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December2008
2008Update
Nicaragua
EpidemiologicalFactSheet
on HIV and AIDSCore data on epidemiology and response
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(WHO/SecondGenerationSurveillanceonHIV/AIDS,ContractNo.SANTE/2004/089-735)
CH-1211Geneva27
Switzerland website:http://www.who.int/hiv
Fax:+41-22-791-4834 http://www.unaids.org
Contactaddress
UNAIDS/WHOWorkingGrouponGlobalHIV/AIDSandSTI
Surveillance
email:[email protected]
20,AvenueAppia [email protected]
Extractsoftheinformationcontainedinthisfactsheetmaybereviewed,reproducedortranslatedforresearchorprivatestudybutnotforsaleorforuseinconjunctionwithcommercialpurposes.Anyuseofinformationinthisfactsheetsshouldbeaccompaniedbythefollowingacknowledgment"UNAIDS/WHOEpidemiologicalFactSheetsonHIVandAIDS,2008Update".
Source code revision 247
Latest data update 12/12/2008 11:33:00 AM
Report generation date 2/18/2009 4:20:36 PM
WithfinancialsupportfromtheEuropeanCommunity:
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Aboutindicatorsonhealthsector'sresponsetowardsUniversalAccess toHIV/AIDSpreventon,careandtreatment
InJune2001,HeadsofStateandRepresentativesofGovernmentsmetattheUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblySpecialSession(UNGASS)dedicatedtoHIVandAIDS.Atthemeeting,HeadsofStateandRepresentativesofGovernmentsissuedtheDeclarationofCommitmentonHIVandAIDS.TheDeclarationremainsapowerfultoolthatishelpingtoguideandsecureaction,commitment,supportandresourcesfortheAIDSresponse(1).TheUNAIDSSecretariatfacilitatesthemonitoringofnationalandglobalprogressagainsttheDeclarationofCommitment.ThismonitoringisbasedonthebiennialsubmissionofnationalgovernmentsofCountryProgressreports(2).IntheirCountryProgressReports,countriesarerequestedtoreportagainstasetof25coreindicators.TheseindicatorsweredevelopedandrefinedoverthreesuccessiveroundsofreportingbytheUNAIDSMonitoringandEvaluationReferenceGroup,incloseconsultationwithinternationalagencies,civilsocietyandnationalgovernments.Theseindicatorsrepresenttheminimuminformationnecessarytotracknationalresponsestotheepidemic. Footnotes: (1)CountryProgressreportsareavailableontheUNAIDSwebsiteat: http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/HIVData/CountryProgress/2007CountryProgressAllCountries.asp
(2)MoreinformationontheSpecialSession,theDeclarationandthemonitoringoftheDeclarationcanbefoundontheUNAIDSwebsite: http://www.unaids.org/en/AboutUNAIDS/Goals/UNGASS.
AbouttheUNGASS2008indicators
ProgressinthehealthsectoriskeytoachievinguniversalaccesstoHIV/AIDSprevention,treatmentandcare.WHO,astheUNAIDSco-sponsorleadingthehealthsectorresponsetoHIV/AIDS,iscommittedsincethe59thWorldHealthAssemblyin2006tomonitorcountries'healthsectorresponsestoHIV/AIDS,andreportannuallyonglobalprogress.Withinthiscontext,WHOhasdevelopedacoreframeworkof39nationallevelindicatorstomonitortheavailability,coverage,outcomesandimpactofpriorityhealthsectorinterventionsforHIVprevention,treatmentandcare(1).Theframeworkalsoincludesindicatorstomonitorhealthsystemcomponentstosupportscale-up,suchasdrugprocurementandsupplymanagementandhumanresources.Theselectionofindicatorshasbeenguidedbytheprincipleofmaximumalignmentwithrelated
