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December2008

2008Update

Nicaragua

EpidemiologicalFactSheet

on HIV and AIDSCore data on epidemiology and response

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(WHO/SecondGenerationSurveillanceonHIV/AIDS,ContractNo.SANTE/2004/089-735)

CH-1211Geneva27

Switzerland website:http://www.who.int/hiv

Fax:+41-22-791-4834 http://www.unaids.org

Contactaddress

UNAIDS/WHOWorkingGrouponGlobalHIV/AIDSandSTI

Surveillance

email:[email protected]

20,AvenueAppia [email protected]

Extractsoftheinformationcontainedinthisfactsheetmaybereviewed,reproducedortranslatedforresearchorprivatestudybutnotforsaleorforuseinconjunctionwithcommercialpurposes.Anyuseofinformationinthisfactsheetsshouldbeaccompaniedbythefollowingacknowledgment"UNAIDS/WHOEpidemiologicalFactSheetsonHIVandAIDS,2008Update".

Source code revision 247

Latest data update 12/12/2008 11:33:00 AM

Report generation date 2/18/2009 4:20:36 PM

WithfinancialsupportfromtheEuropeanCommunity:

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Aboutindicatorsonhealthsector'sresponsetowardsUniversalAccess toHIV/AIDSpreventon,careandtreatment

InJune2001,HeadsofStateandRepresentativesofGovernmentsmetattheUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblySpecialSession(UNGASS)dedicatedtoHIVandAIDS.Atthemeeting,HeadsofStateandRepresentativesofGovernmentsissuedtheDeclarationofCommitmentonHIVandAIDS.TheDeclarationremainsapowerfultoolthatishelpingtoguideandsecureaction,commitment,supportandresourcesfortheAIDSresponse(1).TheUNAIDSSecretariatfacilitatesthemonitoringofnationalandglobalprogressagainsttheDeclarationofCommitment.ThismonitoringisbasedonthebiennialsubmissionofnationalgovernmentsofCountryProgressreports(2).IntheirCountryProgressReports,countriesarerequestedtoreportagainstasetof25coreindicators.TheseindicatorsweredevelopedandrefinedoverthreesuccessiveroundsofreportingbytheUNAIDSMonitoringandEvaluationReferenceGroup,incloseconsultationwithinternationalagencies,civilsocietyandnationalgovernments.Theseindicatorsrepresenttheminimuminformationnecessarytotracknationalresponsestotheepidemic. Footnotes: (1)CountryProgressreportsareavailableontheUNAIDSwebsiteat: http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/HIVData/CountryProgress/2007CountryProgressAllCountries.asp

(2)MoreinformationontheSpecialSession,theDeclarationandthemonitoringoftheDeclarationcanbefoundontheUNAIDSwebsite: http://www.unaids.org/en/AboutUNAIDS/Goals/UNGASS.

AbouttheUNGASS2008indicators

ProgressinthehealthsectoriskeytoachievinguniversalaccesstoHIV/AIDSprevention,treatmentandcare.WHO,astheUNAIDSco-sponsorleadingthehealthsectorresponsetoHIV/AIDS,iscommittedsincethe59thWorldHealthAssemblyin2006tomonitorcountries'healthsectorresponsestoHIV/AIDS,andreportannuallyonglobalprogress.Withinthiscontext,WHOhasdevelopedacoreframeworkof39nationallevelindicatorstomonitortheavailability,coverage,outcomesandimpactofpriorityhealthsectorinterventionsforHIVprevention,treatmentandcare(1).Theframeworkalsoincludesindicatorstomonitorhealthsystemcomponentstosupportscale-up,suchasdrugprocurementandsupplymanagementandhumanresources.Theselectionofindicatorshasbeenguidedbytheprincipleofmaximumalignmentwithrelated

