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Biodiversity is life
Biodiversity is our life
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Fishing Technology Interventions for
Conservation of Biodiversity
Dr. M.R. BoopendranathDr. M.R. Boopendranath
Central Institute of Fisheries TechnologyCentral Institute of Fisheries TechnologyP.O. Matsyapuri, CIFT Junction, CochinP.O. Matsyapuri, CIFT Junction, Cochin--682 029682 029
EE--mail:mail: [email protected]@hotmail.com
National Seminar on
Aquatic Biodiversity and its Conservation31 December 2010, CIFT, Cochin
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Estimates of the total number of species in theworld vary from 5 million to over 50 million (May,1998).
Number of accepted published species in theworld are close to 1,900,000 (Chapman, 2009).
The World Register of Marine Species(WoRMS) listed 2,07,286 valid marine species,as on December 2010.
Fish species listed in FishBase are 31,900 intotal and 2,473 species in India, as on
December 2010
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The most serious threats to aquatic biodiversityare:
Overexploitation
Pollution
Habitat destruction and fragmentation
Invasive alien speciesGlobal climate change
(Jackson et al., 2001; Dulvy et al., 2003; Pandolfi et al., 2003; Adger etal., 2005; Danielsen et al., 2005; Worm et al., 2005; Lotze et al., 2006).
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Overfishing and irresponsible fishing practices
have long been recognized as leading causesthat have reduced biodiversity and modifiedecosystem functioning (FAO, 1995; Jackson et al.,2001; Lotze et al., 2006; Worm et al., 2006).
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Status of world fish stocks (Data source: FAO, 2009)
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Global loss of species from LMEs: Trajectories of collapsed fishand invertebrate taxa over the past 50 years (Source: Worm et al., 2006)
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Fishing down effect is pervasive in worldfisheries, including Indian fisheries (Pauly et al.,2003; Vivekanandan et al., 2005; Bhathal, 2005; Bhathal andPauly, 2008).
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Fishing down marine food webs (Source: Pauly et al., 2003)
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Trends in mean trophic level of landings in India from 1950 to 2000(Bhathal and Pauly, 2008)
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Analysis of data from five ocean basinsrevealed 90% decline in numbers of largepredatory fishes (tuna, blue marlins, swordfishand others) since the advent of industrializedfishing (Myers and Worm, 2003).
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Depleton of predatory fishes (Source: Myers and Worm, 2003)
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Marine biodiversity loss is increasingly
impairing the ocean's capacity to providefood, maintain water quality, and recoverfrom perturbations.
Yet available data suggest that at this point,these trends are still reversible.
(Worm et al., 2006; 2009)
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Major commercial harvesting systems
Trawl nets
Surrounding nets
Gillnets and entangling nets
Hooks and lines
Traps
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Overcapacity in fisheries
There is a critical overcapacity in the worldfishing fleet. Over-fishing can have seriousconsequences for the entire marineenvironment.
Global fishing fleets are estimated to have acapacity 2.5 times greater than the
optimum (Schorr, 2004).
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Overcapacity in Marine Fisheries-India
10998
784
3694
2014
1558
19048
14862
29241
983
14183
8862
5642
58911
75591
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000
Mechanised trawlers
Mechanised purse seiners
Mechanised gill netters
Mechanised bag netters
Other mechanised boats
Total mechanised boats
Total motorised boats
Optimum fleet size (Kurup and
Devaraj, 2000)
Present fleet size (CMFRI, 2005)
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CCRF and Biodiversity Conservation
The CCRF (FAO, 2005) sets out principles and
international standards of behaviour forresponsible practices with a view to ensuring theeffective conservation, management anddevelopment of living aquatic resources that
give due respect for the ecosystem andbiodiversity.
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CCRF and Biodiversity Conservation
Section 6.6 under Article 6 (General principles)Section 6.6 under Article 6 (General principles)
prescribes that selective and environmentally safeprescribes that selective and environmentally safefishing gear and practices should be further developedfishing gear and practices should be further developedand applied, to the extent practicable, in order toand applied, to the extent practicable, in order tomaintain biodiversity and to conserve the populationmaintain biodiversity and to conserve the populationstructure and aquatic ecosystems and protect fishstructure and aquatic ecosystems and protect fish
quality. Where proper selective and environmentally safequality. Where proper selective and environmentally safefishing gear and practices exist, they should befishing gear and practices exist, they should berecognized and accorded a priority in establishingrecognized and accorded a priority in establishingconservation and management measures for fisheries.conservation and management measures for fisheries.States and users of aquatic ecosystems should minimizeStates and users of aquatic ecosystems should minimizewaste, catch of nonwaste, catch of non--target species, both fish and nontarget species, both fish and non--fish species, and impacts on associated or dependentfish species, and impacts on associated or dependentspecies.species.