internationalmonitoringprocesses,suchastheUNGASSDeclarationofCommitmentandindicatorstomonitorinterventionsforwomenandchildrenincollaborationwithUNICEFandtheInteragencyTaskTeamonthePreventionofHIVInfectioninPregnantWomen,MothersandtheirChildren.Dataarecollectedfromnationalprogrammesonanannualbasisincollaborationwithpartners.Aglobalreportonprogressinthehealthsectortowardsuniversalaccessispublishedeachyear,bringingtogetherdatafromnationalprogrammes,surveysandscientificliterature(2). Footnotes: (1)Frameworkformonitoringandreportingonthehealthsector'sresponsetowardsuniversalaccesstoHIV/AIDStreatment,prevention,careandsupport,WHO2007. http://www.who.int/hiv/universalaccess2010/UAframework_Final%202Nov.pdf (2)Towardsuniversalaccess:ScalinguppriorityHIV/AIDSinterventionsinthehealthsector,ProgressReport2008.WHO,UNAIDS,UNICEF2008.http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/2008progressreport/en/index.html
GlobalsurveillanceofHIV,AIDSandsexuallytransmittedinfections(STIs)isajointeffortofUNAIDSandWHO.TheUNAIDS/WHOWorkingGrouponGlobalHIV/AIDSandSTISurveillance,initiatedinNovember1996,isthecoordinationandimplementationmechanismforUNAIDSandWHOtocompileandimprovethequalityofdataneededforinformeddecision-makingandplanningatnational,regionalandgloballevels.Theprimaryobjectiveoftheworkinggroupistostrengthennational,regionalandglobalstructuresandnetworksforimprovedmonitoringandsurveillanceofHIV,AIDSandSTIs.Forthispurpose,theworkinggroupcollaboratescloselywithWHORegionalOffices,nationalAIDSprogrammesandanumberofnationalandinternationalinstitutions.Thegoalofthiscollaborationistocompilethebestinformationavailableandtoimprove
thequalityofdataneededforinformeddecision-makingandplanningatnational,regional,andgloballevels. TheEpidemiologicalFactSheetsareoneoftheproductsofthisclosecollaborationaroundtheglobe.Withinthisframework,theFactSheetscollatethemostrecentcountry-specificdataonHIVprevalenceandincidence,togetherwithinformationonbehaviourdeterminedtobeimportantinunderstandingtheepidemic.Informationwasnotavailableonalloftheagreedindicatorsformanycountriesin2007.However,theseupdatedFactSheetsdocontainawealthofinformationthatallowsfortheidentificationofstrengthsincurrentlyexistingprogrammesandforcomparisonsbetweencountriesandregions.TheFactSheetsmayalsobeinstrumentalinidentifyingpotentialpartnerswhenplanningandimplementingsurveillancesystems.TheWorkingGroupencouragesallprogrammemanagers,aswellasnationalandinternationalexperts,tocommunicatenewinformationtotheWorkingGroupwheneveritbecomesavailable.TheWorkingGroupalsowelcomessuggestionsforadditionalindicatorsorinformationthathasproventobeusefulinnationalorinternationaldecision-makingandplanning.
TheUNAIDS/WHOWorkingGrouponGlobalHIV/AIDSandSTISurveillance
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Source:
Basicindicators
ForconsistencyreasonsthedatainthetablebelowaretakenfromofficialUNpublications.