internationalmonitoringprocesses,suchastheUNGASSDeclarationofCommitmentandindicatorstomonitorinterventionsforwomenandchildrenincollaborationwithUNICEFandtheInteragencyTaskTeamonthePreventionofHIVInfectioninPregnantWomen,MothersandtheirChildren.Dataarecollectedfromnationalprogrammesonanannualbasisincollaborationwithpartners.Aglobalreportonprogressinthehealthsectortowardsuniversalaccessispublishedeachyear,bringingtogetherdatafromnationalprogrammes,surveysandscientificliterature(2). Footnotes: (1)Frameworkformonitoringandreportingonthehealthsector'sresponsetowardsuniversalaccesstoHIV/AIDStreatment,prevention,careandsupport,WHO2007. http://www.who.int/hiv/universalaccess2010/UAframework_Final%202Nov.pdf (2)Towardsuniversalaccess:ScalinguppriorityHIV/AIDSinterventionsinthehealthsector,ProgressReport2008.WHO,UNAIDS,UNICEF2008.http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/2008progressreport/en/index.html

GlobalsurveillanceofHIV,AIDSandsexuallytransmittedinfections(STIs)isajointeffortofUNAIDSandWHO.TheUNAIDS/WHOWorkingGrouponGlobalHIV/AIDSandSTISurveillance,initiatedinNovember1996,isthecoordinationandimplementationmechanismforUNAIDSandWHOtocompileandimprovethequalityofdataneededforinformeddecision-makingandplanningatnational,regionalandgloballevels.Theprimaryobjectiveoftheworkinggroupistostrengthennational,regionalandglobalstructuresandnetworksforimprovedmonitoringandsurveillanceofHIV,AIDSandSTIs.Forthispurpose,theworkinggroupcollaboratescloselywithWHORegionalOffices,nationalAIDSprogrammesandanumberofnationalandinternationalinstitutions.Thegoalofthiscollaborationistocompilethebestinformationavailableandtoimprove

thequalityofdataneededforinformeddecision-makingandplanningatnational,regional,andgloballevels. TheEpidemiologicalFactSheetsareoneoftheproductsofthisclosecollaborationaroundtheglobe.Withinthisframework,theFactSheetscollatethemostrecentcountry-specificdataonHIVprevalenceandincidence,togetherwithinformationonbehaviourdeterminedtobeimportantinunderstandingtheepidemic.Informationwasnotavailableonalloftheagreedindicatorsformanycountriesin2007.However,theseupdatedFactSheetsdocontainawealthofinformationthatallowsfortheidentificationofstrengthsincurrentlyexistingprogrammesandforcomparisonsbetweencountriesandregions.TheFactSheetsmayalsobeinstrumentalinidentifyingpotentialpartnerswhenplanningandimplementingsurveillancesystems.TheWorkingGroupencouragesallprogrammemanagers,aswellasnationalandinternationalexperts,tocommunicatenewinformationtotheWorkingGroupwheneveritbecomesavailable.TheWorkingGroupalsowelcomessuggestionsforadditionalindicatorsorinformationthathasproventobeusefulinnationalorinternationaldecision-makingandplanning.

TheUNAIDS/WHOWorkingGrouponGlobalHIV/AIDSandSTISurveillance

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Basicindicators

ForconsistencyreasonsthedatainthetablebelowaretakenfromofficialUNpublications.

Lifeexpectancyatbirth(years) 2006 71 WorldHealthStatistics2008,WHO

Maternalmortalityratio(per100000livebirths) 2005 170 WHO,UNICEF,UNFPAandTheWorldBank,2007

Crudedeathrate(deathsper1000pop.) 2007 4.7 UNPopulationDivision

Under5mortalityrate(per1000livebirths) 2006 36 WorldHealthStatistics2008,WHO

Infantmortalityrate(per1000livebirths) 2006 29 WorldHealthStatistics2008,WHO

Totalfertilityrate(perwoman) 2006 2.8 WHOStatisticalInformationSystem(WHOSIS)

