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High quality forage in modern farming
Christiaan HeijinkForage specialist
Content
•Intro: Importance of high quality forage•Monitor your grassland•Grassland and forage management•Discussion
Feed value of forages
Grass silage Alfalfa silage Corn silage
Sugar (g/kg DM) 80 5 10
Starch (g/kg DM) 0 0 320
NDF (g/kg DM) 460 475 380
NDF-digestibility (%) 72% 58% 53%
Crude protein (g/kg DM) 170 190 70
Energy for milk (VEM) 940 750 975
Dig. Protein (DVE) 75 45 50
Nutrient dynamics in ruminants
Protein Sugar StarchNDF
RumenProtein
Volatile fatty acids
MicrobialProtein
Protein Glucose & Fat
FEED
RUM
EN
BLOO
D
BY-PASS
BY-PASS
Nutrient dynamics in ruminants
Protein Sugar StarchNDF
RumenProtein
Volatile fatty acids
MicrobialProtein
Protein Glucose & Fat
FEED
RUM
EN
BLOO
D
BY-PASS
BY-PASS
Corn + alfalfa diet :
Nutrient dynamics in ruminants
Protein Sugar StarchNDF
RumenProtein
Volatile fatty acids
MicrobialProtein
Protein Glucose & Fat
FEED
RUM
EN
BLOO
D
BY-PASS
BY-PASS
Corn + grass diet :
Grass vs. alfalfa in feed rations
Price Alfalfa based Grass basedCorn silage 40,- 7,5 7,5
Alfalfa silage 39,- 7,5
Grass silage 52,- 7,5
Wheat straw 110,- 0,4 0,4
Soybean meal 400,- 0,5
Soybean meal by-pass 450,- 0,7
Concentrate mix 260,- 5,3 4,8
Total intake 21,6 20,8
Energy-supply 100% 104%
Dig. protein-supply 100% 100%
Feed costs/cow/day € 3,62 € 3,34
Grass in a corn-based diet
Price 30% grass 50% grassCorn silage 40,- 10,2 7,5
Grass silage 52,- 4,3 7,5
Wheat straw 120,- 0,8 0,4
Soybean meal 400,- 1,2 0,5
Concentrate mix 260,- 4,3 4,8
Total intake 20,8 20,8
Energy-supply 104% 104%
Dig. protein-supply 100% 100%
Feed costs/cow/day € 3,63 € 3,34
€ 105,- / cow / year
Feeding young stock
• Early development in calves, sets the stage for future milk production
• Higher average daily gain can result in as much as 900kg milk more in 1st lactation (average from 7 different studies)
• Calves need sufficient protein in their ration to optimize growth & rumen development
• Provide best possible roughage
Lucerne; the green source of protein
• A major forage crop in the world
• Fixes its own nitrogen from the air
• Drought tolerant
• Very palatable to animals
• Excellent protein source
Lucerne, a healthy crop for your soil
• Deep and intensive root system (1 – 3m): • improved soil structure• capillary rise • soil biological life
• Soil organic matter production:• Sowing year: 1350 kg OM/ha• 2nd year: 1600 kg OM/ha• 3rd year: 2300 kg OM/ha
• Nitrogen fixation brings 300 – 350 kg N/ha/year
Lucerne varieties
Advantages of Barenbrug varieties to “cheap ecotypes”:
•Ecotypes (domestic) have low adaptability to different areas•Barenbrug has tested in a wide area more persistent•Seed quality (germination, purity) of ecotypes is low•Barenbrug has selected all varieties for:
- yield- long term persistency- disease/drought resistance- forage quality (digestibility & protein)
Barenbrug variety
Ecotype variety
+ More leaves+ Less stems+ Healthier and stronger plant
= better forage quality= longer high yields
Importance of high quality forage
High quality forage results in :
•High feed intake•Increased total energy and protein intake•High liveweight gain (LWG) // Milk production •Higher possible stocking rate•More silage
BETTER ECONOMIC RESULTS
What is poor grassland? (1)
During growing season:
•Many plants are flowering•Many weeds•Slow regrowth •Wet areas on field after rainfall•Less than 75% good grasses
What is poor grassland? (2)
Harvest of silage or hay:
•Yield is too low•Crude ash% is too high•VC-OS is lower than 70%
Silage analyses will give you a note for your grassland!
Economic losses! :
Benefits of renewing pastures
Energy(MJ ME)
Old grassland Renewed grassland
Good grasses 11,1 60% 90%
Bad grasses 9,4 20% 4%
Weeds 8,8 10% 4%
Open spaces 0 10% 2%
Yield per ha 9200 11200
17000 MJ € 200,-
Pature renovation - reseeding
• Period:- Springtime - Late summer/early autumn
• Destroy old pasture• Good seedbed preparation and sowing• Fertilization according to soil analysis• Early weed control• First cut or grazing at low yield (2500-3000 ton)
Seedbed preparation
“Correct ploughing!”