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CCRF and Biodiversity Conservation
SubSub--section 7.2.2 under Section 7.2section 7.2.2 under Section 7.2(Management objectives) of Article 7 (Fisheries(Management objectives) of Article 7 (Fisheries
Management) prescribes that biodiversity ofManagement) prescribes that biodiversity of
aquatic habitats and ecosystems is conservedaquatic habitats and ecosystems is conservedand endangered species are protected.and endangered species are protected.
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CCRF and Biodiversity Conservation
SubSub--section 8.4.8 under Article 8 (Fishingsection 8.4.8 under Article 8 (Fishing
operations) prescribes that research on theoperations) prescribes that research on theenvironmental and social impacts of fishing gearenvironmental and social impacts of fishing gear
and, in particular, on the impact of such gear onand, in particular, on the impact of such gear on
biodiversity and coastal fishing communitiesbiodiversity and coastal fishing communitiesshould be promoted.should be promoted.
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CCRF and Biodiversity Conservation
Section 12.10 under Article 12 (FisheriesSection 12.10 under Article 12 (Fisheriesresearch) prescribes that States should carry outresearch) prescribes that States should carry outstudies on the selectivity of fishing gear, thestudies on the selectivity of fishing gear, theenvironmental impact of fishing gear on targetenvironmental impact of fishing gear on target
species and on the behaviour of target and nonspecies and on the behaviour of target and non--target species in relation to such fishing gear astarget species in relation to such fishing gear asan aid for management decisions and with aan aid for management decisions and with aview to minimizing nonview to minimizing non--utilized catches as wellutilized catches as wellas safeguarding the biodiversity of ecosystemsas safeguarding the biodiversity of ecosystemsand the aquatic habitat.and the aquatic habitat.
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Responsible Fishing Technologies
to Minimise Biodiversity Loss
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Reducing incidental catch of
non-target species, protected species andjuveniles in trawling
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Generation of bycatch in fish harvesting systems
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Responsible fishing technologies to minimise biodiversity loss
Size selectivity of fishing systems
Size selectivityFishing system
HighTrapsHighHooks and Lines
HighGill nets
Average to lowEntangling nets
Average to lowTrawls
LowPurse seines
(Hameed and Boopendranath, 2000)
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The shrimp trawl is a non-selective gear thatcommonly has an associated catch of non-targetedorganisms such as finfish and miscellaneousinvertebrates.
Kelleher (2004) has estimated total bycatch discardsin Indian fisheries at 58,000 t, which formed 2% ofthe total landings.
Pramod (2010) recently estimated the bycatch of
Indian trawlers as 1.2 million tBycatch of Indian shrimp trawlers: 70-90%, of whichabout 40% are juveniles (Pillai, 1998)
Responsible fishing technologies to minimise biodiversity loss
Trawl bycatch
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Discards - World Fisheries
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0.7
4.4
13.2
90.0
99.2
161.0
207.2
213.0
429.1
1217.9
0 100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
Gujarat
West Bengal
Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Maharashtra
Orissa
Karnataka
Andhra Pradesh
Tamil Nadu
Kerala
Total
Bycatch discards from trawlers, x103
t(Data source: Pramod, 2010)
Discards from Indian trawlers
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Typical landings of shrimp trawlersTypical landings of shrimp trawlers
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Trawl design improvementsTrawl design improvements
Mesh size optimizationMesh size optimization
Bycatch reduction devices andBycatch reduction devices andturtle excluder devicesturtle excluder devices
Juvenile and trash fish excluder devicesJuvenile and trash fish excluder devices
Responsible fishing technologies to minimise biodiversity loss
Trawl bycatch reduction
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Responsible fishing technologies to minimise biodiversity loss
Mesh size optimization
Typical selection curve for trawl codend
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Responsible fishing technologies to minimise biodiversity loss
Mesh size optimization
Mesh configuration under stressDiamond mesh netting stretched in normal direction (left), diamond mesh
netting turned through 90(middle) and square mesh netting (right
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BRDsBRDs are devices used to minimize the catchare devices used to minimize the catch
nonnon--targeted organisms during trawlingtargeted organisms during trawling