Lifeexpectancyatbirth(years) 2006 71 WorldHealthStatistics2008,WHO
Maternalmortalityratio(per100000livebirths) 2005 170 WHO,UNICEF,UNFPAandTheWorldBank,2007
Crudedeathrate(deathsper1000pop.) 2007 4.7 UNPopulationDivision
Under5mortalityrate(per1000livebirths) 2006 36 WorldHealthStatistics2008,WHO
Infantmortalityrate(per1000livebirths) 2006 29 WorldHealthStatistics2008,WHO
Totalfertilityrate(perwoman) 2006 2.8 WHOStatisticalInformationSystem(WHOSIS)
Crudebirthrate(birthsper1000pop.) 2007 24.9 UNPopulationDivision
Populationaged15-49(thousands) 2007 2908 UNPopulationDivision
Totalpopulation(thousands) 2007 5603 UNPopulationDivision
Demographicdata Year Estimate Source
%ofpopulationinurbanareas 2007 60 UNPopulationDivisionAnnualpopulationgrowthrate(%) 2005-2010 2.0 UNPopulationDivision
Femalepopulationaged15-24(thousands) 2007 606 UNPopulationDivision
Netprimaryschoolenrolmentratio,male(%) 2006 90 UNESCO
Adultliteracyrate,female(%) 2006 80.8 UNESCO
Netprimaryschoolenrolmentratio,female(%) 2006 90 UNESCO
HumanPovertyIndex(ranking) 2007/2008 46 UNDP
HumanDevelopmentIndex(ranking) 2007/2008 110 UNDP
Adultliteracyrate,male(%) 2006 79.3 UNESCO
Grossnationalincome,ppp,percapita(Int.$) 2006 2720 WorldBank
Socio-economicdata Year Estimate Source
Percapitatotalexpenditureonhealth(Int.$) 2005 253 WorldHealthStatistics2008,WHO
Adultliteracyrate,bothsexes(%) 2006 80 UNESCO
Generalgovernmentexpenditureonhealthas%oftotalgovernmentexpenditureonhealth(Int.$)
2005 13.7 WorldHealthStatistics2008,WHO
NationalfundsspentbygovernmentsonHIVandAIDSfromdomesticsources(millionUSD)
2005 2006 2007
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Adultrate(1549)(%) 0.2 0.2
Lowestimate 0.1 0.1
Lowestimate
Highestimate ... ...
Lowestimate
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Prevalenceamongyoungpeopleinnationalpopulation-basedsurveysovertime
HIVprevalenceamongyoungpeople,2007
Lowestimate 0.1
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Estimatednumberoforphans(017)duetoAIDS
Thisindicatorispresentedonlyforcountrieswithgeneralizedepidemics.
EstimatednumberofchildrenwhohavelosttheirmotherorfatherorbothparentstoAIDSandwhowerealiveandunderage17in2001and2007
Source:UNAIDS/WHO,2008
Source:UNGASSCountryProgressReports2008
LowestimateHighestimate
Estimatednumberoforphans 2001 2007
Currentlivingorphans
SupportforchildrenaffectedbyHIVandAIDS
Orphans:Schoolattendance 2007 0.88
Year Total
ThissectioncontainsinformationaboutHIVprevalenceindifferentpopulations.ThedatareportedinthetablesbelowarebasedonadatabasemaintainedbytheUnitedStatesBureauoftheCensuswheredatafromdifferentsources,includingnationalreports,scientificpublicationsandinternationalconferencesarecompiled.Toprovideasimpleoverviewofthecurrentsituationandtrendsovertime,summarydataaregivenbypopulationgroup,geographicalarea(MajorurbanareasversusOutsidemajorurbanareas),andtheyearofsurvey.Studiesconductedinthesameyear,themedianprevalencerates(inpercentages)aregivenforeachofthecategories.Themaximumandminimumprevalenceratesobserved,aswellasthetotalnumberofsurveys/sentinelsites,areprovidedwiththemediantogiveanoverviewofthediversityofHIV-prevalenceresultsinagivenpopulationwithinthecountry.DatabysentinelsiteorspecificstudyfromwhichthemedianswerecalculatedareprintedattheendofthisfactsheetinAnnex1.Thedifferentiationbetweenthetwogeographicalareas"Majorurbanareas"and"Outsidemajorurbanareas"isnotbasedonstrictcriteria,suchasthenumberofinhabitants.Formostcountries,"Majorurbanareas"wereconsideredtobethecapitalcityand,whereapplicable,othermetropolitanareaswithsimilarsocio-economicpatterns.Theterm"Outsidemajorurbanareas"considersthatmostsentinelsitesarenotlocated
instrictlyruralareas,eveniftheyarelocatedinsomewhatruraldistricts.
