Development of Water Quality

Improvement Channel with Citizen

in Amagasaki Canal, Japan

Ryoichi YAMANAKA1, Yasunori KOZUKI1, Keisuke ISSHIKI2,

Sayaka MORI1, Mari MAEDA1, Hironori Okegawa1,

Hiroshi KAWAI3, Mamoru ISHIGAKI4, Takashi NAKANISHI5,

Hideki UESHIMA4 and Sumio HIRAI6

1 The University of Tokushima2 KOBELCO Eco-Solutions Co., Ltd3 Kobe University4 Hiroshima Institute of Technology5 Osaka City University6 Hyogo Prefecture

Table of Contents

1. Introduction

2. Method

New System of Water Quality Improvement

3. Results and Discussion

Effect of Water Quality Improvement Channel

Water Quality Improvement Activity with

Citizen

4. Conclusions

2/21

1. Introduction

3/21

Background ~Amagasaki Canal~

● Location of Amagasaki Canal

Closed by two water gates

Industrial area

This coastal area is surrounded

by vertical seawalls.

⇒Water pollution problem !!

Osaka

Bay

Pacific

Ocean

Japan

30㎞

Osaka

Bay

1km

Lockage

(Ama Lock)

Water gate

(Kitahori)

Amagasaki Port

Amagasaki Canal

4/21

Environmental Conditions

Water quality of Amagasaki Canal is one of the pollution area in the world !!

High concentration of

suspended solids

Eutrophication

Suspended Solids

Phytoplankton

Deteriorated sediment

Anoxic oxygen

Deteriorated sediment

Damage of

Blue tide

Industrial waste water

5/21

The Sea Blue Project of Amagasaki

~The Sea Blue Project of Amagasaki ~●Purpose : Water quality improvement

for recreation demand

●Requirement : Low cost, Low environmental load,

Sustainability

⇒Biological reduction function, Civic collaboration

New System of Water Quality Improvement

Objectives1. Applicability evaluation for new water quality improvement

technique in Amagasaki canal

2. Beginning new nutrient removal activity with children and

evaluation of the educational effect for parents6/21

2. Method

7/21

New System of

Water Quality Improvement

SS Removal

Aquarium1

Dissolved N&P

Removal Channel2

Composting3

Bivalve

Algae

8/21

Material Flow of New System

Surface seawater in canal

POC【Phy.pla】

PN【Phy.pla】

PP【Phy.pla】

1Catch

Transform ＆

Rejection

2

DIN PO4-P

Assimilation

3

Algae

Pick up the algae and bivalve

in the channel with local

people, after composting.

Bivalve

Vegetation

9/21

Experimental Equipment6

60

0

30

0

4600

9200

【Unit : mm】

Measurement items Period

Water

Quality

Temperature

Salinity

DOIn September

2007,

Once a monthDissolved inorganic

nitrogen (DIN)

＆ phosphorus (PO4-P)

AlgaeContained carbon and

nitrogen

October 2009

and

August 2010

Experimental condition

Length 120 m

Width 0.3 m

Depth Ave. 0.12 m

Flow rate 25 L/min

Residence time 2.7 hr

10/21

3. Results and Discussion

11/21

Results

Change in DIN and PO4-P concentration

in the channel in summer daytime

St.1 St.5

St.4

St.3

St.2

Inflow Outflow

⇒Concentration of nutrients decreased drastically from St.1 to

St.3. Therefore, we consider that efficient length of the

channel is only 60 meters in Amagasaki canal.

DIN PO4-P

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

St.1 St.2 St.3 St.4 St.5

PO

4-P

(mg/L)

Inflow O utflow

0

0.3

0.6

0.9

1.2

St.1 St.2 St.3 St.4 St.5

NH4-N

NO2-N

NO3-ND

IN (mg/L)

Inflow O utflow

12/21

Reduction function of DIN and PO4-P in daytime

St.1

St.3

R : Amount of reduction (mg/day)

CSt.1,3 : DIN and PO4-P concentration (mg/L)

Q : Flow rate (L/day)

Results

Summer time

0

20

40

60

80

100

1 3 5 7 9 11 1 3 5 7 9 11 1 3 5 7

D IN PO 4-P

Removal rate　（%）

【m onth】2008 2009 2010

0

4

8

12

16

0

1

2

3

4

1 3 5 7 9 11 1 3 5 7 9 11 1 3 5 7

D IN PO 4-P

DIN (gN/d

ay)

PO

4-P (gP

/day)

2008 2009【m onth】

2010

Amount of reduction Removal rate

R = (CSt.1 - CSt.3 )× Q

13/21

Design for Restoration Plant ①

⇒Twenty-nine 60m-channels are required for total industrial

waste water to meet environmental standards of Japan

(0.09 mg/L) for PO4-P.

