the charges were false دفاع

الهجه - - صريح راست و رك پرحرف - but he was still outspoken in his criticisms.

جويي - عيب انتقاد - he assured them that, if he lived, he would continue to speak the truth and would never leave his city

- he stood firmly against dishonesty and injustice. And he was condemned to death.

شدن - محكوم كردن محكوم - Socrates' followers were greatly distressed at the outcome of his trail, but he took

كردن - - مضطرب اندوه پريشانيآمد - پي نتيجه

منصفه - هيت راي رايآرامي - با آسوده خاطر با


everlasting

persuade كردن وادار true refused.

idea of truth راستگويي مفهومobey كردن اطاعتweep

a cup of poison زهر جامhemlock شوكرانoffensive

superintendents of the ديني ناظرانreligious life

take part كردن شركتsense of truth راستگويي مفهومprinciple

naval

demand

bury

terror

loss

tyrant

disobedience

overthrow

corrupt

youth

light sentence

apology

tyranny - he proved in this speech that he was not being tried for any crimes. But his beliefs and way of life

state

misdeed

bear كردن تحملdebate

accomplishment

irritate

harass

ازلي - .while in prison waiting for death, he discussed the everlasting life of the soul with his friends - جاوداني

- many of the men tried to persuade him to escape, but Socrates, always true to his idea of truth,

) پايبند - - ) راست پابرجا

- he told that the verdict had come from a legal court, and so he had no choice but to obey it.

ريختن - اشك كردن when the time came for him to carry out his sentence, this great man comforted his weeping - گريه

friends and calmly drank a cup of a poison, called hemlock, that had been prepared for him.

رنجانندن - .at the time of trial, Socrates was not offensive and wild - مهاجم

- Socrates refused to take part in public affairs because he was afraid he would have to go against

his sense of truth and justice if he did.

مبادي - و اصول به معتقد مبادي و .he made the citizens of Athens angry many times because he refused to give up his principles - اصول

دريايي - نيروي به وابسته كشتي به after the naval battle of Arginusae in 406 B.C., he spoke against citizens when they unjustly - وابسته

كردن - مطالبه كردن .demanded the death of ten generals who had been unable to burry the dead تقاضا

پوشاندن - نظر از سپردن خاك بهزياد - ترس again, in 404 B.C. during the period of terror which followed the loss of the war, Socrates went - دهشت

فقدان - - خسارت .against the orders of the thirty tyrants who ruled Athens زيان

ستمگر - حاكم ستمگرنافرماني - Socrates would have been condemned to death for his disobedience, but the government of the - سرپيچي

كردن - منقرض .thirty tyrants was soon overthrown برانداختن

كردن - خراب كردن .he was also charged with corrupting the youth of Athens by his teachings - فاسد

جوان - نوباوگان) كمتر ) سبك محكوميت - a clever lawyer might have been able to allow Socrates to escape with a light sentence.

- ) پوزش - ) رسمي عذرخواهي .instead he gave his own defense, the famous "Apology of Socrates" which explained his life - مدافعه

ستمگري - حكومت استبدادي حكومتكشور - .were a threat to the tyranny of the state, and was found guilty and condemned to death دولت

جرم - - عمل سوء كرداري .to bring charges against someone for a misdeed - بد

كردن - مناظره بحثانجام - - فضيلت هنرآزردن - كردن عصباني

كردن - خسته آوردن بستوه


prevalent

strict

harsh

violent

spiritual

authority

supervise كردن نظارتevidence

determine

claim كردن ادعاmoan

honour (honor)

significance

one third سوم يكdecade دهه demystify كردن راز كشفtraditional modern view مرسوم جديد نظريهrepresent

stage مرحله renewal

worn-out

tissue بافت restore

inactive

web

interaction انفعال و فعلshut off

electrochemical الكتروشيمياييelectroencephalograph الكتروآنسيوفالوگراف pinpoint

odyssey

seamless

consciousness through a series of sleep stages.

withdrawal

متداول - رايجدنده - - يك اكيد سخت

ناگوار - خشنقاهر - - شديد تند

روحي - - معنوي .the spiritual nature of man - روحاني

توانايي - .a person who has the authority to supervise or direct - اختيار

مدرك - the examination of evidence and law by a judge to determine the issue of charges or claims - گواه

شدن - مصمم گرفتن تصميم

زاري - نالهافتخار - - عزت احترام

اهميت - - - مفهوم مقصود ?what is the significance of sleeping in our lives - معني

- nearly one third of our lives is spent sleeping.

- yet only within the last four decades have scientists begun seriously to study, understand and

demystify what goes on when we sleep.

- the traditional modern view is that sleep represents a stage of renewal, where the body repairs

دادن - نشان .and restores worn-out tissues and cells نماياندن

كني - - نو باز تكرار تجديدكهنه - - رفته در زهوار كوفته و خسته

) كردن - - ) بازپروري دادن پس كردن تعميرغيرفعال - جنبش .people used to think that sleep was a period of total inactivity for the body - بي

نسج - يا بافت .we now know that a complicated web of chemical interactions occurs while we sleep - شبكه

بستن - كردن .the brain, rather than shutting itself off, registers a whole series of electrochemical changes - تعطيل

- scientists working with an electroencephalograph have been able to pinpoint those shifting

) نقاط - ) به كردن اشاره دقت با كوچك چيز brain-wave patterns as well as follow the physical changes which occur during our nightly odyssey.

) طوالني - ) خواب پرحادثه مسافرت‌هايدرز - بدون during the night, we do not move seamlessly from consciousness into total withdrawal, but pass - يكپارچه

خبر - - هوشياري آگاهيگرفتن - باز گرفتن پس


threshold آستانهslumber

subtle

physiological فيزيولوژي علم به وابستهrespiration تنفسpulse rate نبض ضربان ميزانdownswing پايين طرف به نوسانsmooth rhythms صاف هاي ريتمnetherworld

eyeball چشم مردمكfrom side to side ديگر سوي به سويي از the brain waves increase.

amplitude دامنه descent

set in كردن شروعdrop افتادن roll

abandon

arbitrary اختياري graduate student دكترا دوره دانشجويunder نظر زيرdart

eyelid چشم پلكphase

interval

roughly F تقريباparadoxical

heartbeat قلب ضربانresemble داشتن شباهتwaking state بيداري حالتmost importantly همه از تر مهمdemonstrate

in the early 1960s

volunteer داوطلب interrupt

- the first stage is when we move from the threshold of everyday consciousness into a light slumber.

زدن - - چرت سبك خواب چرتماهرانه - دقيق - subtle physiological changes are registered: blood pressure, respiration, pulse rate, and

temperature are all on the downswing.

- brain waves begin to shift from the smooth rhythms of alpha waves into a more irregular pattern.

) خواب - - ) عالم اسفل عالم اموات عالم - in stage two, the sleeper moves deeper into the netherworld of sleep.

- at this point, the eyeballs begin to move from side to side, while the amplitude and frequency of

هبوط - .the sleeper continues his descent into stage three - نزول

- total relaxation has set in.

گشتن - خوردن .by stage four, large, slow, delta waves roll regularly across the EEG screen - غلت

كردن - واگذار شدن .this is the stage where the sleeper has abandoned himself to deep sleep - تسليم

- the magic number of eight hours a night is fairly arbitrary.

- in 1952, Eugene Aserinsky, a graduate student under Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman at he university of

Chicago, discovered that a sleeper's eyes darted back and forth behind his eyelids during certain

كردن - حركت سرعت به تند .sleep phases حركت

تحول - و تغيير دوره مرحلهوقفه - - مدت these rapid eye movements, or REMs as they are called, occur with great regularity at roughly - فاصله

90-minutes intervals during the night.

) متناقص - ) نما مهمل - REM sleep is called "paradoxical sleep" because it is filled with great internal activity.

- breathing becomes irregular, heartbeat rises, and the brain-wave patterns resemble those of the

waking state.

- most importantly, this the period where we do most of our dreaming.

- ) دادن ) شرح دليل با كردن the importance of REM sleep was first demonstrated in a study made by Dr. William Dement of - اثبات

سال‌هاي اويل 1960در Stanford University in the early 1960s.

- volunteers were interrupted from their REM phase by a buzzer.

كردن - منقطع گسيختن


buzzer

experiment آزمايش arouse

deprivation

short-tempered

irritable

compensate

undisturbed

pill

effectiveness اثرdosage

beneficial

dramatically person's REM sleep.

alcoholic الكلي detoxify مسمويت كردن رفعsaturate

vivid

terrify كردن زده وحشتhallucination

dose دارو مقدارspilling over

concentrate

disturbance

disorder

an estimated تخمين يك براساسchronic مزمن insomnia

transitional گذرا طور به - brain-wave recordings have shown that poor sleepers generally spend much more of their total time

physiologically فيزيكي لحاظ ازrecoup

nap

dim

precious

heritage ميراث

) سوت - ) صداي اخبار زنگ - as the experiment continued the subjects became increasingly hard to arouse.

كردن - - تحريك برانگيختن كردن بيدارفقدان - they seemed to be fighting the deprivation of REM sleep, although they were getting the usual - محروميت

رنج - زود .amount of the other sleep phases. They became short-tempered and irritable in the morning عصباني

مزاج - - تند خلق كج زودرنجدادن - عوض كردن when those volunteers were finally allowed to sleep through the night undisturbed, the - جبران

نشده - مختل مختل .compensated for their loss by having a night filled with dreams غير

) قرص - ) دارو حب - sleeping pills generally lose their effectiveness by the end of the first month in their normal dosage.

دارو - استعمال مقدار دارو شده تجويز مقدارمفيد - in the end, they actually prove more harmful than beneficial, for they can dramatically reduce a - سودمند

نمايشي - طور به مهيج طور به - Alcohol also reduce this vital phase of the cycle. Once an alcoholic is detoxified, he will find his

sleep at night saturated with vivid and sometimes terrifying dreams.

كردن - - اشباغ كردن پر آغشتنروشن - - واضح زنده

حس - - - خطاي توهم خيال According to one theory, the hallucinations of the dreaming times are actually a concentrated - تجسم

dose of REM dreams spilling over into waking life.

كردن - متمركز تغليظاختالل - - مزاحمت sleep disturbance is one of our most common disorders. For example, an estimated 30 million - آشفتگي

نظمي - بي .people in the U.S. suffer from chronic insomnia اختالل

- ) بيخوابي ) مرض غيرعادي بيخوابي

in the transitional light phase of sleep than average sleepers. Physiologically they are closer to waking

كردن - تالفي كردن .many people sleep little at night, but recoup their loss with naps during the day - جبران

نيمروز - خواب چرتتاريك - .Edison, who slept only 3 or 4 hours a night, took a dim view of the whole experience - مبهم

ارزش - با ".for him the eight-hour sleep cycle was a waste of precious time, "a heritage from our cave days - گرانبها


cave days غارنشيني دورانbarbaric

sleeplessness خوابي بيrocking chair چرخان صندليmarathon ماراتون دو مسابقهmental patient رواني بيمارmedical school پزشكي دانشكدهpsychiatric روانپزشكي به وابستهissue

questionnaire پرسشنامه psychosis

depression افسردگي ailment

correlation همبستگي stability sleeping habits.

intrigue

intriguing connection پيچيده ارتباطsuicide خودكشيan unusually اينكه تعجب‌آورproportion recently found that they had stopped dreaming or else simply could no longer remember their dreams

suicidal خودكشي به متمايل يا وابستهinternal order دروني ترتيبimmediate problem فوري و زودگذر مسئله يكcurtain پردهraiser

for the ones to follow دهند رخ تا بعدي روياهاي برايshuffle

fourth چهارم frequently F مكرراwish-fulfillment كننده تكميلalong

Freudian specification فرويد نظريهspecification

grand

وحشي - he hoped that his electric light would help reduce our dependency on this barbaric nighttime custom - بربريت

- the record for sleeplessness was set in 1977 by Weston, who stayed awake for 449 hours during

a rocking chair marathon.

- during 1963-1964, a study of mental patients was made at Yale Medical School.

- a psychiatric team issued questionnaires to several hundred patients with psychosis,

) كردن - ) پخش دادن .depressions and other mental ailments انتشار

جنون - رواني بيماري

درد - مزمن بيماري - from the beginning, they discovered a close correlation between mental stability and healthy

ثبات - - استواري استحكامچيدن - - توطئه فريفتن كردن .the Yale study also found an intriguing connection between suicide and dreams - دسيسه

- an unusually height proportion of the suicidal were people who normally dreamed but who had

تناسب - - نسبت مقدار

- dreams follow their own internal order.

- our first dream is usually short, concerns an immediate problem, and is really a kind of curtain

raiser for the ones to follow.

كننده - برپا برنده باال

كردن - مخلوط هم با آميختن .the next two dreams generally shuffle the past and the present - بهم

- the fourth one is often set in the future and is frequently a wish fulfillment dream, along Freudian

specifications.

) طبق - ) بر طول با موازي

تشخيص - تعيين) طوالني - - ) مهم the fifth is usually the final one, and it is a grand finale, incorporating elements from the previous - بزرگ


finale dreams but finishing in the present.

grand finale طوالني روياي نهايي بخشincorporating تركيبي duration مدت correspond in reality.

phenomenon پديدهreveal كردن آشكارimitate كردن تقليدdownward

somewhat

interior

mild mannered ميانه رفتارsymptom

partial

desert

extent

subjective

precise دقيق uncivilized غيرمتمدنprimitive اوليهperiodic اي دورهequivalent

deprive

downfall

illusion وهمcomprise

fascinating

endure كردن تحملunderworld اموات عالمcontradiction

gap

definite

delicate

gratification

نهايي - آخر بخش

- the duration of an action in a dream usually corresponds to the time it take to perform that action

بودن - مربوط هم به بودن برابرsleeping has been considered a phenomenon worth studying.

- study of the changes in brain waves during the sleeping time has revealed many things to scientists

- people do not imitate their sleeping habits.

پايين - به رو پايينحدي - تا قدري

داخلي - دروني - even mild-mannered persons become very irritable if they have lost much sleep.

مرض - عالئم نشانه - if a person goes without sleep for 3 days, he may start showing abnormal mental symptoms.

بخشي - .many scientists have tested the effects of partial lack of sleep upon our mental abilities - جزئي

كردن - ترك گريختن - abandon: neglect, desert.

مقدار - وسعت - amplitude: size, extent.

فردي - - دروني .arbitrary: not precise, subjective - ذهني

- barbaric: uncivilized, primitive.

- chronic: last for a long time, periodic.

بها - هم معادل - correspond: be equivalent or similar

كردن - محروم كردن بهره بي - deprive: take something away from somebody.

زوال - سقوط - downswing: downfall.

- hallucination: illusion of seeing or hearing something when no such thing is actually present.

داشتن - بر در بودن شامل - incorporate: include, comprise.

شيفته - مجذوب - intriguing: unusual, fascinating.

- marathon: long lasting event which is hard to endure.

- netherworld: the world of the dead, underworld.

مغايرت - تناقض - paradox: contradiction.

زياد - - اختالف درز رخنه - seamless: direct, without a gap or parting line.

روشن - - معين .shuffle: avoid being definite, confuse - معلوم

حساس - ظريف - subtle: delicate, fine.

سربلندي - لذت - wish fulfilment: gratification of a desire.


supernatural طبيعي ماوراءgrandchild نوهelder بزرگترuntold

untold ages پايان بي اعصارsupreme

enormous عظيمmythology شناسي افسانهdethrone

seize

ascend بر كردن جلوسthrone

flee (fled)

reign

notable

encircle

translate

bore

saviour

banish

Olympian

succeed

Olympus

mountain top كوه قلهearliest poem اوليه اشعارregion ناحيه mysterious region آميز اسرار ناحيهtopmost

peak قله Olympus" clearly a mountain.

ridge

pinnacle

even so باشد چنين اگر حتيdwelling مسكن - wherever it was, the entrance to it was a great gate of clouds kept by the seasons. Within were

feast

- Ancient Greeks believed in gods who were supposed to be of supernatural powers who controlled …

- the Titans were their children, and the gods were their grandchildren.

- the Titans often called the Elder Gods, were for untold ages supreme in the universe.

حساب - بي ناگفته

افضل - - اعلي عالي - they were of enormous size and of incredible strength.

- there were many of them, but only a few appear in the stories of mythology.

كردن - عزل كردن .he ruled over the other Titans until his son Zeus dethroned him and seized the power for himself - خلع

قاپيدن - آوردن بتصرف - The Romans said that when Jupiter ascended the throne, Saturn fled to Italy and brought in the

نشستن - - تخت بر سرير تخت Golden age, a time of perfect peace and happiness, which lasted as long as he reigned.

كردن - فرار گريختنكردن - حكمراني سلطنت

توجه - جالب برجسته شخص - the other notable Titans were OCEAN, the river that was supposed to encircle the earth.

كردن - احاطه زدن حلقه) بودن - ) همراه كردن ترجمه - THEMIS, usually translated by Justice.

- ATLAS, who bore the world on his shoulders, and PROMETHEUS, who was the saviour of mankind

ناجي - دهنده نجات) كردن - - ) منسوخ كردن دور كردن تبعيد - these alone among the older gods were not banished with coming of Zeus, but they took a lower place.

آسماني - المپيك كوه به .the twelve great Olympians were supreme among the gods who succeeded to the Titans - وابسته

كاميابي - شدن موفقآسمان - مقدونيه در المپيك كوه - they were called the Olympians because Olympus was their home.

- there is no doubt that at first it was held to be a mountain top.

- but even in the earliest Greek poem, the Iliad, this idea is beginning to give way to the idea of an

Olympus in some mysterious region far above all the mountain of the earth.

ترين - اعلي in one passage of the Iliad, Zeus talks to the gods from "the topmost peak of many-ridged - باالترين

مرز - برآمدگيدرجه - منتهي but only a little further on he says that if he willed he could hang earth and sea from a pinnacle - اوج

of Olympus, clearly no longer a mountain. Even so it is not heaven.

گرفتن - جشن مهماني the god's dwellings, where they lived and slept and feasted on ambrosia and nectar and listened


ambrosia بهشتي مائدهnectar شهد lyre

abode مسكنblessedness

shake

untroubled دغدغه بيcloudless ابر بيfirmament

stretch

glory

diffuse

divine family مقدس خانوادهdraw (drew)

cloud gatherer ابر كننده جمع underworld to Hades. Zeus became the supreme ruler, he was lord of the sky, the rain-god and the

wield

thunderbolt

divinity

mighty

make trail كنيد امتحانlay hold زدن چنگ wished to drag you down, then I would.

drag كشيدن rope طناب bind بستن hang the sea too."

nevertheless اين وجود باomnipotent مطلق قادرomniscient چيز همه به واقفoppose

deceive زدن گولdupe زدن گولfate spoken of as stronger than he.

scorn

scornfully استهزاء روي از

to Apollo's lyre.

بربط - چنگ - it was an abode of perfect blessedness. No wind, Homer says, ever shakes the untroubled peace

) آرامش - ) خجستگي of Olympus; no rain ever falls there or snow; but the cloudless firmament stretches around it on all

دادن - تكان ارتعاش sides and the white glory of sunshine is diffused upon its walls.

آسمان - فلكدادن - امتداد كشيدن

شكوه - - نور جاللپراكنده - شده منتشر

- the twelve Olympians made up a divine family.

) كردن - ) تصاحب كردن Zeus and his brothers drew lots for their share of the universe. The sea fell to Poseidon, and the - دريافت

كردن - اداره .cloud-gatherer, who wielded the awful thunderbolt گردانيدن

آذرخش - صاعقهالهيات - .his power was greater than that of all the other divinities together - خدا

توانا - نيرومند - in the Iliad he tells his family, "I am mightiest of all. Make trial that you may know. Fasten a rope

of gold to heaven and lay hold, every god and goddess. You could not drag down Zeus. But if I

- the rope I would bind to a pinnacle of Olympus and all would hang in air, yes, the very earth and

كردن - آويزان آويختن - nevertheless he was not omnipotent or omniscient, either. He could be opposed and deceived.

كردن - ضديت افتادن در

- Poseidon dupes him in the Iliad and so does Hera. Sometimes, too, the mysterious power, fate is

قدر - و قضا سرنوشتكردن - استهزاء Homer makes Hera ask him scornfully if he proposes to deliver from death a man - تمسخر

fate has doomed.


propose كردن پيشنهادdeliver

doom

sacrifice

eminence

seamen ملوانانgranddaughter

splendid

oftener بيشترsank (into)

stillness

tranquil آرام smooth-rolling

commonly F متعارفاtrident شاخه سه نيزهpronged دار چنگكspear نيزه shatter

bull نر گاوAegean اژه درياي به مربوطهresidence

extraordinary

explanation

summit قله contempt

myth

maiden دوشيزهexcel از داشتن برتريconsort

mere

mortal

fame شهرت surpass

surpassing فزاينده

كردن - آزاد دادن نجاتدادن - - حكم بد سرنوشت مجازات حكم

كردن - فداكاري كردن .Zeus and his brothers didn't divide the world by sacrificing to older gods - قرباني

بزرگي - .Poseidon was the ruler of the sea, Zeus's brother and second only to him in eminence - برجستگي

- the Greeks on both sides of the Aegean were seamen and the god of the sea was all important to them.

پسر - - دختر دختر دختر .his wife was Amphitrite, a granddaughter of the titan, Ocean - نوه

جالل - با شكوه .Poseidon had a splendid palace beneath the sea, but he was oftener to be found in Olympus - با

شد - غرق رفت ,but when he drove in his golden car over the waters, the thunder of the waves sank into stillness - فرو

سكوت - .and tranquil peace followed his smooth-rolling wheels خاموشي

- he was commonly called "earth-shaker" and was always shown carrying his trident, a three-

pronged spear, with which he would shake and shatter whatever he pleased.

شكستن - - كردن داغان كردن خرد - he had some connection with bulls as well as with horses.

اقامت - محل .abode: home, residence - مقر

غيرعادي - العاده .incredible: extraordinary, amazing - فوق

بيان - - تعريف .giving explanations of natural events, such as the seasons - توضيح

- pinnacle: peak, summit

اهانت - .scorn: strong contempt - تحقير

اسطوره - افسانه - there was once a king who had three daughters, all lovely maidens, but the youngest, psyche,

excelled her sisters so greatly that beside them she seemed a very goddess consorting with mere

شدن - همنشين كردن .mortals جور

تنها - فقطفاني - انسان

- the fame of her surpassing beauty spread over the earth, and everywhere men journeyed to gaze

جستن - تفوق از افتادن upon her with wonder and adoration and to do her homage as though she were in truth one of پيش

the immortals.


gaze

adoration

homage

to do her homage بياورند تعظيم سرimmortal

throng

worship

loveliness

temple

neglect

altar

foul

ash خاكستر desert

once

destine

put up

treatment

winged بالدارarrow تيرdefense heaven nor on the earth.

bid

bidding درخواست hussy

fall madly in love شدن عاشق وار ديوانهvilest

despicable

had no power to utter a word بياورد زبان به حرفي نداشت رتrage

swiftly

horrible

wretch

content

pass on

كردن - نگاه زل زل كردن نگاه خيرهورزي - عشق ستايش

بيعت - تجليل

ابدي - جاويدانهجوم - كردن as they thronged in ever-growing numbers to worship her loveliness no one any more gave a - ازدحام

ستايش - thought to Venus herself. Her temples were neglected; her altars foul with cold ashes; her favorite پرستش

زيبايي - دلفريبي towns deserted and falling in ruins.

