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LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä 1 © Wärtsilä
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LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä 2 © Wärtsilä
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LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä 3 © Wärtsilä
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4 © Wärtsilä
From now on…ECA / SECA
Established Emissions Controlled Areas
Emissions Controlled Areas under consideration
Shipping critical points
LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä 4 © Wärtsilä
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Factor trends: Environment
LOCAL
GLOBAL
LOCAL
LOCAL
Acid rains
Tier II (2011)
Tier III (2016) NOx
Greenhouse effect
Under evaluation by IMO CO2
Acid rains
Sulphur content in fuel SOx
Direct impact on humans
Locally regulated
Particulate matter
LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä 5 © Wärtsilä
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How to deal with emissions?
LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä
BEFORE AFTER
6 © Wärtsilä
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Fuel spray
Otto or Diesel cycles: effects on NOX
LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä
Nikolaus August
Otto
Rudolf Christian Karl
Diesel
Flame front propagation
NOX formation
7 © Wärtsilä
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Otto or Diesel cycles: effects on NOX
LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä
Big temperature
difference
NOx formation!
Otto, max flame temp.
Diesel, max flame temp.
8 © Wärtsilä
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Select the right technology
LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä
* * * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * *
* *
GAS INJECTION
GAS INJECTION
GAS INJECTION
DUAL-FUEL (DF) Meets IMO Tier III
SPARK-IGNITION GAS (SG) Meets IMO Tier III
No redundancy
No HFO flexibility
GAS-DIESEL (GD) Does NOT meet IMO Tier III
High gas pressure
9 © Wärtsilä
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DUAL-
FUEL (DF)
GAS-DIESEL
(GD)
Gas burning technologies
LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä
SPARK-IGNITION
GAS (SG)
1987 1992 1995
10 © Wärtsilä
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The marine favourite technology?
LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä
* * * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * *
* *
GAS INJECTION
GAS INJECTION
GAS INJECTION
DUAL-FUEL (DF) Meets IMO Tier III
SPARK-IGNITION GAS (SG) Meets IMO Tier III
No redundancy
No HFO flexibility
GAS-DIESEL (GD) Does NOT meet IMO Tier III
High gas pressure
11 © Wärtsilä
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Wartsila‘s choice
LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä
* * * * * * * * * * *
GAS INJECTION
DUAL-FUEL (DF) Meets IMO Tier III
1 IMO Tier III compliant
2 Low pressure gas
3 Fuel flexibility; GAS, MDO and HFO
12 © Wärtsilä
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Emission values with low pressure DF
13 © Wärtsilä
CO2
NOx
SOx
Particulates
Dual-Fuel engine
in gas mode
Diesel
engine 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Emission
values [%]
-25%
-85%
-99%
-98%
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What about methane slip?
Total hydro carbon contribution
to CO2 equivalent emissions
-10%
-23%
Methane slip = THC emissions
(Total Unburned Hydrocarbons)
No regulations or limits
regarding methane emissions
exist
Methane is 20...25 times
stronger green house gas than
CO2
The DF- Technology reduces
the total CO2 footprint
compared to HFO
Potential to further reduce the
methane slip on DF-engines by
further development
14 © Wärtsilä
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NOx emissions
Wärtsilä
2sDF
Significant reduction of NOx
emissions due to the low pressure
DF technology
clearly below IMO Tier III
without exhaust gas after
treatment
port fee discounts
HP
15 © Wärtsilä
Source: Market-based Instruments for NOx abatement in the Baltic Sea by Per
Kågeson
Wärtsilä
4sDF
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LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä 16 © Wärtsilä
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Dual Fuel 4s Engine Portfolio
LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä
17 © Wärtsilä
0 5 10 15
50DF
20DF
46DF
0.5 -1.8 MW
3,0 – 10,0 MW
6.2 -18.3 MW
5.8- 17.5 MW
20
34DF
• LNG Carriers
• Cruise ships
• RO-RO/PAX
• Ferries
• Large Offshore Units
• Small LNG / CNG
vessel
• Small cargo vessels
• Supply vessel
• Offshore application &
Production
• Aux. engines with
W50DF
• LNG Feeder
• Jack-up
• Tugs
• Small cargo vessels
• Barges
• Small ferries
• Aux. engines with
W34DF & W50DF
• LNG Carriers
• Cruise ships
• RO-RO/PAX
• Ferries
• Large Offshore
Units
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Wärtsilä’s New 2s - DF Engine Portfolio
From 4775 kW to 25.800 kW
Low pressure
2s–DF engines
19 © Wärtsilä LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä
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Engine characteristics – 4s Operating modes
* * * * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
Intake of
air and gas
Compression of
air and gas
Ignition by
pilot diesel fuel
Otto principle
Low-pressure gas admission
Pilot diesel injection
Gas mode: Ex. In. Ex. In. Ex. In.
