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Thermal-Infrared Radiometer & Microwave Radiometer 7.1 (Radiometer)7.2 Thermal-Infrared Radiometer7.3 Radar7.4 Microwave Radiometer7.5 (Remote Sensing of Sea Surface Physical Parameters7.6 Directional Spectrum of the Wind Waves
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7.1 (Radiometer) visible and infrared radiometerthermal infrared radiometermicrowave radiometer
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visible and near-infrared radiometerchlorophyll concentrationsuspended matter concentrationdiffuse attenuation coefficient at 490 nmwater vapor contentsea surface temperaturesea surface wind vectortotal column precipitable water vaporsea surface salinity
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MVISRNOAAAVHRR COCTSSeaStarSeaWiFSEOS-AMTerraEOS-PMAquaMODIS ERS-1/2ATSR-MAlong-Track Scanning Radiometer & Microwave RadiometerATSR
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Seasat-A Nimbus-7SMMRDMSPSSM/I7EOS-PM AquaAMSR-E12ADEOS-IIAMSR14JERS-1Tropical Rainfall Measuring MissionTMITRMM Microwave Imager10
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NOAA/TIROSAMSU-AAdvanced Microwave Sounding Unit23305090GHz15AMSU-B90150190GHz5TOPEX/PoseidonTOPEX TMRTOPEXs Microwave Radiometer18.021.037.0 GHzJason-1JasonJMRJasons Microwave Radiometer18.723.834.0 GHzMOSMSRMicrowave Scanning Radiometer23.831.4
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7.2 Thermal-Infrared Radiometer
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3 MODIS
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7.2.1 Observation of Thermal-Infrared Radiometer on the Sea Surface Temperature infrared radiometer30
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7-1
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3.74.1m1012m1050 km10km
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visible and near-infrared radiometer 6000Kthermal infrared radiometer 300K
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1 23.710.5 3
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SST11
SST
MCSST315m, 0.1mm,1m
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7.2.2 SST
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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7.2.3 MODIS MODISModerate Resolution Imaging Spectro-Radiometer360.645 m14.235 m
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7-1MODIS
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MODIS3132MPSSTMiami Pathfinder SST algorithm 7-1
NOAAAVHRRMCSSTT31 MODIS31AVHRR4 T(31)(32) MODIS32 31 AVHRR4532 31T(31)(32) -MODISTiLiTiLiTi
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7-2 in situ observations7-1 MPSST
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3.7m4.1m SST1012mMODIS203.660m3.840 m223.929m3.989 m234.020m4.080 m 7-2
iMODIS2022 23SSTMCSSTMulti-Channel SST algorithm 7-3
ij MODIS2022 23fd 7-4
ab c m n pNASABrown Minnett 1999ab c m n p
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RALMODIS RALMODISLinear MCSSTLinear Multi-Channel SST algorithm 7-5
Ts Ti iNLSSTNon-Linear SST algorithm 7-6
TbTi-TjAVHRR SSTAVHRR45in situ buoy dataNLSSTa 0 = 1.42a 1 = 0.94a2 = 0.098a3 = 0.88
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7-2TERRA MODIS SST
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7.3 Radar7.3.1 7.3.2 7.3.3 7.3.4
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7.3.1 Beam Width of Radar Df(x)=1 I(0)I() (7-7)
3-10( (7-8)
7-77-8 (7-9)
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(7-10)
sin() (7-11)
2half-power beam width
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7.3.2 Directional Parameters of Antenna
normalized directional distributionFn, (7-12)
I,radiant intensityFn,gainthermal attenuationG (7-13)
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radiant efficiencythermal attenuation (7-14)
PtP0Pt-P0directional coefficientD, (7-15)
directional coefficientD,1normalized directional distributionFn,1
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7.3.3 Relation between Radiance and Temperature
-Rayleigh-Jeans Law (7-16)
LfradianceTbtemperature of the blackbodykbBoltzmann constantwavelengthnon-blackbody (7-17)
LfradianceTapapparent temperaturethermodynamic temperature