Canal

Industrial waste water

Restoration Plant

CIN /

N : The number of channels (60m-channels)

I : Concentration of nutrients in

industrial waste water (mg/day)

C : Collecting algae in summer (mg/day)

Case1 Collecting algae in summer

once a year

14/21

⇒Five 60m-channels are required for total industrial waste

water to meet environmental standards of Japan (0.09 mg/L)

for PO4-P.

Design for Restoration Plant ②

N : The number of channels (60m-channels)

I : Concentration of nutrients in

industrial waste water (mg/day)

R : A maximum amount of reduction (mg/day)

RIN /

Canal

Restoration Plant

Case2Continue the best summer daytime removal

capability (Without collection of algae)

Industrial waste water

15/21

1.Algae cleaning in the channel with Junior high

school students

2.Education for Sustainable Development (ESD)

for elementary school

Water Quality Improvement

Activity with Citizen

16/21

Date ： August 18, 2010

Number of participants ： 10

Cleaning time ： 30min.

Picked up amount of algae : 13 wet.kg

Impressions ：

① It was a work worth doing

② Very tired !!

③ I feel like I improved water quality.

④ I enjoyed a lot!

⑤ I want to do this again !

Algae cleaning in the channel and composting

with local junior high-school students

Algae Cleaning in the Channel

Present for

local people

Bury algae in

the ground

Picked up algae

Composting

Potato

Raspberry17/21

ESD

The Restoration Plant can be used as a place

learning education for sustainable development

Age : 9 years old

Total number of participants

in 2010 : 440

Result of a questionnaire for

parents :

“Do you change in environmental

problems attitudes” (N=116)

興味・関心が向上興味・関心が低下変化なし

53.0%

9.1%

37.9%

Increase awareness

of the problems

Decrease awareness

of the problems

Not changes

興味・関心が向上興味・関心が低下変化なし

43.1%

5.2%

51.7%興味・関心が向上興味・関心が低下変化なし

43.1%

5.2%

51.7%興味・関心が向上興味・関心が低下変化なし

43.1%

5.2%

51.7%

18/21

Water Quality Improvement with

Citizen in Amagasaki Canal

Citizens

Hyogo Pref.

and Amagasaki City

Company University

New Water Quality

Improvement Plant

Elementary School,

Junior High School

and High School

19/21

Tidal flat

SS Removal

Aquarium

Dissolved N＆P

Removal

Channel

Compostin

g

ESD

First plant will be completed in this winter !!

10m

New Plant of Water Quality

Improvement

March, 2011Construction started

in December, 2010At present

20/21

4. Conclusions

Applicability of the water restoration plant using primary

production of autogenetic algae to the Amagasaki Canal is

confirmed by long-term field experiment. And beginning new

nutrient removal activity with children and evaluation of the

educational effect for parents

1.We found the effect of water quality improvement channel.

(5 to 29 60m-channels need total industrial waste water to

meet environmental standards of Japan for PO4-P.)

2.It's necessary that someone to cleanup decomposed sea

algae. We created a cooperative framework with a local junior

high-school and students, and composted algae.

This achievement means that new social-based water quality

restoration is starting at the Amagasaki Canal.

There is a prospective future to reclaim water environmental in

Amagasaki. 21/21

Thank you for your

attention

-3

-2

-1

0

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

8/6 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00 21:00 23:00 8/7 1:00 3:00 5:00 7:00 9:00

-3

-2

-1

0

0 30 60 90 120 150 180

8/6 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00 21:00 23:00 8/7 1:00 3:00 5:00 7:00 9:00

DO(mg/L)

supersaturated

hypoxia

Chl.a( g/L)

Water Quality of Amagasaki Canal in Summer

Results of investigation for 24 hours(Chl.a,DO) in summer

Chl.a was high in surface, and red tide occurred. DO was below 1mg/L at the bottom in

summer. Bottom water was chronic hypoxia. The stratification was kept through the

study period.