Crudebirthrate(birthsper1000pop.) 2007 24.9 UNPopulationDivision

Populationaged15-49(thousands) 2007 2908 UNPopulationDivision

Totalpopulation(thousands) 2007 5603 UNPopulationDivision

Demographicdata Year Estimate Source

%ofpopulationinurbanareas 2007 60 UNPopulationDivisionAnnualpopulationgrowthrate(%) 2005-2010 2.0 UNPopulationDivision

Femalepopulationaged15-24(thousands) 2007 606 UNPopulationDivision

Netprimaryschoolenrolmentratio,male(%) 2006 90 UNESCO

Adultliteracyrate,female(%) 2006 80.8 UNESCO

Netprimaryschoolenrolmentratio,female(%) 2006 90 UNESCO

HumanPovertyIndex(ranking) 2007/2008 46 UNDP

HumanDevelopmentIndex(ranking) 2007/2008 110 UNDP

Adultliteracyrate,male(%) 2006 79.3 UNESCO

Grossnationalincome,ppp,percapita(Int.$) 2006 2720 WorldBank

Socio-economicdata Year Estimate Source

Percapitatotalexpenditureonhealth(Int.$) 2005 253 WorldHealthStatistics2008,WHO

Adultliteracyrate,bothsexes(%) 2006 80 UNESCO

Generalgovernmentexpenditureonhealthas%oftotalgovernmentexpenditureonhealth(Int.$)

2005 13.7 WorldHealthStatistics2008,WHO

NationalfundsspentbygovernmentsonHIVandAIDSfromdomesticsources(millionUSD)

2005 2006 2007

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Adultrate(1549)(%) 0.2 0.2

Lowestimate 0.1 0.1

Lowestimate

Highestimate ... ...

Lowestimate

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Prevalenceamongyoungpeopleinnationalpopulation-basedsurveysovertime

HIVprevalenceamongyoungpeople,2007

Lowestimate 0.1

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Estimatednumberoforphans(017)duetoAIDS

Thisindicatorispresentedonlyforcountrieswithgeneralizedepidemics.

EstimatednumberofchildrenwhohavelosttheirmotherorfatherorbothparentstoAIDSandwhowerealiveandunderage17in2001and2007

Source:UNAIDS/WHO,2008

Source:UNGASSCountryProgressReports2008

LowestimateHighestimate

Estimatednumberoforphans 2001 2007

Currentlivingorphans

SupportforchildrenaffectedbyHIVandAIDS

Orphans:Schoolattendance 2007 0.88

Year Total

ThissectioncontainsinformationaboutHIVprevalenceindifferentpopulations.ThedatareportedinthetablesbelowarebasedonadatabasemaintainedbytheUnitedStatesBureauoftheCensuswheredatafromdifferentsources,includingnationalreports,scientificpublicationsandinternationalconferencesarecompiled.Toprovideasimpleoverviewofthecurrentsituationandtrendsovertime,summarydataaregivenbypopulationgroup,geographicalarea(MajorurbanareasversusOutsidemajorurbanareas),andtheyearofsurvey.Studiesconductedinthesameyear,themedianprevalencerates(inpercentages)aregivenforeachofthecategories.Themaximumandminimumprevalenceratesobserved,aswellasthetotalnumberofsurveys/sentinelsites,areprovidedwiththemediantogiveanoverviewofthediversityofHIV-prevalenceresultsinagivenpopulationwithinthecountry.DatabysentinelsiteorspecificstudyfromwhichthemedianswerecalculatedareprintedattheendofthisfactsheetinAnnex1.Thedifferentiationbetweenthetwogeographicalareas"Majorurbanareas"and"Outsidemajorurbanareas"isnotbasedonstrictcriteria,suchasthenumberofinhabitants.Formostcountries,"Majorurbanareas"wereconsideredtobethecapitalcityand,whereapplicable,othermetropolitanareaswithsimilarsocio-economicpatterns.Theterm"Outsidemajorurbanareas"considersthatmostsentinelsitesarenotlocated

instrictlyruralareas,eveniftheyarelocatedinsomewhatruraldistricts.