Principles of operationPrinciples of operation Size selectivitySize selectivity
Differential fish behaviourDifferential fish behaviour
Responsible fishing technologies to minimise biodiversity lossBycatch Reduction Devices (BRDs)
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Reduction in impact of trawling onReduction in impact of trawling onnonnon--targeted marine resourcestargeted marine resources
Reduction in damage to shrimps due toReduction in damage to shrimps due to
absence of large animals in codendabsence of large animals in codendShorter sorting timesShorter sorting times
Longer tow timesLonger tow times
Lower fuel costs due to reduced net dragLower fuel costs due to reduced net drag
Responsible fishing technologies to minimise biodiversity loss
Advantages of BRDs
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Brewer et al.(1998)
Responsible fishing technologies to minimise biodiversity loss
Soft BRDs Diamond mesh codend /window
Diamond mesh codend (top), square meshcodend (middle) and square mesh window on
diamond mesh codend (bottom)
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Responsible fishing technologies to minimise biodiversity lossSoft BRDs : Big eye BRD
Bycatch reduction: 11-33%
Shrimp loss: 2-4%(Boopendranath et al., 2008)
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Responsible fishing technologies to minimise biodiversity lossSoft BRDs : Sieve net
Bycatch reduction: 5-50%Shrimp loss: 5-15%
(Polet et al., 2004; Revill and Holst, 2004;Catchpole, 2008; Boopendranath et al., 2008)
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Brewer et al.(1998)
Responsible fishing technologies to minimise biodiversity lossHard BRDs : Rigid grid sorting devices
Bycatch reduction: up to 43%
Shrimp loss: 6-8%(Boopendranath et al., 2008)
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Brewer et al.(1998)
Responsible fishing technologies to minimise biodiversity loss
Hard BRDs : Fish Eye BRD
Bycatch reduction: 35-63%
Shrimp loss: 2-4%(Boopendranath, 2008)
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Responsible fishing technologies to minimise biodiversity loss
Juvenile and Trash Excluder Device (JTED)
Juvenile fish exclusion: 73%
Shrimp loss: 8%
(Eayrs et al., 2007 , 2008)
(adapted from Chokesanguan et al., 2004)
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JFE-SSD is an innovative BRD design to reducebycatch of juveniles with an integrated system forin situshrimp sorting.
Responsible fishing technologies to minimise biodiversity lossJuvenile Fish Excluder- cum-Shrimp SortingDevice (JFE SSD)
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Bycatch reduction: 29-43%
Shrimp loss: 3-5%
(Boopendranath, 2008)
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Turtle Excluder Device for protection of sea turtles
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CIFTCIFT--TED is a Turtle Excluder Device,TED is a Turtle Excluder Device,
appropriate for Indian fisheries, developed byappropriate for Indian fisheries, developed byCentral Institute of Fisheries Technology.Central Institute of Fisheries Technology.
CIFTCIFT--TED is being popularized in areasTED is being popularized in areasaffected by trawling induced turtle mortality, inaffected by trawling induced turtle mortality, in
collaboration with the respective Statecollaboration with the respective StateFisheries and Forest Departments, MPEDA,Fisheries and Forest Departments, MPEDA,WII and NGOs.WII and NGOs.
In addition to shrimp, it permits retention ofIn addition to shrimp, it permits retention ofmuch of nonmuch of non--shrimp demersal catch exceptshrimp demersal catch exceptlargelarge elasmobranchselasmobranchs and finfishesand finfishes
Responsible fishing technologies to minimise biodiversity loss
Turtle Excluder Device (TED)
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Perspective view of TED extension
Responsible fishing technologies to minimise biodiversity loss
Turtle Excluder Device (TED)
Responsible fishing technologies to minimise biodiversity loss
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Responsible fishing technologies to minimise biodiversity loss
CIFT-TED
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CIFT-TED: A view of the catch from TED-installed trawl net
(February 2001; Orissa)
A view of the Olive
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A view of the Olive
Ridley turtles whichescaped from the TED-installed trawl net;turtles are seenretained in the exit hole
codend(February 2001; Orissa)
Catch lossCatch loss
Total catchTotal catch : 2.4: 2.4--3.3 %3.3 %
Shrimps: 0.5Shrimps: 0.5--1.0 %1.0 %
Sea turtle exclusionSea turtle exclusion: 100%: 100%
(CIFT, 2003; Boopendranath et al., 2003;(CIFT, 2003; Boopendranath et al., 2003;
2010)2010)
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Reducing bycatchReducing bycatch Operational selectionOperational selection
Optimization of mesh size for the targetOptimization of mesh size for the target
species.species.
