;

68.26

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.(Oberlin1982)

6516511101

(representation)translations

Bruner1966

Leshreal scriptsmanipulative modelsstatic picturesX....spoken languagewritten symbol5+6=116x+y=76+5=8..

vs

.11.85.15.170.105

5

5

5

5

5

5

Cramer2006

268

268

268 25 22 34 30 192522 1930

26825 22 34 30 1925 19

268 25 22 34 30 1925 19

268 25 22 34 30 19253 1911

26825 22 34 30 19253 253

19111911

2230

196248115

19624811510020100205008

196248115101 503.5

1962481153024.5

1962481152.51.22.5

1962481152408

196248115

Polay

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4041010440410

1517

11820

1019