HIVprevalenceindifferentpopulations

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Outsidemajorurbanareas

Maximum 1.5 7.6

N-sites 1

Minimum 1.5 7.6

Median 1.5 7.6

Menhavingsexwithmen

Majorurbanareas

Maximum 9.3

Minimum 9.3

Median 9.3

Tuberculosispatients

Majorurbanareas

Maximum 0

N-sites 1 1

Minimum 0

Median 0


Maximum 0.2

N-sites 1

Minimum 0

Median 0

Pregnantwomen

Majorurbanareas

Maximum 0.2

N-sites 1 1 2

Minimum 0.2

Median 0.2


Maximum 0.2 0.2 1.9

N-sites 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Minimum 0.2 0.2 1.1

Median 0.2 0.2 1.5

Sexworkers Majorurbanareas

Maximum 1.6 0.8 1.5 1.3 2 0.9 0.2 2.7

N-sites 10

Minimum 1.6 0.8 1.5 1.3 2 0.9 0.2 2.7

Median 1.6 0.8 1.5 1.3 2 0.9 0.2 2.7

Group Area 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

HIVsentinelsurveillanceprevalencetablesandmaps

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Median 0

Minimum 0

N-sites 1


Maximum 0


Majorurbanareas

N-sites 1

Group Area 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

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MappingthegeographicaldistributionofHIVprevalenceamongdifferentpopulationgroupsmayassistininterpretingboththenationalcoverageoftheHIVsurveillancesystemaswellinexplainingdifferencesinlevelsofprevalence.TheUNAIDS/WHOWorkingGrouponGlobalHIV/AIDSandSTISurveillance,incollaborationwiththePublicHealthInformationandGeographicInformationSystems(GIS)unitwithintheInformation,EvidenceandResearch(IER)clusterofWHO,isproducingmapsshowingthelocationandHIVprevalenceinrelationtopopulationdensity,majorurbanareasandcommunicationroutes.Forgeneralizedepidemics,thesemapsshowHIVprevalenceamongpregnantwomen.Fornon-generalizedepidemics,specificpopulationsofinterestareshown,dependingonthecountry.AcompletelistingofdataisavailableinAnnex1ofthisfactsheet. Noteonmethodology:DataobtainedfromtheUnitedStatesBureauoftheCensusdatabasewasusedasthebasisforthesemaps.Somesentinelsitelocationshavebeendisplacedforvisualclarity.Insomecases,thelocationofcertainsentinelsiteswasunabletobedetermined.Therefore,thesentinelsitesthemapspresentedhere,areinmanycases,asubsetofthe

availabledatapresentedinAnnex1.

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Source:

ReportedHIVandAIDScasesFollowingUNAIDSandWHOrecommendations,AIDScasereportingisconductedinmostcountriesandHIVcasereportingisconductedinsomecountries.In2006,WHOrecommendedtoreportHIVinfectioncasesandHIVadvancedinfectionaccordingtothenewrevisionofcasedefinitions(WHOcasedefinitionsofHIVforsurveillanceandrevisedclinicalstagingandimmunologicalclassificationofHIV-relateddiseaseinadultsandchildren,http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/hivstaging/en/index.html).DatafromindividualAIDScasesareaggregatedatthenationallevelandsenttoWHO.However,casereportscomefromsurveillancesystemsofvaryingquality.Reportingratesvarysubstantiallyfromcountrytocountryandlowreportingratesarecommoninlow-andmiddle-incomecountriesduetoweaknessesinthehealthcareandepidemiologicalsystems.Inaddition,countriesmightcontinuetousedifferentAIDScasedefinitions.