HIVprevalenceindifferentpopulations
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Outsidemajorurbanareas
Maximum 1.5 7.6
N-sites 1
Minimum 1.5 7.6
Median 1.5 7.6
Menhavingsexwithmen
Majorurbanareas
Maximum 9.3
Minimum 9.3
Median 9.3
Tuberculosispatients
Majorurbanareas
Maximum 0
N-sites 1 1
Minimum 0
Median 0
Outsidemajorurbanareas
Maximum 0.2
N-sites 1
Minimum 0
Median 0
Pregnantwomen
Majorurbanareas
Maximum 0.2
N-sites 1 1 2
Minimum 0.2
Median 0.2
Outsidemajorurbanareas
Maximum 0.2 0.2 1.9
N-sites 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Minimum 0.2 0.2 1.1
Median 0.2 0.2 1.5
Sexworkers Majorurbanareas
Maximum 1.6 0.8 1.5 1.3 2 0.9 0.2 2.7
N-sites 10
Minimum 1.6 0.8 1.5 1.3 2 0.9 0.2 2.7
Median 1.6 0.8 1.5 1.3 2 0.9 0.2 2.7
Group Area 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
HIVsentinelsurveillanceprevalencetablesandmaps
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Median 0
Minimum 0
N-sites 1
Outsidemajorurbanareas
Maximum 0
Tuberculosispatients
Majorurbanareas
N-sites 1
Group Area 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
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MappingthegeographicaldistributionofHIVprevalenceamongdifferentpopulationgroupsmayassistininterpretingboththenationalcoverageoftheHIVsurveillancesystemaswellinexplainingdifferencesinlevelsofprevalence.TheUNAIDS/WHOWorkingGrouponGlobalHIV/AIDSandSTISurveillance,incollaborationwiththePublicHealthInformationandGeographicInformationSystems(GIS)unitwithintheInformation,EvidenceandResearch(IER)clusterofWHO,isproducingmapsshowingthelocationandHIVprevalenceinrelationtopopulationdensity,majorurbanareasandcommunicationroutes.Forgeneralizedepidemics,thesemapsshowHIVprevalenceamongpregnantwomen.Fornon-generalizedepidemics,specificpopulationsofinterestareshown,dependingonthecountry.AcompletelistingofdataisavailableinAnnex1ofthisfactsheet. Noteonmethodology:DataobtainedfromtheUnitedStatesBureauoftheCensusdatabasewasusedasthebasisforthesemaps.Somesentinelsitelocationshavebeendisplacedforvisualclarity.Insomecases,thelocationofcertainsentinelsiteswasunabletobedetermined.Therefore,thesentinelsitesthemapspresentedhere,areinmanycases,asubsetofthe
availabledatapresentedinAnnex1.
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Source:
ReportedHIVandAIDScasesFollowingUNAIDSandWHOrecommendations,AIDScasereportingisconductedinmostcountriesandHIVcasereportingisconductedinsomecountries.In2006,WHOrecommendedtoreportHIVinfectioncasesandHIVadvancedinfectionaccordingtothenewrevisionofcasedefinitions(WHOcasedefinitionsofHIVforsurveillanceandrevisedclinicalstagingandimmunologicalclassificationofHIV-relateddiseaseinadultsandchildren,http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/hivstaging/en/index.html).DatafromindividualAIDScasesareaggregatedatthenationallevelandsenttoWHO.However,casereportscomefromsurveillancesystemsofvaryingquality.Reportingratesvarysubstantiallyfromcountrytocountryandlowreportingratesarecommoninlow-andmiddle-incomecountriesduetoweaknessesinthehealthcareandepidemiologicalsystems.Inaddition,countriesmightcontinuetousedifferentAIDScasedefinitions.
AdisadvantageofAIDScasereportingisthatitonlyprovidesinformationontransmissionpatternsandlevelsofinfectionapproximately510yearsinthepast,limitingitsusefulnessformonitoringrecentHIVinfections.Despitethesecaveats,HIVandAIDSorHIVadvancedinfectioncasereportingremainsanimportantadvocacytoolandisusefulinestimatingtheburdenofHIV-relatedmorbidity,aswellasforshort-termplanningofhealthcareservices.HIVadvancedinfectioncasereportsalsoprovideinformationonthedemographicandgeographiccharacteristicsoftheaffectedpopulationandontherelativeimportanceofthevariousexposurerisks.Insomesituations,AIDSreportscanbeusedtoestimateearlierHIVinfectionpatternsusingback-calculation.AIDScasereportsandAIDSdeathshavebeendramaticallyreducedinhigh-incomecountrieswiththeintroductionofantiretroviraltherapy(ART).