معبد - پرستشگاهكردن - غفلت فروگذاري

محراب - قربانگاهكردن - گير خوردن بهم

) متروك - - ) كردن ترك كردن ول - F سابقا .all the honours once hers were now given to a mere girl destined some day to die - روزگاري

كردن - تعيين سرنوشت كردن مقدرگذاردن - كنار شدن .it may well be believed that the goddess would not put up with this treatment - متحمل

معامله - رفتار - as always when she was in trouble she turned for help to her son, that beautiful winged youth

whom some call cupid and others love, against whose arrows there is no defense, neither in

دفاع - كردن دفاعپيشنهاد - - كردن پيشنهاد فرمودن - she told him her wrongs and as always he was ready to do her bidding.

گستاخ - دختر جسور use your power," she said, "and make the hussy fall madly in love with the vilest and most" - دختر

despicable creature there is in the whole world."

ترين - فرومايه پست‌ترينمنفور - مطرود

- he said nothing to his mother, indeed he had no power to utter a word.

داشتن - - شدت خشم .never thinking in her jealous rage what such beauty might do even to the god of love himself - ديوانگي

سريع - طور به سرعت .and Venus left him with the happy confidence that he should swiftly bring about psyche's ruin - با

زشت - .psyche did not fall in love with a horrible wretch, she did not fall in love at all - مخوف

بيچاره - - بدبخت پستكردن - خشنود كردن .men were content to look and wonder and worship, and then pass on to marry someone else - راضي

) شدن - ) منصرف گذشتن


inexpressibly

inferior

splendidly

solitary

oracle

accordingly

mourning عزاداري rocky hill سنگالخي تپه than the gods themselves, would come to her and make her his wife.

fearful ترسناكserpent مارmisery بدبختي the misery of all همه از بدترlamentable

as though گوييsorrow سوگtomb

weep (wept)

despair

grief

mourn كردن سوگواريtremble

stillness مطلق سكوتmild

grassy

meadow

fragrant

mansion بزرگ عمارتstately

pillar ستونinlaid

drew near شد نزديكawestruck

sight

splendour

ناگفتني - بطور بيان غيرقابل .both her sisters, inexpressibly inferior to her, were splendidly married, each to a king - بطور

نامرغوب - - دوم درجه رتبه پايينجالل - با شكوه با

تنها - - نشين گوشه .psyche, the all-beautiful, sat sad and solitary, only admired, never loved - مجرد

وحي - - پيشگويي الهي الهام - her father finally travelled to an oracle of Apollo to ask his advice on how to get her a good husband.

رو - - اين از منوال اين بر آن accordingly Apollo said that psyche, dressed in deepest mourning, must be set on the summit of - برطبق

a rocky hill and left alone, and that there her destined husband, a fearful winged serpent, stronger

- the misery of all when psyche's father brought back this lamentable new can be imagined.

سوگناك - اسفناك - they dressed the maiden as though for her death and carried her to the hill with greater sorrowing

than if it had been to her tomb.

قبر - گورگريستن - كردن گريه - but psyche herself kept her courage. "you should have wept for me before," she told them.

ياس - they went in despairing grief, leaving the lovely helpless creature to meet her doom alone, and - نوميدي

اندوه - .they shut themselves in their palace to mourn all their days for her حزن

لرز - لرزيدن - there as she wept and trembled, soft breath of air came through the stillness to her, the gentle

breathing of Zephyr, sweetest and mildest of winds.

معتدل - ماليمچمن - از پوشيده مانند she felt it lift her up. She was floating away from the rocky hill and down until she lay upon a grassy - علف

بيشه - - زار علف .meadow soft as a bed and fragrant with flowers مرغزار

معطر - خوشبو - she woke beside a bright river; and on its bank was a mansion stately and beautiful as though

شكوه - با .built for a god, with pillars of gold and walls of silver and floors inlaid with precious stones مجلل

شده - نشان جواهر شده كاري منبت - the place seemed deserted and psyche drew near, awestruck at the sight of such splendour.

زده - خوف زده وحشتمنظره - - كردن بازرسي زدن ديد

برق - و زرق جالل و شكوه


hesitate

sound

bathe

banquet

spread گستردن delightful بخش لذتdine

breathe she could only hear, not see, them.

choir كرharp چنگ companionship مصاحبت inexplicable توضيح غيرقابلmurmur

monster

shape of terror وحشتناك موجودlong داشتن را چيزي آرزويhuntsman شكارچي odd

preserve

dewy youth everywhere.

startle

contradiction

fleet

sail كردن حركت كشتي باfierce

revenge

revengeful توز كينهpainless درد بيslain

neither دو اين از يك هيچso too همينطور poet شاعر identify شناختن wrap

كردن - تامل بودن as she hesitated on the threshold, voices sounded in her ear, she could see no one, but the words - مردد

نواختن - دادن .they spoke came clearly to her. She must enter without fear and bathe and refresh herself صدا

كردن - شستشو كردن استحمامضيافت - .then a banquet table would be spread for her - مهماني

- the bath was the most delightful, the food the most delicious, she had ever enjoyed.

خوردن - شام خوردن while she dined, sweet music breathed around her: great choir seemed to sing to a harp, but - ناهار

كردن - استنشاق زدن دم

- throughout the day, except for the strange companionship of the voices, she was alone, but in

some inexplicable way she felt sure that with the coming of the night her husband would be with her.

كردن - زمزمه and so it happened. When she felt him beside her and heard his voice softly murmuring in her ear - زمزمه

عفريت - all her fear left her. She knew without seeing him that here was no monster or shape of terror, but هيوال

the lover and husband she had longed and waited for.

- she was the lady of wild things, huntsman-in-chief to the gods, an odd office for a woman.

فرد - غريب و عجيبنگهداشتن - باقي كردن like a good huntsman, she was careful to preserve the young; she was the protectress of dewy - حفظ

مرطوب - تازهدادن - تكان nevertheless, with one of those startling contradiction so common in mythology, she kept the - جهش

مغايرت - .Greek fleet from sailing to Troy until they sacrificed a maiden to her تناقض

سريع - عبور ناوگان

تندخو - .in many another story, too, she is fierce and revengeful - درنده

كردن - جويي كينه كشيدن انتقام

- on the other hand, when women died a swift and painless death, they were held to have been

شده - كشته .slain by her silver arrows مقتول

- neither name originally belonged to her.

- Phoebe was a titan, one of the older gods. So too was Apollo.

- in the later poets, Artemis is identified with Hecate.

پوشانيدن - .Hecate in the lower world and in the world above when it is wrapped in darkness - پيچيدن


associate

deed

crossway

ghost

evil

magic

vividly

apparent

cypress سرو درختsacred مقدسdeer كوهي آهويshrine

sacrificial

soil

sexually جنسي نظر ازimmoral

deity خداprophet پيامبر glorious

impressive

grave قبرmoan

half-and-half نصف به نصفstill time passed swiftly.

unseen

gravely جدي بطور danger in the shape of her two sisters was approaching.

approach شدن نزديكcaress

check

yield شدن يا كردن تسليمsorrowful

destruction

solemnly

persuade separated from him forever.

همدست - پيوند .she was associated with deeds of darkness - هم

كار - - سند كردارصليب - شكل به the goddess of the crossways, which were held to be ghostly places of evil magic. In her is shown - سرتاسر

زدن - سر ها خانه به روح چون .most vividly the uncertainly between good and evil which is apparent in every one of the divinities روح

بدي - - - آور زيان مضر بدجادو - سحرآميز

وضوح - به روشني بهظاهر - آشكار

- the cypress was sacred to her; and all wild animals, but especially the deer.

مقدس - جاي .altar: shrine; sacrificial table - معبد

فداكاري - مستلزم قرباني به وابستهكردن - كثيف كردن .foul: dirty; soiled - خاكي

- hussy: sexually immoral woman.

هرزه - بدسيرت - immortal: god; deity

- oracle: prophet.

شكوه - با .splendid: glorious; magnificent - مجلل

احساسات - برانگيزنده .stately: impressive; magnificent - برانگيزنده

- tomb: grave; shrine.

زاري - .weep: cry; moan - ناله

- this half-and-half companionship could not fully content psyche; still she was happy and the

معذلك - بازهمپنهان - ديده از ناديده - one night, however, her dear though unseen husband spoke gravely to her and warned her that

كردن - - نوازش دلجويي .she was still in tears when her husband came and even his caresses could not check them - نوازش

كردن - ممانعت از كردن جلوگيري - at last he yielded sorrowfully to her great desire.

محزون - غمگينويراني - ".do what you will," he said, "but you are seeking your own destruction" - خرابي

رسمي - بطور تشريفاتي then he warned her solemnly not to be persuaded by anyone to try to see him, on pain of being - بطور

كردن - ترغيب كردن وادار


on pain of being separated جدايي درد به شدن دچارcry (out) كردن گريهshe would die a hundred times اين جاي به بميرد بار صدها دهد

over rather than live كند زندگاني او بدون و تنها كهwithout him

it should be so داد خواهد انجام او براي را اينكارembrace

their joy was too great to be بود بيان قابل حد از بيش ليشانexpressed

treasure

marvellous

bitter

envy

possession

took possession of them شد احاطه آنها برdevour

devouring ولع و حرصcuriosity كنجكاوي حسmagnificence

expedition

hunting expedition روزه چند سفرbear كردن حملshe had Zephyr bear them برگرداند تپه سوي به را آنها داد ر

back to the hill

willing

envious

plot چيدن توطئهonce more بارديگر wicked

work out

stumble

contradictory نقيض و ضد husband looked like, they had become convinced that she had never set eyes on him and did not

reproach

knew for a fact مي‌دانستند راستي به

- psyche cried out that she would never do so. She would die a hundred times over rather than

live without him.

- sadly he promised her that it should be so.

گرفتن - بر در گرفتن آغوش .their joy was too great to be expressed except by tears and embraces - در

گنجينه - but when at last they entered the palace and the elder sister saw its surpassing treasures; when - كنج

عجيب - آور they sat at the rich banquet and heard the marvellous music, bitter envy took possession of them حيرت

جگرسوز - تلخ and a devouring curiosity as to who was the lord of all this magnificence and their sister's husband.

رشك - حسدمالكيت - تصرف

خوردن - - حريصانه بردن فرو بلعيدن

جالل - شكوهاردوكشي - - سفر اعزامي .she told them only that he was a young man, away now on a hunting expedition - هيئت

- then filling their hands with gold and jewels, she had Zephyr bear them back to the hill.

راغب - - راضي .they went willingly enough, but their hearts were on fire with jealousy - مايل

خور - غبطه اميز حسادت - their envious anger so worked in them that they came finally to plotting how to ruin her.

- that very night psyche's husband warned her once more.

شرير - - بابكار بدجنس - he yielded as before, and very soon the two wicked women arrived, with their plot carefully

- - كردن ايجاد براثركاروزحمت تمرين كردن تدبير worked out.

داشتن - لكنت already, because of psyche's stumbling and contradictory answers when they asked her what her - لغزيدن

كردن - جويي عيب really know what he was. They did not tell her this, but they reproached her for hiding her terrible سرزنش

state from them, her own sisters. They had learned, they said, and knew for a fact, that her husband


turn upon شدن ور حملهdeclare

aghast

flood

dreadful

cruel

forbid

behold

in extreme misery بدبختي نهايت درfalter not deny what they said, because she had been with him only in the dark. "there must be something

stammer

deny

sob

shun

beforehand

fast asleep عميق خوابsteel

plunge بردن فرو certainly show her.

frightful وحشتناك being

frightful being ترسناك موجودtear (torn)

distract كردن پريشانloathe

certainty

lay

summon

tiptoe

rapture

at whose sight نگاهش از كهfolly

fell (on) زدن بزمين the knife into her own breast if it had not fallen from her trembling hands.

fell on her knees زده زانوunsteady

was not a man, but the fearful serpent Apollo's oracle had declared he would be. but he would

كردن - - اعالم گفتن داشتن .certainly turn upon her some night and devour her اظهار

زده - - وحشت مات .psyche, aghast, felt terror flooding her heart instead of love - مبهوت

) كردن - - ) پر كردن طغيان سيلبد - .she had wondered so often why he would never let her see him. There must be some dreadful reason - وحشتناك

ظالم - .if he was not horrible to look at, then he was cruel to forbid her ever to behold him - بيرحم

كردن - منع كردن قدغنكردن - مشاهده ديدن

- in extreme misery, faltering and stammering, she gave her sisters to understand that she could

كردن - گير گفتن سخن ترديد و شبهه باكردن - من من كردن پيدا "very wrong" she sobbed, "for him so to shun the light of day لكنت

كردن - - رد كردن انكار كردن حاشا - هق هق كردن گريه بغض و سكسكه با همراه

از - كردن دوري اجتناب و دوريآماده - .they had their advice all prepared beforehand - پيشاپيش

- that night she must hide a sharp knife and a lamp near her bed. When he was fast asleep …

كردن - - محكم فوالد مانند استوار she must steel herself to plunge it swiftly into the body of the frightful being the light would - محكم

مخلوق - موجود

دريده - شده .then they left her torn by doubt and distracted what to do - پاره

بودن - - منزجر بودن بيزار از داشتن .she loved him; he was her dear husband, no; he was a horrible serpent and she loathed him - نفرت

اطمينان - .she would kill him --, she would not. She must have certainty --, she did not want certainty - يقين

گذاردن - .when at last he lay sleeping quietly, she summoned all her courage and lit the lamp - خواباندن

احضار - فراخواندنپنجه - نوك رفتن راه پا نوك .she tiptoed to the bed and holding the light high above her she gazed at what lay there - با

روحاني - خلسه و شعف بيخودي خود oh, the relief and the rapture that filled her heart. No monster was revealed, but the sweetest and - از

fairest of all creatures, at whose sight the very lamp seemed to shine brighter.

ناداني - in her first shame at her folly and lack of faith, psyche fell on her knees and would have plunged - حماقت

كردن - متزلزل but those same unsteady hands that saved her betrayed her, betrayed her, too, for as she hung - لرزان


betray

hung over beauty, some hot oil fell from the lamp upon his shoulder.

ravish

bliss

faithlessness ايماني بيrush

bid (bade) - she could not see him, but she heard his voice speaking to her. He told her who he was, and

farewell

fly (flew) كردن پروازwretch that I am هستم بينوايي و بدبخت آدم منat any rate حال بهرwith rising courage زياد جسارت با spend rest of my life searching for him.

meanwhile

chamber اتاقwound

care (for)

went forth تاخت پيشdraw down زدن بهمdispleasure of a goddess.

despairing wanderings كننده نااميد سرگردانيto win the gods over to her side كند جلب خود سوي به را خدايانardent

perpetually مدام بطور Venus their enemy.

perceive

desperate

resolve

humble

soften her anger كند آرامتر را او خشمset forth افتاد براهpresence

ill-favoured بخت نگونdiligent

service

good will خوب نيت

كردن - فاش به كردن over him, ravished at the sight of him and unable to deny herself the bliss of filling her eyes with his خيانت

) شدن - ) خم خماركردن - مسحور شدن بيخود خود از

بركت - خوشي - he started awake: he saw the light and knew her faithlessness, and without a word he fled from her.

- - اشتياق و عجله با را كاري يورش شديد .she rushed out after him into the night - حركت

پيشنهاد - كردن خداحافظيخداحافظ - - بدرود .sadly bade her farewell وداع

- "love cannot live where there is no trust," he said, and flew away.

- "the god of love!" she thought, "he was my husband, and I, wretch that I am, could not keep faith

with him. Is he gone from me forever? At any rate," she told herself with rising courage, "I can

اثناء - در ضمن اين .he meanwhile had gone to his mother's chamber to have his wound cared for - در

زخم - جراحتپرستاري - مواظبت

- she left him angrily alone in his pain, and went forth to find the girl of whom he had made her still

more jealous. She was determined to show psyche what it meant to draw down the displeasure

ناخشنودي - رنجش - poor psyche in her despairing wanderings was trying to win the gods over to her side.

سوزان - she offered ardent prayers to them perpetually, but not one of them would do anything to make - گرم

دريافتن - كردن at last she perceived that there was no hope for her, either in heaven or on earth, and she took a - درك

بد - - - بسيار سخت بسيار بيچاره اميد بي desperate resolve.

داشتن - مقرر گرفتن تصميممتواضع - she would go straight to Venus; she would offer herself humbly to her as her servant, and try to - فروتن

soften her anger.

- so she set forth to find the goddess who was looking everywhere for her.

پيشگاه - … when she came into Venus' presence the goddess laughed aloud and - حضور

- she said, "you are so plain and ill-favoured a girl that you will never be able to get you a lover

كوشا - - كوشنده كوش .except by the most diligent and painful service سخت

خدمت - كار - I will therefore show my good will to you by training you in such ways.


train

quantity مقدارseed

wheat گندم poppy خشخاش millet ارزن so on غيره وheap

nightfall

sort

see to it for your own sake دهي انجام مي‌تواني را كار اين شده هم خودت خاطر به ببين

depart

still

stare كردن نگاه خيرهher mind was all in a maze بود آشفته F كامال ذهنشmaze هذيان cruelty

it was of no use بود فايده بيmanifestly

direful

awaken

compassion

pity

tiniest creatures موجودات كوچكترينfield صحرا ant مورچهhave mercy on this poor كنيد رحم بيچاره اين بهmaid دوشيزه at once F فورا had been a confused mass lay all ordered, every seed with its kind.

one after another ديگري از پس يكيconfused mass مغشوش تودهyour work is by no means over است نشده تمام وجه هيچ به تو رcrust نان سخت و خشك قسمتcrust of bread خشك نان تكه

) كردن - ) آزمايش كردن تربيت - with that she took a great quantity of the smallest of the seeds, wheat and poppy and millet and

بذر - دانه so on, and mixed them all together in heap.

انبوه - تودهشبانگاه - هنگام by nightfall these must all be sorted," she said. "see to it for your own sake." and with that" - شب

كردن - دسته دسته كردن .she departed سوا

كردن - - حركت شدن روانه شدن راهيساكت - psyche, left alone, sat still and stared at the heap. Her mind was all in a maze because of the - آرام

cruelty of the command; and, indeed, it was of no use to start a task so manifestly impossible.

ستم - - بيداد ظلم

بارز - بطور آشكارامهيب - وحشتاك - but at this direful moment she who had awakened no compassion in mortals or immortals was

شدن - بيدار كردن .pitied by the tiniest creatures of the field, the little ants, the swift-runners بيدار

رحم - - دلسوزي شفقتشدن - متاثر كردن دلسوزي

- they cried to each other, "come, have mercy on this poor maid and help her diligently." at once

they came, waves of them, one after another, and they laboured separating and dividing, until what

- very angry she was to see it. "your work Is by no means over" she said.

- then she gave psyche a crust of bread and bade he sleep on the ground while she herself went off

to her soft fragrant couch.


go off رفتن بيرونcouch تختlabour

hateful منفور would soon be lost.

securely مطمئني بطورguard كردن محافظت suffering from his wound.

the way matters were shaping مي‌گرفت شكل داشت كارها كهdevise

riverbank رودخانه ساحلthe bushes grow thick مي‌رويد پرپشت بوته‌هايsheep گوسفندfleece گوسفند پشمfetch

wool پشم worn (out) كوفته و خستهgently flowing stream داشت جريان صدا بي و آرام كه ه herself into it and end all her pain and despair.

a great longing seized her خواست دل ته ازreed ني - but as she was bending over the water she heard a little voice from near her feet, and looking down

thicket

briar

cruel

mistress

evil

sharply تندي بهstout

singular

prudence

yonder

steep

slimy

onrush

descend

evident

eagle عقاب

زحمت - surely if she could keep the girl at hard labour and half starve her, too, that hateful beauty of hers - كار

- until then she must see that her son was securely guarded in his chamber when he was still

- Venus was pleased at the way matters were shaping.

كردن - درست كردن .the next morning she devised another task for psyche, this time a dangerous one - تدبير

- "down there near the riverbank," she said, "where the bushes grow thick, are sheep with fleeces

of gold. Go fetch me some of their shining wool."

آوردن - و رفتن آوردن

- when the worn girl reached the gently flowing stream, a great longing seized her to throw

انبوه - درختزار .saw that it came from a green reed بيشه

) خاردار - ) بوته‌هاي رشتي .she could go into the thicket and find plenty of the golden wool hanging on the sharp briars - گل

ظالم - بيرحم - was able to carry back to her cruel mistress a quantity of the shining fleece.

الهه - بانوبد - .Venus received it with an evil smile. "someone helped you," she said sharply - شريرانه

قوي - however I will give you an opportunity to prove that you really have the stout heart and the singular - نيرومند

فرد - به منحصر العاده .prudence you make such a show of خارق

پروا - - حزم احتياطآنجا - - در واقع آنطرف ?do you see that black water which falls from the hill yonder - آنسو

تند - - سرازير only a winged creature could reach it, so steep and slimy were the rocks on all sides, and so - سراشيب

ليز - - آلوده لجن مال .fearful the onrush of the descending waters لجن

يورش - پيشرويآمدن - پايين آمدن فرود

بديهي - … but by this time it must be evident to all the readers of this story that although each of her trails - آشكار

- this time her saviour was an eagle, who poised on his great wings beside her, seized the flask


poise

poised on his great wings آمد فرود بزرگ بالهاي باbeak منقار but Venus kept on داد ادامه خود نهي و امر به ونوسone cannot but accuse her ديگري چيز او حماقت جز را ارها

of some stupidity كند تصور تواند نميstupidity

obedient

obediently as always پذيرفت را پيشنهاد هميشه مثلferryman ران قايق مردthreeheaded سر سهforetell (foretold) كردن پيشگوييgreatly encouraged خرسند F عميقاencourage

still more بيشتر همه ازvanity

charm

temptation

deadly - to her sharp disappointment she saw nothing there, it seemed empty. Immediately, however,

languor

juncture

at this juncture مرحله اين درheal دادن شفاimprison

wipe

prick سوزن خراشscold كردن سرزنشthereafter

joyful شادhasten

errand

consent

dignity - he said, "you have done me great harm in the past, seriously injured my good name and my

swan قو

واداشتن - ثابت .from her with his beak and brought it back to her full of the black water وقار

- but Venus kept on. One cannot but accuse her of some stupidity.

خريت - حماقتشنو - - حرف مطيع .obediently as always psyche went forth to look for the road to Hades - فرمانبردار

- then down to the river of death, where she must give the ferryman, Charon, a penny to take her

across. From there the road led straight to the palace. Cerberus, the threeheaded dong, guarded …

- all happened, of course, as the tower had foretold. Proserpine was willing to do Venus a service,

and psyche, greatly encouraged, bore back the box, returning far more quickly than she gone down.