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

S t.1 S t.2 S t.3 S t.3-1 S t.3-2 S t.4 S t.5 S t.5-1 S t.6 S t.7 S t.8 S t.9 S t.11

2008.8.6 表層

P N

D O N

N O 3-N

N O 2-N

N H 4-N

0.39

4

0.93

1.41

0.57

4

0.81

4

0.60

4

0.42

6

0.82

2

0.43

6

1.32

1.77

2.7

0.53

0.00

6

0.06

6

0.01

6

0.07

6

0.07

2

0.09

0.07

0.01

8

0.05

6

0.00

4

0.11

4

0.04

0.04

6

0.00

4

0.06

8

0.00

3 0.68

7

0.09

1

0.56

6

0.72

9

0.74

1

0.98

5

0.79

0.18

7

0.08

9

0.22

0.34

0.93

1

調査地点

N(m

g/L)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

S t.1 S t.2 S t.3 S t.3-1 S t.3-2 S t.4 S t.5 S t.5-1 S t.6 S t.7 S t.8 S t.9 S t.11

2008.8.6 表層

P N

D O N

N O 3-N

N O 2-N

N H 4-N

0.06

6

0.19

2

0.02

2

0.11

4

0.07

8

0.07

6 0.09

8

0.09

8

0.09

4 0.09

2

0.13

6

0.06

4 0.1

0.09

8

0.12

8

0.11

8

0.12

6

0.00

6

0.09

4

0.02

4

0.02

8

0.21

4

0.04

0.02

8

0.62

4

1.17

1.31

0.46

2

0.19

1

0.54

4

0.61

1

0.6

0.17

1 0.35

7

0.22

5

0.63

6

1.46

1.7

2.12

0.53

7

0.3

0.03

4

0.19

1

調査地点

N(m

g/L)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

S t.1 S t.2 S t.3 S t.3-1 S t.3-2 S t.4 S t.5 S t.5-1 S t.6 S t.7 S t.8 S t.9 S t.11

2008.8.6 表層

P N

D O N

N O 3-N

N O 2-N

N H 4-N

0.39

4

0.93

1.41

0.57

4

0.81

4

0.60

4

0.42

6

0.82

2

0.43

6

1.32

1.77

2.7

0.53

0.00

6

0.06

6

0.01

6

0.07

6

0.07

2

0.09

0.07

0.01

8

0.05

6

0.00

4

0.11

4

0.04

0.04

6

0.00

4

0.06

8

0.00

3 0.68

7

0.09

1

0.56

6

0.72

9

0.74

1

0.98

5

0.79

0.18

7

0.08

9

0.22

0.34

0.93

1

調査地点

N(m

g/L)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

S t.1 S t.2 S t.3 S t.3-1 S t.3-2 S t.4 S t.5 S t.5-1 S t.6 S t.7 S t.8 S t.9 S t.11

2008.8.6 表層

P N

D O N

N O 3-N

N O 2-N

N H 4-N

0.06

6

0.19

2

0.02

2

0.11

4

0.07

8

0.07

6 0.09

8

0.09

8

0.09

4 0.09

2

0.13

6

0.06

4 0.1

0.09

8

0.12

8

0.11

8

0.12

6

0.00

6

0.09

4

0.02

4

0.02

8

0.21

4

0.04

0.02

8

0.62

4

1.17

1.31

0.46

2

0.19

1

0.54

4

0.61

1

0.6

0.17

1 0.35

7

0.22

5

0.63

6

1.46

1.7

2.12

0.53

7

0.3

0.03

4

0.19

1

調査地点

N(m

g/L)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

S t.1 S t.2 S t.3 S t.3-1 S t.3-2 S t.4 S t.5 S t.5-1 S t.6 S t.7 S t.8 S t.9 S t.11

2008.8.6 表層

P N

D O N

N O 3-N

N O 2-N

N H 4-N

0.39

4

0.93

1.41

0.57

4

0.81

4

0.60

4

0.42

6

0.82

2

0.43

6

1.32

1.77

2.7

0.53

0.00

6

0.06

6

0.01

6

0.07

6

0.07

2

0.09

0.07

0.01

8

0.05

6

0.00

4

0.11

4

0.04

0.04

6

0.00

4

0.06

8

0.00

3 0.68

7

0.09

1

0.56

6

0.72

9

0.74

1

0.98

5

0.79

0.18

7

0.08

9

0.22

0.34

0.93

1

調査地点

N(m

g/L)

Result of Nutrients (NH4-N,NO

2-N,NO

3-N,DON,DTN,TN)

Left : surface-1.0m

Right : bottom+1.0m

Canal had higher concentration of nitrogen nutrients than sea.

