1
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universiteti
ekonomikisa da biznesis fakulteti
Jurnali `ekonomika da biznesi~
studenturi
eleqtronuli damatebiTi nomeri
(el-JurnalSi Sesulia Tsu-s studentTa 69-e samecniero
konferenciis CarCoTi, ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetze
saprizo adgilebze gasuli da saqarTvelos sxva
universitetebis mier gamocxadebul konferenciebSi amave
fakultetidan monawile gamarjvebul studentTa
moxsenebaTa Sinaarsebi)
Tbilisi
2008-2009 saswavlo weli
2
organizatorebisagan
saqarTvelos, romlis saukeTeso tradiciebi ganaTlebis sferoSi sayovelTaod iyo cno-
bili (fazisis filosofiisa da ritorikis skola kolxeTSi (IV saukune), gelaTisa da iyal-
Tos akademiebi (XII saukune), samonastro-saganmanaTleblo centrebi palestinaSi (V saukune),
siriaSi (VI saukune), saberZneTSi (X-XI saukuneebi), bulgareTSi (XI saukune)) politikur-
ekonomikuri dauZlurebisa da bolos ruseTis koloniad gadaqcevis Sedegad ramdenime sauku-
nis ganmavlobaSi aRar gaaCnda erovnuli umaRlesi saswavlo dawesebuleba.
erT-erTi pirveli nabiji, romelic qarTvelma xalxma gadadga meoce saukunis dasawyis-
Si 1918 wels, erovnuli damoukideblobis mopovebisa da erovnuli demokratiuli saxelmwi-
fos gamocxadebisTanave, TbilisSi erovnuli universitetis Seqmna iyo. igi im dros pirveli
da erTaderTi universiteti iyo mTels kavkasiaSi.
Semdgom bolSevikur da komunistur periodSi, Tavsmoxveuli idologiisa da cenzuris
miuxedavad, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetma SeZlo erovnuli suliskveTebis SenarCuneba,
zogadsakacobrio idealebisadmi msaxureba, aRzarda erovnuli inteligenciis saukeTeso war-
momadgenlebi, Camoayaliba sayovelTaod cnobili samecniero skolebi maTematikaSi, fsiqolo-
giaSi, filosofiaSi, lingvistikaSi, istoriografiaSi. safuZveli Cauyara mravali umaRlesi
saswavleblisa da saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis Seqmnas.
ekonomikis fakulteti damoukidebeli saxiT 1931 wels Camoyalibda. manamde ekonomiku-
ri specialobebi, iuridiul specialobebTan erTad, socialur-ekonomikur fakultetSi iyo
gaerTianebuli, romelic 1922 wlidan Seudga saqmianobas. fakultetis misiaa sistemurobis,
memkvidreobiTobisa da uwyvetobis principebze dafuZnebuli maRalxarisxiani, xelmisawvdomi
da Tanamedrove donis ekonomikuri da biznes-ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofa, Sromis saerTaSoriso
bazarze konkurentunariani specialistebis momzadeba, samecniero kvlevebis warmarTva saer-
TaSoriso samecniero wreebTan mWidro kavSirSi.
fakultetze sxvadasxva samsaxurebisa da kaTedrebis iniciativiT mTeli rigi konferen-
ciebi da Sexvedrebi imarTeba. maT Soris saTanado yuradReba eTmoba studentur konferen-
ciebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom sauniversiteto konferenciaze gamarjvebuli axalgazrdebi did war-
matebebs aRweven saqarTvelos sxva umaRlesi saswavleblebis mier gamocxadebul konferen-
ciebSi, rasac qvemoT warmodgenili moxsenebebi adasturebs.
Tsu-s ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetze 2008 wlis ianvridan gamoicema saerTaSo-
riso referirebadi da recenzirebadi samecniero-praqtikuli Jurnali `ekonomika da biznesi~.
fakultetis xelmZRvanelobis, Jurnalis redaqtorisa (prof. r. gogoxia) da teqnikuri re-
daqtoris (prof. m. turava) TanadgomiT gaweuli iqna didi moculobis saorganizacio samu-
Sao saimisod, rom ganxorcielebuliyo kidev erTi saintereso wamowyeba - yovelwliuri
eleqtronuli studenturi damatebiTi nomris Seqmna. es idea organizatorebs swored stu-
dentur konferenciebze wakiTxul moxsenebaTa maRalma donem ukarnaxa. JurnalSi arsebuli
moxsenebebis gamosaqveyneblad mzaoba dadasturebulia Sesabamisi kaTedris xelmZRvanelTa da
studentebis mecnier-xelmZRvanelTa vizirebiT, xolo moxsenebebSi gamoTqmul mosazrebebze
pasuxismgebelia avtori. aRniSnulis miuxedavad, batonebma rezo gogoxiam da murman turavam
studentTa naSromebi didi gulisyuriT waikiTxes, risTvisac gvsurs maT guliTadi madloba
gadavuxadoT.
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studentur eleqtronul JurnalSi Sesulia 2008-2009 saswavlo wels iv. javaxiSvi-
lis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis studentTa 69-e samecniero konferenci-
is CarCoTi, ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis kaTedrebze saprizo adgilebze gasuli da
saqarTvelos sxva universitetebis mier gamocxadebul konferenciebSi amave fakultetidan
monawile gamarjvebul studentTa moxsenebaTa Sinaarsebi.
sauniversiteto 69-e konferenciis yvela gamarjvebuli studenti dajildovda sige-
liT, xolo I-III adgilze gasuli studentebi ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis studen-
turi TviTmmarTvelobis mier dajildoebul iqnen wignis maRaziis vauCerebiT. sazeimo viTa-
rebaSi samaxsovro saCuqrebi gadaecaT aseve maT, vinc universitetis saxeliT gamarjveba mo-
ipoves sxva umaRlesi saswavleblebis mier organizebul konferenciebze.
studenturi eleqtronuli Jurnali teqnikurad moamzades Tavad konferenciis monawi-
leebma. imis gamo, rom momxsenebelTa nawilma naSromebi winaswargamocxadebul vadaSi da
saTanado formatiT ar warmoadgina, Jurnalis sasurvel doneze momzadeba sakmaod rTuli
gasamarTi aRmoCnda. Sedegad el-Jurnali mcireodeni xarvezebiT qveyndeba, risTvisac mkiT-
xvels bodiSs vuxdiT. maT vinc obieqturi mizezebis gamo ver moaxerxes naSromis
warmodgena, ganaxlebuli variantis gamoqveynebis saSualeba miecemaT momdevno nomerSi.
vimedovnebT, rom samomavlod studentebi ufro meti yuradRebiT moekidebian naSro-
mebis warmodgenis moTxovnebis dacvas. gisurvebT warmatebebs.
Tsu-s ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis
samecniero kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis
samsaxuris ufrosi asoc. prof. i. gagniZe
Tsu-s IV kursis bakalavri
TaTuli duSuaSvili
studenturi saredaqcio kolegia: TaTuli duSuaSvili (xelmZRvaneli)
TinaTin axvlediani
Tamriko facia
Tamuna akofaSvili
qeTevan adeiSvili
4
S i n a a r s i
giorgi yufaraZe ,,saqarTvelo da evrointegracia~ - saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris
TanamSromlobis axali perspeqtiva (mecn-xelm. asoc. prof. i. gogoriSvili) ................................ 6
irakli giorbeliZe Tavisufali industriuli zonebi saqarTveloSi da maTi ganviTarebis
perspeqtivebi XXI saukuneSi (momzadebulia damoukideblad)...................................................................... 15
nino fxikiZe finansuri krizisi - `binaTmflobelobis mania~ (mecn-xelm: asoc. prof m.
julayiZe) ………............................................................................................................................................................................ 20
giorgi nikuraZe informaciuli revolucia da ekonomikuri politikis evolucia (mecn-xelm:
asoc. prof. i. gogoriSvili) ….................................................................................................................................... 29
mariam WurWelauri sarkinigzo klasteri saqarTveloSi (mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. i.
gagniZe)........................................................................................................................................................................................ 35
TinaTin axvlediani sareklamo biznesis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi (mecn-xelm: sruli prof. T.
Sengelia) …................................................................................................................................................................................. 40
valeriane joxaZe, qeTevan pirveli sastumro biznesi saqarTveloSi (mecn-xelm: sruli prof.
T. Sengelia) ............................................................................................................................................................................... 45
daviT gabriWiZe, mariam kevliSvili rZis poduqtebis bazari saqarTveloSi (mecn-xelm: sruli
prof. T. Sengelia) …........................................................................................................................................................... 50
qeTevan RuduSauri sabanko riskebis marTvis srulyofis koncefcia (mecnier-xelmZR. asist.
prof. c. oqruaSvili) .................................................................................................................................................... 54
e k o n o m i k i s m i m a r T u l e b a
givi melqaZe inflaciis TargeTireba saqarTveloSi (mecn-xelm: ek. akad. doqt. g. xasia)
........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 59
salome jaSi msoflio finansuri krizisi da saqarTvelo (mecn-xelm: asist. prof. n. kaku-
lia) ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 64
zurab ziraqaZe sapensio sistemis reforma saqarTveloSi (mecn-xelm: sruli profesori n.
xaduri) ….................................................................................................................................................................................... 69
bela CaCibaia, baia CaCibaia reklamis gavlena ludis gayidvebis moculobaz (mecn-xelm: sruli
prof. e. xaraiSvili) .................................................................................................................................................... 73
naTia meliTauri riskebi da dazRvevis imitaciuri modelebi (mecn-xelm: sruli prof. e. xa-
raiSvili) ……............................................................................................................................................................................... 79
qeTevan jibuti qarTuli mineraluri da mtknari wylebis konkurentunarianoba (mecn-xelm:
sruli prof. e. xaraiSvili)........................................................................................................................................ 85
nino patariZe, lili wverava, salome samxaraZe evropis biznes angelozTa qseli da
saqarTvelo (mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. S. SaburiSvili) .............................................................................. 91
nika grZeliSvili, SoTa kupataZe transnacionaluri kompaniebi saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi
(mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. d. sixaruliZe) ........................................................................................................... 97
nino oqruaSvili globaluri finansuri krizisi da saqarTvelo (mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. S.
SaburiSvili) .................................................................................................................................................................... 103
5
TaTuli duSuaSvili mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis warmatebis strategia (mecn-xelm: sruli
prof. r. gvelesiani) .......................................................................................................................................................... 108
mariam gogiaSvili inflacia: arsi, mizezebi, Sedegebi (mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. j.
janjRava)…................................................................................................................................................................................... 114
mixeil dvaliSvili inflaciis statistika da makroekonomikuri tendenciebi saqarTveloSi
(mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. m. mindoraSvili)...............................................................................................................119
Salva giorgaZe saqarTvelosa da msoflios mosaxleobis ricxovnobis prognozebi
(mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. m. xmalaZe) ...................................................................................................................... 123
irakli makalaTia siRaribe uaxlesi periodis saqarTveloSi (mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. b.
gabiZaSvili) ........................................................................................................................................................................... 126
b i z n e s i s a d m i n i s t r i r e b i s m i m a r T u l e b a
gvanca dgebuaZe mcire biznesis ganviTarebis donis faqtobrivi analizi (mecn-xelm: sruli
prof. T. Sengelia) ............................................................................................................................................................ 132
lana sulakaZe, salome vaSakiZe fiWuri kavSirgabmulobis biznesi saqarTveloSi (mecn-xelm:
asoc. prof. g. erqomaiSvili) ....................................................................................................................................... 138
irakli xubua globaluri finansuri krizisi da misi gavlena saqarTvelos finansur
sistemaze (mecn-xeml: asoc. prof. lela baxtaZe) .....................................................................................… 143
qeTevan adeiSvili sigaretis brendebis marketinguli kvleva qarTul bazarze (mecn-xelm.
asoc. prof. m. veSaguri) ........................................................................................................................................... 148
giorgi abulaZe momsaxurebis marketingis axali mimarTulebebi saqarTveloSi (mecn-xelm:
asoc. prof. C. jaSi) ......................................................................................................................................................... 153
nino gemazaSvili sainvesticio proeqtebis dafinansebis strategia (mecn-xelm: asist. prof.
Gg. qeSelaSvili) ............................................................................................................................................................. 158
zviad siWinava testuri gamocdebis Casatarebeli programuli produqti `TEGAPRO~ (mecn-
xelm: asoc. prof. d. siWinava) ............................................................................................................................... 163
nikoloz cxadaia informaciuli sazogadoebis ekonomikis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi
(mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. enver lagvilava) ..................................................................................................... 167
nino CarTolani internet-tqnologiebi da sagadasxado sistema (mecn-xelm: sruli prof. m.
maRraZe) ............................................................................................................................................................................... 173
nano samyuraSvili buRaltruli balansis analizuri mniSvneloba (mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. i.
WilaZe)....................................................................................................................................................................................... 179
Tamriko facia, giorgi fanjikiZe sasaqonlo maragebis TviTRirebulebis Sefasebis
meTodebis gavlena mogebis maCvenebelze (mecn-xelm: prof. i. WilaZe) ........................................... 183
Tamaz deviZe turistuli gamofenebi da bazrobebi (mecn-xelm: asist. prof. m. baramiZe)... 187
giorgi burduli internet-teqnologiebi turizmSi (mecn-xelm: asist. prof. m.
melaZe)........................................................................................................................................................................................... 191
nino gogoberiZe umuSevroba saqarTveloSi da misi daZlevis gzebi (mecn-xelm:
asoc. prof. n. paiWaZe) ................................................................................................................................................... 196
6
,,saqarTvelo da evrointegracia~-saqarTvelosa da
evrokavSirs
Soris TanamSromlobis axali perspeqtiva1
giorgi yufaraZe
Tsu bakalavri mecn-xelm. asoc. prof. i. gogoriSvili
msoflio ekonomikaSi qveyanaTa integraciuli gaerTianebebi sul ufro
metad mzard rols asruleben. qveyanaTa es gaerTianebebi afarToeben TavianTi
kompetenciis sferoebs, Rrmavdeba gaerTianebis wevr qveynebs Soris konver-
genciis procesebi. Tanamedrove etapze saerTaSoriso ekonomikur integraciaSi
monawileoba qveynis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis erT-erTi mamoZravebeli
faqtoria msoflio bazarze.
es procesebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania patara qveynebisaTvis, romelTa
ekonomikuri zrda efuZneba pirdapir ucxour investiciebs da saeqsporto
potencialis zrdas grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi. saeqsporto bazrebis stabi-
luroba da ucxour investiciaTa mozidva arsebiTi faqtoria saqarTvelos
makroekonomikuri wonasworobisaTvis. amasTan, FDI-is ganxorcilebas saqarTve-
loSi xels Seuwyobs qveynis mier Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimis miRweva, iseT
msxvil bazarze, rogoric evrokavSiris bazaria_ucxoeli investorisaTvis sxva
potenciurad arsebul upiratesobebTan erTad, saqarTevloSi investireba
niSnavs evrokavSiris bazarze Sesvlasac. (Tu es ukanaskneli miRweul iqna)
am mxriv mniSvnelovania qveynis swrafva evrokavSiris wevrobisaken; es
procesi mimdinareobs etapobrivad da igi qveynis mier miRweul progress
efuZneba. am etapze saqarTvelo ar ganixileba rogorc kandidati qveyana; magram
evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris urTierTobebi sul ufro did masStabebs
iZens. 2008 wlis zafxulSi wamoyenebul iqna iniciativa ,,aRmosavleTis
partniorobis Sesaxeb”, romelic samezoblo politikis erTgvar gagrZelebad da
TanamSromlobis ufro mWidro formatad gevevlineba.
evrokavSirTan sruli integraciis gzaze mniSvnelovania yoveli axali
formatis wamoyenebisas moxdes ukve miRweuli progresis Sefaseba, wevri qvey-
nebis gamocdilebis gaziareba, axali SesaZleblobebis gamovlena, raTa sabo-
lood miRweul iqnas saqarTvelos sagareo politikis mTavari mizani-
evrokavSiris wevroba. amasTan - ,,istoria TavisTavad ar meordeba, yvela kandi-
dati qveyana aris unikaluri da aqedan gamomdinare ar SeiZleba molaparakebebis
gamocdileba pirdapir iqnes gadmoRebuli, magram amave dros EU, yvela sxva didi
gaerTianebebis (organizaciebis msgavsad) iyenebs ukve aprobirebul meTodebsa
da instrumentebs-evropis gafarToebis principebis CaTvliT’’2
1 moxseneba wakiTxul iqna Tsu-s evropuli kvlevebis institutis mier organizebul studentTa II
samecniero konferenciaze da daikava I adgili. avtorma sxva Temis momzadebis Sedegad aseve I adgili
daikava Savi zRvis universitetis mier organizebul studentTa konferenciaze 2009 wels. 2 Lithunia’s Road to the European Union: Unification of Europe and Lithuanias EU accession negotiation’’ ed. By
Klaudijus Maniokas, Ramunas Vilpisausamkas, Darius Zeroulis; Vilnius:Eugrimas 2005 pp5-6
7
imisaTvis, rom SevafasoT miRweuli progresi saqarTvelosa da evrokav-
Siris urTierTobebSi, gamovyoT is axali SesaZleblobebi, rac arsebobs `aRmo-
savleTis partniorobis iniciativaSi~ mizanSewonilia ganvixiloT dRemde arse-
buli urTierTobebis evolucia evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris. amasTan,
Cveni kvelevis ZiriTadi yuradReba gadatanilia ,,aRmosavleTis partniorobis
iniciativis’’ sakiTxebze.
Ddamoukidebel saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris urTierToba daiwyo
1992 wlidan. Aam wels evrokavSirma saqarTvelo damoukidebel saxelmwifod
scno da daiwyo masTan aqtiuri TanamSromloba.
1993 wlidan evrokavSirma miznad daisaxa gaemravalferovnebina Tavisi
sagareo urTierTobebi mTeli rigi regionebisa da qveynebisaTvis daxmarebebis
gaweviT. erT-erTi regioni, romelsac evrokavSirma didi daxmareba gauwia
samxreT kavkasia iyo.
1994 wlidan saqarTvelom daiwyo evrokavSirTan partniorobisa da
TanamSromlobis SeTanxmebaze muSaoba. am SeTanxmebam, romelic luqsemburgSi
1996 wlis 22 aprils iqna xelmowerili, gansazRvra is ZiriTadi CarCo,
romelSic unda ganviTarebuliyo saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris momavali
urTierTobebi. 1996 wlis 22 aprils luqsemburgSi aRniSnul xelSekrulebas
xeli moaweres evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebis warmomadgenlebma, evrokomi-
siis prezidentma da saqarTvelos prezidentma. is ZalaSi Sevida 1999 wels.
2003 wlis 7 ivliss evrokavSirma samxreT kavkasiis regionSi Tavisi speci-
aluri warmomadgeneli daniSna, riTac kidev erTxel gausva xazi am regionis
qveynebisadmi Tavis interess.