كردن - تشويق كردن دلگرم - her next trial she brought upon herself through her curiosity and, still more, her vanity.

خودسري - غروردلربايي - … she felt that she must see what that beauty-charm in the box was; and perhaps, use a little of it - افسون

اغوا - وسوسه - she was unable to resist the temptation; she opened the box.

كشنده - مهلكمستي - .a deadly languor took possession of her and she fell into a heavy sleep ضعف

پيوستگي - - الحاق .at this juncture the god of love himself stepped forward - اتصال

- cupid was healed of his wound by now and longing for psyche. It is a difficult matter to keep love

نگهداشتن - افكندن .imprisoned بزندان

زدودن - كردن .in a moment he had wiped the sleep from her eyes and put it back into the box - پاك

- then waking her with just a prick from one of his arrows, and scolding her a little for her curiosity.

بعد - به آن از آن از پس - he bade her take Proserpine's box to his mother and he assured her that all thereafter would be well

- while the joyful psyche hastened on her errand, the god flew up to Olympus.

زدن - تسريع شتافتنفرمان - ماموريت

شدن - راضي .he went straight to Jupiter, the father of gods and men, consented at once to all that cupid asked - موافقت

مقام - - جاه بزرگيdignity by making me change myself into a bull and a swan and so on.


assembly

full assembly عمومي جلسهannounce

bestow

immortality

bride

object

alliance

eminently

suitable

interfere كردن دخالتsore

union

condemn

criticize كردن انتقادhatred

disgust

intense

disloyalty

caution

stick

beguile

alike

laughter

loving

mock

mockingly

wile

conquer

irresistible

steal (stole)

wit

spring (sprung)

foam

همگذاري - then he called a full assembly of the gods, and announce to all, including Venus, that cupid and - - مجمع

psyche were formally married, and that he proposed to bestow immortality upon the bride.

كردن - اخطار كردن اعالنبخشيدن - داشتن ارزاني

جاودانگي - ابديتعروس - تازه عروس

كردن - مخالفت كردن this, of course, completely changed the situation. Venus could not object to a goddess for her - اعتراض

پيوستگي - .daughter-in-law; the alliance had become eminently suitable اتحاد

چشمگيري - بطور برجسته بطورمناسب - خور در

- she could not be much on the earth to turn men's heads and interfere with her own worship.

دشوار - ;love and the soul (for that is what psyche means) had sought and after sore trials, found each other - سخت

اتفاق - و اتحاد .and that union could never be broken وصلت

شدن - محكوم كردن .reproach: to condemn; criticize - محكوم

تنفر - - كينه loath: to feel great hatred or disgust for somebody or something - دشمني

كردن - - بيزاري بيزاري نفرتمشتاقانه - - شديد .rapture: pleasure; intense delight - زياد

خيانت - وفايي .betray: show somebody disloyalty - بي

هوشياري - - بيني پيش .prudence: caution; wisdom - احتياط

رفتن - - فرو چسبيدن كردن .prick: small pointed stick - سوراخ

خوردن - - فريب كردن اغفال زدن .Venus was the goddess of love and beauty, who beguiled all, gods and men alike - گول

بتساوي - - يكجور يكسانخنده - قاه قاه .the laughter-loving goddess, who laughed sweetly or mockingly at those her wiles had conquered - خنده

محبوب - دوستداركردن - - استهزاء تقليدي ساختگي

آميز - استهزاء ساختگي بطوركردن - - اغوا فريب حيله

كردن - فتح بر يافتن پيروزيقوي - - سخت مقاومت .the irresistible goddess who stole away even the wits of the wise - غيرقابل

بردن - بسرقت زدن دستبردتعقل - قوه هوش

جهيدن - شدن in the later poems she is said to have sprung from the foam of the sea, and her name was - ظاهر

ريز - - هاي حباب خروش و جوش "explained as meaning "the foam-risen كف


rise

sea-birth دريايي زايشwaft

ever همواره embroider

radiant

battle

heroe قهرمان theme

treacherous

malicious بدانديش exert

destructive

lame

forge

myrtle سبز موردdove

sparrow خانگي گنجشكcombination

elaborate

thorny خاردار industrious

distract

affection

perch

woolly

foolishness

deceive

insist (on) ورزيدن اصرارcontinent قاره decline - they seem to mean is that they have never had a course in history, or have never read Gibbon's

fall of the roman empire رم امپراطوري فروپاشيcompromise

at least to stumble along in بشناسيد را دنيا پايين و باال اقل

كردن - - صعود از شدن ناشي برخاستن - this sea-birth took place near Cythera, from where she was wafted to Cyprus.

راندن - بهوا ساختن شناور آب يا هوا روي - both islands were ever after sacred to her, and she was called Cytherea or the Cyprian.

كردن - دوزي قالب the winds flee before her and the storm clouds; sweet flowers embroider the earth; the waves of - آراستن

درخشنده - .the sea laugh; she moves in radiant light تابناك

ستيز - .it was natural that she should cut a poor figure in the Iliad, where the battle of heroes is the theme - نبرد

مطلب - موضوعخائن - in later poems she is usually shown as treacherous and malicious, exerting a deadly and - خيانتكار

destructive power over man.

بردن - بكار كردن اعمالمخرب - ويرانگر

لنگ - .in most stories she is the wife of Hephaestus, the lame and ugly god of the forge - چالق

جعل - آهنگري كوره - the myrtle was her tree; the dove her bird, sometimes, too, the sparrow and the swan.

قمري - فاخته

آميزش - .alliance: combination - تركيب

شده - ساخته استادانه جزئيات .banquet: elaborate and formal meal usually for a special event - داراي

- briar: thorny bush.

زبردست - ماهر - diligent: hard-working; industrious.

كردن - گيج كردن پرت .distract: to stop somebody concentrating on something - حواس

عاطفه - .embrace: take a person into one's arms as a sign of affection - مهرباني

پرنده - نشيمنگاه آمدن .poise: to stand; to perch - فرود

دار - پشم .fleece: woolly hair like that of a sheep - پشمالو

ناداني - .folly: foolishness - نابخردي

دادن - فريب زدن .psyche was deceived by her sisters - گول

- by insisting on seeing her sisters, psyche wanted to increase her joys.

- history may also mean study of past events especially the economic development of a continent or the world.

انحطاط - زوالdecline and fall of the roman empire, or Mr.. Rhodes's history of the united states from the

) قرارداد - - ) مصالحه .compromise of 1850, or other books similar to these توافق

- every man, woman, and child knows some history enough at least to stumble along in the world.


the world

faculty

wander about helplessly مي‌رفتيد سو آن و سو اين اميدانه،altogether

re-orient

get a new running start كردن شروع نو از را جديد مسيرcease

association وابستگي omit كردن حذفdone, but not done with است نشده انجام كاري همراه بهto live our lives intelligently كنيم سپري هوشمندانه را خود يso far as كه آنجا تاthus

anticipate كردن بيني پيشpredict كردن پيشگوييdistinction

interpret

settling a dispute

slip

stagger

trip لغزشreadjust تعديل دوبارهleave out كردن حذفa matter of hours

nationality مليت any longer ديگر commonplace

complication

Scandinavian اسكانديناوي achievement

await داشتن انتظارsettlement

do away with

eliminate

استعداد - ذهني .all your other faculties working properly, but memory entirely gone - قوه

- what could you do in that case? Wander about helplessly, seeing and hearing things, taking them in

جهت - همه از رفته هم .as altogether new, not at all knowing what they might mean in relation either to the past or the future روي

كردن - آشنا دوباره كردن ميزان .you would have to re-orient yourself and get a new running start - دوباره

ايستادن - كشيدن ,in short, you would be a lost soul because you had ceased to have any knowledge of history - دست

the history of your personal doings and associations in the past.

- we might as well omit the word "past" since everything said and done is already in the past

as soon as it is said or done. Done, but not done with.

- we have to remember many things said and done in order to live our lives intelligently; and

so far as we remember things said and done we have a knowledge of history.

بدينسان - بدينگونه - thus everyone has some knowledge of history, and it is quite essential that every one should have,

since it is only by remembering something of the past that we can anticipate something of the future.

- please note that I do not say predict the future.

امتياز - - فرق .history doesn’t make a distinction between past and present - تميز

كردن - تفسير كردن ?how is "past" interpreted in paragraph 3 - ترجمه

مصالحه - مشاجره يك كردن .compromise: agreement; settling a dispute - نشست

انداختن - - قلم از خطا .stumble: to trip; slip; stagger - لغزش

كردن - - كار بتناوب داشتن ترديد متناوب

- reorient: to adjust again; to readjust.

- omit: to leave out; to delete.

- the world has got smaller. people travel from one part of it to another in a matter of hours.

- and increasingly, men and women from different nationalities, cultures and races meet, marry.

- mixed marriages are not something which one thinks about as strange any longer; they have

معمولي - افتاده پا .become commonplace پيش

بغرنجي - پيچيدگي - or similar culture groups, such as the Scandinavians and the Germans.

پيروزي - يابي دست - anticipate: expect; await.

واريز - .compromise: agreement; settlement - توافق

- do away with: to make an end of; eliminate.

كردن - بيرون كردن حذف


UNIT 8

expectation - in reading stories, people have different expectations.

plot - some pay attention to the plot of the story to see how things happen.

narrate - some people also may like the way that real life is narrated and how things that might be

arise considered unimportant are described in detail.

desperate - a desperately ill child, a pioneering surgeon and a bond forged for life.

pioneer

surgeon جراح bond

forge

exceptional استثنايي - at the age of seven, Julian Thurston was an exceptional runner who enjoyed football and excelled

excel بر داشتن برتري at swimming.

soprano زير صداي - gifted with a rich soprano voice, he was also a soloist in the choir at Ocklynge School

soloist

choir

pulled muscle عضالت كشيدگي - his mother thought at first he had just pulled a muscle.

satisfactory رضايتبخش - they took Julian from one doctor to another, but none could give a satisfactory explanation.

stab - meanwhile, a stabbing pain in his back began waking Julian at night, and his arms itched so much

itch that he was constantly scratching.

constantly x دائماscratch

bang زدن محكم - as the pain increased, he banged his head in agony and frustration.

agony

frustration اميدي ناspecialist متخصص - in early December, a specialist at London's Middlesex hospital admitted Julian for tests.

admit

grim عبوس - finally, a few days before Christmas, a grim-faced doctor came to Jane. "I'm sorry," he said.

grim-faced doctor كشيده هم در ابرو دكتري "your son has a large tumour inside his spinal cord."

tumour غده spinal

cord

spinal cord نخاع ultimate - ultimately it robbed his limbs of sensation and strength.

rob زدن دستبرد

توقع - - داشت چشم انتظارطرح - اصلی موضوع

دادن - شرح کردن تعریف را داستانیشدن - ناشی آوردن بوجود

بيچاره - اميد ناپيشقدم - پيشگام

قرارداد - - ضمانت ميثاق و عهدكوبيدن - رفتن جلو

خوان - تك نواز تكخواندن - سرود جمعي دسته بصورت كر

زدن - خنجر كشيدن تيركردن - خارش خارش

خاراندن - خراشيدن

رنج - درد

دادن - راه پذيرفتن

فقرات - ستون به وابسته فقراتينازك - طناب ريسمان

آخر - نهايي


limb

sensation

growth تومور - "surgery," the doctor said, "is impossible. There is no way to remove the growth without destroying

radiation the spinal cord." the only treatment that might slow tumour was radiation.

plead - "is there anywhere I could take him for help?" Jane pleaded.

sat round - on Christmas day, the family sat round Julian's bed, ate Christmas dinner and tried to laugh at

undercurrent پنهاني عمل Ron's Jokes. But an undercurrent of gloom ran through the whole day.

gloom

undercurrent of gloom چ پنهاني غمtrack down كردن پيگيري - Ann Markham tracked down the article and, reading it, realized the case sounded remarkably similar

told of مي‌كرد صحبت to Julian's. it told of a young American boy nicknamed Aaron Alligator.

nicknamed ملقب technique pioneered جديد تكنيك - his spinal-cord tumour had been removed through a new technique pioneered by Fred Epstein,

paediatric neurosurgeon كودكان اعصاب جراح a paediatric neurosurgeon at the new York university Medical center.

there is question of money است پول اصلي مسئله - "there is question of money," Stanhope informed Epstein. "the boy's family is not wealthy."

wealthy ثروتمند waive از پوشيدن چشم - "no problem" Epstein said quickly. "I'll waive my fee. But the hospital needs 7000 dollars up front.

up front

charge هزينه - I'm sorry I can't do anything about the hospital charges.

anguish - after months of anguish, Jane and Ron Thurston had at last a glimmer of hope.

glimmer

a glimmer of hope اميدي نورprospect - however, the prospect of raising 4000 pounds (the equivalent of 7000 dollars) seemed impossible.

equivalent معادلjust as hope was fading مي‌گراييد نااميدي به آنها اميد كه - just as hope was fading, the Thurston's received a surprise visit from Pan Cradduck.

hand دادن انجام را كاري دست با - Pam handed Ron an envelope. Inside was a cheque for 4000 pounds --money she had been

envelope پاكت saving to pay off her mortgagee.

cheque چك pay off

mortgage

sandy-haired گذاشته سفيدي به رو تازه وهاي - Epstein came into the boy's room. Tall sandy-haired, with a ready smile and down-to-earth manner,

down-to-earth manner متواضعانه بسيار رفتار the 45-year-old surgeon quickly put Jane at her ease.

put Jane at her ease داد دلداري را جينorderly - at 7 am on January 20, orderlies wheeled Julian towards the center's operating theatre.

پا - - يا دست بدن عضو عضوحس - احساس

پرتوافشاني - تابشكردن - البه كردن درخواست

) نشستن ) چيزي دور

دلتنگي - افسردگي

اضطراب - دلتنگيكم - نور ضعيف روشنايي

انتظار - - پيش‌بيني انداز چشم

- ) كردن ) تسويه ديون تمام كردن پرداخت) دين - - ) گرو رهن

) بيمارستان ) خدمتكار


wheeled بردن چرخ باtheatre تاالرcenter's operating theatre مركزي جراحي اتاقexpose - Epstein opened his back, exposing the grey-coloured membrane that covers the spinal cord,

membrane and cut through that to reach the cord itself.

the grey-coloured membrane رنگ خاكستري غشاءcut through that بريد وسط از را آنfissure - using a laser, Epstein carefully cut along a natural fissure in the cord.

natural fissure طبيعي بافتbeam پرتو - the laser's beam cauterized the small vessels as it moved along.

cauterize

vessel رگ peel - finally, peeling the cord open, Epstein looked down at the long, reddish-brown tumour.

reddish-brown قرمز به مايل قهوه‌ايinflict - even if the surgery succeeded, Epstein worried that the tumour might already have inflicted

irreparable ناپذير جبران irreparable damage.

cavity - the surgeon now reached for the cavitational ultrasonic surgical aspirator, a pencil-like ultrasonic

cavitational instrument with a tip that vibrates 26000 times a second.

ultrasonic صوت ماوراءsurgical

aspirator

vibrate

cavitational ultrasonic surgical صوت ماوراء جراحي دستگاهaspirator

pencil-like مداد شبيهagainst مقابل درbreak up - breaking up the tissue is touches and then suctioning it out.

suction مكيدن عملgingerly محتاط - looking through the operating microscope, Epstein gingerly moved the vibrating trip against Julian's

trip tumour.

none - there was no room for error -- none. Even the smallest slip could permanently paralyse the patient.

there was no room for error نبود اشتباه هيچ براي جاييpermanently x دائماparalyse

كردن - حفاظ بي گذاشتن پناه بيپوست - غشاء

كردن - داغ سوزاندن

كندن - پوست كندن

كردن - وارد ضربت زدن ضربت

گودال - حفره

جراحي - عمل جراحي به وابسته) ( - ) جراحي ) در كش چرك دستگاه نام هواكش

كردن - نوسان داشتن ارتعاش

تجزيه - كردن تفكيك

لغزش - خوردن لغزش - x ابدا x اصال

انداختن - كار از كردن فلج


bit by bit ذره ذره - bit by bit, the tumour began to disappear. Hours passed, to ease Epstein's muscle tension, a

muscle tension عضالت كشش nurse massaged his neck.

massage دادن ماساژstep back شدن دور - a 3 o'clock, 8 hours after Julian had been wheeled in for surgery, Epstein stepped back from the operating table.

recovery room بهبودي اتاق - minutes later, Epstein and Jane walked to the recovery room. As they stood over the boy, waiting

emerge Julian slowly emerged from his deep sleep.

wiggle دادن تكان - "can you wiggle your toes for me?" Epstein asked.

intensive شديد - Julian remained in intensive care for five days. The laboratory confirmed that his tumour was benign.

intensive care ويژه مراقبت‌laboratory آزمايشگاه benign خيم خوشslight chance كمي شانس - although there was a slight chance that the growth might recur, the odds were much greater

recur that his immune system would destroy it.

odds

immune system دفاعي سيستمstride (strode) برداشتن بلند گام‌هاي - one morning in late January, Epstein strode briskly into Julian's room, "ok Julian," he said.

briskly "if you can walk, you can go home."

the side of the bed تختخواب كنار - with help, Julian shifted his legs over the side of the bed. Jane gripped his hands as he slowly slid

grip گرفتن محكم his feet on to the tiled floor.

slide (slid)

tiled floor اتاق موزائيكexpression - his expression hardened with determination, the boy managed five short, unsteady steps.

harden

his expression hardened بود كشيده هم در چهره‌اشdetermination تصميم unsteady لرزان debt - as the months and years passed, the debt of gratitude Julian felt towards Epstein Deepened.

gratitude

deepen

debt of gratitude felt deepened مي‌شد احساس عميق‌تر سگزاريlounge استراحت سالن - in 19990, shortly before Christmas, 30 young patients formed a noisy circle around a piano in the

pavilion lounge of the new York university medical centre pavilion.

blue theatre garb جراحي آبي لباس - In the corner, dressed in his blue theatre garb and white medical coat, stood Fred Epstein.

lively young شاداب جوان - a lively young man with dark hair and a smile made his way to the centre of the room. Julian, now

آمدن - بيرون شدن پديدار

شدن - تكرار كردن عود

چابكي - با تندي به

لغزيدن - لغزش

چهره - - قيافه سيماماسيدن - - شدن سخت كردن سخت

دين - بدهيسپاسگزاري - كردن قدرداني

) شدن - ) عميق كردن گود

فرنگي - كاله عمارت نمايشگاه غرفه


despite عليرغم 16, appeared calm despite the emotion of the moment.

dedicate كردن اهداmist چشم تري - he paused as he lifted his violin. "I'd like to dedicated this to Dr. Epstein," he said, his eyes

his eyes misting over شدند پر شوق اشك از چشماش misting over.

nod توافق نشانه به سر دادن تكان - then with a nod to his accompanist, Julian began to play a complex work by Elgar.

accompanist كننده همراهيcomplex پيچيده erupt - when he finished, the room erupted with applause and cheering. Then the audience clamoured for

applause زدن كف Christmas carols.

cheer

clamour

carol مسيح ميالد عيد شب سرودhandicap نقص - Julian was not handicapped at birth.

birth تولد آغازminor - a minor itching problem

a minor itching problem

facility - lack of hospital facilities.

torment - pain; suffering; torment: agony

sensible - sensible; realistic: down-to-earth

realistic بين واقعattentive - carefully; attentively; cautiously: gingerly

cautious

thankfulness سپاسگزاري - thankfulness; appreciation: gratitude

clap زدن كف - cheer; clapping: applause.

bankrupt شدن يا كردن ورشكست - Epstein, worried that their medical expenses might bankrupt them, sought publicity for the

seek (sought) family's plight.

publicity تبليغاتplight

crisp سرد - so one crisp, sunny January morning joined by Julian's father, Epstein bundled the boy into a

bundle wheelchair and rolled him down the middle of first avenue, the busy road in front of the hospital.

crew خدمه - a local television crew followed closely. It recorded passers- by staring in surprise, drivers honking

passer their horns, and Epstein making this case for this family threatened by mounting medical bills.

honk ماشين بوق صدايhorn بوق

كردن - فوران شدن منفجر

كردن - هلهله هوراغوغا - صدا و سر

خردسال - - كوچكتر كمتر

امكان - وسيلهآزار - - شكنجه زجر

محسوس - - مشهود معقول

دقت - - با متوجه مواظبمحتاط - هوشيار

طلبيدن - كردن جستجو

مخمصه - گرفتاري

بستن - - بقچه مجموعه كردن دسته

گذرنده - عابر


threaten

case

mount

metropolitan عمده شهر يا پايتخت به وابسته - New York's Metropolitan Taxicab Board of Trade, Learning that Ron Thurston was a fellow cabby,

taxicab تاكسي had already paid for Julian's sister and Ron to fly to New York.

board مديره هيئتtrade

fellow

cabby تاكسي رانندهrally - school and local organizations rallied round to help the Thurston's with fund-raising events: sales

fund of donated goods, a sponsored swim and a walkathon.

fund-raising سرمايه‌گذاري افزايشdonate

sponsor

walkathon

headmaster مدرسه مدير - Julian's headmaster, Alan Clark, suggested a sponsored spell. Pupils seized on the idea, knocking

spell on doors in Eastbourne after school in search of sponsors to pledge a small sum for each word the

pledge pupils could spell correctly.

substantiate كردن اثبات مدرك و دليل با - confirm: prove; verify; substantiate

woe - gloom: misery; sadness; woe.

acknowledgment سپاسگزاري - gratitude: thankfulness; appreciation; acknowledgment.

insusceptible - immune: free; protected; insusceptible.

structure - membrane: a thin layer of tissue covering surfaces or separating or connecting structures or organs.

indication اشاره - nod: a quick up and down movement of the head; an indication of approval.

approval

deaden شدن جان بي - paralyse: deaden; lose feeling in or control of a part of body.

innovator - pioneer: leader; innovator.

recuperate يافتن بهبودي - recover: heal; improve; recuperate.

scrape - scratch: to scrape; to use the nails to scrape.

underlying گرفته قرار زير در - undercurrent: hidden; an underlying tendency or force often contrary to what is superficially evident.

tendency

contrary

superficially x ظاهراshiver - vibrate: shake; shiver.