Intake of
air
Compression of
air
Injection of
diesel fuel
Diesel principle
Diesel injection
Diesel mode: Ex. In. Ex. In. Ex. In.
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Engine characteristics – 2s Operating modes
The Principle
Engine operating according to the Otto
process
Pre-mixed ‘Lean burn’ technology
Low pressure gas admission at ’mid
stroke’
Ignition by pilot fuel in pre-chamber
21 © Wärtsilä
Scavenging Compression/
gas admission
Ignition
expansion
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Pre-chamber technology
Gas admission system
Engine Control & Automation
system
Micro-pilot common rail system
2s Engine systems
A few key technologies make the difference...
22 © Wärtsilä LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä
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Vent outlet
Venting valve
4s Engine systems - Gas fuel system (1/2)
Double-wall gas manifold
LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä 23 © Wärtsilä
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4s Engine systems - Gas fuel system (2/2)
Gas manifold
Gas bellows
Fine filter
Gas valve
Gas nozzle
Gas valve electrical connection
Inlet valve
LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä 24 © Wärtsilä
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4s Engine systems - Pilot fuel system (1/2)
Pilot-fuel common rail 900bar
Pilot fuel quill pipe
Twin-nozzle injection valve
Inlet valve
Injection valve electrical connection
LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä 25 © Wärtsilä
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4s Engine systems - Pilot fuel system (2/2)
Pilot solenoid valve
Pilot needle
Main needle
LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä
For optimum pilot and diesel fuel distribution
26 © Wärtsilä
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Engine control and cylinder load balancing based on
cylinder pressure sensors
• First target:
• Increased safety
– More reliable knock detection
– Real misfire detection
– Maximum cylinder pressure control
• Future targets:
• Automatic engine power control
– “Real” derating control
• Improved fault detection/ diagnostics for preventive maintenance
• Increase of load due to better engine control and possibility to
run closer to maximum cylinder pressure and knock limits
LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä
Optimised cylinder load balancing
27 © Wärtsilä
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Cylinder pressure sensors
LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä
30% reduction in peak pressure fluctuation • increased safety
• improved performance
No cylinder pressure balancing With cylinder pressure balancing
28 © Wärtsilä
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Dual-Fuel engines Overview - Conventional carriers
Petrojarl 1
FPSO
Petrojarl
2x 18V32DF
> 2x 34’000 running hours
Sendje Ceiba
FPSO
Bergesen
1x 18V32DF
> 22’000 running hours
Viking Energy / Stril pioner
DF-electric offshore supply
vessel
Eidesvik
Kleven Verft
4x 6R32DF
> 4x 23’500 running hours
each
VS 489 LNG PSV
Eidesvik Offshore
Kleven Verft
2x 6R34DF + 2x 6L20DF +
E & A
Viking tbn (Gass Avant) hull
29/30
DF-electric offshore supply
vessel
Eidesvik
West Contractors
4x 6R32DF
Ship delivery 2007 / 2008
DF-electric offshore supply
vessel
Aker yards
3x W6L34DF
Engines delivery 2010
5 x DF-electric LNG Carrier
Exmar
12V32DF
Auxiliary generating sets
Chemical tanker conversion
Tarbit
2x 6L50DF (Conv) +
LNGPac
FPSO Quip P63
Floating production, storage
and offloading vessel
BW Offshore
3 x power modules with 2 x
Wärtsilä 18V50DF
alternators and auxiliaries
Engines delivery 2011
LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä 29 © Wärtsilä
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LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä 30 © Wärtsilä
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LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä 31 © Wärtsilä
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LNGPac- Fully Automated and integrated solution
C. Dual-Fuel Main engine
A. Storage tanks
B. Evaporators
A complete and modularized
solution for LNG fuelled ships
C B
A
D. Dual-Fuel Aux engines
D
E. Bunkering station(s)
F. Integrated control system
E
F
LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä 32 © Wärtsilä
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LNGpac Main Components
GVU
Bunkering
Station
Tank room Main Engine Room Gas
Valve
Bunkering line,
insulated pipes
Bottom tank
filling
Pressure build
up evaporator
LNG – gas evaporator
Water/Glycol
system
LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä 33 © Wärtsilä
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Tarbit LNGPac: A turn key solution
Tank room –
All cryogenic valves
Auxiliary equipment
room
Length minimized
LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä 34 © Wärtsilä
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Inner tank – sloshing baffle
LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä 35 © Wärtsilä
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Installations today
Engine room,
gas safe area
GVU room,
Ex Zone 1
GVU
Fuel
Gas
Tank Air out
Air in *
Forced ventilation
Gas hazardous area
Gas safe area Single wall fuel gas pipe
Double wall fuel gas pipe
* to double wall fuel gas feed pipe annular space
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Installation with GVU enclosure
G
V
U
Fuel
Gas
Tank
Air in
Forced ventilation
Enclosure
Saved space!