2004 wlis 14 ivniss evrokavSiris (ministrTa) sabWom miiRo gadawyvetileba
azerbaijanis, saqarTvelos da somxeTis evropis samezoblo politikaSi CarTvis
Sesaxeb. amis Semdeg saqarTvelos evrokavSirTan urTierTobebi axal fazaSi
Sevida da kidev ufro intensiuri xasiaTi miiRo.
dReisaTvis evrokavSiris daxmarebis farglebSi mimdinareobs iseTi prog-
ramebi, rogoricaa teqnikuri daxmarebis programa TACIS, humanitaruli daxma-
rebis programa ECHO, sasursaTo usafrTxoebis programa FSP, gansakuTrebuli fi-
nansuri daxmarebis programa EFA, sareabilitacio programa post-konfliqtur
regionebSi, demokratiisa da adamianTa uflebebis dacvis evropuli programa
EIDHR, erToblivi aqcia erTiani sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis farglebSi
Joint Action in the framework of Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP); aseve saxelm-
wifoTaSorisi proeqtebi (TRACECA, INOGATE, garemos dacvis proeqtebi da sxva).
aRmosavleTis partnioroba 1 aris evropis samezoblo politikis evolucia.
evropis samezoblo politika SemuSavda EevrokavSiris 2004 wlis gafarToebis
konteqstSi, rac ZiriTadad ukavSirdeboda imas rom evrokavSiri miiswafvoda ar
gaCeniliyo axali gamyofi xazebi gafarToebul evrokavSirsa da mis danarCen
mezobel qveynebs Soris; nacvlad amisa gaZlirebuliyo stabiluroba, usafrTxo-
eba da keTildReoba; dasawyisSi samezoblo politika iyo gamiznuli UuSualo
1 mocemuli sakiTxebi ZiriTadad damuSavebulia evrokavSiris oficialuri saitidan :
htpp://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/eastern/index_en.htm
8
mezoblebisaTvis: alJiri, belarusi, egvipte, isreli, iordania, libani, libia,
maroko, palestinis avtonomia, siria, tunisi da ukrina. 2004 welSi politika
gafarTovda da moicva samxreT kavkasiis qveynebi.
aRmosavleTis partniorobis ZiriTadi elementebi SemuSavda barselonas
procesze da gansakuTrebiT xmelTaSua zRvis iniciativaze. aRmosavleTis part-
nioroba miznad isaxavs gaxados evrokavSiris partniroba xmelTaSua zRvisa da
aRmosavleTis evropis qveynebTan ufro simetriuli. Aamave dros ori veqtoris
dasaxva niSnavs gansxvavebul geografiul, istoriul, da kulturul realobas
evrokavSiris ori samezoblosa. Easeve asaxavs SesaZleblobas ufro axlo
urTierTobisa evrokavSiras da aRmosavleT mezoblebs Soris, rac aZlevs Sans
am qveynebs warmatebiT ganaxorcielon reformirebis procesi da dauaxlovdnen
evrokavSirs.
aRmosavleTis partniorobis iniciativa agreTve iTvaliswinebs im gamocdi-
lebas, rac axlda evrokavSiris gafarToebas centraluri da dasavleT evropis
mimarTulebiT, gansakuTrebiT politikis instrumentebSi. magaliTad, mravalm-
xrivi formati rCeba struqturul dialogad evrokavSirsa da asocirebul qvey-
nebs Soris.
ruseT-saqarTvlos omma uSualod ganapiroba es iniciativa. man cxadyo
samezoblo politikis naklovanebebi da dasva saWiroeba SemuSavebuliyo axali
TanamSromlobis instrumenti regionis stabilurobisTvis. Eevropuli sabWos
riggareSe sxdomaze 2008 wlis 1 seqtmebrs miRebuli gadawyvetileba ,,gadaidgas
damatebiTi nabijebi vizis gacemis procedurebis gamartivebis Taobaze da sru-
li Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb uaxloes droSi, roca miRweul iqneba winapi-
robebi~ es mosazreba meordeba ufro struqturuli formiT ,,aRmosavleTis
parniorobaSi~.
aRmosavleTis partniorobis ZiriTadi elementebi:
evropuli komisia eswrafvis gaaRrmavos urTierTobebi somxeTTan,
azerbaijanTan, saqarTvelosTan. moldovasTan, ukrainasa da belorusiasTan(es
ukanaskneli damokidebulia imaze Tu rogor ganaviTarebs Tavis urTierTobebs
evrokavSirTan). es saWiroebs axal asocirebis xelSekrulebas, rac moicavs
Rrma da Tavisufal vaWrobis xelSekrulebebs am qveynebTan, romlebsac aqvT
survili da SesaZlebloba ufro Rrma CarTulobis, TandaTanobiTi integraciis
evrokavSiris ekonomikaSi - ufro martivi gadaadgilebiT evrokavSirSi savizo
mimosvlis TandaTanobiTi gamartivebiT, rasac Tan axlavs aralegaluri
imigraciis SezRudva. TanamSromloba, aseve miznad isaxavs demokratiisa da
kargi mmarTvelobis xelSewyobas, energiis usafrTxoebis gaZlirebas da garemos
dacvas. aseve, xeli Seuwyos xalxTa Soris kontaqtebis gaRrmavebas, mxari
dauWiros ekonomikur da socialur ganviTarebas damatebiTi dafinansebis
SeTavazebis gziT sxvadasxva proeqtebisaTvis, raTa aRmofxvril iqnes
disbalansi da gaizardos stabiluroba.
aRmosavleTis partniprobis 5 mTavari elementi:
1.asocirebis xelSekrulebebi
2. bazarze gaumjobesebuli SeRwevadoba Rma da Tavisufali vaWrobis
xelSekrulebebiT
9
3. maRali mobiluoba, rac ganxorciledeba moblurobis da usafrTxoebis
paqtebiT, savizo xelSekrulebebiT, saerTo Zalisxmeva korufciasa da
organizebul danaSaulTan brZolaSi, aralegaluri migracis sakiTxebSi
4. energiis usafrTxoeba
5. regionaluri ganviTarebis mxardaWera, aseve wevr qveynebs Sorisac
iniciativa sakmaod mravalferovania detalebSi da uzrunvelyofs samoqme-
do rukas 5 elementiT. igi Camoyalibebulia ormxivi da mravamxrivi formatebiT.
ormxrivi formati iTavliswinebs zemoT CamoTvlil sakiTxebs.
aRmosavleTis partniorobis iniciativis mTavri elementia-asocirebis
SeTanxmeba. saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi igi cvlis ,,partniorobisa da Tanam-
Sromlobis Sesaxeb~ SeTanxmebas axali formatiT. es SeTanxmeba efuZneba Tavi-
sufal vaWobaze TandaTanobiT gadasvlas da sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT poli-
tikis daaxloebas. saqarTvelosaTvis es niSnavs: ufro metad mWidro kavSirebs
EU-sTan; Tavisufali vaWrobis perspeqtivas, infrastruqturis ganviTarebaSi met
daxmarebas.
qveyanasTan gaformebul farTo da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali vaWrobis
Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebs (Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreements). aRniSnuli mizani
warmoadgens asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebis Semadgenel erT-erT ZiriTad ele-
ments. Tavisufali savaWro zona SemoRebul iqneba im partnior qveynebTan,
romlebic msoflio savaWro organizaciis wevrebi arian. Tavisufali savaWro
reJimi Seexeba mTlianad savaWro da aseve energetikul seqtorebs da gulis-
xmobs Tavisufali vaWrobis umaRles SesaZlo dones. evrokomisiis dokumenti
grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi iTvaliswinebs aseve partnior qveynebs Soris Tavi-
sufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb analogiuri SeTanxmebebis gaformebas, romlis Sedegic
SesaZloa iyos samezoblos ekonomikuri gaerTianeba (Neighbourhood Economic
Community).
ekonomikuri integraciis gzaze Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimis miRweva
ganixileba, rogorc mniSvlelovani pirvelsawyisi sruli ekonomikuri integ-
raciisaTvis. saqarTvelosa da evrokavSiris savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebi
SeiZleba SevafasoT iseTi maCveneblebiT, rogoricaa sagareo savaWro brunva
evrokavSiris regionis mixedviT, ganxorcielebul ucxour investiciebSi evro-
kavSiris qveynebis wili, eqsport-importis kvotebi amave regionis mixedviT. qve-
yanaTa kavSiris arsebiTi maxasiaTebelia maT Soris ufro mWidro savaWro-ekono-
mikuri urTierTobebis arsebobaa, vidre danarCen msofliosTan; Sesabamisad, qve-
yana romelic eswrafvis evrokavSiris wevrobas, miznad isaxavs gazardos Tavisi
savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebi amave gaerTanebasTan. am mxriv sainteresoa,
rom evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis erT-erTi raodenobrivi kriteriumi (e.w. kopenha-
genis krteriumi) aris evrokavSirTan saeqsporto vaWrobis wili vaWrobis sae-
rTo moculobaSi - 53.6 %. am maCvenebels saqarTvelo sagrZnoblad CamorCeba
2007 wels - 21.6%. 2006 wels evrokavSirTan savaWro balansSi deficiti 200 mili-
on evros Seadgenda.
evrokavSirTan importis procentuli maCveneblebi 2000-2008 wlebSi izrde-
boda; misi wili mTlian importSi 26.55dan 37.8% mde meryeobda (sqema #1); eqspor-
tis maCveneblebi procentul gamosaxulebaSi CamorCeboda importis analogiur
10
maCveneblebs da ufro didi meryeobebiT xasiaTdeboda vidre importi.
Sesabamisad, 2000-2008 wlebSi 17.7% dan 25.0%mde (sqema #2).
saqarTvelos umsxviles sagareo-savaWro partniorebis ricxvSi evrokavSi-
ris qveynebidan 2005 wels Sediodnen: germania (brunvis 7%), bulgareTi (brunvis
3.4%), safrangeTi (brunvis 2.8 %); 2006 wels _ germania (brunvis 8.5 %), bul-
gareTi (brunvis 3.8%), italia (brunvis 2.7%); 2007 wels _ germania (brunvis 6.9%),
bulgareTi (brunvis 3.8%).
sqema #11 evrokavSiridan importirebuli produqciis wili mTlian
importSi (procentobiT)
ganxorcielebul pirdapir ucxour investiciebSi evrokavSiri gvevlineba
ZiriTad partniorad. (sqema #3) ekonomikuri integraciis erT-erTi faqtoria
kapitalis koncentracia da gadaxlarTva, rac ayalibebs mZlavr winapirobas
ekonomikebis urTierTdaaxloebisaTvis. am mxriv evrokavSiris qveynebi, evrokav-
Siris regioni gvevlineba ZiriTad partniorad; swored am regionze modis
ganxorcielebuli FDI-is didi wili. amasTan, mniSvnelovania, rom evropis same-
zoblo politikis samoqmedo gegmis erTerTi punqti(4.5) gulisxmobda inves-
ticiebis ormagi dabegvris Tavidan acilebis xelSekrulebebis gaformebas evro-
kavSiris wevr qveynebTan, rac ZiriTadad miRweulia. saqarTvelos finansTa
saministros monacemebiT aRniSnuli xelSekrulebebi gaformebulia evrokav-
Siris wevr 16 qveynasTan, inicirebulia sam qveyanasTan. igi moicavs evrokavSiris
wevr yvela im qveynas, saidanac ganxorcielda pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi
bolo wlebis manZilze. 2007 wels umsxviles investorebs evrokavSiris qvey-
nebidan warmoadgenda: niderlandebi, safrangeTi, gaerTianebuli samefo, CexeTi,
dania.
evrokavSirTan vaWrobisas saqarTvelo sargeblobs evrokavSiris
SeRavaTebis (preferenciebis) zogadi sistemis meore reJimiT, romelsac ewodeba
mdgradi ganviTarebis da kargi mmarTvelobis xelSewyobis specialuri sitema
(GSP+). es reJimi saqarTveloze gavrcelda 2005 wlidan da igi moicavda periods
2008 wlis CaTvliT. 10 dekembers, 2008 wels evrokavSirma saqarTvelos sami wlis
1 wyaro: statiaSi gamoyenebulia saqarTvelos statistikis departamentis monacemebi da piradi gaangariSebebi
0
20
40
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
26.532 29.2
37.8 35.629.7 30 29.3 28.7
11
vadiT 2009-2011ww. SeRavaTiani savaWro reJimi gaugrZela. saqarTvelos garda
aRniSnuli reJimi msoflios 16 qveyanaze vrceldeba.
sqema #21 evrokavSiris qveynebis wili mTlian eqsportSi
(procentobiT)
sqema # 3 evrokavSiris qveynebis mier ganxorcilebeuli pirdapiri
ucxouri investiciebi (%uli wili mTlian FDI-Si)
mdgradi ganviTarebisa da kargi mmarTvelos xelSewyobis specialuri
reJimi evrokavSirma saqarTvelos kargi mmarTvelovbisa da mdgradi ganviTare-
bis mxardasaWerad mianiWa. saqarTvelos calmxrivad mieniWa Semcirebuli tari-
fiT an sabaJo mosakrebelis gareSe saqonlis saqarTvelodan evrokavSirSi eqs-
portirebis ufleba. es reJimi SesaZleblobas aZlevs eqsportiorebs: Seamciron
saqonlis Rirebuleba da uzrunvelyon misi SedarebiT ufro maRali konkuren-
tunarianoba Semcirebuli tarifebis xarjze, ukeT gavidnen saeqsporto baz-
rebze, ufro metad gazardon saeqsporto potenciali, moaxdinon Semdgomi inves-
tireba da zrda, gazardon pirdapiri ucxouri investirebis potenciali, miiRon
1 moyvanili monacemebi 2004 wlamde moicavs evrokavSiris wevr 25 qveyanas, 2004 wlidan ki 27
qveyanas bulgareTisa da rumineTis CaTvliT.
0
20
40
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
23.719.4 18.3 17.7 19.8
25 24.1 21.6 24.7
0
20
40
60
80
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
30
63.4
34.928.2
39.2
54.3
34.2
56.7
41.9
12
ekonomikuri sargebeli TavianTi biznesisagan da masTan dakavSirebuli erTeu-
lebisaTvis (kompaniebi, mSromelebi, dasaqmebulebi da momxmarebelebi)
GSP+ reJimi 7200 dasaxelebis saqonelze vrceldeba. saqarTvelodan am
saqonlis eqsportireba xorcieldeba sabaJo mosakreblebis gadaxdis gareSe an
Semcirebuli sabaJo mosakreblebis gadaxdis Semdeg. kerZod, advaloremuli
tarifi uqmdeba im saqonelze, romelic mxolod am moskreblis gadaxdas
eqvemdebareba; asevea specialuri mosakrebeli, xolo im saqonelze, romelzec
orive mosakrebeli unda iqnes gadaxdili, mdgradi ganviTarebisa da kargi
mmarTvelobis specialuri reJimi mxolod ad valoremuli mosakreblis
gauqmebas iTvaliswinebs.
amave dros mniSvnelovania, rom evropis kavSiri sabaJo kavSiria, romlis
wevri saxelmwifoebi erTmaneTTan vaWrobisas arc moskrebels ixdian da arc
sabaJo formalobebs aformeben. evrokavSirSi importze erTani sabaJo tarifia
dawesebuli. amitom, mas Semdeg, rac eqsportiori evrokavSiris wevr erT
romelime wevr saxlemwifoSi sabaJo formalobebs gaformebs da mosakreblebs
gadaixdis, saqoneli evrokavSiris savaWro qselSi Tavisuflad brunavs da erTi
qveynidan meoreSi gadaadgildeba.
Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom kargi mmarTelobis xelSewyobis specialuri
reJimi ar aTavisuflebs qarTul saqonels im teqnikuri da fitosanitaruli
normebis Sesrulebis aucilebobisagan, romlebic evrokavSiris mieraa
dadgenili.1
CASE/Global Insigh 2-is kvlevebis daskvnis mixedviT, evrokavSirsa da
saqarTvelos Soris martivi Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb xelSekruleba ar
gamoiwvevs mSp-s zrdas. es arc aris gasakviri, radgan tarifebi saqarTvelodn
eqsportze ukve isedac dabalia an zog SemTxvevaSi, saerTod gauqmebulia.
FTA+ (Rrma da yovlismomcvleli Tavisufali vaWroba) evrokavSirsa da
saqarTvelos Soris mniSvnelovnad gazrdis vaWrobis sargebels. CASE/Global
Insight-is kvlevis mixedviT Rma da yovlismomcveli FTA-is SemTxvevaSi momdevno
xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi mSp-s zrdis tempi saqarTeloSi 1.5%-iT meti iqneba.
usafrTxo garemoSi mobilurobis xelSewyoba `aRmosavleT partniorobis~
prioritets warmoadgens. am mizniT, evrokavSirma unda SesTavazos partnior qve-
ynebs `mobilurobisa da usafrTxoebis paqtebis~ gaformebis perspeqtiva, rome-
lic moicavs mobilurobis xelSewyobis aspeqtebsa da usafrTxo garemos Seqmnis
valdebulebebs. aRniSnuli paqtebi SesaZloa moicavdes TanamSromlobis Semdeg
sferoebs: aralegaluri migraciis winaaRmdeg brZola; TavSesafris sistemis ev-
rokavSiris standartebTan miaxloeba; integrirebuli sazRvris marTvis struq-
turebis Seqmna da am sistemis evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan SesabamisobaSi
moyvana; sasamarTlo sistemisa da policiis SesaZleblobebis gaZliereba, gan-
sakuTrebiT korufciisa da organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolis
1 ufro vcrlad ixileT: evrokavSirTan vaWrobaSi arsebuli satarifo da arasatarifo barierebi, k. zaldastaniSvili Jur. saqarTvelos ekonomika #7-8. 2008 w. gv 34-45. htpp://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/ 2 CASE/Global Insight(2008), economic Feasibility, Genaral Economic Impact and Implications of A Free Trade Agreement
between the European Union and Georgia, Final Report, May.
13
TvalsazrisiT. aRniSnuli paqtebi gaformdeba TiToeul partnior qveyanasTan
maTi saWiroebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. `mobilurobisa da usafrTxoebis paqtis~
mobilurobis elementis ganmaxocielebeli instrumenti iqneba `partnioroba mo-
bilurobisaTvis~, romelic moicavs aseve TanamSromlobas savizo politikis
sferoSi. es ukanaskneli ganxorcieldeba etapobrivad, romlis saboloo mizania
uvizo mimosvla konkretuli valdebulebebisa da Tanmdevi RonisZiebebis gan-
xorcielebiT, maT Soris ek-is finansuri daxmarebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
SromiTi migraciis sferoSi evrokavSirsa da partnior qveynebs Soris Ta-
namSromlobis kuTxiT evrokomisia gegmavs Sesabamisi Semafasebeli kvlevis Cata-
rebas, romlis Sedegebis mixedviT evrokavSiri miiRebs gadawyvetilebas konk-
retuli partniori qveynis muSaxelisaTvis sakuTari SromiTi bazris gaxsnis, ag-
reTve wriuli migraciis xelSewyobis Taobaze; evropuli samezoblo politikis
farglebSi partniori qveynebis mier ukve aRebuli politikuri da samarTleb-
rivi valdebulebebis Sesrulebis xelSewyoba, rac uzrunvelyofs mobilurobis
ganviTarebisaTvis usafrTxo garemos Seqmnas, kerZod zemoxsenebuli paqtis
farglebSi yuradReba daeTmoba sazRvrebze maRali donis sazRvris marTvis
procedurebis Camoyalibebas; pirad monacemTa dacvis efeqturi sistemis Seqmnas;
organizebuli danaSaulis, trefikingisa da maRali donis korufciis winaaRmdeg
brZolis kuTxiT erovnuli gegmebis SemuSavebasa da ganxorcielebas evrokav-
Siris standartebis Sesabamisad da sxva.