ترساندن - كردن تهديد

شدن - زياد بر شدن بالغ

شخص - مرد

كردن - آوري جمع دوباره كردن پشتيبانيكردن - گذاري سرمايه سرمايه

دادن - هديه بخشيدنكردن - - قبول را چيزي مسئوليت ضامن حامي

نوشتن - درست كردن هجيداشتن - التزام شدن متعهد

غم - و اندوه عالمت غصه

ناپذير - تاييد مستعد غيرساختار - تركيب

تصويب - موافقت

گذار - بدعت نوآور

خراش - خراشيدن

عالقه - - ميل گرايشمعكوس - مخالف

لرزيدن - ارتعاش


UNIT 10

transcendental - transcendental meditation is "a technique of meditation in which deep mental and physical

meditation relaxation is achieved especially through the use of sacred beliefs."

physical (mental)

achieve

philosophy - its philosophy teaches that mind can go beyond matter, and that man can know more than he

supporter really sees or experiences.

the science of being بودن علمthe art of living زيستن هنرpocket جيب - "I have no pockets," says Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, founder of the huge, worldwide organization

founder گذار بنيان that teaches transcendental meditation: "I deal in wisdom, not in money"

huge worldwide organization جهاني بزرگ سازمانtranscendental meditation الطبيعه ماوراي تفكرscraggly خشن - he is a tiny man, with a scraggly beard, long messy hair, and a voice that has been described

vegetarian as a 33 1/3 rpm record played at 78 rpm. He is a vegetarian, takes no drugs, is celibate.

celibate

monk راهب - because he is a monk, he feels he is "not expected" to think of his past. But he has one. Born

but he has one دارد خاطراتي هم او اما the son of an Indian forest ranger, he graduated in 1942 at the age of 24.

ranger بان جنگلpursue - but instead of pursuing a career in his major (physics), he became a disciple of religious leader

major رشته Swami Brahmananda (Guru Dev).

disciple

religious

legend افسانه - The maharishi was left, according to legend, with the job of developing a form of meditation for the

common person عادي مردم common person.

seclusion - the result, which he announced after 2 years of seclusion in Himalayas, was transcendental

hook meditation. He first taught T.M. in India, then brought it to the west, and where he soon hooked into

mass media western technology and mass media.

adherent - his adherents have included stevie Wonder, Peggy Lee, The beach boys, and Joe Namath.

mediator متفكر - between 1961 and 1972, more than 100,000 people became mediators.

respected discipline محترم قاعده و نظم - it had become a respected discipline, researched by the armed services, used in schools and

armed services ارتش خدمات colleges, and taught by business organizations.

research

business organizations تجاري سازمان‌هاي

غيرجبري - متعاليتعمق - - - انديشه تفكر عبادت

) فكري - - ) - روحي فيزيكي بدني جسمانيشدن - نائل يافتن دست

حكمت - فلسفهپشتيبان - حامي

خوار - گياه خوار سبزيعزب - - مجرد جفت بي

كردن - دنبال كردن پيگيري

هواخواه - - پيرو مريدروحاني - مذهبي

انزوا - گوشه‌نشيني) پيوستن - - - ) ربودن انداختن بدام كردن گرفتار

جمعي - ارتباط جمعي رسانه‌هايپيرو - هواخواه

پژوهش - تحقيق


scientific community علمي جامعه - in June, 1977, he realizing he had convinced the scientific community of the physiological and

physiological فيزيولوژيكي علم به وابسته mental benefits of T.M., began to explore other aspects of meditation and Eastern disciplines,

explore like levitation.

aspect جنبه eastern disciplines زمين مشرق دستوراتlevitation

headquarters - at his Swiss headquarters, during an initial session, 90% of the 900 teachers who were there

initial session آغازين جلسه allegedly were able to learn to levitate, some landing rather smartly on the foam rubber mats which

alleged(ly) had been thoughtfully laid on the floor.

levitate

foam كفrubber

mat

thoughtfully انديشمندانه lay (laid)

blend تركيب - T.M. is a blend of western practicality and Eastern spirituality, a quickly taught technique of

practicality بودن عملي meditation which produces a state of deep rest in which the mind remain awake and alert.

spirituality روحاني state of deep rest عميق استراحت حالتawake

alert

cosmic - it can lead to cosmic consciousness. The maharishi feels that if only 5% of the people in the world

consciousness meditate, we will enter an age of enlightenment, with universal peace and less crime.

it can lead به شود منجر مي‌تواند آنenlightenment روشنفكري age of enlightenment روشنفكري عصرprestigious scientists from prestigious institutions like Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

institution موسسه have documented its physiological effects: a drop in block pressure, less intake of oxygen and

document output of carbon dioxide, less strain on the heart and respiratory system, less stress.

intake درون به چيزي جذب مقدارoxygen اكسيژن output

carbon dioxide كربن اكسيد ديstrain

كردن - كاوش كردن سياحت

) هوا ) در شناوري) اداري - ) مركز فرماندهي مركز

) گفته‌اي - - ) به بنا كردن اقامه آوردن دليلشدن - - شناور شدن بلند برخاستن

كائوچو - الستيكحصير - بوريا

گذاردن - خواباندن

كردن - - بيدار ماندن بيدار شدن بيدارزنگ - به گوش هوشيار

كيهان - به وابسته كيهانيآگاهي - هوشياري

معتبر - - حيثيت با اعتبار با

كردن - تاييد دادن سنديت

توليد - بازده

زدن - - زور فشار كشش


respiratory system تنفس دستگاهirritable people who meditate do better in school and on the job, are less irritable, and have faster reaction times.

reaction

impart - T.M. people say that in order for you to learn how to meditate correctly, you need to have the

preparatory مقدماتي techniques imparted to you by a T.M. teacher, who, after 2 preparatory sessions will initiate you in

initiate a ceremony to which you bring 3 pieces of fruit, 6 fresh flowers and a clean handkerchief (cleansing

ceremony of the spirit).

handkerchief

cleanse

spirit

symbolic نمادي - these are put under a colour photograph of Guru Dev as symbolic offerings.

symbolic offering اهدايي نشانchant - the teacher chants in Sanskrit, then gives you your mantra, one of 17 available, based on your

temperament temperament and profession.

profession

literal - a mantra is a Sanskrit word that may or may not have a literal meaning. The most widely used

initiation mantra in the world is Om Mani Padme Hum. After your initiation, you attend three checking

attend يافتن حضور sessions where you find out if you are meditating in the right way.

checking sessions بررسي جلسه‌هايtake the phone off the hook بكشيد پريز از را تلفن سيم - if you meditate in the house, sit in a comfortable chair, take the phone off the hook, put pets in

innocence another room.

in all innocence خلوص تمام با close your eyes and silently repeat the mantra "in all innocence" if it slips away, let it. Let your

slip (away) mind do what it wants.

dive into your mind again شويد غرق خود ذهن اعماق در - when and if you reach the conscious level, return to the mantra and "dive' into your mind again.

when the time is up مي‌رسد پايان به زمان وقتي - when the time is up, sit quietly for two or three minutes and open your eyes very slowly to avoid

abrupt too abrupt a return to the outside world.

brotherhood

monastery

tie رابطه watchful

band

reputation

eternity

disapprove

مزاج - تند رنج زودواكنش - العمل عكس

كردن - افشا كردن بيان

برداشتن - - را قدم نخستين نهادن بنياد كردن واردتشريفات - مراسم

گردن - دستمال دستمالكردن - تطهير كردن پاك

روان - روح

خواندن - - آهنگ يا سرود سرود مناجاتفطرت - - طبيعت سرشت

شغل - - حرفه پيشهاصلي - - معني واقعي دقيق

شدن - وارد قدم نخستين

گناهي - بي پاكي

) عبارتي - - ) شدن حذف كردن سهو خطا اشتباه

ناگهاني - - تند ناگهاناخوت - و برادري انجمن برادري

دير - صومعه

هوشياري - - مراقب مواظبشدن - متحد دسته

آبرو - شهرتپايان - - بي جاوداني ابديت

كردن - رد شمردن ناپسند


succession

wander

parable

precede

monastic رهباني novice

order

life-denying

Buddhist order

parental

consent

ever since

bow

pressure

nun راهبه absorb

dilute

northern

induct

conduct

pass on

oversensitive

touchy

supernatural

untidy

distinguish

occupy

revolution

temper

جانشيني - - ترادف تواليبودن - آواره بودن سرگردان

تمثيل - اخالقي داستاناز - بودن جلو بودن مقدم

مبتدي - نوآموزمذهبي - فرقه دسته

مادر - و پدر به وابسته والدينيموافقت - رضايت

شدن - خم كردن تعظيمها - سختي و مصائب مشقت

شمال - ساكن شماليبر - گماشتن كردن وارد


UNIT 13

once يكبار - once, a national park ranger commented that "the American Indian could carry everything he

American Indian آمريكايي سرخپوستان could pack on his wife's back".

while perhaps open to question است مشخص پرسش اين به پاسخ - while perhaps open to question, this remark does make an important point.

non-literate سواد بي - the basic means of transport of non-literate peoples was, indeed, human porterage.

porterage باربريdevote (devoted) - therefore, within any writing devoted to transport, consideration must be given to human burden

consideration carriers and any adjuncts to their task.

burden

carrier حامل adjunct

any adjuncts to their task آنها اضافي هاي كمك نوعthe manner in which كه روشي - the manner in which loads are carried shows distinct cultural and sexual differences.

load

distinct

cultural فرهنگي sexual جنسي distinct cultural & sexual differences جنسي و فرهنگي بارز اختالفاتenclose - among American college students, books and notebooks, when not enclosed in a briefcase or other

handle handled container, are carried in different fashions by men and women.

container

at the side پهلوي در - the men carry their books at the side, resting on the bent hand and pinned between the forearm

rest (on) دادن تكيه and the hip.

bent

pin

forearm

hip

other handled container حمل وسيله ديگرcrook - the women more commonly carry their books in the crook of the arm, resting against the lower

in the crook of the arm كرده خم را خود بازوي كه حالي chest.

) مختص - - ) دادن اختصاص كردن وقفرسيدگي - - مالحظه توجه

وزن - - - بار كردن تحميل مسئوليت بار

افزوده - الحاقي

بار - كوله بارتشخيص - - فرق تميز

دادن - قرار جوف در گذاشتن ميان دربردن - بكار داشتن سروكار

كانتينر - - محتوي ظرف

خم - شده خمافتادن - گير به كردن متصل

بازو - ساعدتهيگاه - و ران ميان قسمت كفل

كردن - - كج كردن خم كجي


burden-bearing بار حمل - burden-bearing on the head was quite common, for both sexes, in tropical Africa, but was found

tropical only among the women in the southwestern Pueblos.

southwestern غربي جنوب در واقعfeminine - it was similarly a feminine trait in Indonesia.

trait

infrequently - not infrequently those who carried loads on their heads used a pad or ring to cushion and steady

pad نرم پارچه the load.

cushion

especially (specially) F مخصوصا - small children, especially, were carried, seated astride the hip.

seat

astride هم از گشاد پاهاي باaccord - because the load will usually not stay in place of its own accord, back-carrying involved a wide

its own accord خود دلخواه به variety of auxiliary devices.

back-carrying پشت در بار حملinvolve كردن واردauxiliary

peasant - carrying baskets were found in peasant Europe, in the hill regions of southeast Asia and Indonesia.

the hill regions كوهستاني نواحيtumpline - they might be supported on the back by shoulder straps, by a tumpline, or by both of these.

shoulder bag پشتي كوله - the shoulder bag, used as a catchall, was found in central Australia. Its use freed the hands to

catchall carry weapons or for other purposes along the route.

free (freed) كردن آزادroute

along the route مسير طول درyoke يوغ - in northern Europe, for example burdens were carried on shoulder yokes. These wooden devices

suspend lay across both shoulders, passing behind the neck, and had a burden suspended from each end.

pole چيزي بلند دسته - and shoulder supported the balance pole of the far east.

stick - this pole, a simple long stick, was carried in line with the direction of travel with a load suspended

litter from each end.

elaborate - the litter, or the elaborated sedan chair, was probably souther Asiatic in origin.

sedan جلو و عقب صندلي دو داراي ريsouther جنوبي بادAsiatic

origin

گرمسيري - نواحي گرمسيري

مونث - - زن جنس به مربوط زن جنسخصيصه - ويژگي

- F گاها F ندرتا

كردن - زيرسازي گذاشتن اليه

ساختن - جايگزين نشاندن

كردن - - جور خاطر طيب دلخواه

امدادي - - دهنده كمك كمكيدهقاني - - كشاورز روستايي

) گنجه ) - سبد گوناگون اشياء مخزن يا ظرف

سير - - خط مسير راه

كردن - معلق كردن يا شدن آويزان

چماق - - عصا چوبكجاوه - روان تخت

شكوه - با شده درست استادانه

آسيا - اهل آسيايياصل - - بنياد خاستگاه


infant - except for the litter, and the carrying of infants and small children, there was very little carrying

incapacitated of human loads.

readily - in most non-literate societies the incapacitated either travelled by animal or by vehicle, or they did

feeble not travel at all. One can readily understand why the feeble aged or those seriously ill or wounded

abandon were frequently abandoned to their fate.

in origin اصل درaged مسنfootgear پاپوش - many non-literate people did not wear footgear at all times, but donned foot coverings only for travel.

don (donned)

toughen - even the most toughened foot welcomes some protection when on the trail and there were very

trail few people who did not have some sort of footgear for travel.

aboriginal - skis, to permit travel over deep snow, were known aboriginally in the old world in the arctic zone

arctic شمال قطب به وابسته from Lapland to eastern Siberia.

zone

hemisphere كره نيم - snowshoes were found in the northern reaches of both hemispheres.

traction - travel on snowshoes was not as fast as on skis but the former gave better traction when pulling

camp a load and were generally more useful in bush or around camp.

overlook - in speaking of foot travel, one may not overlook another important class of auxiliaries.

illiterate - illiterate societies.

clarify - comment: discuss; explain; clarify.

tension - bend: bring into tension.

hook - crook: curve; hook; bend.

stabilize - steady: balance; secure; stabilize.

dangle - suspend: dangle.

fragile - feeble: weak; fragile.

pollution آلودگي - air pollution affects virtually al of the world's cities. For simplicity, pollution-suffering urban centers

virtual can be broken down into two categories "brown air" cities, which suffer from photochemical smog

simplicity سادگي produced mostly by autos; and "grey air" cities, where industrial smog generated by coal and oil

urban شهري burning is the major pollution problem.

photochemical

smog

troublesome - air pollution first became troublesome in the 1940s, when particulate matter increased to some

particulate 400 tons per day.

matter

از - - - كمتر بچه طقل بچه سال 7كودك معلول - ناتوان

عاجز - - نحيف ضعيفكردن - واگذار كردن رها

كردن - تن بر پوشيدنشدن - سفت كردن سفت

خاك - - و آب يك اهل اوليه سكنه بومي

بخش - قلمرو

انقباض - كششچادر - اردوگاه

انداز - چشم كردن پوشي چشمنخوانده - - درس عامي سواد بي

دادن - توضيح كردن روشندادن - - قرار فشار تحت كشش فشار

آوردن - گير آوردن در قالب شكل بهشدن - ثابت كردن استوار

آويختن - - كردن آويزان بودن آويزانلطيف - - ترد شكننده

معنوي - - مجازي واقعي

شيميايي - بخارهاي از حاصل غليظ مه دود و مهدهنده - - دردسر آور رنج پرزحمت

ريز - ذرات داراي ذره بصورتبودن - - مهم جسم ماده


outdoor - this came mostly from outdoor burning and industrial smokestacks, so strict emission ordinances

smokestack ساختمان يا كشتي يا لوكوموتيو were passed in 1947.

strict

ordinance

emission

pass كردن تصويبfallout - although particulate fallout decreased, the city was still bothered by remained a mystery until the

haze early 1950s, when a professor at Cal Tech accidentally identified the Los Angeles smog as a mixture

souther جنوبي باد of complex hydrocarbons. Souther California sunlight baked the original pollution until secondary

sunlight pollutants, such as ozone, were produced; hence the name "photochemical smog."

pollutant كننده آلودهhence

refinery - at first the city pointed the finger at the numerous oil refineries in the area and ordered them to

worsen control their emissions. But the smog worsened.

priority - but research was given a low priority in Detroit. Only after constant prodding by Los Angeles did

prod the industry.

crankcase - eight years later, the first simple crankcase emission control devices appeared on California cars.

eliminate كردن حذف - these eliminated about 20 percent of the hydrocarbons discharged by an auto, and only after more

discharge كردن ترشح elaborate responds were required in 1966 did total hydrocarbon emissions in the loss angels air shed

air shed begin decreasing.

desert - abandon: leave; desert.

shrub بوته - bush: land covered by bushes or shrubs.

projecting برجسته - hip: the projecting back part of the body.

cripple - incapacitate: cripple; disable; handicap.

handicap ناقصtropic - tropical: of the tropics; hot and humid.

humid

آزاد - - هواي بيروني بيرون

اكيد - سختحكم - - - امر تقدير فرمان

دادن - بيرون نشر

- مي‌ريزد زمين به جو از كه راديواكتيوي ذرات اكتيو راديو بارانهوا - - تيرگي يا ناصافي بخار مه

خورشيد - نور انعكاس خورشيد نور

اين - - از پس بنابراين رو اين ازخانه - تصفيه پااليشگاه

دادن - جلوه بدتر كردن بدتربرتري - تقدم حق

ترغيب - برانگيختن - لنگ ميل جاي ميل‌لنگ اتصال محل

بيابان - - گريختن كردن ترك

كردن - - فلج كردن لنگ لنگ

گرمسير - گرمسيريمرطوب - - بخاردار نمناك


UNIT 14

endanger انداختن مخاطره به - how may inactivity endanger a person's health?

walk your way to health سالمتي سوي به پيشstair پله - at 35, his health was so poor that even climbing stairs was an ordeal. Then he had a heart attack.

ordeal شاق كارbypass - after bypass surgery, Stephen's surgeon told him he could not enter an organized

cardia-rehabilitation قلبي ناتواني cardia-rehabilitation program until he was able to walk a mile.

stamina - Stephen went on a strict diet and began walking regularly, building up his stamina.

build up كردن جبرانlighter تر سبك - two years later, he was seven stone lighter and his heart rate at rest was an impressive 48 beats

seven stone lighter per minute

impressive

cholesterol كلسترول - in one aerobics research study, researchers found that poor fitness can be as dangerous as

moderate smoking or high cholesterol.

bout - the good news is that moderate bouts of walking can substantially reduce the odds of dying of

substantially توجهي قابل طور به heart disease, cancer and other causes.

odds غريب و عجيبodds of dying of heart disease قلبي ناراحتي از مردن ناخواندهdecline - in fact researchers believe that half the decline generally associated with ageing is due to inactivity

associate

ageing سن رفتن باالretain - by exercising, a person may retain as much as 80 percent of his physical abilities between the

regularly منظم بطور ages of 30 and 70.

sensible - a sensible walking programme can make dramatic improvement in physical and emotional

programme well-being.

dramatic

حياتي - - - نيروي بنيه طاقت استقامت

سبكتر استون stone=6.35 kg هفتبرانگيزنده - گيرا

رو - - ميانه ماليم معتدلبازي - - يا مسابقه دوره يك تقال كشمكش

گزاردن - - - زوال به رو كاستن زوال انحطاطشدن - - - همدم كردن شريك شريك پيوند هم

كردن - - حفظ ندادن دست از داشتن نگاه

آگاهانه - معقولكار - - روش دستور برنامه

) اساسي - ) مهيج


well-being سالمتي gain - and the greatest health gains are enjoyed by completely sedentary people who become

sedentary moderately active - who walk at a brisk pace for half an hour a day.

brisk بشاش و سرزندهpace

ease - ease aches and pains: muscles and joints stiffen and atrophy when they are not used regularly.

ache دردmuscle ماهيچه joint مفصل stiffen سفتatrophy

stretching كشش - walking (including stretching and strengthening exercises) is one of the best defences against

strengthening exercises كننده تقويت ورزش‌هاي these ailments because it keeps the body flexible without subjecting it to too much stress.

defence

ailment

subject

high-impact باال فشار - during high-impact activities, like running and aerobics, your feet hit the ground with a force equal

shock to two to four times your weight. The shock can damage joints and muscles, especially in the lower

limb limbs.

by contrast عكس بر - walking, by contrast, exerts a force of only one and a half times your weight.

exert كردن اعمالcompete - Susan Henricks, 34, used to compete in marathons. Her intense training led to pulled tendons

marathon ماراتون دو مسابقه and other injuries, but she accepted them as par for the sport.

intense

tendon

par

fracture شكستگي - then a few years ago, when doctors found a fracture in her pelvis, Susan switched to race walking,

pelvis خاصره لگن which demands more muscle strength than running yet places less stress on the back and joints.

switch

lead (to) شدن باعثas par for the sport ورزشي آسيب‌هاي از بخشيrace

begrudge خوردن غبطه - as we grow older, we all begrudge gravity's effect on our once-firm flesh. The problem is that, after

gravity زمين جاذبه the age of 30, inactive adults lose muscle mass.

بردن - - سود سود منفعتغيرمتحرك - نشسته

- كردن حركت موزون و آهسته گام‌هاي با زدن قدمدادن - تسكين كردن راحت

بنيه - ضعف الغر

كردن - دفاع دفاعناراحتي - - درد مزمن بيماري

دادن - قرار يا بودن معرض در معرض در

سخت - ضربه صدمهپا - يا دست بدن عضو

دادن - مسابقه با كردن رقابت

سخت - شديدپي - زردپي

تعادل - - تساوي برابري

) آوردن - - ) روي تعويض كردن عوض را جريان

مسابقه - رفتن بسرعت


once-firm flesh بود محكم و صاف روزگاري كهflesh

muscle mass عضالت حجمweigh - thus a 50-year-old who weighs the same as he did at 20 may still look heavier than his younger self.

younger self خود جواني زمانvigorous - for many people, a vigorous walking program using powerful, synchronized arm strokes can help

synchronize achieve a shapelier body.

stroke ضربهachieve

shapely

power stepping استوار گام‌هاي - this activity -which I call power stepping- helps to strengthen and tone all the major muscle groups

tone كردن سفت including your shoulders and arms, your back and stomach, and your legs and buttocks.

buttock

circulation خون جريان گردش - it also improves circulation and makes your muscle fibbers more flexible.

ligament رباط - this may help you avoid some common injuries that afflict weekend athletes: pulled muscles,

tendinity ligament strains and tendonitis.

synchronized arm strokes داده حيات تجديد را بازوان كتيall the major muscle groups بدن عمده عضالت گروه تمامligament strains رباط فشارfiber بافت replicate كردن تكرار - you may not be able to replicate the figure of your teenage years, but power steeping will help you

figure of your teenage years خود نوجواني قيافه to look as fit, trim and healthy as is possible for your age and lifestyle.

trim

lifestyle زندگي سبكophthalmologist پزشك چشم - Dr Hampton Roy, a 53-year-old ophthalmologist, walks seven miles to work three times a week.

ponder - the exercise provides "pondering time" and has proved to be a natural tranquillizer.

pondering time انديشيدن زمانtranquillizer

moody - over the next three years he became increasingly moody. Egged on by his wife. He took up

egg (on) كردن تحريك walking again and hasn’t stopped since.

take up گرفتن سر ازnervous system عصبي دستگاه - daily life is full of stressful events that shift the nervous system into high gear.

gear

high gear ممكن درجه آخرين

ميوه - مغز گوشت

كردن - وزن داشتن وزن

) فعاالنه - - - ) زور پر شديد قويكردن - مطابق هم با زمان حيث از كردن همزمان

رساندن - انجام به دادن انجامريخت - خوش تركيب خوش

) ران - ) كفل

برازنده - - مرتب پيراسته

كردن - تفكر كردن انديشه

آرامبخش - مسكنترشرو - - اخمو بداخالق

پوشش - - اسباب دنده


psychiatrist روانپزشك - Dr Claude miller, a psychiatrist, recommends a brisk 15-minute walk whenever tension builds, and

brisk again two hours before bedtime if you suffer from insomnia.

insomnia

antidote - it's the best antidote to what he calls the "four pints of aggression" delivered daily to our doors.

pint مايع وزن پيمانهaggression

four pints of aggression تعرض پيمانه چهارdedicated - Henry David and Charles dickens were dedicated walkers and covered thousands of miles in their

cover كردن طي lifetime.

evidence مدارك - now evidence is mounting that regular daily exercise does indeed stimulate the brain.

mount

stimulate

ex-servicemen - a study of 55- to 70-year-olds at an ex-servicemen's hospital found that those who took one-hour

visual organization بينايي قوه walks three times a week for four months improved their reaction time, visual organization and

biochemistry شيمي زيست memory over others who remained sedentary or did non-aerobic exercises.

account - increased circulation of oxygen and blood, as well as changes in the brain's biochemistry, may

strengthen your heart مي‌كند تقويت را شما قلب account for these improvements.

precaution - still, her precautions have paid off. She avoided heart problems until late in life. Over the past year,

pay off madly has walked 4000 miles.

still اين وجود باunfit - this extra pumping trains the heart to work more efficiently and thus beat more slowly than the

beneficial heart of an unfit person. So beneficial is walking that it is the exercise most doctors prescribe.

prescribe كردن تجويزankle پا قوزك - for five years, Tricia Stevens, 57, has been an active walker. She started because of ankle and hip

hip pain and the fear that she would develop osteoporosis as had her mother, who broke both hips.

osteoporosis استخوان پوكيdensity - the density of your bones depends on how much you exercised and what you ate as a child and

denser young adult.

weight-bearing exercise - the denser your bones at the growing age, the less your risk of developing asteoporosis. Walking,

battle a weight-bearing exercise, slows bone loss and may even promote growth. Though osteoporosis is

alleviate best battled when you're young, it can be alleviated in later life.

adequate كافي - a university study found that women with osteoporosis who took an adequate amount of calcium

calcium كلسيم and walked for one hour a day three days a week for 22 months increased their bone density at the

bone loss استخواني ضايعه spine by six per cent.