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(7-18)
1/2AEeffective area.AEFn, (7-19)
brightness temperatureTA (7-20)
TA7-18
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7.3.4 Antenna Transfer Function
thermal attenuation
(7-21)
Taoutput temperature of antennaTAbrightness temperature of antennaT0physical temperature of antenna7-187-21 (7-22)
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7-20 (7-23)
efficiency of main petal of antennaam (7-24)
m[Tap]mn[Tap]n7-217-22antenna transfer function7-217-23 (7-25)
amTa
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Nfband widtht (7-26)
an interval of timetN (7-27)
f = 2108Hz = 0.2GHzt = 0.1, N 2107emissivity
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7.4 Microwave Radiometer
7.4.1 7.4.2 7.4.3 7.4.4 7.4.5 7.4.6 SSM/I
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7.4.1 Introduction to Microwave Radiometer
:CXK
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7-3
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zenith angleview angle
incidence angle
6 GHzTbTSdTb/dTS6 .63GHz 49
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7-3
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7-4SSM/I
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7-5AMSR-E Characteristics
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7-6AMSR Characteristics
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SSM/I
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7-4AQUAAMSR-Ehttp://aqua.nasa.gov/
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7.4.2 Radiative Transfer Equation in Microwave Bands 300GHz-Rayleigh-Jeans Lawbrightness temperatureradiance (7-28)
LzzkaLzkaLBz5-447-28 (7-29)
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- (7-30)
T,happarent temperatureTu,hhview angle or zenith angle of observationeTseTsTzzair temperaturekabdzkabdzdzt0h (7-31)
0, h0hoptical thickness
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7-5
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(7-32)
T(,h)TuFresnel reflectanceTgal Tcosgalactic noisef>3GHzTgal
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Tu t Td 7-30TuTd (7-33) (7-34)
kabdz = d(z, h)Tu (7-35)
TAeAeAaAaAt1
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7.4.3 Microwave Emissivity of a Calm Sea Surface
e (7-36) (7-37)HV
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4-564-57
Debye equation4-66
r, TS, SSTSSSSSTSSS
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7-6=00C 30C35psuFresnel reflectance
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L1.4GHz010
e-U1015/
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7.4.4 Microwave Emissivity of a Rough Sea Surface two-scale modeldirect emissivity model.
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L-TbTS (7-38)
e, f, , Ts, Ss, U10,fTsSs10U10
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Bragg scatteringspecular reflection
Yueh19941997e (7-39)
S
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7.4.5 Sea Surface Emissivity Model based on Small Slope Approximation
Tb (7-40)
TSTS ee0eTh,v=eTsbrightness temperature variation
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Irisov1998SPASmall Perturbation ApproximationSSASmall Slope ApproximationIrisov2000WuFung1972Two-Scale Model
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Sea Surface Emissivity Model based on Small Slope Approximatione (7-41)
ghvghgvghgvfr kWk,,
eWk,, U10ghgvr
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(a) Th (b) Tv7-7Lf=1.4GHzThTvTSSS=0=0
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20U10
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180uncertainty=0=180Th,v180Lf=1.4GHz
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(a) 0 (b) 107-8LThTvTS=12CSS =35psuU10=10m/s
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7-9010Th+Tv
- 20U10
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7.4.6 SSM/ISSM/I Algorithm on Sea Surface Emissivity
7-40SSM/IWentz1997SSM/I (7-43) e0eTh,v=eTshvTS
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e0Wentz1997e0 (7-44)
TStt =TS -273.16q = -5148<
- 48<
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7-77-447-46