ReportedAIDScases
Female 5 4 7 7 17 17 17 25 105 115 11 346
Bothsexes
28 20 34 45 67 80 72 105 377 421 62 1433
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Accesstohealthcare
Healthservicesandcareindicators
HIVpreventionstrategiesdependonthetwineffortsofcareandsupportforthoselivingwithHIV,andtargetedpreventionforallpeopleatriskorvulnerabletotheinfection.Itisdifficulttocapturesuchalargerangeofactivitieswithoneorjustafewindicators.However,asetofwell-establishedhealthcareindicatorsmayhelptoidentifygeneralstrengthsandweaknessesofhealthsystems.Specificindicators,suchasaccesstoHIVtestingandbloodscreeningforHIV,helptomeasurethecapacityofhealthservicestoresponsetoHIVandAIDS-relatedissues.
Skilledattendantatdelivery(%) 2000-2006 67 WHO/UNICEF,2008
Contraceptiveprevalencerate-condoms(%) 2001 3.3 UNPOP,2008
One-year-oldchildrenfullyimmunized-DPT3(%) 2006 87 WHO/UNICEF
FacilitiesprovidingantenatalcarewhichalsoprovideHIVtestingandcounselling(%) 2006 11.8WHO/UNICEF,2008
One-year-oldchildrenfullyimmunized-Measles(%) 2006 99 WHO/UNICEF
Populationwithaccesstohealthservices-total(%)Indicators Year Estimate Source
Populationwithaccesstohealthservices-urban(%) urban
Contraceptiveprevalencerate-anymethod(%) 2001 68.6 UNPOP,2008
Populationwithaccesstohealthservices-rural(%) rural
EstimatednumberofpeopleneedingantiretroviraltherapybasedonUNAIDS/WHOmethodology
Source:UNAIDS/WHO,2008
Antiretroviraltherapy
Total 6 15
2005 2007
Reportednumberofsitesthatareprovidingantiretroviraltherapy
Source:UNAIDS/WHO,2008
Estimatednumberofpeoplereceivingandneedingantiretroviraltherapyattheendofeachyeararerounded.Thecoverageestimatesarebasedontheestimatedunroundednumbersofpeople-allagegroups-receivingantiretroviraltherapyandtheestimatedunroundedneedforantiretroviraltherapy(basedonUNAIDS/WHOmethodology).Therangesincoverageestimatesarebasedonplausibilityboundsinthedenominator:thatis,lowandhighestimatesofneed.Nocoveragehasbeencalculatedwheretheestimatedneedislessthan500.Reportednumbersofpeoplereceivingtreatmentin2006and2007arepublishedinthedocumentmentionedbelow. Source:2006and2007dataarederivedfrom:(1)WHO,UNAIDSandUNICEF.Towardsuniversalaccess:scalinguppriorityHIV/AIDSinterventionsinthehealthsector.Progressreport,June2008.Geneva,WorldHealthOrganization,2008andforearlieryearsfrom(2)theWHO/UNAIDSGlobalOnlineDatabase.
Estimatednumberofpeoplereceivingantiretroviraltherapy
Lowestimate
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(a)DatareportedfortheperiodJanuary2007November2007.
Source:WHO,UNICEFandUNAIDS,UniversalAccessProgressReport,June2008
Source:WHO,UNICEFandUNAIDS,UniversalAccessProgressReport,June2008
Dateofreport Dec07
Reportednumber 45
InfantsborntowomenlivingwithHIVreceivingco-trimoxazoleprophylaxiswithintwomonthsofbirth,2007
Estimatedcoverage(%) 26
Reportednumber 43(a)
Reportednumberofchildrenagedunder15yearsreceivingantiretroviraltherapy
Source:UNAIDS/WHO,2008
Estimatedantiretroviraltherapycoverage(%)
Lowestimate 1 4 9 11
Highestimate 4 19 38 43
2004 2005 2006 2007
Bothsexes 3 13 26 30
Paediatricsestimates,2007
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NationalAIDSProgramme:Registrydata.