بشاش - و سرزنده تند - ) بيخوابي ) مرض غيرعادي بيخوابي

سم - ضد پادزهر

تعرض - پرخاشگر

اختصاصي - شده وقف

) است - ) اين مبين بر شدن بالغانگيختن - كردن تحريك

كردن - اقامه موجه دليل كردن علت ذكر

كردن - احتياط احتياط - ) نهايي ) نتيجه ديون تمام كردن پرداخت

نامناسب - ناشايستهمفيد - سودمند

ران - مفصل كفل

تراكم - چگاليتر - - چگالي تر متراكم تر انبوه

كردن - جنگ كردن مبارزهكردن - سبك كردن كم


vitality - stamina: strength; vitality; vigour.

vigour

likelifhood - odds: chance; likelihood; probability.

probability احتمال striking - dramatic: striking; sensational; spectacular.

sensational

spectacular

immobile - sedentary: inactive; lazy; immobile.

decay - atrophy: to decay; to degenerate.

degenerate

covet داشتن چيزي به طمع - begrudge: to envy; covet.

relieve - alleviate: to ease; reduce; relieve.

fuel - after the age of 25, metabolism -the rate at which your body burns fuel- slows, and fat becomes

shed harder to shed.

sufficient كافي - adequate: enough; sufficient; plentiful.

plentiful

malady - ailment: disease; sickness; malady.

remedy - antidote: remedy; anything that relieves.

rear - buttocks: bottom; behind; rear end.

rival - compete: to fight; to rival; to contest.

discharge - exert: to discharge.

breach - fracture: breach; fault

fault

grand - impressive: grand; splendid.

splendid

log كشتي سفرنامه - log: to travel; to walk.

parallel - synchronize: to adjust; to parallel; to match.

حياتي - خاصيت يا قدرت دلي زنده و انرژيتوان - قدرت

محتمل - - امر همانندي احتمال

توجه - قابل برجستهمهيج - شورانگيز

ديدني - منظره تماشاييجنبش - بي حركت بي

زوال - - كردن تنزل پوسيدگيشدن - فاسد گذاردن انحطاط به رو

نشاندن - - فرو كردن كمك دادن تسليسوخت - غذا

انداختن - - پوست ريختن افكندن

فراوان - وافربيماري - ناخوشي

چاره - - كردن درمان درمانعقب - پشت

رقيب - - حريف كردن رقابتكردن - مرخص كردن ادا

كردن - شكاف ايجاد نقضنقص - تقصير

مهم - عالي بسيارعالي - - جالل با شكوه با

كردن - - برابر برابر موازي


UNIT 16it is more than somewhat humbling to كه است خواري نهايت - it is more than somewhat humbling to be forced to admit that we still know all too little about the

somewhat phenomenon of learning.

phenomenon

psychologist شناس روان - psychologists have yet discover exactly what marvellous internal change makes it possible for the

marvellous infant to say his first word, the 12 year-old to divide 3254 by 589, and the adult to distinguish Bach

divide 4 by 2 from Beethoven.

distinguish

considerable - we do know a considerable amount about the conditions that facilitate learning, enough to tell us

facilitate that the educational techniques currently used in most of our classrooms are far from ideal.

ideal

for one thing لحاظي از - for one thing, we know from experimental evidence what jams Garfield knew from experience.

experimental آزمايشي experimental evidence تجربي دليلexperience عملي تجربهthe most elaborate educational plant آموزشي بناي ترين پيچيده - the most elaborate educational plant yet constructed is worth far less to a student than the

plant نهال undivided attention of a great teacher like mark Hopkins. We know that students tend to learn less

construct in a lecture class than in a discussion group.

worth far less دارد كمتري ارزشundivided attention مستقيم توجهideally است اين ال ايده - ideally, each student should have his own personal tutor -and a good one, at that. The trouble is that

حدي - - تا قدري مختصريحادثه - پديده

عجيب - آور حيرتعدد كردن 2بر 4تقسيم

دادن - تشخيص دادن تميزتوجه - قابل شايان

كردن - - تسهيل كردن كمك كردن آسانمطلوب - كمال آل ايده

كردن - - ايجاد كردن بنا ساختن


to go around بروند جا همه تا there are not enough teachers, good or otherwise, to go around.

regiment - we need an army where we have only a regiment. And we need an army of generals, not sergeants.

general ژنرال sergeant گروهبان promise - computer teaching machines offer great promise for the future, and far from being the depersonalizing

depersonalize threat many people envision, such machines can give better individual instruction than one might dream

envision

instruction آموزش than one might dream شود مي تصور آنچه از بيشcarry on دادن ادامه - someday they even will carry on "conversations" with students. This goal may not be quite as

process distant as it seems. Now that computer teaching machines are beginning to be able to process

simulate natural languages, they can simulate, at least to some extent, the normal conversation of teacher and

extent student.

to some extent اي اندازه تاfeed (fed) (into) - a program devised by one teacher--a mark Hopkins, let us say-- can be fed into as many machines

raw as we have the raw materials and the inclination to produce.

let us say بگوييم بدهيد اجازهinclination

lag - and though computer technology still lags far behind theory, it appears that we someday may be

imagination able to produce a machine which will respond to the student with as much imagination as

flexibility پذيري انعطاف flexibility as a flesh-and-blood tutor.

flesh-and-blood tutor

information-processing اطالعات فرآيند - education is an information-processing activity which requires the teacher not only to communicate

communicate information, but to adapt to his student, to interpret the student's response, and to generate new

adapt specific material.

interpret

generate

ally - the ability of the computer teaching machine to perform these last 3 tasks is what allies it with the

nonautomate اتوماتيك غير human tutor and distinguishes it both from other types of teaching machines and from nonautomated

presentation of information اطالعات ارائه teaching techniques now in use.

drill - in usual school or college classroom, the presentation of information, practice and drill, recitation,

recitation and evaluation all are separate functions, occurring more or less sequentially and at widely-spaced

evaluation ارزيابي intervals.

separate functions جداگانه كارهاي

بسيار - گروه هنگ

نويد - - قول وعدهكردن - شخصيت فاقد كردن شخصيت بي

ديدن - رويا در كردن بافي خيال

كردن - - طي را مراحلي كردن تهيه رساندن بانجامكردن - وانمود كردن تقليد

اندازه - - حد مقدار

دادن - خوراك پروردننارس - خام

تمايل - - سيرت نهادلنگيدن - ماندن عقب

پندار - تصور

) انساني ) خون و گوشت معلم

كردن - - گفتگو كردن مكاتبه كردن مراوردهكردن - سازوار دادن وفق

كردن - تفسير كردن ترجمهآوردن - بوجود كردن توليد

كردن - - يكي پيوستن كردن متحد

تمرين - حل كردن تمرينخواني - حفظ از خواني بر از


sequentially

more or less بيش و كمwidely-spaced intervals زياد زماني فواصلrather than coming at each step شود اجرا گام هر در اينكه جاي به - recutation or practice, rather than coming at each step, usually occurs after a large block of

critical moment انتقادي بحراني، حساس، لحظه material has been presented.

modify - by the time the teacher discovers that his students did not understand him, the critical moment

homogenous for modifying his presentation is gone.

smooth - these provided for a homogenous, smooth, two-way flow of information between teacher and

two-way flow of information طرفه دو اطالعات تبادل student.

feature - a particularly important feature of this smoothly flowing process is that, since "test" precede the

precede بودن مقدم presentation of each new step, failure on a given test precludes presentation of the next step.

preclude

curricular تحصيلي برنامه به مربوطه - in other words, the student stays with each step of the curricular sequence until he has mastered it.

sequence

until he has mastered it بگيرد ياد آنرا كامل بطور تاapparently ظاهرا - note that this apparently simple idea represents a crucial difference between education as it is now

represent practised and education as it could be.

crucial

conventional - in the conventional classroom, each student spends the same amount of material that varies

vary داشتن فرق from student to student.

variable متغير - with a computer teaching machine, each student spends a variable amount of time to learn a

constant constant amount of material, and there is no a priori reason that the amount of time taken should

variable amount of time متغير زمان مقدار not be that required for complete mastery.

priori

mastery

emphasis - computer teaching machines offer the hope that the emphasis in education can be taken off

efficiency efficiency of information transmission and put back where it belongs, on mastery of the subject.

transmission

on mastery of the subject موضوع يادگيري درtake off برخاستن interaction انفعال و فعل - computer teaching can make interaction with the student faster.

corrupt - computers will corrupt education.

revise - to change; revise: modify.

changeable پذير تعويض - variable: changeable; varying.

پي - در پي بطور مداوم بطور

كردن - اصالح دادن تغييرتشابه - همانندي

دلنواز - - ماليم روان

خصوصيات - - - تركيب ريخت ويژگي

كردن - ايجاد راه جلو مانع كردن مسدود

رشته - رفت پي

كردن - - بيان فهماندن دادن نمايشسخت - - بسيار قاطع وخيم

) سنتي - - ) قراردادي عرفي

دائمي - ثابت

مقدم - اوليه) يافتن - - ) توفيق سلطه اربابي

اهميت - تاكيدلياقت - - ميزان كارآيي كفايت

سرايت - - عبور انتقال

كردن - خراب كردن فاسدكردن - اصالح كردن نظر تجديد


given - given the obvious superiority of conversational interaction, why does the classroom lecture

superiority dominate our current educational technology?

conversational محاوره‌ايdominate

administrative - the most important reason is that it is administravtively simple to assemble a class and present

assemble an open loop lecture.

loop حلقهsuperficial - a lecture is superficially efficient, because information may be transmitted to a very large class

transmit by a single lecturer.

audio-visual devices بصري و صوتي وسايل - the computer teaching machine shares with the human lecturer and with educational television

amplify and other audio-visual devices- the ability to amplify and diverge information from a single master,

diverge يافتن انشعاب directing it to a very large number of students.

master استادexempt - however, the computer teaching machine is happily exempt from the most serious drawback of

drawback other information from student to teacher.

flow

utilize - because they do not utilize feedback, one-way information systems such as films and television

feedback خورد باز are simply communication systems.

merely - they are not "new" teaching methods; they merely serve to enhance the demonstrated limitations

demonstrate of the conventional lecture.

conventional

humbling فروتني - humbling: degrading; humiliating.

degrading

humiliating

rank دادن درجه - sergeant: an officer having a rank below a captain, or lieutenant or inspector.

captain سروان lieutenant ستوان inspector

comprehend - interpret: comprehend; understand.

recount - recite: to repeat; recount.

customary - conventional: standard; customary.

proceed - a priori: proceeding from a known cause to a related effect; deductive; based on a hypothesis or

deductive قياسي يا استقرايي theory.

مفروض - - معلوم معينتفوق - برتري

داشتن - تسلط بودن حكمفرمااجرايي - اداري

آوردن - فراهم آوردن گرد

ظاهري - - سطحي صوريفرافرستادن - دادن انتقال

افزودن - - بردن باال دادن وسعت

آزاد - معافزيان - اشكال

جريان - - شدن روان بودن سليسزدن - بكار از كردن استفاده

تنهايي - به F انحصارادادن - نشان دادن شرح

قرارداري - عرفي

دادن - تنزل كردن تنزلكننده - خفيف تحقيرآميز

مفتش - بازرسكردن - درك فهميدن

گفتن - - يكايك مجدد شمارش برشمردنمرسوم - عادي

كردن - اقدام رفتن پيش


UNIT 17

to meet man's needs بشر احتياجات كردن برآوردهchallenge - leaders in industry claim to offer challenge and the opportunity for achievement in the business world.

opportunity فرصتachievement

typical نوعي - But they must learn to recognize that the typical management approach to man as a worker

approach actually blocks man's efforts to achieve his ful potential.

potential

primary - the primary function of any human organization is to help man enjoy a meaningful existence.

meaningful

existence

labour - labour has always been the lot of man, but the changes brought by the industrial revolution have for

lot the first time given him the opportunity to satisfy both his animal and his human needs.

labour has always been the lot of man است بوده انسان بهره هميشه ارsupreme - as Carl Jung said: "the supreme goal of man is to fulfil himself as a creative, unique individual

fulfil according to his own innate potentialities and within the limits of reality."

unique

) تالش - ) طلبيدن مبارزه به

دستيابي - موفقيت

آمدن - نزديك شدن نزديكپتانسيل - - نهاني استعداد داراي بالقوه عامل

نخستين - ابتداييدار - معني پرمعني

موجوديت - هستيزحمت - كار

بهره - سهم

اعلي - عاليبرآوردن - - كردن تمام دادن انجام

مانند - بي همتا بي


individual

according to

innate

potentiality

within the limits of reality واقعي هاي محدوديت چهارچوبdominant - industry is the dominant institution in our civilization.

institution

restructure دادن ساختار تجديد - and therefore must restructure itself to reflect man's dual nature and needs if it is to enjoy a

reflect كردن منعكس meaningful life.

dual

if it is to enjoy a meaningful life باشد پرمعنا زندگي از بردن لذتoriented - not all jobs in industry have the potential to be challenging and achievement-oriented.

achievement-oriented پيروزي براي مشخصي جهتيdo contain possibilities هستند امكانات داراي - but many more than one might expect of today's jobs do contain possibilities.

striking - one example of the striking lack of success of the present money motivation system is portrayed

the striking lack of success in the case of today's computer programmers.

motivation

portray

turnover - yet there is a high turnover rate and low morale among computer programmers.

morale

dissatisfaction - the cause of dissatisfaction is not the pay, for these men receive high salaries and excellent fringe

excellent عالي benefits.

fringe benefits شغلي مزايايrather - rather, the problem is boredom; after the initial challenge, most companies allow their computer

boredom programming to turn into routine drudgery. This need not happen: certainly it would not be difficult to

initial build some true motivational factors into a job with as much as potential challenge as this.

drudgery كننده خسته و سخت كارthis need not happen نيست كار اين به نيازي البتهmotivational factors انگيزش عواملexotic - a job does not have to be as exotic as computer programming to have challenge.

correspondence - one large company has a correspondence section to answer the questions of its shareholders

section many of whom were not sophisticated in the intricacies of security laws.

shareholder

sophisticated

فرد - - به منحصر فرد شخصمطابق - طبق برفطري - غريزي

نهاني - استعداد بالقوه عامليت

مقتدر - - مافوق برترنهاد - موسسه

اي - جنبه دو دوتايي

به - متمايل دار جهت

توجه - قابل برجستهموفقيت - فاقد F شديدا موفقيت توجه قابل كمبود

محرك - انگيزشكردن - - مجسم كردن توصيف كشيدن تصوير

معامالت - - حجم برگشت تبديل و تغييرجنگجويان - - روحيه روحيه دلگرمي

ناخشنودي - نارضايتي

اندازه - يك تا بلكهماللت - خستگيابتدايي - نخستين

بيگانه - - غريب و عجيب مرموزمكاتبات - - مراسالت ارتباط

دايره - بخشسهام - صاحب دار سهم

باال - سطح در ماهر و خبره


intricacy

ownership - to answer questions on transfer of ownership, dividend income, and the like, this company employs

dividend income درآمد سهام سود a number of girls who previously worked under a system engineered to insure that no wrong

and the like آن مانند و information was given.

previously F قبالengineer مهندسinsure كردن ضمانتbuilt آماده قبل از - the answers to the shareholder letters were not so much written as "built".

inquiry - when an inquiry came in, it went through a routinized procedure which used answers copied from

routinize form paragraphs for every possible question.

procedure

salutation - a girl combined the proper answers, made sure that the salutation and closing were in the correct

closing پاياني عبارات formal style, and handed the letter to the supervisor for checking.

supervisor

signature - the supervisor checked every letter, then sent it out over her signature.

in practice - in practice, the system resulted in too many errors, low productivity, and high employee turnover

productivity and absentee rates.

employee

absentee

high employee turnover كارمند دست به نامه گشتن ستabsentee rates

expert - first, each girl was made an expert in some area, Say transfer taxes.

say transfer taxes امور برگردان عبارتي، بهpace - she, not the supervisor was the authority for the girls to turn to on that subject.

authority

progression - the natural progression was then to let the girls send out their mail without passing it on to the

bounce supervisor. The girls were to be responsible for the letters and if any bounced back from the

compose shareholders, they would go back to the girls.in the final week, girls were told to compose their own letters.

markedly مشخصي بطور - the result? Errors were markedly reduced, morale raised, productivity increased, and employee

absenteeism turnover and absenteeism dropped.

measure - the supervisor found time for numerous measures to improve conditions in the department.

rationalizing بندي تقسيم - all this, not be increasing salary, or rationalizing the job, but by injecting responsibility, challenge,

inject كردن تزريق and the opportunity for growth. In short, by motivation.

volition - motivation cannot be bought, a motivated man will do things of his own volition that far exceed

تودرتويي - - بغرنجي پيچيدگيدارندگي - مالكيت

بازجويي - - - - تحقيق استعالم سوال پرسشكردن - روزمره يا عادي انداختن عادي بجريان

پردازه - رويهتهيت - - - - تعارف نامه اول سالم درود سالم

ناظر - سرپرستكردن - امضاء امضاء

حاصلخيزي - سودمنديكارگر - مستخدم

غايب - شخص غايب

) كارمندها ) غياب اثر بر طوالني معطليكارشناس - - خبره ماهر

زدن - گام پيمودناجازه - - اختيار قدرت

پيشرفت - تصاعددادن - قرار تشر و توپ مورد انداختن بيرون

سرودن - - ساختن كردن درست

غيبت - بودن غايب حالتحد - ميزان

اراده - خواست


motivated what he could be made to do by offers of food or money.

exceed

self-motivation - the strongest kind of motivation is self-motivation. Consider the artist, a classic example of

classic example self-motivation. He may be starving, but still he paints.

abrupt - turnover: an abrupt change.

worldly - sophisticated: having much worldly experience and knowledge.

attitude - morale: attitude.

hygiene factors بهداشتي فاكتورهاي - I chose to call the dissatisfiers the hygiene factors, drawing by analogy on the medical meaning

analogy of the word "preventive and environmental."

preventive

environmental محيطيintrinsic - hygiene factors are not an intrinsic part of a task, they are related to the conditions under which

hygienic بهداشتي a task is to be performed. A good hygienic environment can prevent job dissatisfaction, but cannot

profit create true job satisfaction or happiness.

stockholder - dividend: profit; a share of profits paid to a stockholder.

toil زحمت پر كار - drudgery: labour, toil

cultured - sophisticated: cultured; having acquired wordly knowledge.

absolute - supreme: absolute; ultimate.

ultimate

establishment - turnover: the number of workers hired by a given establishemtn to replace those who have left.