Equalizing – exactly 90 to soil surface
Plough settings
Wrong ploughing
Seedbed preparation
• Leveling
• Flat and equal surface
• Top two centimeter
• Weed control (false seed bed)
“Failures will always be visible !”
Seedbed preparation
Seeding after seedbed preparation
• Seeding should be done in 1-2 days after • After 5 days the first weed seed have emerged and are
ahead of the grasses• If not, make a ‘false seedbed’ and kill weed seedlings by
harrowing (2-3 times is even better). After that, start seeding
(look into the upper layer of the seedbed what’s happening)
Optimal is:• Sowing depth: 1-1,5 cm• Sowing distance (rows) : 6-10 cm or broadcast sowing• Use a roller to ensure seed-soil contact• Grass seed sowing machine: Vredo, Hunter, Brillion, etc.• Sowing rate 40-50 kg/ha
Practise is:• Too deep sowing (>2 cm)• 15-18 cm row distance• No roller• Cereal sowing machines (Amazone, etc)• Low sowing rate less than 35 hg/ha
Sowing and technique
Sowing depth
1 cm deep, 8 days after sowing
Sowing depth
2 cm deep, 8 days after sowing
Sowing depth
3 cm deep, 8 days after sowing
Sowing depth
Difference in machines
Effects of wide row distance
Effects of wide row distance
False
Correct
Sowing advice when rows are too wide >10cm :
Sowing and technique
Square Cross
Weed control
• Under high weed pressure, apply herbicide. Select herbicide based on main weeds in the field.
• Watch out with clovers!
• After sowing, a first care cutting (15-20 cm) can be done to remove weeds and improve tillering
• On fields with expected high weed pressure, autumn sowing is recommended
Choose the right mixture
Focus on main goals:
•Grazing / cutting•High / low input•Climate and soil conditions
Choose the right mixture
Demands:•High dry matter yield•Winter hardiness•Persistency•Excellent disease resistance•Nitrogen efficiency•Digestibility•Forage quality
Fertilization
• Soil analysis are important• Growing grass requires per year*:
- 250 – 350 kg N- 75 – 95 kg P2O5- 350 – 400 kg K
• Clovers can deliver 150 kg N• Slurry and manure are cheap and
supply extra minerals
* Recommendations given based on sufficient soil elements
Effect of fertilizing
Low input
High input
Fertilization – practical tips
• Supply (animal) manure early in the season: as soon as the frost has gone, and the soil is not too wet
• Supply artificial fertilizer when grass growth starts soil temperature: 8 C
• If possible, select fields with low P and K-status for a higher amount of animal manure
Fertilization – practical tips
• Calibrate the fertilizer spreader for an equal distribution
Slide Slide 4646
Fertilization – practical tips
• Driving with heavy machines under wet conditions….
Reasons of winterkill grass
• Still active (growing) when winter comes• Too much nitrogen left in plant• Too long grass on the fields• Traffic on the fields
• Main reasons: frost damage and disease (Fusarium)
Too long in winter
No traffic on snow and frost
Fusarium
Grass going into winter
• Grass needs approximately one month to go dormant before winter
• No growth activity when the first frost and snow comes• No traffic on the fields if grass is frozen• No fertilizers, manure or slurry• Potassium (K) works as anti-frost: make sure enough K
has been supplied in 2nd half of season (Jul-Sep)• Grass length about 10 cm. = best guarantee for maximum winter hardiness
Clover
• Aim for 30-50% clover in the fields• Manage clover by cutting height:
- high cutting depress clover- low cutting improve clover
• Choose the best varieties for yield, persistency and winter hardiness
bloat
White clover (%) 0 20 100 8040 60
optimu
m
N-lossesDM-yield
Animal performance
High
Low
Clover
Cutting management
• Start harvesting at the right time
• Silage at 35-45 cm for highest feed quality
• Cutting height 5-6 cm, no lower!
• Short field period (max. 3 days)
Cutting regime: 3 vs. 2 times
Difference is €300,- / ha !!
Silo management - harvesting
Basic rules:•Harvest at optimum DM: 35-45%•Fill up the silo in thin layers•Good compressing•Close silo a.s.a.p.
Silo managemant - feeding
Maintain quality by:•Check coverage weekly to avoid air penetration•Feeding speed per week: > 2.00 mtr. (to avoid warming up)•Sharp cutting edges to avoid air penetration and heating up
Conclusions
• Monitor your pasture and do structural renovation• Take the best mixtures for your situation• Optimal forage management for the best
economic results at your farm
“Great in Grass”