Gas safe area
Double wall fuel gas pipe
Engine room,
gas safe area
LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä 37 © Wärtsilä
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Gas Valve Unit in enclosure
Main features
• Can be located in the same engine
room, dedicated compartment not
needed
• Compact design and easy installation
(plug-and-play concept)
• Integrated ventilation system when
combined with LNGPac
LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä 38 © Wärtsilä
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REFERENCES
Wärtsilä scope of supply:
2x LNGPac™ 500m³
Horizontal, double-walled tank with
vacuum-perlite insulation
2x Bunkering Station, 400m3/hr,
including vapour return
Process Control Automation & Safety
System
Autonomy: 12 days @ 80% load
Gas feed interconnection between
tanks
2x 6L50DF (4-stroke, 5700kW)
Vessel: Bit Viking – 25000DWT Chemical Tanker
Owner: Tarbit (Sweden)
Yard: STX (Finland)
Number of vessels: 1 (conversion, year built 2007)
Classification: GL
Delivery: 2011
Main vessel characteristics:
Length x Width(m): 177,0 x 26,0
Speed: 15,0 kts
DWT: 25.000 tonnes
39 © Wärtsilä May 2014 LNGPac™ Customers Presentation
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REFERENCES
Wärtsilä scope of supply:
2x LNGPac™ 200m³
Horizontal, double-walled tank with
vacuum-perlite insulation
1x Bunkering Station, 400m3/hr,
including vapour return
Process Control Automation & Safety
System
Gas feed interconnection between
tanks
Integrated auxiliary room
Cold Recovery System
4x Generator Set 6L50DF (4-
stroke, 5700kW)
Vessel: Viking Grace - Ropax
Owner: Viking Line (Sweden)
Yard: STX (Finland)
Number of vessels: 1 (new building)
Classification: LR
Delivery: 2013
Main vessel characteristics:
Length x Width(m): 218,0 x 31,8
Service Speed: 21,8 kts
GT/DWT: 57.000/5.030 tonnes
40 © Wärtsilä May 2014 LNGPac™ Customers Presentation
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REFERENCES
41 © Wärtsilä May 2014 LNGPac™ Customers Presentation
Wärtsilä scope of supply:
1x LNGPac™ 295m³
Horizontal, double-walled tank with
vacuum-MLI insulation
1x Bunkering Station, 200m3/hr,
including vapour return
Process Control Automation & Safety
System
Gas feed interconnection between
tanks
3x 6L34DF (4-stroke, 2880 kW)
2x Steerable Trusters
2x Transverse Thrusters
Integrated Automation & Power
management System
Vessel: Harvey Gulf - Platform Supply Vessel
Owner: Harvey Gulf Marine (USA)
Yard: Trinity Shipyards (USA)
Number of vessels: 6 (new building)
Classification: ABS / USCG
Delivery: 2014/2015
Main vessel characteristics:
Length x Width(m): 130
Speed: 20,0 kts
Passengers: 800
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LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä 42 © Wärtsilä
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Project data
LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä
Forecasted Operating Profile Days in port: 79 Days at sea: 281 Days off-hire: 5 TOTAL DAYS: 365
Capacity 20'600 m3
Wärtsilä engine Main engine 6RT-flex50DF MCR 8640 kW / 124.0 rpm CMCR 7620 kW / 115.4 rpm CSR (85% of CMCR) 6477 kW / 109.3 rpm
Wärtsilä engine Main engine 5RT-flex50-D MCR 8725 kW / 124.0 rpm CMCR 7620 kW / 115.4 rpm CSR (85% of CMCR) 6477 kW / 109.3 rpm
Forecasted ECA Operation Scenario A: 100% in ECA Scenario B: 80% in ECA Scenario C: 60% in ECA
43 © Wärtsilä
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Engine room configuration with 6RT-flex50DF
Gas
valve
unit
Gas
valve
unit
Gas
valve
unit
6RT-flex50DF CMCR = 7620 kW / 115.4 rpm
1352 kWe / 1200 rpm 8L20DF