UNIT 18

authority موثق و سريع منبع - a great authority on the teaching of history once said: "everyone knows what history is until he …

statesman سياستمدار - history is made, not by statesmen or soldiers, but by historians who prepare the records.

gravitaional - Newton's gravitational was not inspired by a falling apple.

inspire

overhang بودن آويزان - sir Isaac Newton was taking tea under the apple trees in the family gardens at woolsthorpe one

branch شاخه summer's afternoon in 1665 when an apple fell from an overhanging branch, plunked him on the head

plunk and immediately provided the inspiration for his law of gravitation. Or so the story goes.

inspiration الهام or so the story goes يابد مي ادامه منوال اين به ستانfame - it may indeed have happened that way, but no one knows for certain. Even the famed british

astronomer شناس ستاره astronomer sir harold spencer jones, true, later recanted, nothing that "one cannot be sure either way"

bublicly stated كرد عالم عموم برابر درrecant گرفتن پس F رسما را خود حرف

انگيزنده - هدفدارنهادن - فراتر قدم بر شدن بالغ

شخصي - انگيزه شخصي عالقهبارز - نمونه نمونه بهترين

خبر - بي ناگهانيمادي - - دنيوي جهاني اين

رفتار - - و روش حالت گرايش

شباهت - - مقايسه قياسممانعت - عامل گير پيش

شايسته - - - حقيقي باطني ذاتي

بردن - - سود نفع سودموجودي - صاحب سهم صاحب

متمدن - يافته پرورشكامل - مطلق

غايي - نهايياستقرار - تاسيس

اي - جاذبه گرايشيكردن - القاء بخشيدن الهام

تلپ - - صداي با ضربت افتادن تلپي

آوازه - - نام شهرت


mathematician رياضيدان - long after the great english mathematician had died and 73 years from the time the disputed apple

dispute fell.

disputed apple بحث مورد سيبtremendously - voltaire admired sir isaac and his theories tremendously and offered a clear, insightful interpretation

insightful of his teachings.

interpretation

teaching تعاليم associate - but his only source for the apple story was sir isaac's niece, who had married one of her uncle's

declining closest associates. She and her husband lived with and kept house for newton in his declining years.

bit - another bit of evidence, one that is taken quite seriously by the story's adherent, is Rev. william

another bit of evidence ديگر مدرك stukely's biography of newton, written in 1752 though unpublished, mysteriously, until 1963.

adherent

Rev. (Reverend)

biography بيوگرافي mysteriously

physician پزشك - stukely, a physician, cleric, and prominent antiquarian, wrote that the he was once enjoying

cleric كشيش afternoon tea with sir isaac amid the woolsthorpe apple trees when the mathematician reminisced

prominent that "he was just in the same situation as, when, formerly, the notion of gravitation came into his mind.

antiquarian it was occasioned by the fall of an apple, as he sat in contemplative mood."

amid

reminisce

formerly

notion

occasion

contemplative

witness - note, however, that stukely did not claim to have witnessed the apple incident firsthand.

incident

firsthand

anecdote - meanwhile, important early biographers of newton include no mention of the anecdote at all.

ludicrous - and the great german astronomer thought the story too ludicrous for words. "undoubtedly," he once

undoubtedly hypothesized, "the occurrence was something of this sort: there comes to newton a stupid

hypothesize importunate man, whos asks him how he hit upon his great discover.

occurrence

importunate

كردن - جدال كردن مباحثه

- F شديدا فاحش طور بهبينش - بصيرت

ترجمه - - - تفسير بيان شرح

رفيق - همكارزوال - انحالل

ريزه - - تكه ذره

هواخواه - - طرفدار پيروكشيش - جناب عاليجناب

اسرارآميز - مرموز

واال - برجستهقديم - - به وابسته باستاني شناس عتيقه

وسط - ميان درآوردن - خاطر به كردن يادآوري

- F قبال پيشترنظريه - - انديشه تصور

موقعيت - - وهله مناسب فرصتتفكر - و غور به وابسته تفكري

دادن - - - شهادت ديدن مدرك شاهدحادثه - - رويداد شايع

اول - - دست اصلي مستقيمالمثل - - ضرب حكايت قصه

چرند - - - مزخرف مضحك آور خندهترديد - - بدون شك بدون F مسلما

برانگاشتن - كردن فرضواقعه - - اتفاق رخدادآميز - سماجت سمج


hit

fairness طرفي بي - in all fairness, it should be noted that the babson institute in wellesely, claims to own a fruit-bearing

in all fairness طرفي بي كمال با tree grafted from the one that figured so crucially in Newton's thinking.

institute

fruitbearing اي ميوهgraft

crucially

quest - the institute was founded by roger babson, the man who made the study of gravity and the quest

antigravity جاذبه ضد for an antigravity machine his life's work.

campus باز فضاي - also on display on the babson campus is sir Isaac's bed, whose significance should be readily

significance obvious: it was only the force of gravity which allowed sir isaac to rest on it.

readily F فوراfiddle زدن ويولن - nero didn’t fiddle while rome burned.

unfounded - it is only an unfounded rumour, albeit an old one, that the mad emperor nero started a fire near the

rumour imperial palace and then climed to the top of the tower of Maecenas, where he gleefully played his

albeit fiddle, sang arias from his own execrable operas, and watched the city go up in flames.

emperor

imperial

gleefully

aria يكنفره آوازexecrable

opera اپراflame

fancy - true, nero did fancy himself a poet and musician, and often summoned audiences to attend recitals

summon of his compositions.

recital

composition

contemporary - but according to the contemporary historian and chronicler Tacitus, the fire which gutted rome in 64

historian نويس تاريخ A.D. could not possibly have been nero's doing; at the time it broke out, nero was at his villa in

chronicle Antium 30 miles away.

chronicler نگار وقايعgut (gutted)

A.D.

break out

زدن - - هدف به ضربت موفقيت

بنياد - موسسه

زدن - پيوند قلمه - F اكيدا سخت بطور

كردن - جستجو تحقيق

قدر - - معني مفهوم

پايه - بي اساس بيكردن - پخش يا گفتن شايعه شايعه

ولواينكه - اگرچهفرمانفرما - امپراتور

امپراتوري - شاهنشاهيشادماني - خوشحالي با

مكروه - - ملعون انگيز نفرت

آتش - زبانه شعلهكردن - - تصور وهم خيال

احضار - - فراخواني فراخواندننوازي - تك برخواني از

هنري - - قطعه سرايش تركيبهمزمان - معاصر

تاريخچه - تاريخ بترتيب وقايع شرح

خوردن - حريصانه كردن غارت

زدن - تاول يافتن شيوع


tale افسانه - besides, the violin wasn’t even invented until the 16th cetury, although in some versions of the tale

lute nero plays a lute or lyre.

lyre

dispel - but the dispelling of the fiddling myth by no means undermines Nero's hard-won reputation for

myth ruthlessness and cackling depravity. A cold-blooded persecutor of christians, and extortionist, and

by no means وجه هيچ به a debauchee, he outraged even the wildly licentious romans with his public wantonness.

undermine

reputation

hard-won reputation معروف شهرتruthlessness

cackle

depravity

persecutor

cold-blooded

extortionist

debauchee

outrage

licentious

roman

wantonness

incest نزديكان و محرم با زناي - indeed, incest and treachery seem to have run in the family.

treachery

widow بيوه - consider that his widowed mother, Agrippina, married her own uncle, the emperor Claudius, who

slain had recently slain his wife for her infidelities.

infidelity

scheme - later Agrippina schemed to eliminate Claudius's son, Britannicus from the line of imperial

eliminate succession and encouraged Nero to marry octavia, who was Claudius's daughter and Nero's own

succession adoptive sister.

the line of imperial succession امپراطوري جانشيني رديف ازadoptive

adoptive sister خوانده خواهرslay (slew, slain) - then she slew Claudius, paving the way for her son's accession to the throne.

paving

paving the way كردن هموار را راه

زدن - عود عودبربط - چنگ

كردن - - باطل را طلسم كردن دفع كردن برطرفاسطوره - افسانه

) (- - كردن تضعيف بردن تحليل كردن خراب زير ازخوشنامي - شهرت

ظالمي - باكي بيدرايي - - هرزه كردن قات قات وراجي

هرزگي - - فساد تباهيكننده - اذيت آزاردهنده

عاطفه - بي خونسرداخاذ - كالشفاسق - هرزه

ساختن - حرمت بي تخطيول - - هرزه شهوتران

رم - اهل رميعياشي - سركشي

وفايي - بي خيانت

شده - كشته مقتول - ) خيانت ) زناشويي در كفر

كردن - طرح نقشه شدن توطئهكردن - - بيرون كردن محو كردن حذف

توالي - جانشيني

اقتباسي - انتخابي

رساندن - قتل به كشتن خشونت باسنگفرش - آجرفرش


accession

throne

lust - but the bloodlust had barely begun. Early in his tenure as emperor, Nero took his own mother as

bloodlust آشامي خون his mistress. Plagued with guilt, he ended the relationship and subsequently had the woman put to

barely death.

tenure

mistress

plague

guilt گناه plagued with guilt شد گرفتار گناه طاعون درsubsequently F متعاقباput to death كرد مرگ به محكومadultery - not long thereafter, he accused his wife, octavia, of an adultery of which he knew she was innocent,

innocent had her murdered, and married the wealthy patrician Popaea Sabina.

murder رساندن قتل بهpatrician

conflagration بزرگ آتش‌سوزي - none of this did nero's name any credit, and by the time of the great conflagration he was abysmally

abysmally unpopular.

unpopular

it is known است معروف - it is known that he had wanted the entire city redesigned and rebuilt, to accomplish this task,

glut particularly since the city's streets and squares wrere glutted with temples, religious statuary, and

temple معبد family shrines which he was powerless to remove.

religious مذهبيstatuary تنديسshrine

commit شدن مرتكبarson - but there is no evidence that he committed such arson.

political سياسي - more likely it was the work of his political foes, who thought that the holocaust would be blamed on

foe him. In any event, nero acted with uncharacteristic intelligence and compassion, first helping to

holocaust put out the blaze, then overseeing thedesign of the city and providing food and shelter for those

in any event حال هر به rendered homeless.

uncharacteristic مشخصه غيرintelligence

compassion دلسوزي

) سلطنت - ) بخصوص مقام و جاه به نيل جلوسنشستن - - تخت بر سرير تخت

شهوت - آز و حرص

آشكارا - عريان بطورتصدي - تصرف

كدبانو - - دلبر معشوقهكردن - - طاعون دچار طاعون افت

عفتي - بي زناتقصير - بي گناه بي

اشرافي - زاده نجيب

- F عميقا ژرف بطورغيرمحبوب - - بدنام منفور

كردن - اشباع كردن پر

مقدس - - جاي معبد زيارتگاه

عمدي - حريق ايجاد زني آتش

مخالف - دشمنهمگاني - كشتار سوزي همه

فهم - - آگاهي هوش


put out كردن خاموشblaze مشتعل آتش يا درخشان شعلهoversee

shelter پناهگاه render

civic - one historian clamis that Nero really did set the fire himself, but out of civic responsibility rather

rather than بلكه than insanity, and that in the new rome which he designed, and intended to name Neropolis, slums

insanity ديوانگي were cleared, streets were widened, and buildings were beautified.

intend

neropolis نرو شهرslum

widen

beautify

still بازهم - still, Nero's popularity continued to ebb. His supporters left him, hid enemies grew stronger, and

ebb the praetorian guard, the imperial bodyguard, would not serve him.

supporter حامي praetorian رومي كنسولي مادون قضاوت رتanniversary - on June 9, 68 A.D. the anniversary of octavia's murder -nero stabbed himself in the throat with the

stab assistance of his scribe, Epaphroditus.

throat گلو assistance

scribe

glass - while cinderella may have valued beauty over comfort, it isn't likely that she would have punished her

slipper feet by corseting then in glass slippers.

corset تنگ legend افسانه - to be sure, none but the most recent versions of the cinderella legend make any mention

whatsoever whatsoever of glass slippers, and their presence in the story as most people know it is the result of

extant a translator's error.

score - there are actualy over 500 extant versions of the tale in scores of languages.

represent - the original version goes back even further and is thought to have been a nature myth in which

representing the down است فجر معرف cinderella, representing the dawn, is persecuted by her foul-tempered sisters, representing the dark

persecute clouds of night, and is ultimately rescued by the sun -- the handsome prince.

foul

temper

به - كردن سركشي كردن سرپرستي

دادن - تحويل داشتن تسليمكشوري - - - اجتماعي مدني شهري

بود - آن بر داشتن قصد

پرجمعيت - خيابان كثيف محلهكردن - عريض كردن پهن

دادن - - آرايش كردن قشنگ كردن زيبا

فروكش - - كردن فروكش كردن افول

سالگرد - - يادگاري جشن ساليانه سوگواريچاقو - - زخم زدن زخم زدن خنجر

كمك - همدستيمنشي - خطي هاي نسخه كاتب

شيشه - آبگينهدمپايي - راحتي كفش

- F ابدا بهيچوجهنسخه - - باقيمانده موجود

كردن - ثبت نشانكردن - بيان دادن نمايش

كردن - - اذيت و شدن مزاحم F دائما كردن جفا كردن آزارپليد - ناپاك

غضب - - خشم خلق


foul tempered sisters ناپاك و بداخالق خواهرانultimately F نهايتاrescue

bedeck - but they are made variously of gold, silver, or some other rare metal, sometimes bedecked with

gleam gleaming gems --but never of glass.

gem

squirrel سنجاب - in the earliest french versions, Cinderella wore Pantoufles en vair, "slippers of white squirrel fur"

fur these were the versions that the french writer Charles worked from when he wrote "cendrillon," his

anthology version of Cinderella, which appeared in 1697 in his anthology of fairy tales subtitled "Tales of Mother

fairy Goose."

subtitle عنوان goose غاز vanish - by that time the word vair had long since vanished from use, and Charles confused it with verre,

reworking نظر تجديد pronounced the same but meaning "glass."

welfare - an intelligent ruler who was interested in people's welfare.

outstanding برجسته - an outstanding religious person who was loved by his people.

inhumane غيرانساني - a ruthless person who performed inhumane acts.

renown - prominent: famous; renowned.

observe - witness: observe; see.

joyfully شادي - gleefully: joyfully; merrily.

merrily

wickedness - depravity: wickedness; corruption.

corruption

disloyalty - infidelity: faithlessness; disloyalty.

destruction - holocaust: great or total destruction

pastime - Baseball, the great american pastime, did not originate in America.

amusement

originate گرفتن سرچشمهcivil - nor did Abner Doubleday, a civil war army officer, have anything whatsoever to do with inventing it.

officer

precisely - around the turn of this century, few people were agreed on precisely how baseball had come to be.

league ورزشي گروه - in 1907, sporting-goods millionaire Albert Spalding, formerly a major league baseball star, appointed

millionaire ميليونر a committee of seven to investigate the game's early history and settle once and for all where, when

appoint and how baseball had originated.

رهانيدن - دادن رهاييدادن - زينت كردن آرايش

موقتي - - تظاهر دادن نور نورضعيفكردن - - نشان جواهر جواهر گوهر

پوستين - خزنثر - و نظم منتخبات ادبي - كلچين

افسونگري - - جن پري

شدن - غيب شدن ناپديد

رفاه - آسايش

اشتهار - شهرتديدن - كردن مشاهده

خوشحالي - شاديبدجنسي - نابكاري

انحراف - فسادخيانت - - ناسپاسي وفايي بي

تخريب - - ويراني خرابيورزش - - تفريح سرگرمي

تفريح - سرگرمي

مدني - غيرنظاميمامور - افسر

معين - - صريح دقيق

كردن - تعيين كردن برقرار


committee

investigate

settle

farce - but the committee was a farce. Composed of politicians, business men, and not to ferret out the

compose truth about baseball's beginnings, but rather to approve without question the nationalistic Spalding's

politician سياستمدار unfounded belief that baseball was purely American phenomenon.

scholar

ferret

approve

nationalistic گرا مليpurely خالصانه infinite - abysmal: endless; infinite.

inheritance - accession: inheritance; succession.

adopt پذيرفتن فرزندي به - adopt: accept as a child.

illegal غيرقانوني - adultery: infidelity; illegal relations between a man a woman.

antique - antiquarian: person interested in collection, sale, and study of antiques, especially old rare books.

decorate - bedeck: decorate.

expel - dispel: expel; eliminate.

abolish - eliminate: abolish; eradicate.

eradicate

demolish - gut: destroy; demolish.

theorize - hypothesize: propose; theorize.

insist ورزيدن اصرار - importunate: person insisting on his demands.

disregard - licentious: disregarding the rules of behaviour.

greed - lust: greed; desire; passion.

insult - outrage: offend; insult.

offend - outrage: offend; insult.

harm - persecute: abuse; harm; oppress.

oppress

celebrated - prominent: famous; renowned; celebrated.

memorial - shrine: memorial; statue.

statue

betrayal - treachery: disloyalty; betrayal.

baseless

كميته - كميسيونكردن - تحقيق كردن بازرسي

كردن - واريز كردن معينبيهوده - - كار تقليد آور خنده نمايش

ساختن - كردن درست

محقق - - پژوه دانش دانشوركاوش - كردن كنجكاوي

كردن - موافقت كردن تصويب

نامحدود - - اليتناهي بيكرانارث - - ميراث وراثت

باستاني - - كهنه عتيقهدادن - زينت پيراستن

كردن - منفصل انداختن بيرونكردن - - منسوخ بردن ميان از برانداختن

بردن - بين از كردن ريشه‌كنكردن - خراب كردن ويران

آوردن - وجود به فرضيه كردن نظري استدالل

نكردن - اعتنا گرفتن ناديدهطمع - حرص

كردن - خوار به كردن احترامي بيرنجاندن - كردن تخطي

ضرر - - صدمه آسيبكردن - - تعدي بر كردن ستم كردن ذليل

گرفتن - - جشن كردن تقديس كردن تجليليادبود - - لوحه يادبود يادگر

پيكره - تنديسسر - افشاء خيانتماخذ - بي اساس بي


illogical غيرمنطقي - unfounded: baseless; illogical.

wilful - wanton: cruel; wilful; wild.

UNIT 19

poetry - poetry is a record of experience told in words that are as intense and beautiful as possible.

intense

verse - most poetry is written in a form which we call verse.

factual - the language of poetry is directly the opposite of the factual and down-to-earth language of textbooks.

down-to-earth

مايل - - مشتاق خودسر

شاعري - - فن شعر سرايي جامهمشتاقانه - قوي

آوردن - - نظم به شعر نظمامري - حقيقت واقعي

واقعي - - - حقيقي عملي بين واقع


textbook

prose نثر - and the form of most poetry is the opposite of that of prose, such as used in novels and short stories.

perception - to some people, "poetry is something secret and pure, some magical perception lighting up the

playful mind for a moment, like reflections in the water, playful and fugitive.

fugitive

catch - your true poet catches the charm of something or anything, dropping the thing itself.

drop

definite - there is nothing fixed or definite in the way poetry works.

mount - it often mounts, as Emerson put it, "by the stairway of surprise."

put كردن تعبيرstairway

humour - there is nothing in human experience that the poet may not touch, city or country, love or death,

despondency nature, history, humour, despondency, travel, reading, warfare, friendship, reform.

warfare

reform

horror - the poet may describe the horrors of war and the gaping wound in a dying youth.

gap

gaping wound عظيم زخمcommonplace - in all of their works poets found new meanings in commonplace human activities and experience.

fable

quarrel - the mountain and the squirrel, had a quarrel, and the former called the latter "little prig"

prig

bun - bun replied, "you are doubtless very big; but all sorts of things and weather, must be taken in

sphere together, to make up a year, and a sphere.

disgrace - and I think it no disgrace, to occupy my place. If I'm not so large as you, you are not so small as I,

occupy كردن اشغال and not half so spry.

spry

deny - I'll not deny you make a very pretty squirrel track; talents differ; all is well and wisely put; if I cannot

track carry forests on my back, neither can you crack a nut.

crack

nut

loud - the loud love of peace makes one quiver more than may any battle-cry.

quiver

battle-cry جنگ فرياد

رساله - درسي كتاب

ادراك - - دريافت دركشوخ - - و سرزنده بازي و تفريح سربهوا

فراري - - - دوام بي فاني زودگذرگرفتن - - آوردن بدست كردن جلب

انداختن - كردن رهاقطعي - معين

رفتن - باال كردن صعود

پله - راهرو پلكانمزاح - شوخي

حزن - - دلسردي غمجنگ - - ستيز جنگاوري

بازساخت - بهسازيبيزاري - - ترس دهشت

زياد - - اختالف رخنه شكاف

معمولي - افتاده پا پيشاخالقي - - حكايت داستان افسانه

دعوا - - اختالف ستيزهخودنما - - آدم كوچك ميخ منفور شخص

خرگوش - دم كلوچه يكجوركردن - - - احاطه دايره گردون فلك

رويي - - سيه رسوايي خفت

زرنگ - - چاالك چابككردن - حاشا كردن رد

مسير - - - ) - ( راه باريكه شيار كردن پيگردي) شكستن - - ) برداشتن شكاف تركيدن

) پسته - ) آجيلرسا - - پرجلوه پرصدا

ارتعاش - لرزيدن


vile - why should one love peace? It is so obviously vile to make war.

propaganda - loud peace propaganda makes war seem imminent.

imminent

self-assertion - it is a form of war, even, self-assertion and being wise for other people.

impose كردن تحميل - some governments impose the war on people.

confidently مطمئن طور به - expressing one's views confidently: self-assertion

dread - Nor dread nor hope attend, a dying animal; a man awaits his end dreading and hoping all; many

attend times he died, many times rose again …

dying

await

bough شاخه - I never saw a wild thing sorry for itself. A small bird will drop frozen dead from a bough without ever

lineage having felt sorry for itself.

plow - my grandmothers were strong. They followed plows and bent to toil. They moved through fields

toil sowing seed. They touched earth and grain grew.

sowing

field

seed

grain دانه sturdy (sturdiness) - they were full of sturdiness and singing.

clay - smelling of soap and onions and wet clay, with veins rolling roughly over quick hands, they have

vein many clean words to say. My grandmothers were strong, why am I not as they?

clean words پاك و شيرين هاي حرفgood old days گذشته شيرين روزهايstrawberry فرنگي توت - there were never strawberries, like the ones we had, that sultry afternoon, sitting on the step of the

sultry open french window, facing eachother, your knees held in mine,

glisten - the blue plates in our laps, the strawberries glistening, in the hot sunlight, we dipped them in sugar,

dip looking at eachother.

fond - as a fond mother, when the day is o'er, leads by the hand her little child to bed, half willing, half

o'er = over رسيدن اتمام به reluctant to be led, and leave his broken playthings on the floor, still gazing at them through the open

willing door, nor wholly reassured and comforted by promises of others in their stead, which, though more

reluctant ميل بي splendid, may not please him more;

plaything

gaze

wholly

پست - آور شرمتبليغ - تبليغات

حتمي - الوقوع قريبخودپسندي - - اندازي جلو را خود بيانگري خود

وحشت - ترس) در - ) داشتن حضور كردن توجه

نزار - مردنينشستن - كمين در بودن منتظر

) دودمان - ) سطربنديزدن - - شخم گاوآهن خيش

كشيدن - - زحمت رنج محنتكردن - زرع و كشت كاشتن

كشتزار - - صحرا زمينكاشتن - - تخم بذر

ستبر - - قوي تنومندگل - رس خاكوريد - سياهرگ

شرجي - مرطوب و گرم خيليزدن - برق درخشيدن

بردن - فرو دادن غوطهعالقمند - - شيفته مشتاق

خواهان - - راغب راضي

بازيچه - بازي اسبابدوختن - چشم كردن نگاه خيره

كامل - طور به F كامال


reassure

stead

splendid

deal - so nature deals with us, and takes away our playthings one by one, and by the hand leads us

scarce to rest so gently, that we go scarce knowing if we wish to go or stay, being too full of sleep to

transcend understand how far the unknown tanscends the what we know.

worship - the poet worships the nature.

surround - the nature helps us to understand our surroundings.

love's coming رسد مي عشقrosebud سرخ گل غنچه - quietly as rosebuds, talk to thin air, love came so lightly, I knew not he was there.

thin air لطيف هوايcreep - quietly as lovers, creep at the middle noon, softly as players tremble, in the tears of a tune;

tune

player نوازنده lily - quietly as lilies, their faint vows declare, came the shy pilgrim; I knew not he was there.

faint

vow

declare

pilgrim

shy

grief - quietly as tears fall, on a warm sin, softly as griefs call, in a violin;

hail تگرگ - without hail or tempest. Blue sword or flame, love came so lightly, I know not that he came.

tempest

sword شمشير devotion

blow - a death blow is life blow to some who till they died, did not alive become. Who had they lived,

vitality had died but when they died, vitality begun.

eternity - the poet believes in eternity.

nest - my heart is like a singing bird, whose nest is in a watered shoot; my heart is like an apple-tree,

shoot whose boughs are bent with thickest fruit; my heart is like a rainbow shell, that paddles in a halcyon

shell sea; my heart is gladder than all these, because my love is come to me.