Medina panel and back down manoeuver toMedina panel and back down manoeuver to
prevent capture of cetaceans.prevent capture of cetaceans.
Responsible fishing technologies to minimise biodiversity loss
Purse seining
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Responsible fishing technologies to minimise biodiversity loss
Medina panel and back down procedure
Carangids caught by large mesh purse seine, off Cochin
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Reducing bycatchReducing bycatch Optimization of mesh size for the target species.Optimization of mesh size for the target species.
Optimization of Hanging Coefficient for theOptimization of Hanging Coefficient for the
target species.target species.
AcousticAcoustic pingerspingers as deterrents for cetaceansas deterrents for cetaceans..
Ghost fishing due to lost or abandoned gearGhost fishing due to lost or abandoned gear
Incorporating biodegradable or timeIncorporating biodegradable or time--releaserelease
elements in rigging.elements in rigging. Location and retrieval of lost gears.Location and retrieval of lost gears.
Responsible fishing technologies to minimise biodiversity loss
Gill netting
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Reducing bycatchReducing bycatch
Optimization of bait,Optimization of bait,hook size and shape forhook size and shape for
the target species.the target species.
Magnetic field to deterMagnetic field to deterelasmobranchselasmobranchs..
Responsible fishing technologies to minimise biodiversity loss
Long lining
Source: WWF
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Reducing bycatchReducing bycatch
Deep setting ofDeep setting oftunatuna longlineslonglines toto
prevent captureprevent capture
of sea turtlesof sea turtles
Streamer linesStreamer lines
and settingand setting
tubes to preventtubes to prevent
capture of seacapture of seabirds.birds.
Responsible fishing technologies to minimise biodiversity loss
Long lining
Source: WWF
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Optimization ofOptimization ofbait, trap mouthbait, trap mouth
size and shapesize and shape
for the targetfor the targetspecies.species.
Escape windowsEscape windows
for juveniles andfor juveniles andnonnon--targettarget
species.species.
Responsible fishing technologies to minimise biodiversity loss
Reducing bycatch in traps
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Choice of fishing areaChoice of fishing area
Choice of fishing depthChoice of fishing depth
Choice of fishing time and seasonChoice of fishing time and season
Responsible fishing technologies to minimise biodiversity loss
Operation related approaches for bycatchreduction
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Reducing bottom impact of towed gears
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Bottom trawling caused direct and indirectBottom trawling caused direct and indirectimpacts on marine environment and benthicimpacts on marine environment and benthiccommunitiescommunities (Hall, 1999; Kaiser and de(Hall, 1999; Kaiser and de GrootGroot, 2000;, 2000;Barnes and Thomas, 2005;Barnes and Thomas, 2005; MeenakumariMeenakumari et alet al., 2009).., 2009).
Approaches to minimise impacts include:Approaches to minimise impacts include:SemiSemi--pelagic trawl systemspelagic trawl systems
Benthic release panelsBenthic release panels
Ground gear modificationsGround gear modificationsOtter board designsOtter board designs
Responsible fishing technologies to minimise biodiversity loss
Reducing bottom impact of towed gears
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SemiSemi--pelagic trawling minimizes the bottompelagic trawling minimizes the bottom
impact as it operates a little distance aboveimpact as it operates a little distance abovethe sea bottom.the sea bottom.
CIFT SPTSCIFT SPTS--I is a semiI is a semi--pelagic trawl systempelagic trawl systemdeveloped by CIFT for smalldeveloped by CIFT for small--scalescalemechanised trawlers of India.mechanised trawlers of India.