A`aRmosavleTis partniorobis iniciativa~ iTvaliswinebs partniori qvey-
nebis ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis xelSewyobas, romelic gulis-
xmobs evrokavSiris ekonomikuri da socialuri politikis gamocdilebisa da
meqanizmebis gaziarebas. TanamSromloba am sferoSi SesaZloa moicavdes Semdeg
RonisZiebebs: urTierTgagebis memorandumis gaformeba regionul politikaze;
partnior qveynebSi regionuli ganviTarebis programebis ganxorcieleba, romel-
Ta mizania adgilobrivi infrastruqturis, adamianuri resursebis, mcire da
saSualo sawarmoTa ganviTarebis xelSewyoba; evrokavSiris regionebsa da part-
niori qveynebis regionebs Soris uSualo TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis xelSew-
yoba samxreT-aRmosavleT, centralur da CrdiloeT evropaSi arsebul transna-
cionalur programebSi monawileobis gziT; sazRvrispira TanamSromlobis (Cross-
Border Cooperation) programis gafarToeba partnior qveynebs Soris TanamSromlo-
bis ganviTarebis xelSewyobis mizniT.
amgvari midgoma, regionaluri politikis ganxorcileba mniSvnelovania
TviT evrokavSiris Siga regionebisaTvis. ase magaliTad, 2000-2006 wlebis fiska-
lur struqturaSi evrokavSirma ganaTavsa 213 miliard evro(daaxlobiT erTi
mesamedi EU-s biujetis) regionaluri politikis transferebisaTvis. am transfe-
rebma miaRwia 30.4 miliard evro weliwadSi, daaxlobeiT 0.35 % mSp-s da miax-
lobiT 3.2% beneficiari qveynebis regionis mSp-s. evrokavSiris regionaluri
politika formalurad SemuSavebuli iyo evropis regionebis disproporciulo-
bis Sesamcireblad. am politikis CarCoebSi dafinanseba modis mravali fondi-
dan, erToblivad cnobili rogorc `struqturuli fondebi~; zogierTi maTgani
14
Seqmnilia TviT am politikaze adre. regionebs, romelTac aqvT mSp erT sulze
naklebi evrokavSiris saSulos 75%-isa arian mTavari benficiarebi.1
rac Seexeba iniciativis dafinansebas, evrokomisiis rekomendaciiT saWiroa
finansuri resursebis mniSvnelovnad gazrda, raTa miRweul iqnas iniciativis
farglebSi dasaxuli miznebi. evropuli samezoblo da partniorobis instru-
mentis mimdinare biujetiT 2008 wlisaTvis partniori qveynebisaTvis gaTvalis-
winebulia daaxloebiT 450 milioni evro. evrokomisiis winadadebiT, mocemuli
Tanxa etapobrivad unda gaizardos da 2013 wlisaTvis Seadginos 750 milioni
evro, rac gulisxmobs damatebiT 350 milioni evros gamoyofas; xolo axali biu-
jetis dagegmvisas, evrokomisia mizanSewonilad miiCnevs, finansuri daxmarebis
kidev ufro gazrdas. `aRmosavleT partniorobis~ regionuli komponentis dasa-
finanseblad, evrokomisia SesaZleblad miiCnevs evropuli samezoblo da partni-
orobis instrumentis 2009 wlis regionuli programebis saxsrebidan gamoiyos
250 milioni evro, raTa iniciativis farglebSi daigegmos prioritetuli regio-
nuli proeqtebi.
amrigad, aRmosavleTis partniorobis iniciativa saqarTvelosaTvis niSnavs
axal SesaZleblobebs evrokavSirTan integraciis gzaze. qveynis sagareo veqtors
ganapirobebs misi civilizaciuri resurebi, geografiuli mdebareoba da poli-
tikur-ekonomikuri mizanSewoniloba. patara qveynebis erovnuli interesebisa da
usafrTxoebis prioritetebSi ekonomikuri kavSirebis stabilurobisa da eqspor-
tis uzrunveyofis sakiTxebma TvalsaCino adgili daikaves. saqarTveloSi mTava-
ri sagareo orientiri evrokavSirTan integraciaa, aRmosavleTis partiorobis
iniciativa niSnavs saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris axal asocirebis xel-
Sekrulebas, Tavisufali vaWobis reJimis perspeqtivas, maRal mobilurobas, savi-
zo mimosvlis gamartivebas da regionaluri ganviTarebis mxardaWeras.
evrokavSiris wevroba niSnavs qveynis konkurentunarianobis zrdas msoflio
ekonomikaSi, saeqsporto potencialis zrdas da evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos
Soris urTierTvaWrobis tempis daCqarebas. qveynis ganviTrebis procesis xelSew-
yobas da saqarTvelos aRiarebas, rogorc demokratiuli qveynis myari ekono-
mikuri safuZvlebiT.
1 European Integration, Regional Policy and Growth/ Ed by Bernard Funck and Lodovico Pizatti-Washington World
bank, 2003 p 1-5
15
Tavisufali industriuli zonebi saqarTveloSi da maTi
ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi XXI saukuneSi1
irakli giorbeliZe
Tsu bakalavri
momzadebulia damoukideblad
sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlam, finansuri globalizaciis masStabebis zrdam, konkuren-
tuli garemos gafarToebam da daxvewam dResdReisobiT axali gamowvevebis winaSe dagvayena.
qveynis ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro gaxda meti novaciebisa da reformebis danergva _ ganxorci-
eleba. investiciebis Semodineba da maTi efeqtianad warmarTva saqarTvelos ekonomikis aRor-
Zinebisa da ganviTarebis arsebiTi maCvenebelia da Tu qarTvel eqspertebs vendobiT, am etapze
qveyanaSi `sainvesticio SimSili~ SeiniSneba. qvemoT mimovixilav Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs Tavi-
sufali industriuli da zogadad ekonomikuri zonebis Seqmnas erovnuli ekonomikis
ganviTarebisTvis.
vidre uSualod Tavisufali industriuli zonebis Sesaxeb visaubrebde, ganvixilav zo-
gadad Tavisufal ekonomikur zonebs. Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi (Tez), igive ofSoruli
zonebi me-20 saukunis meore naxevris msoflio ekonomikis mniSvnelovani movlenaa. isini
xelsayreli warmonaqmnebia, zemogebis misaRebad da mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben Ria ekono-
mikis principebis realizaciaSi. aq moqmedi ekonomikuri wesebi, berketebi da specialuri ad-
ministraciuli kanonebi amsubuqeben samarTlebriv da sameurneo reJims. sabaJo, sainvesticio
da sagadasaxado reJimi nebismieri sagareo da Sida investiciebisaTvis xelsayrelia da aqedan
gamomdinare ofSoruli zonebi Tavisebur mimzidvel `xafangs~ warmoadgenen ucxouri kapita-
ldabandebebisaTvis.
Tez-is ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia sxvadasxva saxis preferenciebisa da stimulebis gamoye-
neba, maT Soris:
fiskaluri (saqmianobis garkveuli saxeobis sagadasaxado stimulireba);
1 sakonferencio moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna kavkasiis universitetis mier organizebul studentTa sa-
erTaSoriso konferenciaze `XXI saukunis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi~ da daimsaxura III adgili.
ibeWdeba Semcirebuli formatiT. moxsenebis sruli versia ganTavsebulia inglisur enaze gamocemul
konferenciis amsaxvel krebulSi, Tb. 2009, gv. 138-143.
http://www.fes.ge/geo/images/Fes_Files/Pulications08files/GEo09Publications/cu_2009.pdf
16
finansuri (pirdapiri - uSualod sabiujeto saxsrebiT subsidireba da SeRavaTiani saxelmwi-
fo kreditebi, arapidapiri - komunaluri momsaxurebis dabali fasis daweseba, nakveTis sai-
jaro gadasaxadis Semcireba da sxv.);
administraciuli _ sawarmos registraciisa da ucxo qveynis moqalaqeTa Sesvla-gasvlis
procedurebis gamartiveba;
sagareo ekonomikuri _ sagareo vaWrobaSi sabaJo mosakreblebis Semcireba an sulac gauqmeba.
Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis erT-erTi nairsaxeobaa Tavisufali industriuli zona
(sxva saxeobebia: Tavisufali savaWro zona, Tavisufali sabaJo teritoria da sxv. ).
konceptualuri TvalsazrisiT zonis or saxeobas ganasxvaveben. erTi maTgani terito-
riul midgomas eyrdnoba da mkafiod gansazRvrul teritorias warmoadgens, sadac zonis yve-
la rezidentze zonaSi dadgenili ekonomikuri saqmianobis SeRavaTiani reJimi vrceldeba. meo-
re konceptualuri midgoma funqcionalur xasiaTs atarebs da warmoadgens SeRavaTian reJims,
romelic garkveuli saxeobis samewarmeo saqmianobis mimarT gamoiyeneba imis miuxedavad, Tu
ekonomikuri agenti, romelic am saxeobis saqmianobas eweva, qveynis romel nawilSia.
sazogadod, Tavisufali industriuli zona SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc mkafiod
Semofargluli teritoria, romelzec myardeba ekonomikur-finansuri saqmianobis gansakuTre-
buli reJimi, mewarmeobis stimulirebis, meurneobis prioritetul sferoebSi ucxouri in-
vesticiebis mozidvisa da axali teqnologiebis danergvis mizniT.
Tavisufal industriul zonebSi import-eqsportze sabaJo mosakrebeli moxsnilia. amis
miuxedavad, mewarmeebi valdebulni arian awarmoon aRricxva da yovelwliurad waradginon
deklaracia, sadac yvela produqcia da operacia unda iyos asaxuli. mraval qveyanaSi (make-
donia, TurqeTi, gana, gvatemala, kosta-rika) mewarmeebi Tavisufldebian saSemosavlo gada-
saxadisaganac. Tumca kosta-rikaSi, gvatemalaSi da ganaSi es SeRavaTebi mxolod pirveli 10
wlis ganmavlobaSi moqmedebs. dRg-sgan mewarmeebi gaTavisuflebulni arian ruseTis,
gvatemalisa da ganas Tavisufal industriul zonebSi, aqcizis gadasaxadisagan _ ruseTis
federaciaSi, uZrav qonebaze gadasaxadisagan _ gvatemalaSi da a.S (ix. cxrili #1).
cxrili #1. msoflios qveynebi da Tavisufali industriuli zonebi
qveyana
zonis
Seqmnis
iniciatori
zonis
moqmedebis
vada
akrZalvebi gadasaxadebisgan
gaTavisufleba
xelmZRvaneloba
ruseTi mTavroba 20 weli,
dauSvebel
ia vadis
gagrZeleb
nedeulis mopoveba,
garemosaTvis
saxifaTo
produqciis
sabaJo mosakreblebi
import-eqsportze,
dRg, aqcizis gadasa-
xadi
aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis
federaluri
organo
17
a warmoeba,
radioaqtiuri
da birTvuli
nivTierebebi
TurqeTi mTavroba mTavrobas
Tan SeTan-
xmebiT
-
sabaJo mosakreblebi
import-eqsportze,
saSemosavlo
gadasaxadi
-
makedonia mTavroba 50 weli
(vadis
gasvlis
Semdeg
SeiZleba
kidev 25
wliT
gagr-
Zeldes)
garemosaTvis saxi-
faTo produqcia,
radioaqtiuri
da birTvuli niv-
Tierebebi, narko-
tikebi, iaraRis
warmoeba, qimiuri,
biologiuri
produqcia
sabaJo mosakreblebi
import-eqsportze,
saSemosavlo gadasa-
xadi, gadasaxadi fu-
lad gadmoricxvebze
Tavisufali eko-
nomikuri zonis sa-
Tavo ofisi (qmnis
makedoniis
mTavroba)
kosta-
rika
sagareo
vaWrobis
saministro
saministr
osTan
SeTanxmebi
T
garemosaTvis
saxifaTo
produqcia
sabaJo mosakreblebi
import-eqsportze,
saSemosavlo
gadasaxadi
korporacia (iqmneba
mTavrobis mier)
gvatemal
a
ekonomikis
saministro
10 weli
vrceldeb
a gadasa-
xadebze
SeRavaTebi
navTobis da gazis
mopoveba,Tevzrewva,
turizmi, xe-tyis
rewva, Saqris
warmoeba, yavis,
kardamonis moyvana,
bambis, bananis, se-
zamis, kauCukis
warmoeba, msxvil-
fexa saqonlis mo-
Seneba, radioaqti-
uri nivTierebebis
warmoeba
sabaJo mosakreblebi
import-eqsportze,
saSemosavlo gadasa-
xadi, uZrav qonebaze
gadasaxadi, dRg,
mTlianad ekisreba
zonis damaarsebel
firmas
palestin
a
ministrTa
kabineti
ara
umetes
49 wlisa
-
sabaJo mosakreblebi
import-eqsportze
industriuli sa-
kuTrebisa da Tavi-
sufali industri-
uli zonebis sabWo
(industriis
saministrosTan
arsebuli)
irani ministrTa
kabineti
mTavrobas
Tan SeTan-
xmebiT
-
sabaJo mosakreblebi
import-eqsportze,
uvizo reJimi
Tavisufali zonis
administracia
(iqmneba mTavrobis
mier)
uzbekeTi parlamenti
(olii
mejlisi)
parlament
Tan SeTan-
xmebiT
iseTi produqciis
warmoeba, romelic
zians ayenebs bu-
nebriv resursebs
da garemos
sabaJo mosakreblebi
import-eqsportze,
specialuri
savaluto reJimi
Tavisufali
zonis
administraciuli
sabWo (qmnis minis-
trTa kabineti)
monRole
Ti
parlamenti
(didi
parlament
Tan SeTan-
akrZalulia iseTi
produqciis Semo-
sabaJo mosakreblebi
import-eqsportze,
Tavisufali
zonis gubernatori
18
xurali) xmebiT tana da warmoeba,
romelic ikrZale-
ba monRoleTis
kanonmdeblobiT
dRg (iniSneba
premier-
ministris mier)
gana prezidentis
brZaneba
10 weli
vrceldeb
a gadasa-
xadebze
SeRavaTebi
garemosaTvis
saxifaTo
produqcia
sabaJo mosakreblebi
import-eqsportze,
saSemosavlo
gadasaxadi
Tavisufali zonis
sabWo (xelmZRva-
nelobs vaWrobisa
da industriis mi-
nistri)
mozambiki mTavroba adgens
mTavroba
garemosaTvis
saxifaTo
produqcia
sabaJo mosakreblebi
import-eqsportze,
mTlianad ekisreba
zonis damaarsebel
firmas
Tavisufali industriuli zonebi Sromis axali saerTaSoriso danawilebis erT-erTi
elementia. ekonomikis globalizaciis pirobebSi Tavisufali zonebi efeqturi instrumentia
qveynis sagareo-ekonomikuri saqmianobis gasaaqtiureblad. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavisufa-
li zonebis Seqmnisas aucileblad unda iqnas gaTvaliwinebuli uaryofiTi gamocdilebac:
infrastruqturis gaumarTaoba - saqarTvelos rkinigzis dabali gamtarunarianoba, portebis
mwiri infrastrutura
adgilobrivi bazris simcire.
sasurvelia gvaxsovdes, rom: 1). ucxoeli investorebi, rogorc wesi, `cariel adgilze~
ar modian. isini Tavisufali zoniT interesdebian mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu iq ukve aris
saTanado infrastruqtura, an misi Seqmnis xarjebis adgilobrivi biujetidan dafinansebis
saSualeba. infrastruqturis Seqmnis xarjebi ki zogjer mTliani investiciis TiTqmis 80%-s
Seadgens. ase rom, mosazreba yvela xarjis ucxoeli investoris mier dafarvis Taobaze
yovelTvis ar marTldeba.
2). zogierT qveyanaSi Tavisufali industriuli zonebis Seqmna korufciis wyarod iqca.
garkveuli garigebis safuZvelze mTavrobis mier ucxouri kompaniebisaTvis Tavisufal indus-
triul zonaSi dawesebuli SeRavaTebi zogjer adgilobrivi mewarmeobisa da mTlianad qvey-
nis interesebis sazianod moqmedebs.
ganvixiloT SWOT analizi konkretulad foTis Tavisufali industriuli zonis
magaliTze.
Zlieri mxareebi:
axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba;
mimzidveli kapitaldabandebebi;
konkurentuli garemos Seqmna;
mzardi gadazidvebi;
19
ganviTarebadi infrastruqtura;
axali terminalis aSeneba.
susti mxareebi:
problemuri regioni;
ganuviTarebeli infrastruqtura;
naklebi kontroli qarTuli mxridan.
SesaZleblobebi:
iafi muSa-xeli;
naklebi biurokratia;
fiskaluri da administraciuli upiratesobebi;
saSiSroebebi:
riski mezobeli qveynidan;
sainvesticio SimSilis zrda mTel qveyanaSi.
amrigad, zemoaRniSnuli Camoyalibebuli Teoriuli aspeqtis safuZvelze, SegviZlia
davaskvnaT, rom saqarTveloSi Tavisufali industriuli zonebis Seqmna ar gamoiwvevs
investiciebis nakadebis fokusirebas mxolod am regionSi, radgan foTis adgilmdebareobas
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT ZiriTadad eqsportze orientirebuli produqcia Seiqmneba, romelic
Savi zRvis saSualebiT gava evropaSi. TiTqmis ganulebuli gadasaxadebi da umartivesi
administraciuli procedurebi aris erT-erTi gza (Tuara erTaderTi) mzardi konkurenciis
pirobebSi davainteresoT ama Tu im regioniT ucxoeli investorebi.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. parlamentis kvleviTi departamenti 2. www.articlesbase.com 3. www.economy.ge 4. www.finchannel.com 5. www.gbw.ge 6. www.georgia.gov.ge 7. www.georgiatoday.ge 8. www.mof.ge 9. ww.magazine.amcham.ge
20
finansuri krizisi
(`binaTmflobelobis mania~)1
nino fxikiZe
Tsu bakalavri
mecn-xelm: asoc. prof m. julayiZe
dResdReisobiT finansuri krizisi msoflios erT-erT ZiriTad
problemas warmoadgens. man gavlena iqonia ara mxolod sabanko seqtor-
ze, aramed dasaqmebis maCvenebelsa da sxva socialur problemebze. mok-
led rom vTqvaT, `msoflioSi naRdi fulis deficitia~. mosaxleoba cdi-
lobs krizisis pirobebSi gaakeTos garkveuli saxis sadazRveo dana-
zogebi. amavdroulad bankebic amcireben gasacemi kreditebis odenobas.
msoflios finansuri krizisis Sedegemi saqarTvelos ekonomikazec aisaxa.
momxmareblebi aRar yiduloben imden saqonels, rasac isini yidu-
lobdnen uwin. miuxedavad imisa, rom savaWro centrebi did fasdaklebebs
iuwyebian – momxmareblebi mainc erdidebian ZviraadRirebuli produqciis
yidvas.
wyaro: ekonomikuri analizis biuro (aSS)
1 sakonferencio moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna kavkasiis universitetis mier organizebul studentTa sa-
erTaSoriso konferenciaze `XXI saukunis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi~. ibeWdeba Semcirebuli
formatiT. moxsenebis sruli versia ganTavsebulia inglisur enaze gamocemul konferenciis amsaxvel
krebulSi, Tb. 2009, gv. 164-169.
http://www.fes.ge/geo/images/Fes_Files/Pulications08files/GEo09Publications/cu_2009.pdf
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
იან
.00
იან
.01
იან
.02
იან
.03
იან
.04
იან
.05
იან
.06
იან
.07
იან
.08
იან
.09
US retail sales, % change
21
sabazro subieqtebs aRar aqvs sakmarisi Tanxa, rom dafaron sap-rocento gadasaxadebi. swored amitom, imata komerciuli da sayofacxov-
rebo farTebis giravnobebis raodenobam. aSS-Si gadauxdeli sesxebis ode-
noba wina wlebSi saSualod mxolod 2%-s Seadgenda. axla ki 5-6%-mdea
gazrdili.
wyaro: ekonomikuri analizis biuro (aSS)
`bolo 16 weliwadSi umuSevroba aRwevs umaRles maCvenebels~ – wers
The New York Times. msoflioSi samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebuli personalis
odenoba nel-nela matulobs.