Source:MEASUREDHS
2001 #N/A 19.2
1549
Year Male Female
Percentageofwomenandmenaged1549whohavehadmorethanonepartnerthepast12monthsreportingtheuseofacondomduringtheirlastsexualintercourse
Source:MEASUREDHS
2001 #N/A 0.7
1549
Year Male Female
Percentageofwomenandmenaged1549whohavehadsexualintercoursewithmorethanonepartnerinthelast12months
2007 14 14
Year Bothsexes Male Female
1524
Percentageofyoungpeopleaged1524whohavehadsexualintercoursebeforetheageof15
Source:MEASUREDHS
Source:MEASUREDHS
Numberofpeopleaged15yearsandoverwhoreceivedHIVtestingandcounsellinginthelast12monthsandknowtheresult
ThenumberreferstoanyonereceivingHIVtestingandcounselling(TC)inthelast12months,regardlessofthesetting.ThesenumberswillbeaggregatedfromrecordswhereTCisrecorded,andcanincluderecordsfromANC,TBclinics,hospitalsetc,standaloneVCTsitesandworksites,andmobileandhomebasedTCandanyothervenueorapproach.
Male
Female
Reportingperiod JantoOct2007
Bothsexes 70000
Source:
Knowledgeandbehaviour
Percentageofyoungpeopleaged1524whobothcorrectlyidentifytwowaysofpreventingthesexualtransmissionofHIVandwhorejecttwomisconceptionsaboutHIVtransmission
2007 81 81
Year Bothsexes Male Female
1524
InmostcountriestheHIVepidemicisrelatedtobehavioursthatexposeindividualstothevirusandsoincreasetheriskofinfection.InformationonknowledgeaboutHIVandthelevelandfrequencyofriskbehavioursrelatedtothetransmissionofHIVisimportantinidentifyingandbetterunderstandingpopulationsmostatriskforHIV.Manypreventionprogramsfocusonincreasingpeoplesknowledgeaboutsexualtransmission,hopingtoovercomethemisconceptionsthatmaybeactingasadisincentivetobehaviourchangetowardsaferbehaviours.Informationonbehavioursisalsocriticalforassessingchangesovertimeasaresultofpreventionefforts.OneofthemaingoalsofsecondgenerationHIVsurveillancesystemsistopromoteastandardsetofindicatorstomonitortrendsinbehavioursandtotargetpreventioninterventions.Inmostcountries,itisimportanttocollectinformationonhigherriskmale-malesex,onsexualbehaviouramongsexworkers,onbothinjectingbehaviourandsexualbehaviouramonginjectingdrugusers,andonsexualbehavioursinothergroupsthatmaybeathigherrisk.Finally,sexualbehavioursamongthegeneralpopulationandamongyoungpeopleareofinterestinmanycountries,asthepromotionofsafersexisatthecoreofHIVpreventionprogrammes.