AdisadvantageofAIDScasereportingisthatitonlyprovidesinformationontransmissionpatternsandlevelsofinfectionapproximately510yearsinthepast,limitingitsusefulnessformonitoringrecentHIVinfections.Despitethesecaveats,HIVandAIDSorHIVadvancedinfectioncasereportingremainsanimportantadvocacytoolandisusefulinestimatingtheburdenofHIV-relatedmorbidity,aswellasforshort-termplanningofhealthcareservices.HIVadvancedinfectioncasereportsalsoprovideinformationonthedemographicandgeographiccharacteristicsoftheaffectedpopulationandontherelativeimportanceofthevariousexposurerisks.Insomesituations,AIDSreportscanbeusedtoestimateearlierHIVinfectionpatternsusingback-calculation.AIDScasereportsandAIDSdeathshavebeendramaticallyreducedinhigh-incomecountrieswiththeintroductionofantiretroviraltherapy(ART).

ReportedAIDScases

Female 5 4 7 7 17 17 17 25 105 115 11 346

Bothsexes

28 20 34 45 67 80 72 105 377 421 62 1433

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Accesstohealthcare

Healthservicesandcareindicators

HIVpreventionstrategiesdependonthetwineffortsofcareandsupportforthoselivingwithHIV,andtargetedpreventionforallpeopleatriskorvulnerabletotheinfection.Itisdifficulttocapturesuchalargerangeofactivitieswithoneorjustafewindicators.However,asetofwell-establishedhealthcareindicatorsmayhelptoidentifygeneralstrengthsandweaknessesofhealthsystems.Specificindicators,suchasaccesstoHIVtestingandbloodscreeningforHIV,helptomeasurethecapacityofhealthservicestoresponsetoHIVandAIDS-relatedissues.

Skilledattendantatdelivery(%) 2000-2006 67 WHO/UNICEF,2008

Contraceptiveprevalencerate-condoms(%) 2001 3.3 UNPOP,2008

One-year-oldchildrenfullyimmunized-DPT3(%) 2006 87 WHO/UNICEF

FacilitiesprovidingantenatalcarewhichalsoprovideHIVtestingandcounselling(%) 2006 11.8WHO/UNICEF,2008

One-year-oldchildrenfullyimmunized-Measles(%) 2006 99 WHO/UNICEF

Populationwithaccesstohealthservices-total(%)Indicators Year Estimate Source

Populationwithaccesstohealthservices-urban(%) urban

Contraceptiveprevalencerate-anymethod(%) 2001 68.6 UNPOP,2008

Populationwithaccesstohealthservices-rural(%) rural

EstimatednumberofpeopleneedingantiretroviraltherapybasedonUNAIDS/WHOmethodology


Antiretroviraltherapy

Total 6 15

2005 2007

Reportednumberofsitesthatareprovidingantiretroviraltherapy


Estimatednumberofpeoplereceivingandneedingantiretroviraltherapyattheendofeachyeararerounded.Thecoverageestimatesarebasedontheestimatedunroundednumbersofpeople-allagegroups-receivingantiretroviraltherapyandtheestimatedunroundedneedforantiretroviraltherapy(basedonUNAIDS/WHOmethodology).Therangesincoverageestimatesarebasedonplausibilityboundsinthedenominator:thatis,lowandhighestimatesofneed.Nocoveragehasbeencalculatedwheretheestimatedneedislessthan500.Reportednumbersofpeoplereceivingtreatmentin2006and2007arepublishedinthedocumentmentionedbelow. Source:2006and2007dataarederivedfrom:(1)WHO,UNAIDSandUNICEF.Towardsuniversalaccess:scalinguppriorityHIV/AIDSinterventionsinthehealthsector.Progressreport,June2008.Geneva,WorldHealthOrganization,2008andforearlieryearsfrom(2)theWHO/UNAIDSGlobalOnlineDatabase.

Estimatednumberofpeoplereceivingantiretroviraltherapy

Lowestimate

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(a)DatareportedfortheperiodJanuary2007November2007.

Source:WHO,UNICEFandUNAIDS,UniversalAccessProgressReport,June2008

Source:WHO,UNICEFandUNAIDS,UniversalAccessProgressReport,June2008

Dateofreport Dec07

Reportednumber 45

InfantsborntowomenlivingwithHIVreceivingco-trimoxazoleprophylaxiswithintwomonthsofbirth,2007

Estimatedcoverage(%) 26

Reportednumber 43(a)

Reportednumberofchildrenagedunder15yearsreceivingantiretroviraltherapy


Estimatedantiretroviraltherapycoverage(%)

Lowestimate 1 4 9 11

Highestimate 4 19 38 43

2004 2005 2006 2007

Bothsexes 3 13 26 30

Paediatricsestimates,2007

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NationalAIDSProgramme:Registrydata.