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
იან
.00
მაი
ს.00
სექ.
00
იან
.01
მაი
ს.01
სექ.
01
იან
.02
მაი
ს.02
სექ.
02
იან
.03
მაი
ს.03
სექ.
03
იან
.04
მაი
ს.04
სექ.
04
იან
.05
მაი
ს.05
სექ.
05
იან
.06
მაი
ს.06
სექ.
06
იან
.07
მაი
ს.07
სექ.
07
იან
.08
მაი
ს.08
სექ.
08
იან
.09
US unemployment rate, %
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
00
Q1
00
Q3
01
Q1
01
Q3
02
Q1
02
Q3
03
Q1
03
Q3
04
Q1
04
Q3
05
Q1
05
Q3
06
Q1
06
Q3
07
Q1
07
Q3
08
Q1
08
Q3
Residential mortages Commercial mortgages
22
wyaro: ekonomikuri analizis biuro (aSS)
mosaxleoba amjobinebs dazogos fuladi saxsrebi, radganac maT
ar aqvT momavlis imedi: SeiZleba isinic gaaTavisuflon samsaxuridan, an
xelfasis odenoba Seumciron. swored amitom cdiloben dazogon fuli,
vidre xarjon ZviradRirebul produqciasa Tu momsaxurebaze. amis
Sedegia is, rom ZviradRirebul kurortebze damsvenebelTa odenobam
iklo.
wyaro: ekonomikuri analizis biuro (aSS)
ukanasknel wlebSi msoflio, gansakuTrebiT ki ganviTarebadi qvey-
nebi mSeneblobis bumiT xasiTdeboda. Tumca finansurma krizisma, maTac
daamCnia kvali da bevri mSenebloba SeCerda kidec. evropaSi mSeneblo-
bebis krizisi jer kidev 2007wels daiwyo, rodesac evrozonaSi asa-
Senebel sacxovrebel saxlebze mSeneblobis nebarTvebis maCvenebelma
kleba iwyo da nuls qvemoT Camovida. 2008 wlis ganmavlobaSi mSeneblo-
bebze nebarTvebis odenoba 25-30%-iT Semcirda.
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
ივნ
.95
დეკ.9
5
ივნ
.96
დეკ.9
6
ივნ
.97
დეკ.9
7
ივნ
.98
დეკ.9
8
ივნ
.99
დეკ.9
9
ივნ
.00
დეკ.0
0
ივნ
.01
დეკ.0
1
ივნ
.02
დეკ.0
2
ივნ
.03
დეკ.0
3
ივნ
.04
დეკ.0
4
ივნ
.05
დეკ.0
5
ივნ
.06
დეკ.0
6
ივნ
.07
დეკ.0
7
ივნ
.08
დეკ.0
8
-40.0
-30.0
-20.0
-10.0
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
იან
.00
აპრ
.00
ივ
ლ.0
0
ოქტ
.00
იან
.01
აპრ
.01
ივ
ლ.0
1
ოქტ
.01
იან
.02
აპრ
.02
ივ
ლ.0
2
ოქტ
.02
იან
.03
აპრ
.03
ივ
ლ.0
3
ოქტ
.03
იან
.04
აპრ
.04
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ლ.0
4
ოქტ
.04
იან
.05
აპრ
.05
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ლ.0
5
ოქტ
.05
იან
.06
აპრ
.06
ივ
ლ.0
6
ოქტ
.06
იან
.07
აპრ
.07
ივ
ლ.0
7
ოქტ
.07
იან
.08
აპრ
.08
ივ
ლ.0
8
23
mniSvnelovnad iklo warmoebuli produqciis odenobam, gansakuT-
rebiT ki, evrozonaSi. saqonlis warmoebam agreTve mniSvnelovnad daiklo
iseT ganviTarebad qveynebSi, rogorebicaa CineTi, taivani, singapuri da
sxva industriuli qveynebi. amis ZiriTadi mizezi ki is gaxlavT, rom
aziis industriuli qveynebis mier warmoebuli produqciis ZiriTadi
momxmareblebi evropelebi da aSS-s mosaxleobaa; maT aRar aqvT sakmarisi
Tanxa, Sesabamisad aRar SeuZliaT daxarjon didi odenobiT Tanxa.
rogorc vxedavT, msoflios finansur kriziss ekonomikisTvis
saxifaTo Sedegebi mohyva. es procesi kvlavac grZeldeba. magram ra aris
finansuri krizisis warmoSobis mizezi? amasTan dakavSirebiT ramdenime
mosazreba arsebobs.
`msoflio finansuri krizisis gaRrmavebis mizezi procesebze
mTavrobebis susti reagireba iyo~, _ ganacxada aSS_is prinstonis
universitetis profesorma, mklevarma da ekonomikis dargSi 2008 wlis
nobelis premiis laureatma pol krugmanma (Paul Robin Krugman, 1953). misi
gancxadebiT, `umTavresi mizezi krizisis gaRrmavebisa aris is, rom yovel
stadiaze mTavrobebi sustad reagirebdnen procesebze. aman ndobis
faqtori Seamcira, rac kriziss ganviTarebisken ubiZgebda~.
ekonomistebis umravlesoba pol krugmanis msgavsad miiCnevs, rom
finansuri krizisis warmoSobisa da gaRrmavebis mizezebia:
axali biznesebis siWarbe,
saxelmwifo kontrolis nakleboba,
naklebi regulireba,
didi raodenobiT sagareo vaWroba,
saxelmwifos mxridan naklebi danaxarjebis gaweva.
magram arsebobs finansuri krizisis warmoSobisa da gaRrmavebis
gansxvavebuli mizezebi, romelsac ZiriTadad “avstriuli skolis”
warmomadgenlebi aRiareben. maTi azriT finansuri krizisis gaRrmavebis
ZiriTadi mizezi intervenciaa:
monetarul sistemaSi _
centraluri bankis funqcionirebis meqanizmi,
iuridiuli fuli,
centraluri bankis mier garantirebuli rezervebi.
saxelmwifo mxridan intervencia da garantiebi _
iafi kreditebis programebi,
giravnobebi,
saxelmwifos mxridan biznesebi garkveuli saxiT uzrunvelyofa.
24
finansuri krizisis gamomwvevi ZiriTadi mizezi ipoTekuri
dakreditebis sistema iyo, romelsac `binaTmflobelobis mania~ vuwode.
krizisis Cemeuli interpretacia, SeiZleba aixsnas im faqtebiT,
romlebsac adgili hqonda msoflios ganviTarebis tendenciebSi: _
istoriulad dabalma saprocento ganakveTebma, investiciaTa didma
odenobam, rwmenam, rom uZravi qoneba – binebis saxiT karg investicias
warmoadgens da imis warmodgenam, rom binebis fasebi arasdros ecema,
gamoiwvia finansuri krizisi. aSS-s saganZuris departaentis mdivani, jon
snou, 2005 wels aRniSnavda: `varaudi imisa, rom SesaZlebelia sacxovrebe-
li saxlebis bazarma
marcxi ganicados,
sruliad
daujerebelia~. am pe-
riodSi marTlac bevr
ekonomists miaCnda, rom
es ekonomikis dausru-
lebeli bumi iyo.
xalxs, romlebsac ukve
hqondaT sakuTari
saxli, yidulobdnen
meores ipoTekuri
sesxiT – ukve maT
mflobelobaSi
arsebuli saxlis giravnobiT, ramac gamoiwvia fasebis zrda. aSS_Si
saerTo safinanso da sabanko krizisis uSualo winamorbedi iyo 2007
wels maRali riskis mqone ipoTekuri kreditebis krizisi (subprime), anu
iseTi pirebis ipoTekuri dakrediteba, romlebsac gaaCndaT dabali
Semosavlebi da cudi sakredito istoria, anu saerTo jamSi, bankebi
gascemdnen ipoTekur sesxebs yvelaze, visac surda sakuTari saxli. sabo-
loo jamSi ki Sedegad miviReT argadamxdelTa didi odenoba.
swored `saxlis flobis maniam~ gamoiwvia qalaqebis gadaWedva
sacxovrebeli saxlebis mSeneblobebiT. imis gamo, rom miwodeba ukve
aRemateboda moTxovnas, daeca binebze fasebic. Tumca visac ukve didi
odenobiT ipoTekuri krediti hqondaT gamotanili da maT dafarvas veRar
axerxebdnen, ekargebodaT ukve maT mflobelobaSi arsebuli dagiravne-
buli uZravi qonebac (radganac giravnoba Tavisi SinaarsiT mocavs
SedarebiT nakleb Tanxas, vidre binis realuri sabazro fasi). banki
veRarc argadamxdelebisTvis CamorTmeul saxlebs veRar yidda, ramac
gamoiwvia sabanko krizisi. bankebi veRar gascemdnen sesxebs, ramac
25
gamoiwvia maTi aqciaTa fasis mkveTri vardna. `Cven didi problemis winaSe
vdgavarT~, – jorj buSi 2008 wlis seqtembers.
rac Seexeba umuSevrobis dones, finansuri krizisis pirobebSi man
SedarebiT mateba ganicada 2008 wlis bolos. sxvadasxva bankidan da
safinanso organizaciebidan saerTo
jamSi daaxloebiT 6000-mde
TanamSromeli gaaTavisufles.
developerulma biznesebmac ganicades
kraxi. developerebis mier
dasaqmebulTa saerTo odenoba
agvistos movlenebsa da finansur
krizisamde 70 000 adamiani iyo.
dResdReisobiT ki naxevari maTgani
dausaqmebelia. WiaTurmanganumis,
madneulis (bolnisi), azotis (rusTavi)
da sxva msxvili sawarmoebidanac
etapobrivad xdeba momuSaveTa
gaTavisufleba. momsaxure personals amcireben agreTve kvebis obieqtebsa
da supermarketebSi. momuSave personalis gaTavisuflebasTan erTad
iklebs momuSaveTa xelfasis odenobac. swored amis Sedegia is, rom
daqmebulTa 35% saarsebo minimumze nakleb xelfass iRebs.
wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis departamenti saqarTveloSi umuSevrobis done 2005-2007 wlebSi nel-nela
mcirdeba, Tumca es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom dasaqmebulTa odenoba
iklebs – piriqiT dasaqmebulebis maCvenebelic umuSevrobis propor-
ciulad iklebs.
rac Seexeba umuSevrobis dones aSS-Si. aSS-s mTavrobis pres-reli-
zis mixedviT umuSevrobis donem aSS-Si 7.2%-s miaRwia. aseve gasaTvalis-
1600
1700
1800
1900
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
dasaqmebulebis raodenoba(2002-2007 wlebi)
aTasi kaci
200
220
240
260
280
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
umuSevrobis raodenoba(2002-2007wlebi)
aTasi kaci
26
winebelis is faqtic, rom umuSevarTa raodenobaSi ar Sedis milionobiT
adamiani, romlebic naxevar ganakveTSi muSaoben da ver pouloben srul-
ganakveTian samsaxurs. aseTi saxis umuSevrebi miekuTvnebian U-3 dones.
umuSevrobis U-6 done warmoadgens umuSevrobis realur maCvenebels,
romelic 13.5%-s warmoadgens. rogorc vxedavT, arsebuli realuri umuSev-
robis done sakmaod maRalia, magram SeiZleba isic vTqvaT, rom miuxe-
davad aseTi maRali maCveneblisa, igi mainc araa didi depresiis periodSi
arsebuli umuSevrobis donis odenobis. rogorc viciT, didi depresiis
periodSi umuSevrobis done 25%-s warmoadgenda – yoveli meoTxe amerike-
li umuSevari iyo. magram Tu arsebuli umuSevrobis gamoangariSebisas
1930-iani wlebSi gamoyenebul meTods mivmarTavT, 13.5 %-is nacvlad 17.5%-s
miviRebT. ase, rom aucilebelia umuSevrobis winaagmdeg garkveuli saxis
qmedebebi ganaxorcielos aSS-m, Torem didi depresiis msgavsi periodi
gardauvali iqneba. kvlavac rogorc vxedavT, farTod ganviTarebuli sa-
erTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebidan gamomdinare, aSS_Si dawye-
buli finansuri krizisi jaWvuri reaqciiT moedo mTels msoflios,
gansakuTrebiT ki im qveynebs, romelTac aSS_sTan sagareo ekonomikuri
urTierTobebi aqvT (maT Soris bunebrivia, saqarTvelosac). gamomdinare
iqidan, rom saqarTvelos ekonomika msoflio ekonomikis Semadgeneli
nawilia, msoflio finansurma krizisma saqarTvelos ekonomikazec iqonia
gavlena da qveyana mravali gamowvevis winaSe daayena. krizisis pirveladi
Sedegebi ukve saxezea da misi gaRrmaveba wlis ganmavlobaSi gardauvalia.
msoflio ekonomikur krizisamde saqarTvelos xelisufleba
nominalur mSp_s 21535,9 mln laris moculobiT prognozirebadia, xolo
krizisis Sedegebis gamovlenis Semdeg xelisuflebis prognozi 21308,7
mln laria (Semcireba navaraudevia 227,2 mln lariT, rac daaxloebiT
1,05%_iani Semcirebaa). realuri mSp_s zrda Tavdapirvelad navaraudevi
iyo 4,0%_is odenobiT, xolo krizisis Sedegebis gamovlenis Semdeg _
2,5%_iT. 2008 wels realuri mSp_s zrda, nacvlad dagegmili 8%_isa,
xelisuflebis prognoziT iqneba mxolod 2,0%.
saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis monacemebis mixedviT, depozitebsa da
sesxebs Soris uaryofiTi balansi 2008 wlisaTvis daaxloebiT mTliani
Siga produqtis 13%-s warmoadgens.
sabanko sistemaSi, depozitebsa da kreditebs Soris mniSvnelovani
Seusabamoba SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes diamond-dibvingis modelis mixed-
viT. rac Seexeba investiciebs, saqarTveloSi investiciebis mniSvnelovani
Semcireba jer kidev agvistos movlenebis Semdeg daiwyo. mimdinare etapze
aseve gvaqvs msoflio finansuri krizisiT gamowveuli investiciebis
Semcirebis tendencia. igi aseve ukavSirdeba saqarTveloSi msxvili sapri-
vatizacio obieqtebis nusxis amowurvas, xolo mcire saprivatizacio
27
obieqtebi mniSvnelovan aminds ver qmnian. xelisuflebis prognoziT, 2008
wels saqarTvelom miiRo 2,17 mlrd aSS dolaris investicia, xolo 2009
wels dagegmilia mxolod 1,7 mlrd dolaris mozidva. investiciebis Sem-
cirebis magaliTebidan mxolod ramdenimes dasaxeleba sakmarisia imi-
saTvis, rom finansuri krizisisa da agvistos movlenebis Semdgomi peri-
odis sainvesticio krizisSi davrwmundeT:
agvistos cnobili movlenebis Semdeg, msoflio finansuri krizisis
fonze, yazaxurma kompania `yazmunaigazma~ (KazMunaiGaz) uari ganacxada
saqarTveloSi dagegmil 1 mlrd dolaris investiciaze, romliTac baTum-
Si navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxana unda aSenebuliyo;
amerikulma kompania `qliar sTrim holdingma~ saqarTveloSi gamocxade-
bul investiciaze uari Tqva. kompaniam auqcionze `vai maqsis~ sixSire 9
milion 300 aTas larad SeiZina da ukabelo internet_servisis awyobas
gegmavda. kompaniis qarTveli partniorebis gancxadebiT, proeqti CaiSala
da `qliar sTrimi~ safasurs, romelic noembris bolosTvis unda gadae-
xada, aRar gadaixdis.
ra aris yvelaze saxarbielo finansur krizisTan dakavSirebiT 2009 wels?
esaa:
msoflio finansurma krizisma gavlena iqonia ara mxolod safinanso an
sawarmoo sferoze, aramed realur ekonomikazec;
Sinameurneobebis mier danazogebis odenoba izrdeba;
bankebi aRar gacemen sesxebs;
eqsportis moculoba iklebs;
farTo moxmarebis saqonlis fasebi ecema;
ganviTarebad qveynebs didi sabiujeto deficiti aqvT – wina wlebSi, isini
biujetis deficitis pirobebSi deficitis Sesavsebad Tanxebs sesxu-
lobdnen `mdidari qveynebidan~, magram axla ukve isinic, krizisSi imyo-
febian, ris gamoc ver xorcieldeba sagareo sesxebis gacema. ase rom,
mevale erebi iZulebi xdebian, rom daagrovon aqtivebi da maTi gayidviT
dafaron sagareo valebi.
aSS_s finansTa ministrma henri polsonma, federaluri sarezervo
sistemis da kongresis warmomadgenlebTan erTad 2008 wlis seqtemberSi
daasrula ekonomikis stabilizaciis sagangebo gegmaze muSaoba (Emergency
Economic Stabilization Act of 2008), romelsac mogvianebiT polsonis gegma
ewoda. aRniSuli gegma iTvaliswinebda aSS_s federaluri sarezervo
sistemidan 700 mlrd aSS dolaris gamoyofas, romliTac specialurad
amisTvis Seqmnili saxelmwifo korporacia moaxdenda bankebisgan prob-
lemuri aqtivebis gamosyidvas. gegma sami mTavari mimarTulebisgan
Sedgeba:
1. problemuri aqtivebis gamosyidvis programa;
28
2. biznesisa da mosaxleobisTvis sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi;
3. energetikis sferos specialuri stimulireba.
