distributed problem solving and planning

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Distributed Problem Solving and Planning 96420-152 안안안

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Distributed Problem Solving and Planning. 96420-152 안재현. 개요. Introduction Task-Sharing Result-Sharing/Communication Planning : Conflict 의 제거 Conclusion. Introduction : Tower of Hanoi. Let f(n) = n 개의 접시를 옮기는 시간 f(n) = f(n-1) + 1 + f(n-1). 2 n - 1. another agent another agent - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Distributed Problem Solving and Planning

Distributed Problem Solving and Planning

96420-152안재현

Page 2: Distributed Problem Solving and Planning

개요

• Introduction

• Task-Sharing

• Result-Sharing/Communication

• Planning : Conflict 의 제거• Conclusion

Page 3: Distributed Problem Solving and Planning

Introduction : Tower of Hanoi

Let f(n) = n 개의 접시를 옮기는 시간f(n) = f(n-1) + 1 + f(n-1)

2n - 1

another agent another agent

f(n) = 2 allocation time+ f(n-1)+ 1 work time = about k * n ( k = const)

O(2n) becomes O(n) !

Page 4: Distributed Problem Solving and Planning

Really? Of course not!

Tower of Hanoi 문제에서 n = 30 일 때• single agent : time of about 1,000,000,000

• multi-agent : time of about 30 * k , but

– about 2,000,000,000 agents

– and about 1,000,000,000 communications

is needed!

Page 5: Distributed Problem Solving and Planning

How can we control the problems?

• task-sharing

• result-sharing/communication

more problems

• planning : conflict 를 어떻게 해결할 것인

가 ?

f(n)

f(n-1) 1 f(n-1)

Page 6: Distributed Problem Solving and Planning

Task Sharing

• Introduction

• Task Sharing– Finding Agents• Result Sharing / Communication• Planning : Conflict 의 제거• Conclusion

Page 7: Distributed Problem Solving and Planning

Finding Agents

• Task Sharing in Heterogeneous Systems⇒ assignment of subproblems is very complex

⇒ agents can have a table of agents

⇒ When all agents of the table are not available?

— Broadcasting Contracting— Retry— Announcement Revision— Alternation Decomposition

Page 8: Distributed Problem Solving and Planning

Result Sharing / Communication

• Introduction

• Task Sharing

• Result Sharing / Communication

– Why Communication is restricted?• Planning : Conflict 의 제거• Conclusion

Page 9: Distributed Problem Solving and Planning

Why Communications should be Restricted?

K? J? S?

A

• Distraction: 모든 agent 가 search space 상에서 동일한 경로로 이동함 .

A! A!

A

A! A! A!

Page 10: Distributed Problem Solving and Planning

Planning : Conflict 의 제거 1/2• Introduction• Task Sharing • Result Sharing / Communication

• Planning : Conflict 의 제거– Distributed Planning and Distributed

Plans– Distributed Planning and Execution• Conclusion

Page 11: Distributed Problem Solving and Planning

Distributed Planning and Distributed Plans

• Plan Merging

• Iterative Plan Formation

• Negotiation in Distributed Planning

Page 12: Distributed Problem Solving and Planning

Plan Merging• 여러 plan 이 세워진 경우 , 이들을 함께

실행할 경우 conflict 가 발생하는지 찾는다 .

• 문제 : plan 을 실행할 때 가능한 모든 경우를 처리하는 것은 불가능하다 .

⇒ 각 plan 에서 다른 agent 와 상호작용 ( 일반적으로 communication) 하는 경우만을 골라낸다 .

⇒ 한 가지씩 match 시키며 문제가 발생하는지 check 한다 .

Page 13: Distributed Problem Solving and Planning

Iterative Plan Formation

• Local planning 을 global plan set 의 behavior-space 에서의 search 로 간주하여Conflict 를 최소화하는 방향으로 이동함으로써 수행한다 .

• plan combination search : A* heuristic 이용• distributed hierarchical planning

• hierarchical behavior-space search

– using multiple levels of abstraction

f(n)

f(n-1) 1 f(n-1)

Page 14: Distributed Problem Solving and Planning

Abstraction level 에서의 decision

Communicate more details

Page 15: Distributed Problem Solving and Planning

Negotiation in Distributed Planning

• Conflict 가 detect 된 경우 ⇒ 해당 agent 사이에 negotiation 을 수행함⇒ agent 들 중 형편이 나은 쪽이 양보함 ex) 시간여유가 더 많은 것 가능한 대안의 수가 많은 것 등 .

• 일종의 cooperation 으로 볼 수 있음

• 각 agent 는 honest 한 것으로 가정함 .

Page 16: Distributed Problem Solving and Planning

Planning : Conflict 의 제거 2/2• Introduction• Task Sharing • Result Sharing / Communication

• Planning : Conflict 의 제거– Distributed Planning and Distributed

Plans– Distributed Planning and Execution• Conclusion

Page 17: Distributed Problem Solving and Planning

Distributed Planning and Execution

→ Coordination, Planning, Execution 의 관계• Post-Planning Coordination

• Pre-Planning Coordination

• Interleaved Planning, Coordination, and Execution

• Runtime Plan Coordination Without Communication

Page 18: Distributed Problem Solving and Planning

Post-Planning Coordination 1/2

• Planning → Coordination → Execution• 모든 agent 가 각각 planning 을 수행한다 .⇒ Plan 을 종합하여 coordinate 한다 .• Most classical strategy

• 문제점 : Execution 과정에서 예상치 못한 failure 가 발생한 경우 , coordinated plan set 전체가 failing 할 위험이 있다 .

Page 19: Distributed Problem Solving and Planning

Post-Planning Coordination 2/2

• 해결책 1: contingency planning⇒ 각 agent 는 expected plan 뿐 아니라 ,

가능한 모든 alternative case 를 준비한다 .

• 해결책 2: monitoring and replanning⇒ execution 과정을 monitoring 하여 ,

문제가 detect 되면 replanning 을 수행한다 .• Replanning with Coordination ⇒ overhead• Planning only abstraction level⇒execution time 에 세부사항을 replanning⇒coordination 과정이 필요하지 않음 .

Page 20: Distributed Problem Solving and Planning

Pre-Planning Coordination

• Coordination → Planning → Execution

• 가능한 Coordination restrictions 에 따라 Coordination 을 수행함

– ex) Social Law

자동차를 운전할 경우 , 다른 agent(운전수 ) 의 planning 에 대해 알지 못하는 상태에서 교통법규에 따라 수행 ( 즉 운전 ) 을 coordination 하는 것이 가능하다 .

Page 21: Distributed Problem Solving and Planning

Interleaved Planning, Coordination, and Execution

• Execution time 에 planning 과 coordination 이 수행되는 strategy

• more flexible than Pre- or Post- planning of coordination

Page 22: Distributed Problem Solving and Planning

Runtime Plan Coordination Without Communication

• In some applications, runtime recoordination is needed when agents cannot or should not communicate.

• Observation-based plan coordination

• Interference

Page 23: Distributed Problem Solving and Planning

Conclusion

• Task-Sharing

• Result-Sharing/Communication

• Planning