rainbow كمان رنگينpaddle

halcyon

دادن - قلب قوت دوباره كردن اطمينان دوبارهجا - مكان

جالل - با شكوه باكردن - معامله داشتن سروكار

كمياب - نادرجستن - سبقت يافتن برتري

كردن - پرستش ستايشگرفتن - فرا احاطه

شدن - مور مور خزيدننوا - - آواز آهنگ

زنبق - سفيد سوسنكردن - - - ضعف كردن غش نور كم ضعيف

نذر - - پيمان عهدگفتن - داشتن اظهارمهاجر - - زائر مسافر

خجالتي - شرمسارحزن - - - غصه اندوه غم

تندباد - توفان

جانسپار - - هواخواهي وقفتركيدن - - وزيدن دميدن

حياتي - قدرت دلي زنده و انرژيجاوداني - ابديتالنه - آشيانه

زدن - جوانه شاخه رويشقشر - - پوست صدف

آب - ميان در كردن حركت زدن پا و دستگذشته - خوش ايام آرام روز


raise - raise me a dais of sild and down; hand it with vair and purple dyes; carve it in doves and

dais برجسته افراد جلوس مخصوص pomegranates, and peacocks with a hundred eyes; work it in gold and silver grapes, in leaves and

silk ابريشم silver fleurs-de-lys; because the birthday of my life is come, my love is come to me.

down

vair خزdyes

carve

dove

pomegranate

peacock طاوسgrape انگور fleurs-de-lys (lily) زنبق گلabstract - the feeling of love is subjective and abstract.

subjective

UNIT 20

portable - for those cold-season footbal and ice-hockey games and fishing trips, here is hotton, a portable

بردن - باال كردن برپا

) پر - - ) پايين صورت كرك كرك

رنگ - كردن رنگكردن - - كاري كنده تراشيدن كردن حك

فاخته - قمريانار - درخت انار

غيرعملي - خياليذهني - دروني

سبك - - انتقال قابل حمل قابل


cushion cushion stuffed with heat-storing silicon rubber.

stuff

heat-storing گرما كننده ذخيرهsilicon سيليكون - powered for 30-40 minutes by a car cigarette lighter, it will maintain a surface temperature of 40 C

power for five hours.

thermostat گرما تنظيم دستگاه - priced from $92, it includes a thermostat and fuse for safety.

fuse

baby duty داري بچهrespondent جوابگو - in the U.S., 85.9% of respondents agreed that "one doesn’t necessarily have to have children just

survey كردن بررسي because one gets married."

reveal كردن اشكار - however, a 1991 survey by the magazine of 1,233 japanese revealed that 63% believe government

useless فايده بي efforts to raise the birth rate are "useless." something's got to change.

something's got to change انديشيد ديگر چاره بايدwatch it باشيد مواظبcourt دادگاه the courts recently ruled that Hitachi was within its rights to fire a worker who refused overtime.

rule كردن حكمfire كردن بيرونovertime كار اضافهrepercussion - worried about the possible repercussions on the company's reputation, however, Hitachi is setting

possible repercussion on the شركت برشهرت اقدام اين حتمالي up dorms with private rooms, improving work conditions, and cutting back on working hours.

company's reputation

set up كردن نصبdorm خوابگاه cut back دادن تقليلdoctorate دكتري درجه - Hitachi employs 880 people with doctorates and in an effort to hold on to them, in rushing to

rush دادن انجام عجله و اشتياق با را change its image.

presentation

vote

sky-high - land prices sky-high

property - the most expensive commercial property in the world, in Tokyo's Ginza district, was estimated at

district $2.8 million per square meter.

estimate برآوردsquare meter مترمربع residential - the most expensive residential square meter, located in Tokyo's Chiyoda Ward, carried a price tag

بالش - متكاجنس - - - كاال چپاندن كردن پر

كردن - نيرومند بخشيدن نيرو

در - گذاشتن فتيله فيوز

- - - - پس‌زني برگشت دفع واكنش العمل عكس

ارائه - نمايشدادن - راي راي

) صعودي - ) سير آسمان در باال خيليمال - داراييناحيه - بخش

سكني - قابل مسكوني


price tag كاال قيمت برچسب of $910,000 down 1.6% from last year.

slight - the decrease, however, is only a slight dip in the context of a dramatic rise in land prices since

dip the early 1980s.

context

dramatic rise

financial daily مالي روزنامه - a financial daily, calculates that in both Tokyo and Osaka, land prices have risen about 250% .

downward - the word dip in the second paragraph should mean downward movement.

culture gap فرهنگي خالءprogress پيشرفت - a survey of 70 managers at 29 japanese companies in the U.S. and 14 U.S. companies in Japan

global industrial and social جهاني صنايع و اجتماعي يشرفت by MITI's Global Industrial and Social Progress Research Institute yielded some choice comments.

progress research institute

secretive مرموز - U.S. managers think that the Japanese are always secretive , and keep everything to themselves.

talk over دادن قرار مجدد مذاكره و بحث - and Japanese managers commented that whenever they are just getting ready to talk something

pick up مي‌كنند جمع را وسايلشان over, 5 o'clock comes and the americans all pick up and go home.

choice comments مهم خيلي نظراتnegotiate

murmur - "poor dear," she murmured, "you must be starving. How about a juicy steak, baked potato, salad

juicy and some apple pie?"

steak كباب baked potato پخته زميني سيبapple pie

oversea دريا آنطرف - after 46 years of marriage, my husband and I were separated when he had to go overseas for 6 weeks

touched me deeply گذاشت اثر من در F عميقا - in his first letter home, he wrote: "I miss you like my right arm." thjis touched me deeply -- until I

left handed دست چپ remembered several hours later that he is left handed.

agent - an agent arranged and audition with a producer for his client, a talking dog who told jokes and sang

arrange دادن ترتيب songs.

audition هنرپيشه آزمايشamaze - the amazed producer was about to sign a contract when suddenly a larger dog burst into the room,

burst grabbed the talking hound by the neck and bounded out.

grab قاپيدن hound

bound جهيدنtense - dramatic: tense; striking.

strike

كم - اندكفرورفتگي - آمدن پايين

ديرينه - - - سابقه مفاد زمينهمهيج - صعود نمايشي صعود

پايين - به رو پايين

كردن - مذاكره كردن گفتگونرم - سخن زمزمه

) پرچربي - - ) براني آبدار

سيب - مرباي سيب كلوچه

مامور - - وكيل نماينده

كردن - مبهوت ساختن متحيركردن - قطع پاشيدن هم از

تازي - سگ شكاري سگ

سخت - - سفت شديدبرخورد - - زدن ضربه زدن


outcome - repercussion: outcome; backlash; impact.

backlash شديد واكنشimpact

standing - reputation: standing; position; prestige.

سرانجام - - - عاقبت حاصل نتيجه

ضربه - دادن قرار فشار زيرمعتبر - - شهرت دوام اعتبار


UNIT 21

enthusiasm - morale means state of confidence, enthusiasm, determination, etc.

determination

carrot هويج - money is the great motivation, the carrot that makes the donkey go, the grain that waits at the end

donkey of the maze.

maze خم و پيچ پر جايproductivity سودمندي - if you want increased productivity from your employees, give them a raise.

employee

the man in the street بازار و كوچه در عادي آدم - the man in the street nods approvingly at this bit of folk wisdom, and management, which should

nod توافق عالمت به سر تكان know better, nods just as approvingly.

approving

folk

this bit of folk wisdom مردمي عاقالنه نكته اينcontradict - there is yet another bit of wisdom that directly contradicts the first maxim, but when the donkey

maxim and the carrot are trotted out, it remains forgotten.

trot

man does not live by bread alone نيست غذا به وابسته تنها انسان - no one remembers that a wise man once said, "man does not live by bread alone." and, in spite of

in spite of all the donkeys that plod after their carrots, in spite of all the rats that learn to pick their ways

plod through elaborate mazes, it remains the more dependable statement, the one that is borne out by

rat صحرايي موش observation and experience.

dependable

dependable statemnt معتبر سخنborne out شده زادهobservation

adhere - many in industry continue to adhere to the belief that an increase in wages motivates the worker

wage to increase his output, which in turn leads to higher wages that further motivate the worker and so on.

output

which in turn خود نوبه به كهand so on مي‌يابد ادامه همينطور وconcept - yet, although this concept of what motivates man does not fit reality, industry does not question

rationality the rathionality of the concept. That, to them, is self-evident.

self-evident

accord - if the results are not in accord with theory, then it must be the worker who is at fault, either

ذوق - - و شور اشتياق جديتاراده - - تصميم عزم

خر - االغ

كارمند - كارگر

كردن - تصويب كردن موافقتگروه - - قوم مردم

كردن - رد با داشتن تناقضاخالقي - - گفته مثل پند

) كشيدن - - ) پيش رفتن يورتمه يورتمه

علي‌رغم - وجود بادادن - انجام را كاري زحمت با كشيدن زحمت

اعتماد - مورد اطمينان قابل

مالحظه - مشاهدهبودن - متفق داشتن توافق

اجرت - - مزد دستمزدخروجي - - بازده توليد

كلي - - تصور فكر عقيدهدرستي - - خردپذيري عقالنيت

آشكار - خود بديهيهماهنگي - - دادن وفق كردن جور


immoral because he is immoral or irrational.

irrational

bring in - so the experts then are brought in to solve the problem. They study the worker and fiand that he

inadequacy has "feelings" of inadequacy, insecurity, inferior status, and the like.

insecurity

inferior

and the like آن مانند وbig picture بزرگ تصوير - he does not understand the big picture, his job, his boss, or himself.

scrutiny - the boss comes under scrutiny as well. Obviously, he does not communicate properly with the

or else worker, or else the worker would understand his boss and his job.

probe - the end result of the probing is that nobody understood anybody. Called in originally to cure

originally اصل در irrationality, the experts end up saying that man is incurably irrational, and the best that can be done

cure is to fit "irrational" man as closely as possible into the "rational" system.

irrationality نامعقولي incurably ناپذير عالج طور بهrational

call in

process - this fitting of man into the system is achieved by a process often called job "rationalization" which

rationalization involves having jobs reduced to their simplest components by industrial engineer, and level task.

job rationalization شغلي عقالنيتwhich involves مستلزم كهreduce

level task مسئوليت سطحsterile - when these sterile tasks cause dissatisfaction in the workers, the behavioral scientists are brought

behavioral in. after careful study, they conclude that the worker in fact does not get any satisfaction from his

conclude tasks and advise that the worker should be given a sense of achievement, but do not go so far as

a sense of achievement موفقيت حس يك to infringe upon the domain of the industrial engineers by suggesting that jobs should be designed

so far as to fulfil man's need for achievement.

infringe

achievement

domain

fulfil

dampen - to dampen the frustrations of the workers, human relation counsellors are listening to their complaints

counsellor مشاور

سيرت - - بد فاسد هرزهمبهم - - - گنگ غيرعقالني نامعقول

آوردن - كردن واردنارسايي - - نامناسبي كفايتي بي

تزلزل - ناامنيدوم - - درجه نامرغوب پست

موشكافي - - - تحقيق رسيدگي بررسيواال - وگرنه

تحقيق - - كاوش جستجو

) كردن - ) حل دادن شفا

عقلي - - معقول عقالنيخواندني - - تو خواني تو فراخواندن

جريان - - روند فرآيندتراشي - دليل كردن عقالني

كردن - - - كم كاستن يافتن كاهش تبديل

بار - - بي حاصل بي نازاسلوكي - رفتاري

كردن - استنتاج گرفتن نتيجه

كه - اندازه آن تا كه آنجا تااز - كردن تجاوز از كردن تخلف

بزرگ - - كار پيروزي يابي دستقلمرو - حوزه

كردن - تمام كردن تكميلشدن - خفه كردن تعديل


complaint

counsel - but much of the counselling amounts to little more than telling the employee how well the system

for بجاي would function if he stopped being irrational and allowed his "rational" motivation for money to express

little more than نيست اين از بيش چيزي itself.

express itself كردن وجود ابزارinterference - the end result of the interference by the production-prodders hired by industry is the dissipation

production of some very real human potential -- all because of ignorance or misunderstanding of human nature

prodder كننده ترغيب and the basis of human motivation.

dissipation

ignorance

misunderstanding تفاهم سوءprevailing - when the worker fails to respond to the prevailing system of money motivation, he is called

money motivation پولي انگيزه irrational and "unmotivated." paradoxically, the executive who already has the money he really needs,

unmotivated غيرمنطقي and continues to work a 12-, 14- or even 16-hour day, is called "motivated." in neither case does

paradoxically the myth of money motivation explain satisfactorily why the men act the way they do.

executive

subsistence - money is not a great motivator unless, perhaps, workers are kept below the subsistence level so

spur they must work harder to eat more. To say that man can be spurred to heights of achievement by

conditioned the promise of food puts him in the category of Pavlov's conditioned dog.

theorist پرداز نظريه - such a belief, while it may not bother some theorists, just is not true bother some theorists, just is

reward not ture.

demonstrate - of course, as Pavlov demonstrated, there are ways to evoke a response without actually having

evoke to present the reward. Instead of stimulus-reward, you can have stimulus-response.

stimulus-response پاسخ محركstimulus-reward پاداش محركinnate - no external stimulus is needed, because it comes from man's innate need for self-realization, from

realization his need to fulfil his potential as a person.

self-realization نفس دركcraving - and this need is just as real as his need for food. Just as a desire for food will not be satisfied by a

crave book, neither will his craving for accomplishment be sated by a piece of apple pie.

accomplishment

sate

incentive - motivation: incentive; drive.

drive كردن تحريك

دادخواهي - شكايترايزني - - مشاوره اندرز

مداخله - تداخلتوليد - فرآوري

دادن - هدر اتالفجهل - - خبري بي ناداني

غالب - متداول

درست- واقع در و مهمل ظاهر در F متناقضامجري - مدير

معاش - حق معاش امراربرانگيختن - - شدن باعث كردن تحريك

مشروط - شرطي

پاداش - - دادن اجر دادن پاداشدادن - - شرح دادن نشان كردن ثابت

برگرداندن - - فراخواندن كردن احضار

غريزي - - ذاتي فطريفهم - - درك ادراك

ويار - هوسداشتن - - اشتياق طلبيدن كردن آرزو

فضيلت - - - - هنر كمال پيشرفت اجرا انجامكردن - - سير فرونشاندن كردن راضي

مشوق - - محرك انگيزه


objection - complaint: objection; protest.

protest

execute كردن اجرا - a person having authority in an organization: execute.

accustom - condition: to adapt; to accustom to.

possessed naturally طبيعي مالكيت - innate: inherent: possessed naturally.

inherent

contribution - the greatest contribution of psychology has been in determining the content of man's physical needs.

psychology

determining تعيين content

growth - the external effects and characteristics of psychology growth of self-realization are being

individuality increasingly studied, and some of the known characteristics are: learning, discovering new relationship

creativity خالقيت between events, greater individuality through development of innate potentialities and creativity.

solely - there were some individuals who reported receiving job satisfaction solely from hygiene factors.

hygiene seekers - these hygiene seekers, who are motivated to seek only relief of dissatisfaction have not reached the

relief of dissatisfaction نارضايتي از رهايي stage of personal development in which the need for self-realization is active. In other words, hygiene

avoidance seekers, seek happiness by avoidance behaviour and are fixated at a low level of maturity.

fixate

maturity

dissipate دادن هدر - dissipate: to cause to lose; waste.

labyrinth - maze: a confusing network of walled pathways; labyrinth.

conduct - maxim: principle or rule of conduct; saying.

saying

investigate - probe: to examine; investigate.

rouse - prod: to rouse; to action.

action

incite - spur: to incite; prompt.

prompt

subsist - subsist: to exist; to maintain life.

اعتراض - ايرادشكايت - اعتراض

كردن - آشنا دادن عادت

اصلي - ذاتيخدمت - - - كمك اعانه سهم

نفس - معرفت روانشناسي علم

گنجايش - - حجم مقدارنمود - - - پيشرفت ترقي رشد

فردي - - ويژگي فرديت شخصيت

- F منحصرا فقطبهداشت - هواخواهان بهداشت جويندگان

اجتناب - - پرهيز گيري كنارهكردن - - متمركز كردن محكم كردن تثبيت

كمال - بلوغ

ماز - مارپيچ پلكانكردار - رفتار

حكمت - - پند حديثكردن - تحقيق كردن رسيدگي

دادن - حركت اوردن در هيجان بهعمل - - حركت جنبشكردن - تحريك انگيختن

عاجل - - سريع برانگيختنكردن - گذران كردن زيست


UNIT 22

joke writer نويس فكاهي - as a joke writer for Bob Hope for 20 years, Gene Perret had taken hundreds of flights.

steward هواپيما ميهماندار - so he was only half listening when the air steward began reciting safety instructions.

reciting

safety instructions امنيتي دستوراتprick - suddenly Perret's ears pricked up. "there may be 50 ways to leave your lover," the steward said,

aeroplane (airplane) هواپيما "but there are only five ways to leave this earoplane."

upright - and then: "please return your seat to its upright and motst uncomfortable position. Later you may

lean lean back and break the knees of the passenger behind you."

grab - Perret uses this story to make a serious point: humour can grab someone's attention and get a

get a message across برساند را پيغامي message acros. Some people can't tell a joke to save their lives."

humour

trick - the secret is developing your own style, learning a few tricks and taking the time to practise.

comedy collection كمدي مجموعه - the first step Perret recommends is building a "comedy collection." Jot down 25 jokes, asides or

jot down نوشتن شتاب با stories that you find funny.

aside

one-liner - then work out whether you are better with stories or one-liners. Don’t try to be what you're not.

pig - matching people with the wrong material is "like teaching a pig to sing," Perret says. "it not only

annoy wastes your time, it annoys the pig."

recite خواندن بر از - he tells a story about helping his little daughter prepare to recite a poem at kindergarten.

deprecate - when he offered to write one for her, she said, "no, Dad, this is in front of the whole school. I'd

self-deprecating humour نقدي خود شوخي rather it was good." nothing puts people more at ease than self-deprecating humour.

self-depreciation

comic - adapt your material to your style. Comic material has to be put into the speaker's own words.

multisyllabic هجايي چند - W. C. Fields loved multisyllabic words and the stilted sentence--"what contemptible scoundrel

stilted تاب و آب با stole the cork from my lunch?" Bob Hope would call the offender by a simpler word, like jerk.

contemptible

scoundrel

steal (stole)

خواندن - موزون صداي با خواندن بر از

كردن - تحريك واداشتن حركت به

عمودي - - قائم راستكردن - تكيه زدن تكيه

قاپيدن - ربودن

شوخي - خلقفن - - و فوت نيرنگ حيله

) شوخي - - ) تنها جداگانهلطيفه - بذله

گراز - خوكرنجاندن - كردن دلخور

دانستن - قبيح دانستن بد

خود - شماري كوچك نفس تحقيرمضحك - آور خنده

تحقير - - قابل پست خوارالت - رذل

زدن - دستبرد دزديدن


cork پنبه چوبoffender

jerk ابله insult - be careful with insulting humour. Once at a company function, Perret based a whole routine on a

mid-speech صحبت ميانه copying machine that never worked. In mid-speech, the manager of the department that made the

storm (ed out) machine, stormed out.

never to cut too close to the bone - it taught Perret never to cut too close to the bone. He now teases audiences only about matters

tease that they joke about themselves.

jest كردن شوخي - when Bob Hope jests with a president, he doesn’t make foreign policy a target, but the president's

target كردن هدفگيري golf game, or his inability to catch fish.

inability

catch fish ماهي صيدspot - "you can always spot Gerry Ford on the golf course," Hope once said. "his golf-cart is the one with

golf course گلف زمين the red cross painted on top."

golf-cart گلف چرخred cross سرخ صليبthumb شست - perret"s rule of thumb on any critical gibe is: when in doubt, leave it out.

rule of thumb

gibe

open and close شود تمام و شروع - he advises people to forget the idea that a speech should open and close with a joke.

formulaic - that kind of formulaic speaking could signal insecurity.

signal insecurity

guffaw - if you still insist on a guffaw before getting into your talk, remember that an opening joke or story

set up must have a strong point that will set up the entire speech.

drive home فهماندن - to drive home your messsae, put the joke after it. For instance, …

reinforcement تقويت - one executive told his employees he wanted them to attack their most pressing problems first. the

frog reinforcement: "as we used to say back home, it you got a frog to swaller, don’t look at it too long."

swaller

swallow

bang - if you feel you need to end your talk with a joke, make sure you go out with a bang. When a closing

flat joke falls flat, it is almost impossible to recover.

it's almost impossible to recover است سخت جبرانشcomedian - even the most experienced comedians have to be prepared for an accasional misfire.

occasional اتفاقي

كننده - تخطي متخلف

به - كردن توهين توهين

) شد - - ) بلند فريادش آوردن يورش كردن حملهندادن - آزار نزند آب به گدار بي

گذاشتن - سر به سر انداختن دست را كسي

درماندگي - ناتواني

خال - - - نقطه ديدن دادن تشخيص

عمومي - قانون كلي قانونطعنه‌آميزگفتن - - سخن گفتن طنز انداختن دست

) قانونمند - ) فرمول به وابسته يا مثلناامني - نشانه تزلزل نشانه

خنديدن - قاه قاه قاه قاه) گرفتن - - ) بر در چيني مقدمه كردن برپا

وزغ - قورباغه

بلعيدن - دادن قورتزدن - محكم بستن

مزه - - بي تخت صاف

كمدين - دار خنده هاي نمايشنامه نويسنده


misfire گلوله نكردن عملoccasional misfire اتفاقي ندادن جوابpro طرفدار - that's when the pros pull out their life-saver --a line that helps make up for the bomb.

pull out

bungle - when Bob Hope bungles a line, he sometimes follows it by saying, "my wife told me that story

life saver would never work. I see you all side with her."

you all side with her موافقيد اون با همه شماhint - a few more hints: keep your material short, tell it slowly and, no matter how hilarious they are, don’t

hilarious laugh at your own jokes while you're telling them.

come across - even experienced joke writers come across interesting jokes unexpectedly.

stewardess - the stewardess was attracting the attention of the passengers to something which they would

pre-establish patterns ساخته پيش الگوهاي probably not pay much attention. Humour does not follow pre-established patterns.

grasp - grab: grasp; grip; get.

grip

wit - humour: joke; wit.

disgrace contempt: disgrace; the state of being dishonoured.

dishonour

contempt

comical - hilarious: comical.

half listening - they were half listening to the news, although it was important.

work out چيزي درباره كردن فكر يا ه‌ريزي - I've worked out a new way of doing it.

storm out زدن حرف عصبانيت با - "don’t you know who I am?" she stormed out.

cut too close to the bone آزردن - his comments about her size cut too close to the bone.

to go out with a bang - the team won their last four games, going out with a bang.

to fall flat - the joke fell flat.

to side with someone - the kids always sided with their mother against me.

idiomatic اصطالحي - define the following idiomatic expressions as used in the mentioned paragraphs.

marital زوجي - no situation in life can be as stressful as marital conflict which seems to have no solution.

conflict

inevitable - in particular, you have to learn to find your way through the inevitable and repeated crises of all

repeated marriages.

crises بحران honeymoon عسل ماه - the first time of change in the relationship is when the honeymoon is over. Then people begin to

realistically experience more fully and realistically what it means to share one's life with another person.