2008 wlis 25 noembers cnobili gaxda federaluri sarezervo sis-
temis ganzraxva, aSS_s bankebSi damatebiT Caedo 800 mlrd aSS dolari,
rac mimarTuli unda yofiliyo momxmarebelTa sacalo dakreditebis
stimulirebisTvis. gamocxadebuli programa iTvaliswinebda federaluri
sarezervo sistemis mier 600 mlrd aSS dolaris kreditis gamosyidvas,
rac gacemuli da garantirebuli iyo Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Ginnie Mae
ipoTekuri saagentoebisa da federaluri bankebis samomxmareblo
kreditebiT.
polsonis gegmam gamoiwvia eqspertebisa da kongresmenebis nawilis
ukmayofileba. igi exeboda saxsrebis wyaroebs da fulis aseTi emisiis
Sedegebs, rasac SeuZlia miiyvanos aSS_s valuta devalvaciamde. maTi
azriT, bankebisgan problemuri aqtivebis gamosyidvaze efeqtiani iqneboda
hejirebis fondis Seqmna, romelic daazRvevda am aqtivebiT gamowveul
danakargebs bankebsa da sxva safinanso institutebSi.
rac Seexeba saqarTvelos samomavlo qmedebebs, qveynis xelisuflebam
arsebuli problemebi unda warmoidginos erTianad, ris safuZvelzec
spontanuri RonisZiebebis gatarebidan unda gadaerTos Tanmimdevruli
RonisZiebebis gatarebaze. prioritetebi unda iyos mkafio, realuri da
qveynis ekonomikuri zrdis stimulirebaze orientirebuli. amasTan,
aucilebelia donorebidan miRebuli daxmarebebis da kreditebis
gegmazomieri xarjva. qveynis xelisuflebas mudmivad unda axsovdes, rom
dagegmili 4,5 ar aris mxolod daxmareba da misi didi nawili ramdenime
wlis Semdeg ukan unda iqnas dabrunebuli, Tanac Sesabamisi saprocento
ganakveTebis gadaxdiT. Sesabamisad unda gaviTvaliswinoT ganviTarebadi
qveynebis krizisidan gamosavlis gzebi da ar davuSvaT uaresi Sedegebis
miReba “binaTmflobelobis maniiT” warmoSobili finansuri krizisidan.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros statistikis departamenti, 2002-2008
wlis maCveneblebi;
2. saqarTvelos erovnuli banki
3. Asia News Reports – The straits times (Publication Date: 28-11-2008)
4. The Economist – Economist Intelligence Unit (January/February 2009)
5. Bureau of Economic Analysis
(http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/national/gdp/gdpnewsrelease.htm)
6. Bureau of the census (http://www.census.gov/
29
informaciuli revolucia da ekonomikuri
politikis evolucia1
giorgi nikuraZe
Tsu magistranti
mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. i. gogoriSvili
Tanamedrove msoflio aris mxilveli im TiTqos warmoudgeneli movlenisa ra-
sac hqvia informaciuli revolucia da ekonomikuri politikis evolucia. XXI sau-
kuneSi ukve realuria qveynis ekonomikuri politikis gamtareblebsa da moqalaqeebs
Soris diskusia da urTierToba Suamavlebis gareSe, rac informaciuli teqnologi-
ebis revoluciurma ganviTarebam moitana.
axlo momavalSi igegmeba gadaadgilebis globaluri kontrolis sistemis Seqm-
na romelic revoluciur cvlilebebs gvpirdeba. saxemwifos ekonomikuri politikis
gatarebis axali revoluciuri instrumentebi Seqmnis procesSia, romlis Semdeg
saxelmwifos mmarTvelobas SeeZleba miiRos ufro mdgradi da optimaluri prevenciu-
li zomebi raTa qveynis keTildReobis xelisSemSleli procesebis identificireba Ca-
nasaxSive ganxorcieldes da Semdeg misi ara ganadgureba, aramed gadaprogrameba
moxdes, rac TavisTavad resursebis efeqtianad gamoyenebis saSualebas mogvcems.
globalizaciis procesis yvelaze xelisSemwyob faqtorad SeiZleba CaiTvalos
teqnologiuri progresi da informaciuli revlucia, rac Tavis mxriv gulisxmobs
msoflios rogorc erT organizmad xedvis saSualebas. globaluri informaciis da-
muSavebiT SesaZlebelia ara marto tendenciebis winaswarmetyveleba, aramed maTi mar-
Tva da modelireba.
yvelaze arsebiTad SeiZleba CaiTvalos globaluri ganviTarebis modelis simu-
laciis SesaZlebloba, rac Tavis Tavad msoflios mmarTvel organoebs saSualebas
miscems dainaxon miliardobiT ganviTarebis proeqcia da amoirCion yvelaze opti-
maluri saerTo globaluri interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
aRsaniSnavia gardamaval etapze myofi adamianTa bedi, romlebic iSviaTad iyeneben
an sulac ar iyeneben personalur kombiutersa da sxva Tanamedrove informaciul
teqnologiebs. mecnierebma aqac miagnes gamosavals da daiwyes specialuri ganaTlebis
sistemaze muSaoba, romelis Sedegadac bevrad gamartivdeba XXI saukunis infor-
1 sakonferencio moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna kavkasiis universitetis mier organizebul studentTa sa-
erTaSoriso konferenciaze `XXI saukunis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi~. ibeWdeba Semcirebuli
formatiT. moxsenebis sruli versia ganTavsebulia inglisur enaze gamocemul konferenciis amsaxvel
krebulSi, Tb. 2009, gv. 129-132.
http://www.fes.ge/geo/images/Fes_Files/Pulications08files/GEo09Publications/cu_2009.pdf
30
maciuli teqnologiebis aTviseba maT Soris vinc gaurboda swavlas informaciuli
teqnologiebis auTviseblobis SiSis gamo.
sainteresoa semantiur programebze dafuZnebuli globaluri biblioTekis pro-
eqtis Sesaxeb saubari. jer-jerobiT is Canasaxovan procesSia, magram axlo momavalSi
Semecnebis individualuri algoriTmiT albaT iqneba amgvari biblioTekebis erTwliani
xSiri stumrobebis Sedegad, XIX saukunis yvelaze ganaTlebul adamianze ganaTle-
buli gaxdeT.
XXI saukunis ekonomikur-politikuri procesebi sruli transformaciis
tendenciis winaSe dgas. mimdinare saukuneSi prioritetulia swavlaze orientirebu-
li da da swavlis unaris mqone axalgazrdebis xelisSemwyobi politikis gatareba
yvela saxelmwifoSi, raTa jansaRi konkurenciis pirobebSi gamovlindes saxelmwifo-
Ta inteleqtualuri potenciali romelic maT gasuli saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi daag-
roves. aRniSnuli mniSvnelovani etapia informaciuli revoluciis labirinTidan swo-
ri gzis sapovnelad. aucilebelia oqros Sualedis povna informaciis aTvisebasa da
miwodebas Soris, swored am sferoSia ekonomikuri politikis specialistebis Ziri-
Tadi roli, radgan maT SeswevT unari Seqmnan sawyisi algoriTmi romelic xels Se-
uwyobs informaciis aTvisebis da masSi elastiurad moZraobis unaris ganviTarebis
SesaZleblobas.
saWiroa saqarTveloSi mimdinare movlenebsa da tendenciebze ramdenime sityviT
mogaxsenoT. dRes saqarTvelos aqvs Zalian didi potenciali _ mas SeuZlia awarmoos
informaciis amTvisebelTa da analizatorTa mTeli `armia~. mniSvnelovania am kuTxiT
qveynis ekonomikuri politikis mizanmimarTuli da efeqtiani qmedebebis ganxorcie-
leba saxelmwifos mxridan, raTa xeli Seewyos niWieri axalgazrdebis dasaqmebas am
sferoSi da, rac mTavaria, Cveni potenciali am sferoSi eyofa ara mxolod saqarTve-
los, aramed bevr sxva qveyanasac.
bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobs ganviTarebuli qveynebis mier
TavianTi kompetenturobis da potencialis dasabuTebisa da gamovlenis procesi.
aucilebelia saqarTvelo droulad iqnes CarTuli globaluri strategiuli
ganviTarebis procesSi da dasabuTebul iqnes saqarTvelos moqalaqis kompetenturoba
informaciuli teqnologiebis flobis saqmeSi msoflio masStabiT, raTa saqarTvelom
daikavos misTvis kuTvnili strategiuli adgili.
mniSvnelovnad izrdeba SemoqmedebiTi samuSaoebis wili. axali organizaciebi
ejibrebian erTmaneTs ara sidideSi, aramed siswrafeSi, moqnilobaSi, cvlilebebis
swrafad ganxorcielebaSi.
erTi mxriv, informaciaze orientirebuli sazogadoebis Seqmnam da, meore
mxriv, efeqtiani administraciuli menejmentis, racionaluri strategiuli gadawyve-
tilebisa da maRali donis administraciuli servisebis saWiroebam ganapiroba eleq-
tronuli mTavrobis, eleqtronuli marTvis meqanizmebis danergvis aucilebloba. dRe-
31
isTvis msoflios mravali qveynis mTavrobam kargad gaacnobiera elmTavrobis saWiro-
eba da konkretul RonisZiebebs atarebs am mimarTulebis praqtikaSi realizaci-
isaTvis.
informaciuli revoluciis gardamavali etapis gavlis Semdeg ekonomikuri po-
litikis evoluciis Sedegad Camoyalibdeba axali cnobiereba da informaciasTan dRe-
vandeli damokidebuleba Seicvleba dRemde warmoudgeneli revoluciuri damokidebu-
lebiT. gamoqveynda seulSi msoflios wamyvani qveynebis ministrebis Sexvedraze
miRebuli deklaracia. Sexvedra gaimarTa koreaSi 2008 wlis 17-18 ivniss da eZRv-
neboda internet ekonomikis perspeqtivebs.
deklaraciaSi dadasturebulia am qveynebis valdebuleba xeli Seuwyon inter-
net ekonomikis ganviTarebas, mxari dauWiron inovaciebs, investiciebsa da konkuren-
cias informaciuli da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis seqtorSi. gansakuTrebulad
aris xazgasmuli, rom mTavar zrunvas warmoadgens internetis arsis SenarCuneba,
rogoricaa misi Ria xasiaTi, decentralizebuloba da dinamiuroba. mxardaWerili
iqneba inovaciebi, monawileoba da misawvdomoba. didi yuradReba daeTmoba usafrT-
xoebis da inteleqtualuri uflebebis dacvis sakiTxebs. mxars dauWeren ganviTarebad
qveynebSi mosaxleobisaTvis internetis misawvdomobis uzrunvelyofas.
tomas fridmani aris avtori wignisa `The World Is Flat~ (msoflio brtyelia).
am wignSi aRwerilia is tendenciebi, romlebic `abrtyeleben~ (aTanabreben) XXI sau-
kunes da amiT saSualebas aZleven Raribi qveynebis moqalaqeebs konkurencia gauwion
ganviTarebuli qveynebis moqalaqeebs, rac cota xnis win TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iyo.
msoflioSi mTavari ekonomikuri konkurencia mimdinareobs ara saxelmwifoebs
So-ris, ara kompaniebs Soris, aramed Cvensa da Cvens fantazias (warmosaxvas) Soris.
Se-moqmedebiTi warmosaxvis unari aris gadamwyveti adamianis momavlisaTvis.
swrafad izrdeba moTxovnileba iseTi samuSaoebisa, sadac saWiroa eqspertuli
azrovneba da kompleqsuri komunikacia. problemas warmoadgens ara samuSao adgilebis
simcire, aramed Seusabamoba samuSao Zalis saWiro da arsebul unarebs Soris.
bevr moswavles mouwevs sxvadasxva, xSirad urTierTkavSirSi armyofi
sferoebis aTviseba cxovrebis manZilze. unari viswavloT is, rac xval SeiZleba
dagvWirdes ufro faseulia, vidre is, rac dRes viciT.
adre adamianebis umravlesobas ekisreboda mcire roli ekonomikaSi. es iyo an
pasiuri momxmarebeli masobrivi produqtebis an organizaciis biurokratiul struq-
turaSi dakarguli TanamSromeli.
dRes sainformacio teqnologiebis mzardi misawvdomoba yvela adamians aZlevs
instrumentebs, romelTa saSualebiT SesaZlebelia TanamSromloba, faseuli produq-
tebis Seqmna da komunikacia. es aZlevs adamianebs Tavisuflebas, miiRon monawileoba
inovaciebSi da simdidris SeqmnaSi ekonomikis yvela seqtorSi.
32
Cven vcxovrobT didi cvlilebebis periodSi. cvlilebebi ar aris droebiTi da
ar unda gvegonos, rom garkveuli drois Semdeg yvelaferi Tavis normas daubrundeba.
yalibdeba uwyveti, swrafi cvlilebebis periodi. es aris swrafi cvlilebebis era.
warmovadgen oTx ZiriTad tendencias, romlebic udides gavlenas axdenen Cven cxov-
rebaze:
muris kanoni_intelis TanadamfuZnebelma jon murma 1963 wels Jurnal `elektro-
nikaSi~ dawera statia, sadac Camoayaliba `muris kanoni~, romelic ase JRerda:
`yovel 24 TveSi integrirebul sqemaSi tranzistorebis raodenobis gaormagebaa
SesaZlebeli~. es kanoni dRemde moqmedebs da ufro gaZlierda kidevac.
fotonis kanoni _ 1983 wlidan qselebis gamtarianoba erT dolarze yovel 12 TveSi
sammagdeba.
internetis revolucia _ 1992 wels internetis momxmarebelTa ricxvi Seadgenda
300 adamians. dRes maTma ricxvma miliards gadaaWarba. interneti orjer izrdeba
yovel 120 dReSi.
mozRvavebuli informacia _ wina sami tendencia ganapirobebs meoTxe tendencias,
romelic gamoixateba informaciis mozRvavebaSi. swrafi tempebiT izrdeba sityvebis,
terminebis, cnebebis ricxvi. dReSi gamoicema 3000 wigni.
konceptualurad moazrovne muSakebi - XXI saukunis moTxovnilebaa. konceptua-
lurad moazrovne adamianebis momzadeba - XXI saukunis ganaTlebis sistemis mTavari
amocanaa. sainformacio sazogadoebis gaCenam gansazRvra Tanamedrove demokratiul
saxelmwifoSi Tvisebrivad axali _ efeqtiani, moqnili, gamWvirvale da sazogadoebaze
orientirebuli mTavrobis Seqmnis aucilebloba.
eleqtronuli mTavroba, romelic sainformacio sazogadoebis aucilebeli ele-
mentia, miznad isaxavs iseTi sistemis Seqmnas da ganviTarebas, romelic uzrunvel-
yofs erTi mxriv, saxelmwifo marTvis efeqtian gazrdas, meore mxriv, ki moqalaqeze,
sazogadoebaze orientirebul, maRali donis samTavrobo momsaxurebas.
eleqtronuli mTavrobis formirebis procesSi mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala
TviTon saxelmwifoa. saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos eleqtronuli mTavrobis warma-
tebiT ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebeli pirobebis Seqmna da gadawyvitos misi ZiriTa-
di amocanebi: politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miReba, pasuxismgebeli organoebis-
administraciuli struqturebis Camoyalibeba, erovnuli informaciuli da sakomu-
nikacio infrastruqturebis ganviTareba, sayovelTaod misawvdomi informaciuli
resursebis Seqmna da maTi gaerTianeba erTiani `eleqtronuli mTavrobis~ sistemaSi.
amave dros, moqalaqis aqtiuri monawileoba da mxardaWera warmatebuli eleqtronu-
li mTavrobis aucilebeli wina pirobaa.
eleqronuli mTavrobis miznebia: mosaxleobis erTjeradi, uwyveti momsaxureba
misi saWiroebidan da survilebidan gamomdinare, nebismier dros da nebismier adgi-
las; eleqtronuli dokumentbrunva, rac el-mTavrobis xerxemalia. igi uzrunvelyofs
33
danaxarjebis Semcirebas da administraciuli produqtiulobis gazrdas; marTvisa da
gadawyvetilebis miRebis optimizacia sxvadasxva uwyebaSi, departamentebsa da rgo-
lebSi gabneuli codnisa da informaciis integraciisa da maT Soris barierebis
moxsnis gziT.
eleqtronuli mTavrobis ganviTarebisaTvis, misi dafinansebisa da proeqtebis
promouSenisaTvis sakanonmdeblo baza Zalian mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. mxolod
ramdenime qveyanam moaxerxa, rom Seeqmna integrirebuli kanonmdebloba pirdapir eleq-
tronul mTavrobasTan dakavSirebiT. umetes qveynebSi eleqtronuli mTavrobis ganvi-
Tareba eyrdnoba informatizaciis sferoSi moqmed kanonmdeblobas. informaciulma
revoluciam moitana informaciis rolis umniSvnelovanesi daniSnulebis aRiarebis
tendenciebi. XXI saukunem informaciuli teqnologiebis revoluciuri ganviTarebis
mowmed gvaqcia.
mniSvnelovania saqarTvelom ipovos Tavisi mniSvnelovani adgili msoflios
ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris da SeZlos progresuli qmedebebis ganxorcieleba da
qarTveli eris inteleqtis, rogorc demonstrireba, aseve qveynis interesebidan
gamomdinare, aqtiuri ekonomikuri politikis gatareba, rogorc qveynis SigniT aseve
mis faglebs gareT.
ekonomikuri politikis gatarebisas saxelmwifom unda imoqmedos globaluri
interesebisa da qveynis Siga interesebs Soris oqros Sualedis povnis principiT da
moaxdinos revoluciuri cvlilebebis kalapotSi Cayeneba da misi marTva mowinave in-
formaciuli teqnologiebis saSualebiT.
sayuradReboa da sagangaSo zeganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis damokidebuleba
erTiani msoflio informaciuli qselis mimarT, radgan maT aqvT ambicia iaraRad aq-
cion mTeli globaluri informaciuli sistema da mizanmimarTulad marTon saxelm-
wifoebi TavianTi piradi interesebis Sesabamisad. sanam informacia yvelasTvis xelmi-
sawvdomia da sxvadasxva socialuri qselebis saSualebiT xdeba cnobierebis sinq-
ronizacia msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis moqalaqeebs Soris, manamde sagangaSo arafe-
ria, magram Tu moxdeba informaciis centraluri bazis monopolizacia romelime sa-
xelmwifos mier globaluri masStabiT, maSin es movlena msoflios saxelmwifoebis
dabyrobis tolfasi iqneba.
saWiroa Seiqmnas informaciuli teqnologiebis usafrTxoebis globaluri
sistema romelSic gawevriandeba msoflios yvela saxelmwifo Tanabari uflebebiT.
momavlis ekonomikuri politikis gamtarebeli unda iyos aRWurvili anali-
tikuri azrovnebiT, siaxlis aTvisebis unariT, mudmivad unda anviTrebdes rogorc
sakuTar inteleqtualur da fizikur SesaZleblobebs, aseve misi garSemomyofebis
cnobierebasTan sinqronizaciis ganuwyvetel procesSi unda iyos CarTuli, rasac
informaciuli teqnologiis revoluciuri monapovari SesaZlebels gaxdis.