Source:MEASUREDHS

2001 #N/A 19.2

1549

Year Male Female

Percentageofwomenandmenaged1549whohavehadmorethanonepartnerthepast12monthsreportingtheuseofacondomduringtheirlastsexualintercourse

Source:MEASUREDHS

2001 #N/A 0.7

1549

Year Male Female

Percentageofwomenandmenaged1549whohavehadsexualintercoursewithmorethanonepartnerinthelast12months

2007 14 14

Year Bothsexes Male Female

1524

Percentageofyoungpeopleaged1524whohavehadsexualintercoursebeforetheageof15

Source:MEASUREDHS

Source:MEASUREDHS

Numberofpeopleaged15yearsandoverwhoreceivedHIVtestingandcounsellinginthelast12monthsandknowtheresult

ThenumberreferstoanyonereceivingHIVtestingandcounselling(TC)inthelast12months,regardlessofthesetting.ThesenumberswillbeaggregatedfromrecordswhereTCisrecorded,andcanincluderecordsfromANC,TBclinics,hospitalsetc,standaloneVCTsitesandworksites,andmobileandhomebasedTCandanyothervenueorapproach.

Male

Female

Reportingperiod JantoOct2007

Bothsexes 70000

Source:

Knowledgeandbehaviour

Percentageofyoungpeopleaged1524whobothcorrectlyidentifytwowaysofpreventingthesexualtransmissionofHIVandwhorejecttwomisconceptionsaboutHIVtransmission

2007 81 81

Year Bothsexes Male Female

1524

InmostcountriestheHIVepidemicisrelatedtobehavioursthatexposeindividualstothevirusandsoincreasetheriskofinfection.InformationonknowledgeaboutHIVandthelevelandfrequencyofriskbehavioursrelatedtothetransmissionofHIVisimportantinidentifyingandbetterunderstandingpopulationsmostatriskforHIV.Manypreventionprogramsfocusonincreasingpeoplesknowledgeaboutsexualtransmission,hopingtoovercomethemisconceptionsthatmaybeactingasadisincentivetobehaviourchangetowardsaferbehaviours.Informationonbehavioursisalsocriticalforassessingchangesovertimeasaresultofpreventionefforts.OneofthemaingoalsofsecondgenerationHIVsurveillancesystemsistopromoteastandardsetofindicatorstomonitortrendsinbehavioursandtotargetpreventioninterventions.Inmostcountries,itisimportanttocollectinformationonhigherriskmale-malesex,onsexualbehaviouramongsexworkers,onbothinjectingbehaviourandsexualbehaviouramonginjectingdrugusers,andonsexualbehavioursinothergroupsthatmaybeathigherrisk.Finally,sexualbehavioursamongthegeneralpopulationandamongyoungpeopleareofinterestinmanycountries,asthepromotionofsafersexisatthecoreofHIVpreventionprogrammes.

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Lowestimate

Highestimate

2004 2005 2006 2007Total

EstimatedpercentageofpregnantwomenlivingwithHIVwhoreceivedantitretroviralsforpreventingmother-to-childtransmission

Source:UNAIDS/UNICEF/WHO,2008


NumberofpregnantwomenlivingwithHIVwhoreceivedantiretroviralsforpreventingmother-to-childtransmission

Total 29 26 43

2004 2005 2006 2007


Source:WHO/UNICEF,2008

EstimatednumberofpregnantwomenlivingwithHIVneedingantiretroviralsfor

preventingmother-to-childtransmissionbasedonUNAIDS/WHOmethodology

Antenatalcarecoverage(%)