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7.5 Remote Sensing of Sea Surface Physical Parameters
7.5.1 7.5.2
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7.5.1 Sea Surface Temperature Retrieval Algorithm for Microwave Radiometer
SMMR SSTStatistical Inversion methodD-D-Matrix methodSST
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TBAMSRDiAMSR D0 = - 2.178E+02D16.9V= 1.639E+00D26.9H= - 7.777E-03D310.6V= 1.657E-01 D410.6H= - 9.669E-02D5(18.7V)= 1.590E-02D6(18.7H)= - 4.331E-02D7(23.8V)= 1.720E-01 D8(23.8H)= 9.6450E-02 D9(37.0V)= - 1.734E-01 D10(37.0H)= - 3.419E-01D-SSTAMSRAMSR-E
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JERS-1Tropical Rainfall Measuring MissionTMITRMM Microwave ImagerTMID-SST (7-48)
TMIAVHRRD0 = - 1.67E+02D110.7V= 1.78E+00D210.7H= - 1.15E+00D319.4V=1.72E+00 D419.4H= - 9.34E-01D5(21.3V)=3.23E-02D637V= - 1.71E+00D737H=8.79E-01AVHRRTMID0 = - 2.05E+02D110.7V= 1.868E+00D210.7H= - 7.84E-01D319.4V=3.21E-02 D419.4H= - 2.19E-02D5(21.3V)=4.93E-02D637V= - 2.04E-01D737H=8.07E-02
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DMSPSSM/ISpecial Sensor Microwave/ImagerD-SSTSSM/I (7-49)
SSM/ID0 = - 1.2003E+02D119.4V= 3.2346E+00D219.4H= - 1.7780E+00D322.2V=3.2509E-01 D437V= - 2.1854E+00D5(37H)=8.5434E-01
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7.5.2 Sea Surface Wind Retrieval Algorithm for Microwave Radiometer
D-ERTSSM/IERTERTSSWSSM/ISSM/I-GSWTBSSM/IDiD0 =147.90D119.4V= 1.0969D222V= - 0.4555 D337V= - 1.7600D4(37H)=0.7860
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7-8SSM/I-GSW
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Petty1993SSM/I-GSWPSSM/I-GSWin-situ water vaporSSM/IWVWater Vapor (7-51) SSM/IPetty1993SSM/I-GSWresidualCORcorrection
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SSM/I-GSWP (7-53)
WGSWSSM/I-GSWWGSWPSSM/I-GSWPWCOR50SSM/I-GSWSSM/I-GSWP15m/saccuracy2m/s
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7.6 Directional Spectrum of the Wind Waves
7.6.1 7.6.2 7.6.3
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7.6.1 Directional Spectrum of the Wind Waves for Deep Water
Liu Yan 1995Liu 19982000Liu2003Liu2003wind speedinverse wave ageinverse spectral widthslopeLiu2003
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Liu2003elevation (7-54)
awDk, directional spreading functionpspectral-peak angular frequencypspectral-peak angular frequency at directionb
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. (7-55)
U1010mwind speed at a height of 10 m in a neutrally stable atmosphere cm = 0.23m/s
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a p
fully developed wind waves=1.0developing wind waves
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p
w
Dk,
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kppb
p
=0.08
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7.6.2 Spectrum of Gravity-Capillary Waves
Liu Yan1995Liu20002003 (7-56)
threshold wind friction velocity =0.030.05m/s
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dissipation factor
1 =0.001=01 =0.0002=1802 =0.00005=90
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e =0.0011(rad/cm)-2.5(cm/s)-0.75spectral-peak enhancement factor
p =0.6k900
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7.6.3 Omni-Directional Curvature Spectrum of Wind Waves
kwavenumberdispersion relation
surface tensiong
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slopefirst-order derivation of sea surface elevationcurvaturePhillips1985degree of saturation (7-57)
=0Sk, kdirectional spectrum of sea surface elevationdirectional wavenumber spectrumBk, Bkomni-directional curvature spectrum
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Liu2003
Blong(k, )Bshort(k, )max
DurdenVesecky1985Apel1994Elfouhaily1997Kudryavtsev1999
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7-107-577-59103m/s21m/s2m/s
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a DurkenVeseckyYueh1997 bApel Apel 19947-11103m/s21m/s2m/s
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cElfouhailyElfouhaily1997 dKudryatsev Kudryavtsev1999
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7-127-577-59U10=2.5m/sU10=11-13m/s
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End
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(5-44)