34
ekonomikuri politikis evoluciis etapebi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli informa-
ciuli da cifruli teqnologiebis gamoyenebasTan mis ganviTarebis etapebtan da
TanmimdevrobasTan qveynis mimdinare politikur, kulturul da religiur pozi-
ciebTan da miznebTan, saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis ekonomikur-politikuri amocanebis
dasmisa da maTi gadawyvetis siswrafesTan, Cveni qveynis politikosebisa da ekonomis-
tebis konkurentunarianobasTan sxva saxelmwifos mmarTvelebTan mimarTebaSi.
saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri politikis gatarebaSi aucilebelia integrirebis
da transformirebis unaris qona radgan, msoflio politikuri da ekonomikuri ten-
denciebidan gamomdinare msoflio ganuwyvetliv viTardeba da Sesabamisad anviTarebs
ekonomikur, politikur da sxva strategiul unarebsa da instrumentebs raTa globa-
lur konkurencias gauZlos da qveynis Tavisuflbis sakiTxi kiTxvis qveS arasodes
daayenos.
saqarTveloSi SesaZlebelia globalur integrirebasTan dakavSirebuli safrT-
xeebis aRmofxvra informaciuli teqnologiebis sworad gamoyenebiT da swori eko-
nomikuri politikis gatarebiT. qveynis ekonomikuri politikis gatarebisas ar SeiZ-
leba piradi interesebis win wamoweva da amiT saxelmwifo interesebze zianis miye-
neba. aRniSnulis mogvarebis Semdeg aucilebelia Semdeg etapze gadasvla da integri-
rebis procesis usafrTxoebis sakiTxebis garkveva. Semdeg SesaZlebeli iqneba sxva
Tanabar pirobebSi erTiani globaluri sainformacio sistemis marTvasa da srulyo-
faSi monawileoba da saxelmwifo interesebidan gamomdinare globaluri interesebis
gaTvaliswinebiT mniSvnelovan, revoluciur cvlilebebSi mionawileobis miReba da
adamianTa saerTo interesebis gatareba globaluri interesebis CarCoebis dacviT da
qveynis ganviTarebis tendenciebis xe-lis SewyobiT.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. r. gvelesiani i. gogoriSvili ekonomikuri politika, Tbilisi 2008
2. Being Fluent with Information Technology, NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C.
3. Larry Allen The Global Economic System since 1945 © 2005
4. Kenneth W. Dam The Rules of the Global Game A New Look at US International Economic Policymaking © 2001
5. Edited by Leonardo AuernheimerInternational Financial Markets The Challenge of Globalization © 2003
6. ICT Development Framework for Georgia. UNDP Georgia, www.undp.org.ge
7. The Internet revolution: the not-for-dummies guide to the history, technology, and use of the Internet By J. R. Okin
Published by Ironbound Press, 2005
8. Political Power and Corporate Control: The New Global Politics of Corporate Governance, by Peter A.
Gourevitch, James Shinn. 2005
9. Information Technology for Management: Transforming Organizations in the Digital Economy, by Efraim Turban,
James Wetherbe. March 2007.
10. Information Systems Today: Managing the Digital World, by Leonard Jessup, Joseph S. Valacich. 2007.
11. Principles of Information Security, Michael E. Whitman, Herbert J. Mattord, Herbert Mattord. December 2004.
12. Tomorrow's Technology and You: Complete, by George Beekman, Michael J. Quinn, Mike Quinn. 2007.
35
sarkinigzo klasteri saqarTveloSi1
Mmariam WurWelauri
Tsu magistranti
mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. i. gagniZe
sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvla, Ria ekonomikis pirobebSi msoflio globalur
bazarze sakuTari niSis mopoveba da iq mtkiced damkvidreba did Zalisxmevas moiT-
xovs nebismieri qveynis rogorc mTavrobaTa, ise moqalaqeebis mxridan.
sazogadod, reformis mimarTulebebis gansazRvraze didad zemoqmedebs qveynis Ta-
viseburebani, misi ganviTarebis done, sastarto pirobebi, tradiciebi, sabazro menta-
litetis xarisxi, ekonomikuri Teoriis progresuloba, inovaciuroba, politikose-
bisa da ekonomistebis momzadebis done, reformebisadmi sazogadoebis mxardaWeris
xarisxi.
aRniSnulis gamo, mkiTxvelis yuradReba minda gavamaxvilo kon-kurenciis Teoriis
erT-erTi mkvlevaris m. porteris naSromSi `qveynebis konkurenciuli upiratesobebi~
ganxilul klasterebis koncefciaze. klasteris koncefcia warmoadgens qveynis eko-
nomikis xedvis axal saSualebas. miuTiTebs kompaniebis, mTavrobisa da sxva organiza-
ciebis axal rolze konkurenciuli upiratesobebisken swrafvis procesSi. `yvelaze
mniSvnelovani konkurenciuli upiratesobebi globalur ekonomikaSi xSirad aRmocen-
deba klasteris niadagze~. `qveyana ver iqneba konkurentunariani yvela dargSi an
Tundac maT umravlesobaSi. arsebobs mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi TiToeuli qveynis
konkurentunarianobis struqturaSi. garkveul dargebSi qveynebi warmatebas aRweven
imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom Sesabamis SemTxvevebSi maTi Sida pirobebi aRmoCndeba
ukeTesi, dinamiuri da perspeqtiuli sxvebTan SedarebiT~.
klasteri anu samrewvelo jgufi – esaa geografiulad mezobeli urTierTdakav-
Sirebuli kompaniebis jgufi da masTan dakavSirebuli organizaciebi, romlebic moqme-
deben gansazRvrul sferoSi da xasiaTdebian saqmianobis erTianobiT da erTmaneTTan
urTierTSevsebiT.
aqve gvsurs CamovayaliboT qveynis ekonomikis klasterebis prizmaSi xedvis sxva
upiratesobebic, kerZod:
klasterebis koncefcia efuZneba firmebsa da regionebs Soris konkurenciis
procesis ufro farTo xedvas mwarmoeblurobis zrdis safuZvelze;
1 sakonferencio moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna kavkasiis universitetis mier organizebul studentTa saer-
TaSoriso konferenciaze `XXI saukunis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi~. ibeWdeba Semcirebuli formatiT.
moxsenebis sruli versia ganTavsebulia inglisur enaze gamocemul konferenciis amsaxvel krebulSi,
Tb. 2009, gv. 152-157.
http://www.fes.ge/geo/images/Fes_Files/Pulications08files/GEo09Publications/cu_2009.pdf
36
klasterebi konkurenciul brZolaze gavlenas axdenen sami saSualebiT: 1. masSi
Semavali dargebisa da firmebis mwarmoeblurobis amaRlebiT; 2. inovaciebisadmi
unaris amaRlebiT; 3. axali biznesis stimulirebis saSualebiT;
klasterebi warmoadgenen mamoZravebel Zalas eqsportis gazrdasa da pirdapiri
ucxouri investiciebis mosazidad, rac dRes saqarTvelos mTavrobis erT-erT
upirveles amocanas warmoadgens;
klasterebis funqcionirebis gaumjobesebisaken mimarTul saxelmwifo da kerZo
investiciebs erTdroulad mravali firmisTvis moaqvT winsvla; interesdebian
cnobili firmebi da mimdinareobs erTgvari sawarmoo jaWvis Seqmna;
klasterebis monawileTa umravlesoba erTmaneTs ar uweven konkurencias uSualod.
ubralod isini dargis sxvadasxva segmentebs emsaxurebian;
janmrTel da sicocxlisunarian klasterSi firmebis sawyisi kritikuli masa
aZlierebs TviTgaZlierebis process. grovdeba informacia; adgilobriv institu-
tebSi iwyeba specialuri momzadeba, mimdinareobs kvlevebi, viTardeba infrastruq-
tura da muSavdeba Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo normebi, amasTan klasteri xdeba
ufro SesamCnevi da izrdeba misi prestiJi.
klasterebis gadakveTa gviCvenebs maTi ganviTarebis axal impulsebs, rac amcirebs
biznesSi Sesvlis barierebs;
rogorc ki klasteri Camoyalibdeba, jgufSi yvela dargebisadmi urTierTmxarda-
Wera aRmocendeba;
mwarmoeblebi an individebi, visac aqvs sakuTari idea, migrireben zrdadi klas-
teris regionSi. es ki saqarTvelodan migraciis didi problemis garkveulwilad
gadaWrasac Seuwyobs xels;
klasterSi Semaval firmebs ufro swrafad SeuZliaT gansazRvron samomavlo moT-
xovnis tendenciebi, vidre maT metoqe, calkeul firmebs;
klasterebis arsebobas SeuZlia Seamsubuqos cvalebad ekonomikur pirobebze adgi-
lobrivi firmebis morgebis procesi, rac ufro metad amcirebs adgilobrivi
ekonomikis risks.
Mme-19 saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi rkinigzebi msoflios xuT qveyanaSi iyo age-
buli. saqarTveloSi rkinigzis gayvanis idea gamoiTqva samTo saqmis specialistebSi
me-19s. 40-ian wlebSi, rodesac 1845 w. cnobili gaxda tyibulSi qvanaxSiris sabados
arseboba. 1883 w. maisSi Tbilisi-baqosa da samtredia-baTumis xazebi saqspluataciod
gadaeca. saqarTvelos aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris satranzito mimosvlis
mniSvnelobiT es gza yvelaze mokle da moxerxebuli iyo evropasa da azias Soris
tvirTbrunvisaTvis. rkinigzis pirveli magistralis gayvaniT safuZveli Caeyara saqar-
Tvelos ekonomikur aRorZinebas: ganviTarebis gzas daadga vaWroba, soflis meurneoba
da mrewveloba. 1969 wlidan saqarTveloSi rkinigza mTlianad eleqtrificirebulia.
37
Tanamedrove pirobebSi saqarTvelos rkinigzis Semosavlebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT,
rogorc gadaziduli tvirTebidan da gadayvanili mgzavrebidan miRebuli Semosavlebis
erToblioba. mTliani gadaziduli tvirTis raodenobaSi mniSvnelovani wili ukavia
tranzitiT gadazidul tvirTs da tranzitiT gadaziduli tvirTebis saxeobebidan:
nedli navTobi, navTobproduqtebi da danarCeni tvirTi. Semosavlis cvlileba pir-
dapir kavSirSia gadazidvis saSaualo manZilTan. 2006w 326km, 2007w gegmiuri
monacemi iyo 328km, 2007 w. faqtiurma monacemebma Seadgina 312 km.
tranziti _ tranzitiT gadazidul tvirTSi mniSvnelovani wili modis nedl
navTobze da navTobproduqtebze. Sesabamisad, maTi raodenobis cvlilebac mniSvnelo-
van gavlenas axdens Semosavlze. 2006 wels _ 16141 aT. tona, 2007 wlis gegmiT
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo 16685 aT. tona, xolo 2007 wlis faqtiuri monacemi Seadgens
14396 aT. tonas.
Semosavlic msgavsi dinamikiT xasiaTdeba. Semosavlebis grafikis mixedviT 2005
w. monacemis Tanaxmad, tranzituli gadazidviT miRebuli mTliani Semosavlis mocu-
loba Seadgenda 170667 lari, 2006 w. _ 199158 lari, 2007 w. gegma _ 202257 la-
ri, faqtiurma monacemma ki Seadgina _ 183385 lari).
nedli navTobidan miRebulma Semosavalma 2005 wels Seadgina 57005 lari; 2006
w. _ 73252 lari; 2007 w. gegma iyo 69688 lari, 2007 w. faqtiuri monacemi ki _
52458 lari iyo. 2005 w. Semosavalma Seadgina 57878 lari; 2006 wels _ 58412
lari, 2007 wlis faqtiuri Semosavali 57171 lari iyo. 2005 w. Semosavalma Sead-
gina 55807 lari; 2006 wels – 67495 lari; 2007 wlis faqtiurma monacemma
Seadgina 73768 lari. eqsporti _ 2005 wlis monacemiT eqsportidan miRebulma
Semosavalma Seadgina 10893 lari, 2006 w. _ 12238 lari, 2007 w gegmis mixedviT
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo 12886 lari, faqtiurma monacemma ki Seadgina _ 12238 lari.
importi _ rac Seexeba importidan miRebul Semosavals, 2005-2007 ww-Si zrdis
tendencia axasiaTebda. 2005 w. _ 17701 lari, 2006 w. _ 223189 lari, 2007 w.
gegma _ 23903 lari, 2007 w. – 31611 lari. adgilobrivi _ adgilobrivi satvirTo
gadazidvebidan miRebulma Semosavalma 2005 wels Seadgina _ 16457 lari, 2006 w. _
22534 lari, 2007 w gegma _ 27054 lari, 2007 w. – 22989 lari.
rogorc yvela sxva qveynisaTvis saqarTveloSi rkinigza momgebiani iqneba did
moculobebze da did manZilebze. 600_700 km_is mere rkinigza Semosavliani xdeba,
amitomac tranziti yvelaze momgebiania. meore mxriv, Cveni Semosavlis 80_85% damo-
kidebulia tranzitze. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri zrda da mdgradi ganviTareba metwi-
lad damokidebulia misi, rogorc satranzito qveynis potencialis efeqtian gamoyene-
baze. 1992 wels saqarTveloSi daibada idea evropa-kavkasia-aziis satransporto
derefnis Sesaxeb. 1993 wels briuselis deklaraciiT Seiqmna regionuli programa
TRACECA, romelic mowodebuli iyo xeli Seewyo axali satransporto derefnis
38
mSeneblobisaTvis. 1996 wels daiwyo ,,Sevronis’’ navTobis rkinigziT transporti-
reba yazaxeTidan baTumis portamde, aqedan ki zRviT saerTaSoriso bazarze.
globalur ekonomikaSi saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis asamaRlebeli erT-erTi
efeqturi instrumenti qveynis ekonomikis klasteruli ganviTarebis strategiaa. aqve
vfiqrobT sarkinigzo klasteris Camoyalibeba gansakuTrebiT Seuwyobs xels
rkinigzis funqcionirebis efeqtianobis amaRlebas saqarTveloSi. sarkinigzo klaste-
ris sqema (sqema #1) gviCvenebs biznesis im saxeebisa da kavSirebis ganviTarebis mi-
sarkinigzo klasteri
Sida da gare samarTlebrivi
sivrce
samTavrobo struqturebi
saswavlo/sakvalifikacio centrebi
sakanonmdeblo baza
IT teqnologiebi eleqtromarTva
sarkinigzo klasteri
kavSirgabmulobis klasteri
turistuli klasteri
garemos dacvis klasteri
xe-tyis klasteri
sarkinigzo
klasteri
liandagebi
relsebi
Spalebi
Savi/feradi liTonis warmoeba
vagonebiqimiuri
mrewveloba
safeiqro mrewveloba
poligrafia
ganaTebis sistema
saRebavebis warmoeba
rezinis warmoeba
rez. xelTaTmane
bis warmoeba
detalebis qimiuri
damuSaveba
fardebida sxva
,,aqsesuarebi’’
spec.tansac. warmoeba
rez. feqxsqcmlis warmoeba
eleqtro mowyobilobis
warmoeba
plastmasis warmoeba
samSeneblo infrastruq
tura
ganaxleba, remonti.
kvebis mrewveloba (mSrali kveba)
sqema # 1. sarkinigzo klasteri
39
marTulebes rac SesaZlebelia am dargis klasteruli dagegmviT ganxorcieleba.
klasterebs SeuZliaT moicvan erTi an meti samrewvelo seqtori. regionuli da re-
gionTaSoriso klasteri warmoadgens ekonomikis urTierTdamokidebul seqtorebs, mo-
icavs sabazo dargs, mimwodebel dargebs da maTi produqtebis momxmarebel dargebs,
aseve Sesabamisi mowyobilobebisa da momsaxurebis mwarmoeblebs, pirvel rigSi, samec-
niero_saganmanaTleblo da maRalteqnologiuri.
politika, rac iwvevs klasterebis srulyofas xSirad icvleba. istoriuli ga-
mocdilebidan gamomdinare realuri konkurenciuli upiratesobis misaRwevad klaste-
rebs sWirdebaT 10 an meti weli – esaa erT-erTi im mizezTagani, ris gamoc, mTavro-
bebi ar arian dainteresebulni Seqmnan klasteri. Tumca, rodesac klasteris agebis
gamocdileba ukve cnobilia, saxelmwifos mizanmimarTul mcdelobas SeuZlia
gacilebiT nakleb droSi gamoiRos sasurveli Sedegebi.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. i. gagniZe, `saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebis strategiis Sesaxeb~, Jurn.
`saqarTvelos ekonomika~ #1, 2008w.
2. l. gejaZe, m. beTxoSvili, g. afciauri, Sps ,, saqarTvelos rkinigzis’’ saoperacio
maCveneblebis 2005-2007ww. Aanalizi, praqtikis angariSi;
3. saqarTvelos rkinigza, problemebi da perspeqtivebi. fondi Ria sazogadoeba
saqarTvelos Sida proeqti ,,Sps. saqarTvelos rkinigza-analitikuri angariSis
momzadeba’’ www.osgf.ge;
4. m. CorgolaSvili, saqarTveloSi rkinigzis transportis ganviTarebis istoria (1846-1925),
disertacia Tb. 1972;
5. A. Gegeshidze, National Assessment Report for Sustainable Development, www.gfsis.org 6. M. PORTER - ON
COMPETITION, A HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW BOOK; HARVARD BUSINESS PRESS,1998 (Russian
version; 2002 )
7. Booz Allen Hamilton: Georgian Railways Restructuring Assistance. Assessment Report, May 2005.
8. Statistical Yearbook of Georgia: 2008 / Department of Statistics under Ministry of Economic Development of
Georgia. – Tbilisi, 2008.
9. The European Cluster Memorandum, Promouting European Innovation through Cluster: An Agenda for Policy Action.
www.clusterobservatory.eu
10. www.traceca-org.org.
11. www.railway.ge
40
sareklamo biznesis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi1
TinaTin axvlediani
Tsu bakalavri
mecn-xelm: prof. T. Sengelia
dResdReobiT, reklama TiToeuli moqalaqis cxovrebis da, rac mTavaria,
biznesis warmoebis ganuyofeli nawilia. biznesSi reklamis warmoSobas rTuli
istoriuli sa-fuZvlebi aqvs. igi udaod dakavSirebulia Sromis sazogadoebriv
danawilebasTan, ramac TavisTavad Seqmna produqciis namatis miRebis SesaZlebloba,
rac dakavSirebuli iyo gasaReba-gacvlis problemasTan. mravali aseuli aTasi
mwarmoebelis mier gamoSvebul aTeul da aseul milion saqonels Soris romelime
erTi konkretuli kompaniis produqciis an momsaxurebis gayidva mxolod reklamas
Tu SeuZlia. reklama aris info-macia, gavrcelebuli nebismieri meTodiT, nebismieri
formiT da xerxiT, mimarTuli sa-zogadoebis farTo masebisTvis, reklamirebis
obieqtis mimarT maTi yuradRebis mi-pyrobis da interesis gaRvivebis mizniT.
Tanamedrove komerciuli saqmianoba warmo-udgenelia kargad organizebuli reklamis
gareSe. sul oriode aTeuli wlis win gasaRebis formula iyo aseTi:
produqcia + gayidva = gasaRebas
dRes es formula mniSvnelovnad garTulda da man miiRo Semdegi saxe:
produqcia + ganawileba + kvleva + agentebi + gadaadgileba + reklama + gayidva =
gasaRebas
produqciis TviTRirebulebaSi produqciis reklamis wili 40_50%_ia,
magram es araa axali, radgan istoriidan viciT, rom `koka_kolis~ xarjebis 70%
reklamaze modis. raSia `koka_kolas~ unikaluroba? araferSi! maS ratom iyideba
yvelaze metad? imitom, rom yvelaze didi reklama aqvs da moqmedebs adamianis,
gansakuTrebiT mozardebis fsiqikaze. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom koka-kola dges ukve
momxmareblis TavSi zis da mas azrovnebis inercia hqvia!
reklamis industriis sawyis etapad me-19 saukunes miiCneven, Tumca misi primi-
ti-uli formebi jer kidev uZveles periodSi SeimCneva. warwerebma qvebze, kedlebze,
papirusebze Zveli babilonidan, egviptidan, romidan, Tu saberZneTidan Semogvinaxes
Se-tyobinebebi, romlebSic mocemulia informacia gasayid saqonelsa Tu
momsaxurebaze, uaxloes droSi mosalodnel movlenebze, gaqceuli monebis povnisTvis
dawesebul jildoebze da a.S. pirveli sareklamo saagento sruli momsaxurebiT
1891 wels niuorkSi jorj batenma daaarsa. meoce saukunis bolosTvis es kompania
1 sakonferencio moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo
universitetis mier organizebul studentTa me-10 samecniero konferenciaze. ibeWdeba Semcirebuli
formatiT.