NH4-N was very high at the bottom of the canal.

1km

In canal

Sea

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

1.5

S t.1 S t.2 S t.3 S t.3-1 S t.3-2 S t.4 S t.5 S t.5-1 S t.6 S t.7 S t.8 S t.9 S t.11

P P

D O P

P O 4-P

0.08

8

0.00

6

0.11

6

0.10

2

0.11

8

0.12

2

0.04

4

0.11

6

0.01

8

0.01

6

0.04

2

0.00

2

0.02

7

0.00

9

0.02

8

0.04

9

0.04

1

0.05

1

0.01

7

0.03

60.00

3

0.00

6

P(m

g/L)

調査地点

20088.6 表層

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

S t.1 S t.2 S t.3 S t.3-1 S t.3-2 S t.4 S t.5 S t.5-1 S t.6 S t.7 S t.8 S t.9 S t.11

P P

D O P

P O 4-P

0.088

0.006

0.116

0.102

0.118

0.122

0.044

0.116

0.018

0.016

0.042

0.002

0.027 0.009

0.028

0.049

0.041

0.051

0.017

0.036

0.166

0.137

0.127

0.109

0.161

0.12

0.17

0.076

0.103

0.099

0.103

0.131

0.122

P(m

g/L)

調査地点

20088.6 表層

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

S t.1 S t.2 S t.3 S t.3-1 S t.3-2 S t.4 S t.5 S t.5-1 S t.6 S t.7 S t.8 S t.9 S t.11

P P

D O P

P O 4-P

0.17

2

0.43

0.77

6

0.34

0.42

8

0.31

2

0.19

6

0.39

2

0.21

0.42

4

0.91

4

1.33

0.24

4

0.01

8 0.02

5

0.02

7

0.12

8

0.11

1

0.08

2

0.28

4

0.2

0.16

7

0.07

2

0.28

1

0.20

9

0.42

4

0.00

9

P(m

g/L)

調査地点

20088.6 底層

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

S t.1 S t.2 S t.3 S t.3-1 S t.3-2 S t.4 S t.5 S t.5-1 S t.6 S t.7 S t.8 S t.9 S t.11

P P

D O P

P O 4-P

0.08

8

0.00

6

0.11

6

0.10

2

0.11

8

0.12

2

0.04

4

0.11

6

0.01

8

0.01

6

0.04

2

0.00

2

0.02

7 0.00

9

0.02

8

0.04

9

0.04

1

0.05

1

0.01

7

0.03

6

0.16

6

0.13

7

0.12

7

0.10

9

0.16

1

0.12

0.17 0.07

6

0.10

3

0.09

9

0.10

3

0.13

1

0.12

2

P(m

g/L)

調査地点

20088.6 表層

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

S t.1 S t.2 S t.3 S t.3-1 S t.3-2 S t.4 S t.5 S t.5-1 S t.6 S t.7 S t.8 S t.9 S t.11

P P

D O P

P O 4-P

0.17

2

0.43

0.77

6

0.34

0.42

8

0.31

2

0.19

6

0.39

2

0.21

0.42

4

0.91

4

1.33

0.24

4

0.01

8 0.02

5

0.02

7

0.12

8

0.11

1

0.08

2

0.28

4

0.2

0.16

7

0.07

2

0.28

1

0.20

9

0.42

4

0.00

9

P(m

g/L)

調査地点

20088.6 底層

Result of Nutrients(PO4-P,DTP,TP)

Left : surface-1.0m

Right : bottom+1.0m

1km

In canal

Sea

Canal had higher concentration of phosphoric nutrients than sea.Surface: 1.7 times, Bottom: 2.5 times

PO4-P was high at the bottom efflux from sediment

Pump up

water levelBottom Water Surface Water

Season2008 2009 2010

Spr. Sum. Aut. Win. Spr. Sum. Aut. Win. Spr. Sum.