Low pressure gas system
Very low el. power demand for LNG system
No exhaust treatment for ECA, TIER III compliance
LNG Pac LP
pump
&
evap. LNG Pac
1352 kWe / 1200 rpm 8L20DF
G
G
1352 kWe / 1200 rpm
8L20DF ~12 kWe
max. power
considered
for LP pump Gas
valve
unit
G
2 x 300 m3 LNG tanks
LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä 44 © Wärtsilä
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Engine room configuration with 5RT-flex50-D
5RT-flex50-D CMCR = 7620 kW / 115.4 rpm
Fuel consumption optimised main and
auxiliary engines
High-Sulphur HFO as main fuel
ECA and Tier III compliant through exhaust
gas treatment
G
G
G
Oil
Fired
Boiler
Hybrid
SOx Scrubber Exh.
Gas
Boiler
3-way Valve
1292 kWe / 900 rpm 8L20
To SOx
Scrubber
LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä 45 © Wärtsilä
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Scenario A – OPEX comparison
LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä
Loading and unloading is not included in the calculation
Prices used:
HFO: 650 USD/ton (16.9 $/mmBTU)
MDO: 1000 USD/ton (24.7 $/mmBTU)
LNG: 710 USD/ton (15.0 $/mmBTU)
Urea: 260 USD/ton
NaOH: 340 USD/ton
FW: 4 USD/ton
USD/EUR: 1.36
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
Alt. 1 6RT-flex50DF Alt. 2 5RT-flex50-D
[to
n]
Consumables per year
FW
NaOH
UREA
LNG
MDO
HFO
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Alt. 1 6RT-flex50DF Alt. 2 5RT-flex50-D
[U
SD
]
Thousands Consumables costs per year
FW
NaOH
UREA
LNG
MDO
HFO
Alt. 1 6RT-flex50DF
Alt. 2 5RT-flex50-D
[tons] [tons]
HFO 0 8792
MDO 163 0
LNG 7340 0
UREA 0 844
NaOH 0 669
FW 0 6021
Total 7503 16326
Alt. 1 6RT-flex50DF
Alt. 2 5RT-flex50-D
[USD] [USD]
HFO $0 $5'714'751
MDO $162'947 $0
LNG $5'211'702 $0
UREA $0 $219'397
NaOH $0 $227'471
FW $0 $24'085
Total $ 5'374'649 $ 6'185'703
46 © Wärtsilä
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Scenario A – Payback time
LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä
Payback time is based on consumable prices and maintenance cost assumptions used in
this comparison.
Alt. 1 6RT-flex50DF Alt. 2 5RT-flex50-D
CAPEX [USD] 12'450'000 8'090'000
CAPEX difference [USD] 4'360'000
OPEX per trip [USD] 5'503'867 6'800'106
OPEX per year [USD] 5'503'867 6'800'106
OPEX difference per year [USD] -1'296'238
Payback time [years] 3.4 base case
47 © Wärtsilä
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Scenario B – OPEX comparison
LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä
Loading and unloading is not included in the calculation
Prices used:
HFO: 650 USD/ton (16.9 $/mmBTU)
MDO: 1000 USD/ton (24.7 $/mmBTU)
LNG: 710 USD/ton (15.0 $/mmBTU)
Urea: 260 USD/ton
NaOH: 340 USD/ton
FW: 4 USD/ton
USD/EUR: 1.36
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
Alt. 1 6RT-flex50DF Alt. 2 5RT-flex50-D
[to
n]
Consumables per year FW
NaOH
UREA
LNG
MDO
HFO
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Alt. 1 6RT-flex50DF Alt. 2 5RT-flex50-D
[U
SD
]
Thousands Consumables costs per year
FW
NaOH
UREA
LNG
MDO
HFO
Alt. 1 6RT-flex50DF
Alt. 2 5RT-flex50-D
[USD] [USD]
HFO $1'200'554 $5'702'366
MDO $150'742 $0
LNG $4'173'071 $0
UREA $0 $175'674
NaOH $0 $182'138
FW $0 $19'285
Total $ 5'524'368 $ 6'079'463
Alt. 1 6RT-flex50DF
Alt. 2 5RT-flex50-D
[tons] [tons]
HFO 1847 8773
MDO 151 0
LNG 5878 0
UREA 0 676
NaOH 0 536
FW 0 4821
Total 7875 14811
48 © Wärtsilä
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Scenario B – Payback time
LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä
Payback time is based on consumable prices and maintenance cost assumptions used in
this comparison.