41
erT-erTi giganti gaxda sareklamo biznesSi, romlis wliuri brunvac 3,26 mlrd
dolars Seadgenda. me-19 saukunis bolos sagazeTo reklamam saqarTveloSic
mniSvnelovnad moikida fexi. gasakuTrebiT sainteresoa is, rom am periodisTvis ukve
ganviTarebulia sareklamo teqstis xelovneba, fasdaklebis cneba da Tanamedrove
reklamisTvis damaxasiaTebeli bevri sxva niSani. magaliTisTvis moviyvanoT gazeT
`iveriis~ 1886 wlis gamocemidan Semdegi gancxadeba:
`qalaq baTaumSi vagzalis maxloblad axlad gavaRe mebelirovani oTaxebi
`venecia~. miuxedavad imisa, rom baTaumSi siZvire aris, maqvs ##-bi sufTad
mowyobili dReSi 50 kapeikidam 1,5 manaTamde, TveobiT 10 manaTidam 30 manaTamdis~.
Tumca konkurenciis Tema droebiT kapitalizms Cabarda. im dros, rodesac
saqarTvelos `komunizmis mze dahnaToda~, dasavleT evropasa da amerikaSi reklama
sul ufro da ufro viTardeboda. 1914 wels `jeneral motorsma~ gamouSva axali
kadilaki 8 cilindriani ZraviT. reklamaSi ki araferi ar yofila amis Sesaxeb
naTqvami. aseve ar yofila arc axali manqanis foto, mxolod ramdenime sityviani
teqsti: `gadaixade liderobisTvis~. gaCnda pirveli sloganic.
dResdReobiT sareklamo bazari miekuTvneba msoflioSi yvelaze dinamiurad
mzardi bazrebis ricxvs. misi tevadoba uaxlovdeba msoflio produqtis 1,25%
(daaxloebiT 0,5 trln aSS dolari). calkeul qveynebSi es cifri gacilebiT metia.
iseve rogorc mTels msoflioSi, saqarTveloSic sareklamo kampanias, rogorc wesi,
sareklamo saagentoebi awarmoeben. CvenTan saagentoebi 16_17 welia rac arseboben da
TavianT sareklamo saqmianobas axorcieleben. umravlesoba mcire zomis da biujetis
mqone kompaniebia. unda aRiniSnos, rom Tu sazRvargareT saagentoebi garkveuli
sferos specifikis mixedviT iyofian, CvenTan saqme sxvagvaradaa. Cvens kompaniebs
muSaoba sakmaod rTul pirobebSi uxdebaT. iqidan gamomdinare, rom bazari pataraa,
maT yvelafris keTeba Tavad uxdebaT _ es iqneba sareklamo kampaniis dagegmvaze,
ganTavsebasa Tu kreatiul mxareze zrunva. Tumca arian iseTi saagentoebic, romlebic
mxolod dagegmvasa da mis ganTavsebaze specialistdebian.
sareklamo saagento `ei_si jgufis~ direqtoris, baton zurab iobaSvilis
TqmiT, sazRvargareT farTomasStabian sareklamo kampanias moculobiT didi
organizaciebi, holdingebi Tu transnacionaluri kompaniebi axorcieleben. Cvens
SemTxvevaSi ki es ase ar xdeba. amis mTavari mizezi isaa, rom bazari sakmaod
pataraa. bazari pataraa, magram rogorc saagento `media_artis~ kreatiuli menejeri
giorgi CikvilaZe ambobs, qarTuli sareklamo bazari kreatiulad Zalian kargia.
sareklamo saagentoebi sareklamo kampaniis ganxorcilebis dros masobrivi
informaciis iseT saSualebebs iyeneben, rogoricaa _ te-levizia, radio, presa, gare
reklama da interneti. Tuki msoflios sareklamo bazars gadavxedavT, gamoyenebis
TvalsazrisiT, masobrivi informaciis saSualebebs Soris yve-laze didi procenti
televiziasa da presaze modis. magaliTad, espaneTSi televizia sa-reklamo bazris
42
daaxloebiT 50%_s ikavebs. saqarTveloSi sareklamo saSuelebebi kvlavac formirebis
procesSia. dResdReobiT reklama xorcieldeba Semdegi saxeebiT —teleeTeriT-bazris
60%, bilbordebiT quCaSi da sxvadasxva sanaxaobebze-8%, beWdviTi saSualebebiT-12%,
internetis saSualebiT-18%, sxva saSualebebiT-2%. rogorc vxedavT, ganviTarebulia
telemauwyebloba da beWdviTi media. televiziiT reklamis drois 70% wamlis
reklamas ukavia . calsaxad lideroben iseTi arxebi, romlebsac gaaCniaT dafarvis
maRali maCvenebeli. SedarebiT naklebad arian ganviTarebuli adgilobrivi ma-
uwyeblebi. isini CamorCebian sareklamo saSualebebis Sefasebis saerTaSoriso stan-
dartebs. maTi umravlesoba ver axerxebs TviTdafinansebas, rac Tavis mxriv, xels
uSlis damoukidebel ganviTarebas. rogorc cnobilia, biznes-aqtivoba ZiriTadad
TbilisSia koncentrirebuli, xolo TbilisSi arsebuli biznes seqtori prioritets
erovnul mauwyeblebs aniWeben, radganac aseT telearxebze ganTavsebuli reklama
mTel saqarTvelos faravs da saWiro aRar aris sxvadasxva regionalur arxebTan
molaparakeba. saqarTvelos mosaxleobas saSualeba aqvs uyuros TiTqmis yvela
erovnul telearxs. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom TiTqmis yvela regionSi arsebobs
regionaluri televizia, rac kidev ufro zrdis konkurencias qarTul da ucxour
arxebs Soris.
2004 wlis seqtembridan qarTul bazarze moRvaweobs kompania `AGB Nielsen
Media Research~. is saerTaSoriso organizaciaa da msoflios 45 qveyanaSi aqvs Tavisi
warmomadgenloba, maT Soris saqarTveloSic. esaa delegirebisa da monitoringis
sakmaod seriozuli struqtura, romelic Tavis momsaxurebas tele Tu sareklamo
kompaniebs sTavazobs. `AGB Nielsen~_ma Tavis momxmarebels specialuri programa,
`Rianna~ SesTavaza. esaa satelevizio reitingebi, romelze dayrdnobiTac saagentoebi
TavianT sareklamo kampaniebs SeimuSaveben. `AGB Nielsen~ am kvlevebs fiflmetrebis
saSualebiT axorcielebs. isini saqarTveloSi daaxloebiT 300 ojaxSia
damontaJebuli da maTi saSualebiT Tvalyurs adevneben, mayurebeli meti sixSiriT
romel gadacemas Tu telearxs uyurebs. `AGB Nielsen~_is momsaxurebiT Semdegi
sareklamo saagentoebi sargebloben: `ei_si jgufi~, `ad korporacia~, `imperiali~,
`imedi-kontaqti~, `GSG~ `sarke~, `starkommediavesti~, `TV~, `TV+~. es saagentoebi,
romlebic am monacemebs yi-duloben, arian wamyvani kompaniebi saqarTveloSi, isini,
reitingebze dayrdnobiT, Se-sabamisi programuli uzrunvelyofis safuZvelze sworad
gegmaven da sakmaod maRal-kvalificiur doneze warmarTaven sareklamo kampaniebs. ar
SeiZleba ar aRvniSnoT is faqtic, rom nel-nela umjobesdeba reklamis xarisxi.
ramdenime studia Zalian sa-interesod muSaobs am mimarTulebiT. rac Seexeba
reklamis ganTavsebis Rirebulebas, televiziisa da radios SemTxvevaSi fasebi
saeTero drois reitingzea mibmuli, xolo beWdviTi mediis SemTxvevaSi fasebi
damokidebulia gverdebis poziciebsa da rubrikebis Janrebze. yvela telearxs fasebi
gansazRvruli aqvs aSS dolarebSi (dRg-s CaTvliT). rogorc wesi, gansxvavdeba
43
fasebi gadacemebis pirvel, meore da mesame sareklamo blokebisaTvis. reklamis
ganTavsebis fasebi yvelaze maRalia saRamos sainformacio gamoSvebebSi. beWdviT
mediaSi maRalia fasi pirvel da bolo gverdebze, sadac gan-Tavsebulia politikisa
da ekonomikis Temebze momzadebuli statiebi.
saqarTveloSi Seiqmna sistema, romlis meSveobiT sareklamo da telekompaniebs
So-ris urTierToba ufro civiluri formiT xorcieldeba. jer kidev 2004 wels
kompania `mediahausi~, xolo ukve 2005 wlidan `videointerneiSenali~ Semovidnen
qarTul bazarze da isini eqskluziuri uflebiT uzrunvelyofen telekompaniebis
sareklamo drois miyidvas sareklamo saagentoebisTvis.
yovelive zemoTqmulis simtkiceSi dasarwmuneblad ganvixiloT erT-erTi
warmatebuli sareklamo kompania `pasportis~ funqcionireba da saqmianoba.
sareklamo kompania `pasporti~ daarsda 2006 wels, damfuZneblebis mier
sazRvaargareT SeZenili 13 wliani gamocdileba gaxda kompaniis dafuZnebis mizezic
da Sedegic. saqarTveloSi 2 welia rac funqcionirebsKda misi muSaoba mimarTulia
sareklamo programebis dagegmarebasa da misi Tanmxlebi masalebis momzadebaze
.kompaniis klientTa SemadgenlobaSi Sedian saqarTveloSi: `artifaqti~, `elit
eleqtroniqsi~, `nikora~, `investbanki~, `taoprivatbanki~, `mecxreca~, `irao~,
`babilina~, `Tbilisi~ `centrali~, xolo sazRvargareT: `kenvudi~, `Topdizaini~,
“BVK”, `stolari~, `latviis banki~, `luma~.
kompania produqciis reklamirebas axdens mediaSi, qmnis socialur da gare
reklamebs, muSaobs veb dizainsa da grafikul dizainze, prezentaciebsa da sxvadasxva
Ronisziebebze. kompania Dsakmaod warmatebulia sareklamo bazarze, misi warmatebis
ga-rantad ki SeiZleba dasaxeldes sworad SemuSavebuli da organizebuli servisi,
romelic moicavs: dagegmarebas, SemuSavebas, damzadebas da koordanicias.
sabolood, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Cvens qveyanaSi multinacionaluri kompaniebis
damkvidrebis da popularizaciis aucilebel pirobas saerTaSoriso reklamis Semosv-
la warmoadgenda. qarTul sareklamo bazarze giganti saagentoebis gamoCenam ufrosi
partniorebis rangSi, adgilobrivi saagentoebis muSaobis xarisxi gaaumjobesa da qar-
Tuli reklama saerTaSoriso standartebs dauaxlovda. am faqtorebTan erTad sarek-
lamo bazris zrdas xels uwyobs konkurenciis ganviTareba biznesis sxvadasxva sfe-
roSi. CvenTan konkurencia gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda mobiluri kavSirgabmulobis, sa-
finanso, mSeneblobis, farmaciis sferoebSi. maT Zalian kargad ician reklamis mniSvne-
loba. satelevizio drois ZiriTad nawils swored aRniSnul sferoebSi moTamaSe
kompaniebi avseben. isini, dResdReobiT sakmaod Zlier, msxvilbiujetian, swori stra-
tegiis mqone organizaciebs warmoadgenen da warmatebulebic arian. kompaniebi ufro
met investirebas axorcieleben reklamaSi, vidre ramdenime wlis win. qarTuli sarek-
lamo saagentoebi ki sareklamo obieqtis specifikidan gamomdinare, gegmaven sarekla-
mo kampanias da reklamis ganTavsebisTvis TiTqmis yvela arsebul saSualebas iyeneben
44
kombinirebulad. unda aRiniSnos aseve rogoria saqarTveloSi reklamis sakanonmdeblo
regulireba. saqarTveloSi moqmedebs kanoni ,,reklamis Sesaxeb~ da kanoni:
,,momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb~. kanonSi aRniSnulia: _ Tu momxmarebeli
gaxda arakeTilsindisieri reklamis msxverpli, mas ufleba aqvs wamoayenos miyenebu-
li zaralis anazRaurebis moTxovna. kanoni ,,reklamis Sesaxeb” awesebs garkveul
kvotebs imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu saeTero drois ra nawili SeiZleba daeTmos
sareklamo tixrebs. calke WrilSi ganixileba saganmanaTleblo gadacemebi. aseTi
tipis gadacemebi SesaZlebelia Sewydes ara umetes 15 wuTSi erTxel da ara umetes
45 wamiT, xolo sxva gadacemebi, romelTa xangrZlivoba 1 saaTze naklebia _ ara
umetes 3-jer translirebis ganmavlobaSi. zogadad ki radio da telegadacemebSi
reklama dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi ar unda aRematebodes mauwyeblobis saeTero
moculobis 15%-s, xolo yoveli erTi saaTi saeTero drois ganmavlobaSi _ 20%-s,
garda socialuri reklamisa da specializebuli sareklamo radio da telegadace-
mebisa,romlebic registrirebulia rogorc sareklamo gadacemebi.
saqarTvelos statistikis departamenitis 2005 wlis monacemebiT sareklamo
bazari 5 mln lars Seadgenda, 2006 wlis monacemebiT _ 12 mln lars, 2007 wlis
monacemebiT _ 18 mln lars, 2008 wlis monacemebiT _ 21 mln lars. sareklamo
bazris ganviTarebaze dadebiTi gavlena iqonia reklamis gadasaxadis moxsnam anu rek-
lamis ganmaTavsebels gamouTavisuflda garkveuli saxsrebi, romlebic savaraudod
isev reklamaSi daixarjeba. garda amisa unda aRiniSnos, rom ganviTarebul bazrebze
reklamis kvlevaze ixarjeba Semosavlebis 0,5-1,5 %, saqarTveloSi ki am maCvenebelma
2007 wels 1,3% Seadgina. erTi SexedviT es indikatori dadebiTad asaxavs qarTul
sareklamo bazars, Tumca unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom auditoriis kvlevebze gaweuli
xarjebis 60%-ze meti dafinansebulia saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier mediis
ganviTarebis xelSewyobiT.ra Tqma unda, ganviTarebisTvis kidev bevri muSaobaa saWiro,
magram dReisTvis ukve iqmneba kargi adgilobrivi produqti.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. Teimuraz Sengelia, `biznesis administrirebis safuZvlebi~, Tb. 2008.
2. www.passport-ac.ge
3. www.statistics.ge
4. www.nbg.ge
45
sastumro biznesi saqarTveloSi1
valeriane joxaZe
qeTevan pirveli
Tsu bakalavrebi
mecn-xelm: prof. T. Sengelia
pirvelma da meore samrewvelo revoluciam gamoiwvia samewarmeo biznesSi
adamianis fizikuri Sromis minimumamde dayvana da warmoebis kompiuterizacia.
gamoTavisuflebuli Sromis nakadi gadaerTo samomsaxureo biznesSi, sadac maT
alternativa ar gaaCniaT. msoflioSi samomsaxureo biznesi mkveTri zrdiT xasiaTdeba
da mravali ganviTarebuli qveynis ekonomika swored mas efuZneba. magaliTad: aSS-Si
masze modis biujetis Semosavlis 70%, iaponiaSi_74%, xolo germaniaSi_62%.
Uukanasknel aTwledSi elviseburi siswrafiT ganviTarda momsaxurebis iseTi
sferoebi, rogoricaa: transporti da komunikaciebi, kerZo samedicino dawesebulebani,
sabavSvo baRebi, skolebi, fitnes klubebi da sxva. unda aRiniSnos, rom yvelaze didi
perspeqtiva gaaCnia turizmsa da sastumro bizness, romelic ukve gaxda mravali
iseTi qveynis prioriteti, rogoricaa: saberZneTi, italia, malta, egvipte, israeli
da sxva, maT Sorisaa saqarTveloc.
saqarTveloSi sastumro biznesis ganviTareba ganpirobebulia ramdenime
faqtoriT, maTgan umniSvnelovanesia misi unikaluri geografiul-klimaturi
maxasiaTeblebi, rac, cxadia, uamrav damsvenebels izidavs saqarTveloSi. bolo wlebis
gamavlobaSi, gansakuTrebiT 2004-2007 wlebSi, saqarTvelos ekonomikam zrda
ganicada, saqarTveloSi investiciebis namdvili bumi Seiqmna, ramac kidev ufro
saWiro gaxada umaRlesi klasis sastumroebis arseboba. aRniSvnis Rirsia qveynis
politikuri mdgomareoba. 7 noembris, agvistosa da sxva movlenebis Sesaswavlad
msofliodan uamravi Jurnalisti, sazogado moRvawe da politikosi Camovida, rac,
cxadia, kidev erTi stimuli iyo sastumroebis mflobelebisaTvis.
yvela eqsperti adasturebs, rom saqarTveloSi arsebobs sastumroebis biznesis
ganviTarebis udidesi potenciali. am biznesis wamowyeba da bazarze konkurenciis daZ-
leva ramdenime wlis win sruliadac ar moiTxovda Zalian did finansebs. amJamad
mdgomareoba mkveTrad Seicvala. sastumro ,,VIP-viqtoria~ naTeli magaliTia imisa,
Tu rogor SeiZleba mcire resursebiT momgebiani biznesis Seqmna. es saojaxo biznesi
2002 wels iqna daarsebuli qalbaton viqtoria qurdiSvilis mier. sastumro gaTv-
lilia spe-cifikur momxmarebelze, saqmian xalxze. es sam varskvlaviani sastumro
1 sakonferencio moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo
universitetis mier organizebul studentTa me-10 samecniero konferenciaze. ibeWdeba Semcirebuli
formatiT.