Responsible fishing technologies to minimise biodiversity loss
Reducing bottom impact of towed gears
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Responsible fishing technologies to minimise biodiversity loss
Reducing bottom impact of towed gears
Artists perspective of CIFT SPTS-I
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A view of the catch of CIFT SPTS-I
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Responsible fishing technologies to minimise biodiversity loss
Pollution from fishing operations
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GHG emissions of Indian and World fishing fleet
1.7
1.13
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Global
Indian
CO2 released per tonne of live -weight of marine fish landed (tonnes)
(Source: Tyedmers et al., 2005; Boopendranath, 2008)
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GHG emissions of fishing systems in Indian waters
0.17
0.30
0.82
0.87
0.99
1.02
3.52
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Mechanised purse seining
Motorised ring seining
Mechanised gillnetting-cum-long lining
Large scale aimed midwater trawling
Mechanised bottom trawling
Motorised mini-trawling
Large scale bottom trawling
CO2 emission per tonne of fish landed (tonnes)Source: Boopendranath, 2000
Responsible Fishing Technologies to minimise biodiversity loss
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Low energy fishing techniquesLow energy fishing techniques
Low drag trawlsLow drag trawls
Pair trawlingPair trawlingEconomic vessel speedEconomic vessel speed
Hull design and displacement optimisationHull design and displacement optimisation
AntiAnti--fouling measuresfouling measures
Choice of enginesChoice of enginesRight sizing of enginesRight sizing of engines
Preventive maintenance of enginesPreventive maintenance of engines
Reduction gear, propeller size and propeller nozzleReduction gear, propeller size and propeller nozzle
SailSail--assisted propulsionassisted propulsionUse of advanced technology (Use of advanced technology (EchosounderEchosounder, GPS,, GPS,PFZ information, GIS)PFZ information, GIS)
Fleet managementFleet management
Responsible Fishing Technologies to minimise biodiversity loss
Approaches to energy conservation in fishing
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Responsible Fishing practices to minimise biodiversity loss
Lost and abandoned fishing gear and relatedmarine debris
Responsible Fishing practices to minimise biodiversity loss
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Responsible Fishing practices to minimise biodiversity loss
Lost and abandoned fishing gear and relatedmarine debris
Derelict fishing gear and related marine debris of plasticorigin is recognized as a critical problem in the marine
environment and for living marine resources in terms ofthe long-term sustainability of fish stocks and biodiversityconservation, due to ghost fishing and habitat loss andimpact on endangered species such as marine mammals
and turtles (Laist, 1987; Jones, 1995; Ayyappan et al. 2005; Derraik, 2002)
Responsible Fishing practices to minimise biodiversity loss
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espo s b e s g p act ces to se b od e s ty oss
Approaches to minimize plastic debris due toabandoned, lost or discarded fishing gear
Use twines, ropes, netting, connectors and shackles of
correct specifications and breaking strength, in fishinggear fabrication.
Introduce a system of marking fishing gears and
procedures for reporting of lost fishing gears and theirretrieval.
Compliance of MARPOL regulations which prohibits at
sea disposal of plastics and other synthetic materials.
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Responsible Fishing practices to minimise biodiversity loss
Approaches to minimize ghost fishing
Use biodegradable twines to connect the netting to floatsin gillnets. When floats are separated due to disintegrationof the link, the gill nets loose the fishing attitude andhence the ability to fish
Use biodegradable netting panels in trapsSalvaging lost fishing gear
Responsible Fishing practices to minimise biodiversity loss
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Garbage, waste oil and oily mixtures andemissions from the vessel operations
Pollution of the marine environment by ships of all types,Pollution of the marine environment by ships of all types,
including fishing vessels, is strictly controlled by theincluding fishing vessels, is strictly controlled by theInternational Convention for the Prevention of PollutionInternational Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
from Ships (MARPOL).from Ships (MARPOL).
The discharge of oily mixtures into the sea is prohibited.The discharge of oily mixtures into the sea is prohibited.The only allowable discharge of an oily mixture is whereThe only allowable discharge of an oily mixture is where
a discharge level of 15ppm is achieved through oila discharge level of 15ppm is achieved through oil
filtering/separating equipment. All vessels over 400 tonsfiltering/separating equipment. All vessels over 400 tons
are required to be fitted with this type of equipment.are required to be fitted with this type of equipment.
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Responsible Fishing practices to minimise biodiversity loss
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BRDs and TEDs need to be adopted and enforcedlegally, under a participatory management regime, in
order protect the biodiversity and prevent trawlinginduced sea turtle mortality.
Semi-pelagic trawling can be promoted as an alternativeto shrimp trawling in small mechanised trawl sector in
India, to minimize environmental impacts.
Conclusion and Recommendations
Responsible Fishing practices to minimise biodiversity loss
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Ecofriendly practices are to be promoted in purseseining, gillnetting, lining and trap operations, to minimizethe impact on non-target species and environment.
Technologies and procedures for minimization of GHGemissions from the fishing fleet need to be promotedthrough legislation, stakeholder education and training
Conclusion and Recommendations
Responsible Fishing practices to minimise biodiversity loss
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Procedures for minimization of plastic waste originating
from abandoned, lost or discarded fishing gear, need tobe adopted.
Strict compliance of MARPOL regulations for safedisposal of garbage, oil, oily mixtures and other residues
originating from fishing vessels operations, need to bepromoted and implemented.
Web-based National Registers of Aquatic Biodiversitymay be developed and maintained.
Conclusion and Recommendations
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Thank you
Happy New Year !
(Photo credit: David Balata)