آمدن - بيرون كردن ترككردن - خراب كردن بندي سرهم

) كننده - ) حمايت غريق نجات

ايما - تذكرمضحك - دار خنده

به - خوردن بر شدن مواجه) زن ) هواپيما مهماندار

زدن - چنگ قاپيدنچنگ - زني چنگ

مزاح - طبع گويي بزلهتوهين - - رسوايي خفت

كردن - ننگين ننگخفت - - اهانت تحقير

انگيز - شگفت مضحك ) ندادن ) گوش چيزي يا كسي به F كامال

گذاشتن - تاثير كردن توجه جلبنداشتن - تاثير شدن رد

بودن - موافق كردن حمايت

ستيزه - كشمكشناگزير - ناپذير اجتناب

مكرر - پي در پي

گرايانه - واقع بطور بين واقع بطور


recapture - the couple want to get through the rouhg periods in order to recapture the recent ideal experience

melt into of the honeymoon. Quarrels between young lovers often melt into passionate lovemaking.

passionate

lovemaking ورزي عشقidealized - loving memories of powerful, idealized love cushion the conflicts of this early period in a marriage.

cushion

hostility - such memories increase, not lessen, the hostility between the couple. But such couples have

mutual other resources --friendships, shared activities, mutual interests, joint finances and, of course, children.

mutual interests طرفه دو عالئقjoint

joint finances مشترك هاي داراييreasonable outcome منطقي نتيجه - in this case, the ending of the marriage in some way seems the only reasonable outcome.

spoil - bungle: ruin; spoil; mismanage.

mismanage

disapprove - deprecate: criticize; disapprove; condemn.

incline - lean: to incline the weight of the body so as to be supported.

upward باال بطرف - prick: to point upward.

point

rouge - scoundrel: rogue; villain.

villain

artificially ساختگي يا مصنوعي بطور - stilted: artificially formal.

كردن - تسخير دوباره گرفتن پس

پرحرارت - - - آلود هوس احساساتي شهواني

سازي - دلخواه دادن شاعرانه و خيالي صورت) كردن - ) كم شدن مستهلك

دشمني - - خصومت عداوتمتقابل - طرفه دو

متصل - مشترك

تباهي - - فساد غنيمتبدگرداندن - كردن اداره بد

شمردن - ناپسند كردن ردكردن - - متمايل كردن خم كردن كج

اشاره - ساختن متوجه

پست - آدم ناكس


UNIT 23

it's shame دارد تاسف جاي - you're hopeless, that's a beautiful dress. It's a shame they didn’t have your size.

you're hopeless پايي و دست بي توsting - stinging remarks zap us every day, often when we're least prepared. They seem to be everywehre:

stinging remarks دار نيش نظرهاي اظهار on the road, when rush hour brings out the worst in people; in queues, when everyone's patience is

zap رساندن آزار wearing thin; at work and tat the dinner table, where people feel free to be rude.

rush hours

queue غيره و اتوبوس صفeveryone's patience is wearing thin مي‌رسد پايان به همه طاقتcriticism - there are so many styles of criticism that it's impossible to catalogue them all. There are common,

catalogue كردن فهرست everyday zaps (congratulations! You've finally done it.) and others so hurtful they leave us dizzy and

there are common, everyday zaps هستند روزمره عادي مكالمات ار upset (how do you manage to keep your bust so small?)

hurtful

dizzy

bust سينه comment نظر اظهار - there are comments insensitive beyond belief. When a man had plucked up the courage to tell his

insensitive mother that his wife had left him, his mother snapped, "what took her so long?"

beyond belief باورها ماورايpluck up

snap

haven - families are supposed to be havens from the world. But, in fact, relatives say things nevery would

relative خويشاوند outside the family, often with the exuse "you know I wouldn't say this if I didn’t love you."

tender - one woman remembers standing at the bathroom mirror at the tender age of 12 when her mother

we can have it seen to بديم دكتر نشون آنرا تونيم مي remarked,"Don’t worry, darling. If your nose gets bigger we can have it seen to." untill then, it had

until then زمان آن تا never even occurred to her that her nose was less than perfect.

زدن - - نيش زخم نيش

پرازدحام - ساعات شلوغ ساعات

انتقاد - جويي عيب

مضر - پرآزارشدن - گيج گيج

كرخت - - - حس بي روح بي عاطفه بي

كشيدن - - بيرون دادن �روز ب جرات و دلدادن - - را حكمي خشونت با ناگهاني گفتن دار نيش سخن

امن - جاي پناهگاه

بودن - حساس حساس


put-down - my favourite category of put-down is the welldressed insult otherwise known as "constructive

welldressed insult آراسته توهين criticism" (which is anything but.)

insult

otherwise known as

constructive criticism سازنده انتقادwhich is anything but

company رفتن كسي همراه - you can recognize these by the company they keep--usually such phrases as "I hope you don’t

candour mind if I'm honest" somehow, you're supposed to admire the critic for his candour and appreciate

punch بر زدن مشت his conern, while you try to recover from the punch in the gut.

gut

punch in the gut

vicious - it's easy, when defending yourself from insults, to get caught in a vicious cycle of attack and

counter attack ضدحمله counter attack.

deflect

barb - fortunately there are ways to deflect the barb--and boost self-esteem. Next time you are the vitim of

boost criticism, try one of these strategies.

self-esteem نفس عزتstrategy

behind آنسوي - look behind the insult

unload - people who criticize have a lot of hurt to unload. If you can't work out what's really bothering them, ask.

step back بكش كنار رو خودت remember, not every criticism has your name on it. So step back and consider the source.

consider the source كن توجه نقد اصل بهsingle out كردن انتخاب - the waiter isn't singling you out for trouble: his wife dumped him the night before.

dump كردن رهاcut up - the driver who cut you up isn't out to get you: he's rushing to the beside of a sick child. he's rushing to the beside of a sick child باشد بيمارش بچه كنار تا مي‌كندlet him in - let him in, boost him on his way. When you give people the benefit of the doubt like this, you'll

boost him on his way بگيريد تحويلش بيشتر feel soothed by your grace.

doubt

soothe

grace

the gentle art of verbal self-defence خود از كالمي دفاع ظريف هنر ب - in the Gentle Art of Verbal Self-Defence, Suzette Elgin suggests dividing an attack into its parts

unspoken and responding to the unspoken assumption--without playing the victim.

assumption

تحقير - - كردن پست ترحم روي از

كردن - خوار توهيننامند ... مي را آن ديگر اي گونه به

) انتقاد ) جز به هست چيزي هر كه

گويي - رك صفا خلوص

روده - شكمشده - زده زبان زخم سينه بر شده كوفته مشت

) خطرناك - - - ) نادرست بدطينت فاسد

شكستن - كردن منحرفنوك - - پيكان خارترقي - دادن ترقي

تدبير - استراتژي

كردن - خالي كردن تخليه

كردن - خراب كردن خرد

تو - بيايد بدهيد اجازه باشيد پذيرا را او

شك - - دودلي نامعلوميكردن - - آرام كردن دلجويي دادن تسكين

بركت - - و فيض بخشايندگي بخشيدن

نشده - فاش سربستهفرض - - پنداشت انگاشت


victim قرباني bait - the secret is to examine what was said--and unsaid-- before you get emotionally involved.

critic - face your critic.

stand up to - it's not easy to stand up to insults.

one trick is to be direct بكنيد مستقيم مقابله كه اين حل ه - one trick is to be direct. Defuse the negatvie comment with come-backs such as "is there any

defuse reason you would want to hurt my feelings?" as an alternative, ask the person to clarify his or her

comeback statement: "what did you mean by that?"

alternative

as an alternative كه اينست آن جايگزين حل راهyou are on to their game شديد متوجه را بازيشون حق ما - as soon as critics know you are on to their game they will leave you alone. Nothing shames more

being caught in the act گرفتن كاري انجام حال در را سي than being caught in the act.

material - someone once said to a friend of mine, "a new skirt? That looks like material you'd use to

upholster upholster a chair." the women replied, "well, come and sit on my lap."

devote - another woman told me about her mother, who has devoted her life to keeping an immaculate

immaculate house. One day the mother spied a cobweb in hey daughter's kitchen and asked, "what's that"

spy (spied) كردن جاسوسي her daughter quipped, "a nature project." making light of life is one the best weapons against insults.

cobweb عنكبوت تارquip

a nature project طبيعت نقشهmaking light of life زندگي گرفتن سادهwit - a quick wit can cope with almost anyone.

quick wit جواب حاضر گوي بذلهcope

set up signals

towel حوله - she began carrying a small towel, and whenever he made a hurtful remark she put it on her head.

embarrass he was so embarrassed that he stopped.

come up - another family came up with a phrase that serves the same purpose. Once after Sunday dinner,

that serves the same purpose مي‌كند بيان را هدف همان their guest commented."oh, that was wonderful! Chicken is cheap these days, isn't it?

serve a purpose

cutting remark دار نيش عبارت - now, whenever one of them makes a cutting remark, someone says, "chicken is cheap," and they

brush off all laugh.

go along كردن همراهي - brush it off. Go along with whatever is said. If your wife says, "you've gained about 20 pounds,

persist haven't you, dear? Respond: "actually it's closer to 25." if she persists, "aren't you going to do

remark anything about it?" try: "probably not, just be fat for a while." a remark has power only if you grant it

دادن - طعمه داممنتقد - - نگوهشگر نقدگر

ايستادن - چيزي مقابل در كردن مقابله

كردن - خنثي كردن خطر بيقانوني - - - دليل بهانه توجيح جواب

متناوب - پيشنهاد چاره

ماده - جنسمبل - روكشيدن زدن رومبلي

كردن - فدا كردن وقفمرتب - و تميز F كامال معصوم

گفتن - ايهام كنايه

طبع - - لطافت مزاح گويي بذله

شدن - حريف برآمدن عهده از- عملكردمتقابل كنيد وضع خود براي را نشانه‌هايي

دادن - خجالت شدن شرمسارشدن - مطرح آمدن پيش

داشتن - منظور بودن هدفي حامل

) كردن - ) پوشي چشم ادبانه بي اخراج

كردن - اصرار كردن سماجتتوجه - بيان اظهار


grant power. By being agreeable, you immobilize it.

agreeable

immobilize

by being agreeable, you دهيد نشان موافق را خودتون خصimmobilize it داريد مي باز حركت از را آن

ignore - ignore the insult. Note the comment, realize, it doesn’t belong to you and simply let it go. The

survival بقا ability to forgive is one of the most important survival skills we can cultivate.

cultivate

wipe (off ) كردن پاك - next time someone zaps you, wipe an imaginary spot off your shirt. When the person asks what

imaginary you are doing, say, "oh, I thought something hit me, but I must have been mistaken."

spot لكه I must have been mistaken باشم كرده اشتباه بايدfeign - or feign lack of interest. Blink, yawn, look away. People hate to think they're boring.

blink

yawn

assault - try to accept some verbal assoult as the normal venting of the frustration we all enounter. Most of

verbal assaults كالمي حمالت us try not to insult others, but on occasion we make mistakes.

venting

encounter

on occasion مواردي درten per cent of the time اوقات درصد ده - ten per cent of the time, something you've just bought will turn out to be cheaper elsewhere.

turn out

thoughtless - ten per cent of the time, even your best friend may say something thoughtless and regret it.

regret

develop a thick skin باشيد كلفت پوست - in other words, develop a thick skin. It is often easier to assume that people are doing the best

impact they can, and that many are simplyh unaware of the impact of their behaviour.

decline - after a man had verbally attacked buddha, he responded, "my son, if someone declined to accept a

abuse present, to whom would it belong?" the man answered, "to him who offered it." "and so" said Buddha

establish "I decline to accept your abuse."

worth - the world is full of people who establish their worth by degrading others. They have pockets and

degrade purses full of put-downs--and they'll hand them out to anyone.

purse پول كيفput down

hand

كردن - - - تعهد كردن اعطا اعطا بخششماليم - - دلپذير سازگار

داشتن - نگه ثابت انداختن حركت از

پوشيدن - - چشم پنداشتن ناديده كردن رد

پروراندن - - كردن ترويج كردن كشت

تصوري - خيالي

بستن - بخود كردن وانمودكردن - باز سريع دوباره و بستن را پلك كردن تجاهل

كشيدن - خميازه كردن دره دهنتهاجم - حمله

ريختن - بيرون دفعبا - شدن مواجه شدن روياروي

) برگرداندن - ) كردن وارونهفكري - - بي از ناشي مالحظه بي فكر بي

خوردن - تاسف شدن نادم

تاثير - اثرگذاشتن - - زوال به رو نپذيرفتن كردن رد

) اهانت - - ) به كردن بدرفتاري استفاده سوءكردن - - اثبات كردن احراز كردن برقرار

بهاء - - قيمت ارزشكردن - پست دادن خفت

) اهانت - ) كردن پستدادن - انجام را كاري دست با دادن


hurl - refuse to accept their insults, even when hurled under the guise of love. By ignoring them, you'll

guise reduce tension, strengthen your relationships and increase your joy.

under the guise of love دوستي و عشق لواي درaffectionate - an insult may look very affectionate.

disregard - points that people disregard.

observation - everyday observations.

neutralize كردن خنثي - some hurting words can be neutralized by asking questions about them.

sympathetic - tender: loving; kind; sympathetic.

fellowship - company: fellowship; friendship; gathering.

gathering

award - grant: give; award

instruct - clothes shops usually instruct their sales staff to watch out customers who switch sizes of one part

watch out of a two piece outfit.

staff كارمندانswitch كردن عوضoutfit كردن تجهيزtwo-piece outfit تكه دو لباسahead - once, a woman ahead of me was buying pyjamas. While she was rummaging out her handbag, the

pyjamas assistant checked both sections in her purchase and said, "madam you have a small top and a large

rummage bottom"

rummage out آوردن در زياد جستجوي باhandbag

assistant

section

indignant - indignant, the customer looked him and replied, "you don’t look so great either!"

our home was on the market بود فروش معرض در ما خانه - our home was on the market, and estate agents were constantly showing it to prospective buyers.

estate agents امالك مشاورينprospective

come into season رسيد فرا گيريش جفت زمان - I was away at work each day, so this was not a problem until my beautiful persian cat came into

tom-cat نر گربه season. Anxious that she remain indoors, I put up a large sign: "please do not let cat out!"

invasion - another agent must have let your tom-cat out, because he was waiting at the door while I was …

directness - assault: attack; invasion -- candour: sincerity; honesty; directness.

spin (spun) - cobweb: the web spun by a spider.

spider عنكبوت

انداختن - كردن پرتظاهر - ماسك

خونگرم - مهرباننكردن - اعتنا گرفتن ناديدهنظر - - مالحظه مشاهده

غمخورا - - دلسوز همدردصحبتي - - هم دوستي رفاقت

اجتماع - - انجمن گردآوريدادن - - پاداش گذاردن امانت جايزه

) به - ) دادن تعليم كسي به كار نحوه بيانمواظب - بودن مراقب

كسي - حركت امتداد در جلوخواب - لباس پيژامه

كاويدن - كردن رو و زير

كوچك - - چمدان زنانه كيف دستي كيفمغازه - شاگرد دستيار

قطعه - قسمتمتغير - - رنجيده خشمگين

احتمالي - اين از بعد به مربوط

هجوم - تاز و تاختبودن - مستقيم صراحت

ريسيدن - تنيدن


steady - constant: regular; steady.

shaky - dizzy: shaky; unstable; unsteady.

unstable

disgrace - embarrass: shame; disgrace.

imitate - feign: to pretend; to imitate.

asylum پناهگاه - haven: asylum; refuge; shelter.

flawless عيب بي - immaculate: clean; tidy; flawless.

draw in - involve: to draw in as a participant.

participant

inconsiderate - rude: impolite; inconsiderate.

tactic شيوه - strategy: design; tactic; approach.

discharge - vent: to release; to discharge.

UNIT 24

moral

sense

what is right است درست و حق آنچهlegal rights

obligations

morality

principles of good behaviour خوب رفتار اصولanalysis

functional

dictate

conscience وجدان puzzle

puzzling relation آور شگفت رابطهconsequence

capture

betray به كردن خيانتfellow

give in

محكم - - - استوار مدام پي در پيمتزلزل - - لرزان لرزنده

نااستوار - متزلزلرسوايي - - آوردن خفت توهين

كردن - پيروي كردن تقليد

كشيدن - تو آوردن در حلقه درشريك - كننده شركت

مالحظه - بي پروا بي

تخليه - كردن خالي

معنوي - - اخالقي اخالقمعني - - حس شعور

مشروع - حقوق قانوني حقوقوظايف - الزماتاخالقيات - سيرت

موشكافي - - تحليل تجزيهاساسي - كاركردي

كردن - - تحميل دادن دستور كردن امر

معما - شدن متحير

نتيجه - - اثر پيامدگرفتن - - گرفتن غنيمت كردن دستگير

شخص - مردآمدن - در پا از شدن تسليم


reward

handsomely

torture

inform

over از پيشshield

criminal

accomplice

grudgingly

milder

nonordinary

correspondence

frequent

designate

altruism

loyalty

possibly

cohesiveness

rest به بودن متكيoccurrence

namely

violate

customary

overt

violation

confine

choice انتخاب persist

doggedly

exemplify

laboratory

terms شرايط persistence

nonreinforced

دان - اجر دادن پاداش) سخاوتمندانه - ) مطبوع بطور

دادن - - عذاب دادن زجر دادن شكنجهدادن - - گزارش گفتن دادن اطالع

كردن - - - حفاظت پوشش سپر حاميمجرم - جاني

جرم - - معاون جرم شريك همدستميلي - بي روي از لج يا كينه روي از

نرم - - - - خفيف مهربان سست ماليمغيرمعمول - غيرعادي

مطابقت - ارتباطمكرر - شونده تكرار

كردن - - - نامزد گماشتن برگزيدن كردن معينغيرپرستي - - دوستي بشر پرستي نوع

وظيفه‌شناسي - - وفاداري صداقتبهيچوجه - - F اصال شايد

چسبندگي - پيوستگي هم به

حادثه - - - - رخداد رويداد تصادف اتفاقنام - - - ذكر با بنام مثال براي يعني

) شكستن - - ) از كردن تخلف كردن مختلعرف - - مرسوم عاديعلني - - واضح آشكار

تخطي - تخلفكردن - منحصر كردن محدود

كردن - - اصرار كردن پافشاري كردن سماجتلجوجانه - سرسختانه

دادن - نشان نمونه با فهمانيدن مثال باالبراتور - آزمايشگاه

پافشاري - اصرارنشده - - تقويت مستحكم غير غيرمسلح


in the face of عليرغمextinction

common-sense terms عرف اصطالح درindicating determination عزم كننده مشخصwill ارادهstrength of character نهاد تواناييspecify

self-satisfaction

inner-direction دروني رهبريat times

captor كننده اسيرprisoner

sensibly محسوس يا نمايان بطورreasonably

strictly

opportunistic طلب فرصتgain

compliance

common definition كلي تعريفweigh

involve بودن شاملaccording to

decision rule گيري تصميم قانونanomalous

anomaly

pose

common sence

systematized relations

systematize

classical economics كالسيك اقتصادbehaviourist

behaviourist learning theories رفتارگرايي يادگيري فرضياتoperant

relevant

سازي - - - خاموش اعدام انقراض انهدام

كردن - - مشخص كردن معين كردن تعيينخشنودي - خود نفس ارضاي

اوقات - - گاهي گاهي گاه گاه گاه

اسير - زنداني

دليل - با معقوالنه - F دقيقا F اكيدا

بردن - فايده آوردن بدستفرمانبرداري - - - مطلوبيت تسليم اجابت

داشتن - - وزن كردن وزن سنجيدن

مطابق - طبق بر

شباهت - - بي متناقض غيرعادينابهنجاري - - قاعده خالف متعارف غير

قراردادن - - گذاردن كردن مطرحسليم - عقل عرف

اصولي - روابط يافته نظام روابطبه - دادن اسلوب كردن قاعده يا روش داراي

رفتارگرايي - رفتارگرا

كاركننده - - عامل موثرمناسب - مربوط


procedure

systematic اصولي to what extent حدي چه تاmoral outcomes اخالقي نتايجsubstitution

errorless

trail and error خطا و آزمونsocial trend اجتماعي روندgradually

aversive آزارنده slavery

abolish

Harvard's B. F. skinner هاوارد دانشگاه استاد اسكينر فpoint (out) كردن نشان خاطرwage

wage society كارگري جامعهmaintenance

reinforcement

lash

productive

ingenuity

alter

continual

establish

maintain كردن حمايتsubtle

define كردن تعريفexplicitly

objective

repertoire

organism

approximation

explicity specified شده مشخص روشني بهin the desired direction نظر مورد جهت در

شيوه - - - روش عمل طرز رويه

جايگزيني - - تعويض جانشينيخطا - بدون خطا نداشتن

رفته - رفته بتدريج

داري - برده بردگيبرانداختن - - كردن منسوخ بردن ميان از

كردن - - اجير اجرت دستمزد

نگهداري - ابقاءمدد - - تقويت استحكام

شالق - تازيانهبار - پر حاصل پر

هوش - - نبوغ ابتكار قوهكردن - اصالح دادن تغيير

هميشگي - - پي در پي پيوستهنهادن - بنا كردن داير

دقيق - - ماهرانه زيرك

وضوح - بطور F صريحامعقول - مقصود

فهرست - - - مقدورات موجودي مجموعهارگانيسم - سازمان

تقريب - تخمين


establishment

training

implicit

irrelevant

unsuccessful

employ

exhort

train دادن آموزشpossibility

terminal repertoires نهايي هاي مجموعهto date حاال تاhaphazard

called development of morality مي‌شود ناميده اخالقي اصول عهraise

internalize

superego

pick up

psychoanalyst روانكاو castration

anxiety

castration anxieties

therapist

existentially وجودي بطورpostpone

environment محيط release كردن رهاcripple

bond

crippling bonds كننده فلج بندهاي و قيدregard

accompaniment

discrimination

dictate

altruistic نوعدوستانه

برپايي - تاسيسآموزش - - تعليم پرورش

ضمني - - شرط بي التزاميربط - بي نامربوط

موفقيت - عدم شكستكردن - - مشغول كردن استخدام گماشتن بكار

كردن - ترغيب و تشويق كردن نصيحت

احتمال - امكان

تصادف - برحسب اتفاقي

پروراندن - كردن اقامهكردن - دروني ساختن باطني

وجدان - - اماره نفس اخالقي شخصيتشدن - آشنا آوردن بدست

كردن - اخته اختگيدلواپسي - تشويش

درمانگر - شناس درمان

انداختن - تعويق به انداختن عقب

كردن - - فلج عاجز گير زمينالزام - - رابطه قيد

كردن - مالحظه نگريستنمشايعت - همراهي

تبعيض - گذاري قرقكردن - تحميل كردن امر


spontaneous

existential

انگيز - خود خود به خودوجودي - هستي به مربوط

developing reading proficiency 2

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