20002006 86

Year Value

EstimatednumbersofpregnantwomenlivingwithHIVneedingantiretroviraltherapytopreventmother-to-childtransmissionattheendofeachyeararerounded.ThecoverageestimatesarebasedontheunroundednumbersofHIV-infectedpregnantwomenreceivingantiretroviraltherapyandtheestimatedunroundedneedforantiretroviraltherapy(basedonUNAIDS/WHOmethodology).Rangesaroundthelevelsofcoveragearebasedontheuncertaintyrangesaroundtheestimatesofneed.Pointestimatesandrangesaregivenforcountrieswithageneralizedepidemic,whereasonlyrangesaregivenforcountrieswithaconcentratedepidemic.Ingeneral,theuncertaintyaroundtheestimatesofneedforpreventing

mother-to-childtransmissionincountrieswithaconcentratedepidemicdoesnotallowforreleasingpointestimates. Source:(1)WHO,UNAIDSandUNICEF.Towardsuniversalaccess:scalinguppriorityHIV/AIDSinterventionsinthehealthsector.Progressreport,June2008.Geneva,WorldHealthOrganization,2008.(2)UNAIDS,UNICEFandWHO.ChildrenandAIDS:secondstocktakingreport,NewYork,UNICEF,2008.(3)theWHO/UNAIDSGlobalOnlineDatabase.

Source:UNGASSCountryProgressReports2008

PercentageofdonatedbloodunitsscreenedforHIVinaquality-assuredmanner

Opiodsubstitutetherapy

Needleexchangeprograms

Numberofcenters Numberofpeopleattendingservices

Estimationofcoverage

Year

Lowestimate

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Sources

DatapresentedinthisEpidemiologicalFactSheetcomefromseveralsources,includingglobal,regionalandcountryreports,publisheddocumentsandarticles,postersandpresentationsatinternationalconferences,andestimatesproducedbyUNAIDS,WHOandotherUnitedNationsagencies.ThissectioncontainsalistofthemorerelevantsourcesusedforthepreparationoftheFactSheet.Whereavailable,italsolistsselectednationalWebsiteswhereadditionalinformationonHIVandAIDSandSTIarepresentedandregularlyupdated.However,UNAIDSandWHOdonotwarrantthattheinformationinthesesitesiscompleteandcorrectandshallnotbeliablewhatsoeverforanydamagesincurredasaresultoftheiruse.

- WHO,UNICEF,UNFPAandTheWorldBank,2007

- WHO,UNICEFandUNAIDS,UniversalAccessProgressReport,June2008

- WHOSIS

- WHO/UNICEFestimatesofnationalcoverageforyear2004(asofSeptember2005).(http://www.who.int/immunization_monitoring/routine/immunization_coverage/en/index4.html)

- WorldHealthStatistics2008,WHO

- WorldBank

- WHO/UNICEF,2008

- WorldContraceptiveUse2005database.PopulationDivision,DepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs,UnitedNations.

- UNAIDS/UNICEF/WHO,2008- UnitedNationsPopulationDivision

- MEASUREDHS

- 2007ReportontheglobalAIDSepidemic

- UNGASSCountryProgressReports2008

- UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization

- UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme

Websites

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Annex:HIVsurveillanceprevalencebysite


Bluefields 1.9

Corinto 1.1

Sexworkers Majorurbanareas

Managua 1.6 0.8 1.5 1.3 2.0 0.9 0.2 2.7


Notspecified 0.0

Rivas 0.0

Variouscities

7.6


Majorurbanareas

Managua 0.0


Notspecified 1.5

Notspecified 0.2 0.2

Menhavingsexwithmen

Majorurbanareas

Managua 9.3

AtlanticoSur 0.0

Chinandega 0.2


AtlanticoNorte

0.0

NuevaSegovia

0.0

Pregnantwomen

Majorurbanareas

Managua 0.2

Masaya 0.0

Matagalpa 0.0

Leon 0.0

Chontales 0.0

Jinotega 0.0

Group Area 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

efs2008_ni

Documents