Alt. 1 6RT-flex50DF Alt. 2 5RT-flex50-D
CAPEX [USD] 12'450'000 8'090'000
CAPEX difference [USD] 4'360'000
OPEX per trip [USD] 5'653'241 6'597'105
OPEX per year [USD] 5'653'241 6'597'105
OPEX difference per year [USD] -943'864
Payback time [years] 4.6 base case
49 © Wärtsilä
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Scenario C – OPEX comparison
LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä
Loading and unloading is not included in the calculation
Prices used:
HFO: 650 USD/ton (16.9 $/mmBTU)
MDO: 1000 USD/ton (24.7 $/mmBTU)
LNG: 710 USD/ton (15.0 $/mmBTU)
Urea: 260 USD/ton
NaOH: 340 USD/ton
FW: 4 USD/ton
USD/EUR: 1.36
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Alt. 1 6RT-flex50DF Alt. 2 5RT-flex50-D
[to
n]
Consumables per year
FW
NaOH
UREA
LNG
MDO
HFO
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Alt. 1 6RT-flex50DF Alt. 2 5RT-flex50-D
[U
SD
]
Thousands Consumables costs per year
FW
NaOH
UREA
LNG
MDO
HFO
Alt. 1 6RT-flex50DF
Alt. 2 5RT-flex50-D
[tons] [tons]
HFO 3694 8754
MDO 139 0
LNG 4415 0
UREA 0 508
NaOH 0 402
FW 0 3621
Total 8247 13295
Alt. 1 6RT-flex50DF
Alt. 2 5RT-flex50-D
[USD] [USD]
HFO $2'401'109 $5'689'981
MDO $138'538 $0
LNG $3'134'440 $0
UREA $0 $131'950
NaOH $0 $136'806
FW $0 $14'485
Total $ 5'674'087 $ 5'973'223
50 © Wärtsilä
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Scenario C – Payback time
LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä
Payback time is based on consumable prices and maintenance cost assumptions used in
this comparison.
Alt. 1 6RT-flex50DF Alt. 2 5RT-flex50-D
CAPEX [USD] 12'450'000 8'090'000
CAPEX difference [USD] 4'360'000
OPEX per trip [USD] 5'802'614 6'394'104
OPEX per year [USD] 5'802'614 6'394'104
OPEX difference per year [USD] -591'489
Payback time [years] 7.4 base case
51 © Wärtsilä
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Conclusions
LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä
When considering annual operation of the vessel for 80% of the time or more
within ECA zones, the 2-Stroke DF technology provides a distinct advantage.
This is mainly due to its competitive OPEX figures that rapidly compensate
for the additional initial investment.
For operation within ECA zones for 60% of the time or less, the SCR paired
with the integrated SOx Scrubber solution builds on its comparatively lower
CAPEX with also reduced OPEX due to the lower utilization of SCR and SOx
Scrubber, making it a potentially more sensible solution.
This study is heavily influenced by the relation between HFO and LNG prices
and the assumed operating profiles of the vessel. For the purposes of
comparison, only time at sea, while sailing at service speed was considered.
Slow steaming and time at ports in loading and discharging operations would
change the overall picture.
52 © Wärtsilä
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LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä 53 © Wärtsilä
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Thank you for your attention!
LNG shipping Rostock 13.10.2014 - M. Hagedorn, Wärtsilä 54 © Wärtsilä