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MUTASI
Nama : Asvitri Dwi Utami
NIM : B1J008003
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MUTATION
Mutation event changes the nature of
the gene (the chemical composition of the
gene) or chromosome that causes changesto living things that are declining?
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The nature of mutations:
Rarely occurs in normal processes of DNAreplication
Mutations can not be known before it is due to:
Genes that have mutations not reveal themselves becausethe number of individual genes in very large
Gene is lethal
Genes are recessive
The emergence of free
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Kinds of mutations
Gene mutations / smallmutation / mutation point* Substitution bases:
~ Transition
~ Transversion: A T
~ Transversion: G C* Changes of nitrogen
base pairs
Chromosome mutations /aberration / largemutation consists
1. Changes set / aneuploidychanges in the number(n) it
2. According to the eventscan be categorized into 2
a. Autopoliploidi
b. Allopoliploidi
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Aneuploidy
Haploid / monoploid A B C
Diploid AA BB CC
Triploid AAA BBB CCC Tetraploid AAAA BBBB CCCC
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Changes doubling (aneusomi)
In general, somatic cell has 2n chromosomes.
Because of incorrect doubling of chromosomes
can lead to increased / decreased in number.
Examples:
Nullisomi2n 2
Monosomi 2n 1
Trisomic 2n + 1 Double trisomic 2n + 2
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normal nullisomi monosomi trisomy
2 n 2n - 2 2n - 1 2n + 1
Aneusomi may occur for several reasons,
including:
Anaphase lag chromatid events not attach to the
spindle in the process meosis 1
Nondisjungsievents failed separation of
homologous chromosome at anaphase of meiosis
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Human Aneusomi
Turner Syndrome (44A + X) = 2n 1
Phenotype women, the ovaries do not grow
Down syndrome (45A + XX / 45A + XY Klinefelter syndrome A + 44 pairs XXY
male phenotypes. But the testes do not grow
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Chromosome damage
Deletion of gene loss of some of the homologouschromosomes
Duplicationthe addition of some genes on thechromosomes homologous chromosome doves mate
Inversion is a rotating group of 360genes in thechromosome
Translocation is the process of exchange of genes fromthe chromosome to other chromosome are not
homologous Katenasi end of he chromosome adjacent to each other
to from a circle
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The factors that cause mutations
Spontaneous mutation /
natural changes by
itself
Factors: Heat, radiation, cosmic
rays, ultraviolet light,
ionizing internal, DNA
errors
Mutations artificial /
mutation induction in
human try with a purpose
a. l:
Radioactive material usage
for diagnosis, therapy, food
preservation
The use of nuclear
Radiation tv
Use of chemical, biological
and physical
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Mutagens
1. Material physics
Ultraviolet light, high temperatures, X rays, gamma rays,cosmic rays
2. Chemicals PesticideDDT
Nitrous acidcauses deamination of adenine, guanine,and cytosine
Amino Hidrosil (NH2OH) is a mutagen in the attack
bakteriofage DNA cytosine and uracil in RNA Colchicine
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Mutagens
3. Biological Material
Virus
Bacteria
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