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Lowestimate
Highestimate
2004 2005 2006 2007Total
EstimatedpercentageofpregnantwomenlivingwithHIVwhoreceivedantitretroviralsforpreventingmother-to-childtransmission
Source:UNAIDS/UNICEF/WHO,2008
Source:UNAIDS/UNICEF/WHO,2008
NumberofpregnantwomenlivingwithHIVwhoreceivedantiretroviralsforpreventingmother-to-childtransmission
Total 29 26 43
2004 2005 2006 2007
Source:UNAIDS/UNICEF/WHO,2008
Source:WHO/UNICEF,2008
EstimatednumberofpregnantwomenlivingwithHIVneedingantiretroviralsfor
preventingmother-to-childtransmissionbasedonUNAIDS/WHOmethodology
Antenatalcarecoverage(%)
20002006 86
Year Value
EstimatednumbersofpregnantwomenlivingwithHIVneedingantiretroviraltherapytopreventmother-to-childtransmissionattheendofeachyeararerounded.ThecoverageestimatesarebasedontheunroundednumbersofHIV-infectedpregnantwomenreceivingantiretroviraltherapyandtheestimatedunroundedneedforantiretroviraltherapy(basedonUNAIDS/WHOmethodology).Rangesaroundthelevelsofcoveragearebasedontheuncertaintyrangesaroundtheestimatesofneed.Pointestimatesandrangesaregivenforcountrieswithageneralizedepidemic,whereasonlyrangesaregivenforcountrieswithaconcentratedepidemic.Ingeneral,theuncertaintyaroundtheestimatesofneedforpreventing
mother-to-childtransmissionincountrieswithaconcentratedepidemicdoesnotallowforreleasingpointestimates. Source:(1)WHO,UNAIDSandUNICEF.Towardsuniversalaccess:scalinguppriorityHIV/AIDSinterventionsinthehealthsector.Progressreport,June2008.Geneva,WorldHealthOrganization,2008.(2)UNAIDS,UNICEFandWHO.ChildrenandAIDS:secondstocktakingreport,NewYork,UNICEF,2008.(3)theWHO/UNAIDSGlobalOnlineDatabase.
Source:UNGASSCountryProgressReports2008
PercentageofdonatedbloodunitsscreenedforHIVinaquality-assuredmanner
Opiodsubstitutetherapy
Needleexchangeprograms
Numberofcenters Numberofpeopleattendingservices
Estimationofcoverage
Year
Lowestimate
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Sources
DatapresentedinthisEpidemiologicalFactSheetcomefromseveralsources,includingglobal,regionalandcountryreports,publisheddocumentsandarticles,postersandpresentationsatinternationalconferences,andestimatesproducedbyUNAIDS,WHOandotherUnitedNationsagencies.ThissectioncontainsalistofthemorerelevantsourcesusedforthepreparationoftheFactSheet.Whereavailable,italsolistsselectednationalWebsiteswhereadditionalinformationonHIVandAIDSandSTIarepresentedandregularlyupdated.However,UNAIDSandWHOdonotwarrantthattheinformationinthesesitesiscompleteandcorrectandshallnotbeliablewhatsoeverforanydamagesincurredasaresultoftheiruse.
- WHO,UNICEF,UNFPAandTheWorldBank,2007
- WHO,UNICEFandUNAIDS,UniversalAccessProgressReport,June2008
- WHOSIS
- WHO/UNICEFestimatesofnationalcoverageforyear2004(asofSeptember2005).(http://www.who.int/immunization_monitoring/routine/immunization_coverage/en/index4.html)
- WorldHealthStatistics2008,WHO
- WorldBank
- WHO/UNICEF,2008
- WorldContraceptiveUse2005database.PopulationDivision,DepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs,UnitedNations.
- UNAIDS/UNICEF/WHO,2008- UnitedNationsPopulationDivision
- MEASUREDHS
- 2007ReportontheglobalAIDSepidemic
- UNGASSCountryProgressReports2008
- UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization
- UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme
Websites
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Annex:HIVsurveillanceprevalencebysite
Outsidemajorurbanareas
Bluefields 1.9
Corinto 1.1
Sexworkers Majorurbanareas
Managua 1.6 0.8 1.5 1.3 2.0 0.9 0.2 2.7
Outsidemajorurbanareas
Notspecified 0.0
Rivas 0.0
Variouscities
7.6
Tuberculosispatients
Majorurbanareas
Managua 0.0
Outsidemajorurbanareas
Notspecified 1.5
Notspecified 0.2 0.2
Menhavingsexwithmen
Majorurbanareas
Managua 9.3
AtlanticoSur 0.0
Chinandega 0.2
Outsidemajorurbanareas
AtlanticoNorte
0.0
NuevaSegovia
0.0
Pregnantwomen
Majorurbanareas
Managua 0.2
Masaya 0.0
Matagalpa 0.0
Leon 0.0
Chontales 0.0
Jinotega 0.0
Group Area 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006