Side wall

Bottom

Species of Algae in The Channel

Green AlgaeBrown Algae

2㎝ 10㎝ 2㎝

Blue-green Algae

2㎝ 2㎝ 2㎝2㎝

Green Algae Green Algae

Results

0

0.3

0.6

0.9

1.2

St.1 St.2 St.3 St.4 St.5

D ayNight

DIN　(m

gN/L

)

Inflow O utflow

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

St.1 St.2 St.3 St.4 St.5

D ayNight

PO

4-P　(m

gP/L

)

Inflow O utflow

Change in DIN and PO4-P concentration in the channel in summer

St.1 St.5

St.4

St.3

St.2

Inflow Outflow

Day :Reduction in the concentration of DIN ＆PO4-P were 40 ~ 75% , which were

similar to sewage treatment facility.

Night : The dead algae were decomposed by microorganism .

This is considered to be the cause of the increases of concentration of DIN

and PO4-P in the channel.

DIN PO4-P

Dissolved NP Removal Channel

Item

Period

Removal by algae in water

flow

Removal by collecion

of algae

N P N P

1 year483g

(5%)

74g

(5%)

1444g

(16%)

201g

(13%)

2 weeks in

summer

4.3g

(2%)

0.2g

(1%)

65g

(28%)

9g

(20%)

Experiment using LED in the

channel at nighttime

The Amagasaki Sea Blue Project

New Water Quality Improvement System

The Amagasaki Canal is great waterfront in a big city⇒ Many citizens will hope to be new utilizing of the canal.

However, It is impossible that water quality improvement by a civic undertaking

because of the budget deficit problem.

Amagasaki

Canal

Recreation Education

EventStudy

Objectives

1.Effect of system new water quality improvement

2.Efforts of water quality restoration with citizen

New Water Quality

Improvement Systems

CompostingC

SS

Nutrient （N.P）

Phytoplankton

SS Removal AquariumA

Inflow

Surface Water

【High SS】

Organic mud

Bottom Water

【Low O2 ＆ High

NP】

Dissolved NP

Removal ChannelBOutflow

Dissolve N,P

Taking up algae from

the channel and turning

removed sea algae into

compost.

Treated Water

【High O2 ＆ Low

NP】

＋O2

0

5

10

15

20

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

NightD ay

DO(m

g/L)

O xygen depletion line

(m )

≪O2 provided effect

for Primary Productivity of Algae ≫

Dissolved NP Removal Channel

Date Measurement item

17.August

2009

Temperature(○C) Salinity (psu) DO (mg/L)

Day Night Day Night Day Night

St.1 29.1 27.7 20.5 23.6 2.8 1.0

St.2 31.5 27.2 21.7 23.3 8.5 0.6

St.3 32.8 26.9 22.2 23.0 13.6 0.8

St.4 33.3 26.7 22.5 22.9 16.8 0.8

St.5 33.0 26.6 23.2 23.1 17.4 1.0

St.1 St.5

St.4

St.3

St.2

Inflow Outflow

Before

SS Removal Aquarium

2.5cm

After

40min

SS is removed 65%

a) 学習シートに聞いたことをメモ b) 淡水と海水の密度の違いを知る実験 c) ヘドロの観察

f) 運河に住む生物の観察

（沈水ネットの付着

生物）

d) 水のにごりを調べる実験

g) 二枚貝の水の浄化力実験 h) 運河の水をきれいにする方法の勉強

e) 運河に住む生物の観察（実験水路）

小学校3年生を対象とした環境学習実施風景

小学校名

環境学習参加人数（名）

2009年度 2010年度

成徳 41 40

明城87 12月

実施予定

西74 10/19

実施予定

若葉 － 19

表1 これまでの環境学習参加人数

2.5cm

図 環境学習後における児童の環境問題への取り組み姿勢の変化a）明城小学校 b）西小学校

図 環境学習後における保護者の運河への興味・関心の変化

●環境学習後，約1割の児童に環境問題へ積極的に取り組む姿勢の変化がみられた．

●環境学習で学んだことを子供から聞き，保護者のうちの約半数に運河への興味・関心の向上

がみられた．

●興味・関心が向上したグループと低下したグループ間で，子供が話した学習内容の数を比較

したが，差は見られなかった．

a）明城小学校 b）西小学校

興味・関心が向上興味・関心が低下変化なし

53.0%

9.1%

37.9% 興味・関心が向上興味・関心が低下変化なし

43.1%

5.2%

51.7%

積極的に取り組むようになった

変わりない

むしろ消極的になった

未記入

15.2%

78.8%

0%6.1%

積極的に取り組むようになった

変わりない

むしろ消極的になった

未記入

10.3%

86.2%

0% 3.5%