46
momxmarebels sTavazobs ojaxur da myudro garemos, rac erTob izidavs klientebs.
sastumros menejeris azriT, swored es aris misi biznesis warmatebis saidumlo.
erTadgiliani nomris Rirebuleba 100-150$ aSS-s dolaramde meryeobs, oradgiliani
120-180$ aSS-s dolaramde, xolo luqsebi 150-200$ aSS-s dolari Rirs. sastumro
qalaqis centralur ubanSi mdebareobs, oTaxebi sakmaod komfortuli da mdidrulad
gaformebulia, sastumro idealuria saqmiani adamianebisaTvis, gonebrivi muSaobisa da
gantvirTvisaTvis.
rodesac vmsjelobT sastumro biznesis ganviTarebis tendenciebze
saqarTveloSi, upriania ganvixiloT ori periodi: 2008 wlamde da 2008 wlidan
dRemde. 2008 wlamde arsebulma ekonomikurma zrdam ganapiroba Cvens qveyanaSi axali
sastumroebis masobrivi mSenebloba, amasTan, kerZo investorebi orientirebulni
iyvnen stabilur, grZelvadian mogebaze. ,,interkontinetali~, ,,haiati~, ,,kempinski~ –
es is brendebia, romlebic saqarTvelos bazarze Semosvlas gegmavdnen. es TavisTavad
kargi precendenti iyo. am kompaniebis SemosvliT gaizrdeboda konkurencia,
daixveweboda servisi, daregulirdeboda fasebi. Pparalelurad gaizrdeboda
momsaxurebis donec qarTuli sastumroebisa, romelTa umravlesoba jer kidev ver
akmayofilebs saerTaSoriso standartebs, Tumca gamonaklisia: ,,marioti~, ,,Seraton
metexi palasi~, ,,vere palasi~ da sxvani. aRsaniSnavia is, rom 2004-2007 wlebSi
sastumroebis bazris mkveTri zrda. Aam sferoSi Catarebulma kvlevebma gviCvena, rom
2005 wlisTvis Tbilisis masStabiT sul 76 sastumro funqcionirebda. 2006-2007
wlebSi situacia radikalurad Seicvala, qveyanaSi 227 sastumros, 376 gesthauss da
sastumros tipis dawesebulebas viTvlidiT. maTgan 8.9% saxelmwifo sakuTreba iyo,
xolo 91.1% - kerZo sakuTreba.
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom sastumroebisa da sastumros tipis dawesebulebebis
mTlianma Semosavalma 2006 wels (dRg-sa da aqcizis gareSe) 107.0 milioni lari
Seadgina. Semosavalebis 53.0% moRebuli iyo nomrebis sargeblobidan. stumrebis
raodenoba 217 095 kaci iyo, maTgan yvelaze meti, 49.9% Camosuli iyo saqmiani da
profesiuli mizniT.
amrigad, rogorc davinaxeT, saqarTvelom 2004-2007 wlebSi daiwyo
warmatebuli marketinguli kampania turistebis mosazidad. am periodSi iyo dReebi,
rodesac Tbilisis sastumroebi gadaWedili iyo da winaswari dajavSnis gareSe
nomris daqiraveba seriozul problemas warmoadgenda. Pparalelurad mimdinareobda
aqtiuri muSaoba sastumroebze moTxovnis gasazrdelad, rogorc Tbilissa da
aWaraSi, aseve svaneTSi, SatilSi, borjom-bakurianSi, gudaursa da baxmaroSi.
sainteresoa isic, rom am periodSi saqarTveloSi sastumro biznesiT dainte-
resda araerTi ucxouri kompania. Ddaigegma 6-7 erTmaneTze ufro didi sastumros
mSenebloba, rasac savaraudoa, rom patara sastumroebis mSeneblobac mohyveboda. Tu
47
es proeqtebi ganxorcieldeboda, maSin Cvens bazarze marTlac Semovidodnen zemoT
aRniSnuli gigantebi: ,,interkontinentali~, ,,haiati~ da ,,kempinski~.
sagulisxmoa isic, rom Cvens sastumroebSi fasebi Zalian Zviri iyo.
spekulaciuri fasebis bazarze damkvidreba ganapiroba ZiriTadad iman, rom
sastumroebis nomrebze didi moTxovna iyo. miuxedavad fasebisa, produqti mainc iyi-
deboda, radgan bazarze miwodebac ar iyo sakmarisi. cxadia, am mxrivac ucxouri
brendebis gamoCena dadebiTi movlena iqneboda.
amave periodSi gamoikveTa ZiriTadad 4 da 5 varskvlaviani sastumroebis gaxsnis
tendencia. zemoT aRniSnuli brendebi swored umaRlesi klasis sastumroebiT
cdilobdnen Cvens bazarze Semosvlas. Aam movlenas Tavis mxriv ori mxare gaaCnda.
cxa-dia, aseTi sastumroebis arseboba qveynis prestiJze dadebiT zegavlenas
moaxdenda da Seqmnida qveynis stabilurobis, ekonomikuri siZlieris, simdidris
imijs. moizidavda ucxoel investorebs da zogadad, gaamyarebda qveynis bizness,
magram amavdroulad 4 da 5 varskvlaviani sastumroebiT cxadia SeuZlebelia masob-
rivi turizmis ganviTareba, radgan turistebis absoluturi umravlesoba upira-
tesobas aniWebs 2 da 3 varskvlavian sastumroebsa da gesthausebs. amdenad, gaCnda
qveyanaSi saSualo klasis sastumroebis arsebobis aucilebloba. cxadia, iseTi
brendebi, rogoricaa: ,,interkontinentali~, ,,haiati~ da ,,kempinski~ floben 2 da 3
varskvlaviani sastumroebis qselsac. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba gvevarauda, rom
qveyanaSi saSualo klasis sastumroebis mSeneblobac warmatebiT gagrZeldeboda, rac
xels Seuwyobda saqarTveloSi turizmis ganviTarebas. amdenad, prognozebi metad
pozitiuri iyo, yvelaferi rom gegmis mixedviT warmarTuliyo 2009_2010 wlebSi
Cven unda gvenaxa am biznesis ayvaveba Cvens sam-SobloSi. Seiqmneboda erTgvari nazavi
erTi mxriv, gesthausebisa da saSualo klasis sastumroebisa, romlebic ZiriTadad
iqneboda orientirebuli turistebze da meore mxriv, umaRlesi klasis 4 da 5 var-
skvlaviani sastumroebisa, romlebic umaspinZlebda biznesmenebs, politikosebsa da
mdidar xalxs.
2004-2007 wlebSi qveyanaSi sastumro biznesis popularobaze metyvelebs kad-
rebis momzadebis maRali donec. saberZneTis mTavrobis daxmarebiT, igegmeboda turis-
tuli skolis gaxsna, romelic erT-erTi yvelaze Zlieri baza iqneboda aramarto
kavkasiis regionSi, arames mTels evropaSic. seriozuli kontaqtebi damyarda evro-
pul da amerikul skolebTan. aseve aRsaniSnavia qarTuli gadamzadebis programebi,
romlebic mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebisa da dasaqmebis farglebSi xor-
cieldeba.
dRes saqarTveloSi samwuxarod sapirispiro tendenciaa. jer agvistos ruseT-
saqarTvelos omma da Semdgom ki didma ekonomikurma krizisma didi kvali datova
sastumro biznesis ganviTarebaze. Ppirvel rigSi, sagulisxmoa, rom agvistos omma sa-
qarTvelos imiji msoflios masStabiT mkveTrad dasca. Cveni qveyana ucxoeli
48
investorebis mier aRiqmeba rogorc arastabiluri, politikurad aramdgradi sa-
xelmwifo. Mmeore mxriv, ruseTTan diplomatiuri urTierTobis Sewyvetam mniSv-
nelovnad Se-amcira saqarTveloSi Camosul biznesmenTa da turistTa raodenoba. ,,Cven
faq-tobrivad davkargeT ara mxolod rusi, aramed ukraineli da yazaxi klientebic.“
- acxadebs saqarTveloSi erT-erTi warmatebuli saSualo klasis sastumros ,,VIP
viqtoria~ mflobeli q-ni viqtoria qurdiSvili. Aam movlenas Tan daerTo mwvave eko-
nomikuri krizisic, ramac faqtobrivad momxmareblebis raodenoba gaunaxevra qarTul
sastumroebs. SeCerda da gaurkvevel dromde gadaido ,,interkontinentali~-s da sxva
umaRlesi klasis sastumroebis mSenebloba. SeimCneva bazarze egreT wodebuli
,,yaCaRuri~ fasdakleba, anu fasebi katastrofulad ecema klientebis SesanarCuneb-
lad, rac, cxadia, ganpirobebulia moTxovnis mkveTri SemcirebiT.
dRes msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis Ffonze axali biznesis wamowyeba did
riskTan aris dakavSirebuli. firmebis didi umravlesoba amcirebs warmoebis
masStabebs, rac ga-moixateba TanamSromlebis daTxovniT, an saerTodac bazridan
gasvliT. cxadia, pirvel rigSi es krizisi samewarmeo bizness Seexo, radgan maT
veRar miiRes saWiro Tanxa ban-kebidan kreditis saxiT produqciis sawarmoeblad.
saqarTveloSi samomsaxureo biznesze krizisi jer kidev ar moqmedebs sruli
simwvaviT. gansakuTrebiT sagangaSo prognozi sastumroebis menejerebis mier keTdeba
2009 wlis meore naxevarSi. ,,am dros ukve sastumroebis absolutur umravlesobaSi
nomris saSualo fasi savaraudod iqneba dRe-vandeli fasebis 60_70%~, _ acxadebs
saqarTveloSi am sferoSi erT-erTi yvelaze ga-mocdili eqsperti q-n marina
metreveli.
sainteresoa ra mdgomareobaa dRevandel bazarze, vin dominirebs, romeli
sastumro sargeblobs klientebis didi ndobiT. Aam mizniT Cven CavatareT kvleva.
Tbilisis aeroportSi gamovkiTxeT 500 respodenti. maTgan 61.6% cxovrobda
sastumroebSi. yvelaze meti_14.3% ,,Tbilisis mariotSi~, xolo yvelaze cota_1.3%
,,mTiebSi~.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ara mxolod am gamokiTxviT, aramed 2006_2007 wlebis
monacemebiTac, ucxoel turistebSi didi popularobiT sargeblobs sastumro
,,Tbilisi-marioti~. Ees sastumro mdebareobs centralur ubanSi. saSualod, nomris
fasi meryeobs 250_350 aSS dolaramde, xolo luqsebi 400 aSS dolari da meti
Rirs. sastumros TiToeuli oTaxi aRWurvilia yvela sasurveli atributiT, anga-
riSsworeba SesaZlebelia rogorc naRdi fuliT, aseve sakredito baraTebiTac.
rogorc sastumros menejerma ganacxada, miuxedavad am segmentSi dominirebisa, maT
mainc mouwevT uaxloes momavalSi fa-sebis mkveTri daweva. rac ganpirobebulia zemoT
xsenebuli problemebiT.
unda aRiniSnos isic, rom evrokavSiris qveynebTan savizo reJimis gamartiveba
xels Seuwyobs saqarTveloSi turizms. dRes ki ZiriTadad Tbilisis sastumroebi
49
humanitaruli misiiT Camosul stumrebs, Jurnalistebsa da politikosebs
maspinZloben. Jurnalistebis gansakuTrebiT didi raodenoba april-maisSi dafiqsirda,
radgan am pe-riodSi saqarTveloSi Zlier daZabuli politikuri mdgomareoba iyo.
G garda zemoT aRniSnuli faqtorebisa, saqarTveloSi am biznesis Semaferxebeli
sxva garemoebebic arsebobs. maTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovania enobrivi barieris arseboba
_ regionebsa da kurortebSi arsebul sastumroTa absolutur umravlesobas ar
hyavs inglisuri enis mcodne TanamSromlebi.Ddid problemas qmnis regionebSi infras-
truqturis dabali xarisxi. magaliTad, maRalmTian regionebSi arsebul sastumroebSi
saerTod ver ESexvdebiT internets da sxva saqmiani turistebisaTvis saWiro atri-
buts. Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT Tbilissa da baTumSi arsebul ramdenime brends,
praqtikulad arcerTi sastumro da gesthausi ar atarebs bazris safuZvlian marke-
tingul kvlevas, maT arc saTanado TanamSromlebi hyavT da arc gamocdil firmebs
mimarTaven. Aam kuTxiT gamonaklisebs miekuTvnebian zemoT xsenebuli popularuli
brendebi. MmagaliTad: ,,Tbilisis mariotSi~ arsebobs specialuri samsaxuri, romelic
orientirebulia bazris marketingul Seswavlaze.Aam mxriv seriozul samuSaoebs
atarebs agreTve ,,Seraton metexi palasi~-c, rac maTi warmatebis erT-erTi faq-
toria.Mmwvaved dgas regionebSi kompetenturi, gadamzadebuli personalis ararsebobis
sakiTxic, riTac aris gamowveuli am sastumroebisa da gesthausebis araswori menej-
menti da arasaxarbielo mdgomareoba.
Y yovelive zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom
saqarveloSi sastumro bizness gaaCnia didi potenciali. samosaxureo biznesis am
umniSvnelovanes dargs zogadad axasiaTebs zrdis mkveTri tendencia. Oorientirebu-
lia, rogorc saSualo Semosavlian turistebze, aseve maRal Semosavlian da preten-
ziul momxmarebelze, gaaCnia gasaRebis farTo areali, rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve
evrokavSiris, dsT-s qveynebsa da aSS-Si. cxadia, es udidesi ekonomikuri krizisi,
romelic Tavs daatyda bizness, nawilobriv aferxebs mis ganviTarebas, magram
davesesxebi q-n. m. metrevels da vityvi, rom am dargis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi
aris Seuferxebeli da Seuqcevadi procesi.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. r. asaTiani, “ekonomiqsis” ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. Tb. 1996.
2. g.gamsaxurdia, “finansebis roli gardamaval ekonomikaSi”. Tb. 1997.
3. d.ZnelaZe, “msoflio ekonomika” Tb. 1997.
4. www.statistics.ge
5. www.nbg.ge
50
rZis poduqtebis bazari saqarTveloSi1
daviT gabriWiZe
mariam kevliSvili
Tsu bakalavrebi
mecn-xelm: prof. T. Sengelia
ukanasknel wlebSi saqarTveloSi sagrZnoblad imata rZis produqtebis mwarmoebel
kompaniaTa ricxvma. Tu wlebis win qveyana Caize, Rvinosa da citrusze iyo orientirebuli
da rZis warmoebas TiTqmis ar eTmoboda yuradReba, dResdReobiT merZeveobis seqtori
sakmaod ganviTarebulia da rZis biznesi erT-erT yvelaze momgebianad iTvleba saqarTveloSi.
qveyanaSi rZis produqtebze maRali da stabiluri moTxovnaa, rac qmnis SesaniSnav
SesaZleblobas rZis seqtoris ganviTarebisaTvis. es produqcia warmoadgens saqarTveloSi
mcxovrebi sxvadasxva asakobrivi jgufis racionis Seucvlel nawils.
rZis produqtebis bazari sakmaod farTo da konkurentulia. `eko-fudi~, `sante~,
`amalTea~ (romelic kvlav gamoCnda bazarze), `sando~ da a.S. - es kompaniebi bazris mTavari
moTamaSeebi arian. momxmarebels mzardi konkurencia komfortul pirobebs uqmnis, radgan
konkurencia TavisTavad fasebis stabilurobaze, produqciis xarisxis SenarCuneba-
gaumjobesebasa da inovaciebze udides gavlenas axdens. swrafad cvalebadi garemo da mzardi
konkurencia ki kompaniebs didi gamowvevebis winaSe ayenebs. konkurentuli upiratesobis
SenarCunebisa da saqmianobis mudmivi gaumjobesebisaTvis saWiroa resursebis efeqtiani
gamoyeneba, arsebuli problemebis gamovlena da daZleva.
problemebs ki arcTu ise cotas awydebian kompaniebi.
yvelaze mwvave problema am sferoSi naturaluri rZis deficitia. dReisaTvis
saqarTveloSi mewveli pirutyvis suladoba 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisTan SedarebiT
mkveTrad momatebulia, Tumca daeca misi produqtiuloba, rac sakvebi bazis gauaresebasTanaa
dakavSirebuli. yvelaze didi problema is aris, rom am pirutyvis genetika ver SevinarCuneT.
bolo TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi qveyanaSi genetikuri xazebi saerTod ar Semodioda.
magram bolo erTi welia, soflis meurneobis saministroSi am mimarTulebiT aqtiurad
muSaoben.
naturaluri rZis deficitis gamo qyveyanaSi sawarmoebi iZulebulebi arian pro-
duqciis waroebisas rZis fxvnili gamoiyenon. rZis fxvnilis importi sakmaod Zviri jdeba da
xelsayreli ar aris, Tumca mimdinare wels imdenad gaaZvires rZis mwarmoeblebma nedleuli,
rom SesaZloa, rZis fxvnilisagan produqciis warmoeba ufro iafic dajdes. amis
miuxedavad, kompaniebi produqtebis warmoebas mainc adgilobrivi naturaluri rZisagan
arCeven, radgam am gziT miRebuli produqti ufro gemrielia. es ki momxmareblis arCevanze
did gavlenas axdens, zrdis gayidvebs da, Sesabamisad, kompaniis warmatebulobas. evropul da
rusul produqciasTan SedarebiT, adgilobrivi nawarmi metad naturaluria da naklebad aris
damokidebuli rZis fxvnilze. Tu ucxouri `iogurtis~ Senaxvis vada ori wels grZeldeba,
1 sakonferencio moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo universi-
tetis mier organizebul studentTa me-10 samecniero konferenciaze. ibeWdeba Semcirebuli
formatiT.
51
qarTuli produqti or Tveze mets ar inaxeba. xaWos, araJnisa da kefiris Senaxvis vada ki 3-
4 dRes ar aWarbebs. garda amisa, aranaturaluri rZisgan SeuZlebelia yvelis damzadeba.
imaze, rom qarTul bazarze naturaluri rZis produqtebis wili izrdeba, erTi tendenciac
miuTiTebs: regionebSi Sesabamisad mravldeba rZis Cambarebeli punqtebi, romlebic pirdapir
amarageben kompaniebs.
kidev erTi problema bazris am segmentSi is aris, rom rZis warmoebaSi wamyvani ro-
li wvril, ojaxur meorneobebs eniWebaT. moqmedi sagadasaxado kodeqsi maT privilegirebul
mdomareobas aniWebs da aTavisuflebs yovelgvari gadasaxadisgan. es, rasakvirvelia,
kompaniebs arcTu saxarbielo mdgomareobaSi ayenebs. isini iTxoven iaffasiani warmoebebisgan
Tavdacvis berketebis amoqmedebas, amis erT-erT gzad ki fermeruli meurneobebis Seqmnas
moiazreben. rac Seexeba am ukanasknels, dResdReobiT fermeruli meurneobebi, rogorc ukve
aRvniSneT, mwarmoeblebs naturaluri rZiT ver uzrunvelyofen. amis mizezi ki is aris, rom
ar gvyavs saWiro raodenobis piutyvi da, zogadad, biznesis es saxeoba ganviTarebuli ar
aris. Tumca, qveyanaSi sakmarisi bunebrivi pirobebia am dargis ganviTarebisaTvis. ra Tqma
unda, saamisod mxolod calmxrivi midgomebi ar iqneba sakmarisi. paralelurad
warmodgenili unda iyos gegma, Tu ras vapirebT mecxoveleobis im donemde misayvanad, rom
saqarTveloSi nedleulis, am SemTxvevaSi – rZis, deficiti ar arsebobdes.
statistikuri monacemebiT, bolo 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi industriulad warmoebuli
rZis produqtebis samomxmareblo bazari yovelwliurad daaxloebiT 20-25%-iT izrdeba, rac
ZiriTadad imiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom sakveb racionSi rZis produqtebis wilma, wina
wlebTan SedarebiT, moimata. adgilobrivi produqciis momZlavreba, didi xania, imports
gasaqans ar aZlevs. arsebuli statistikiT, saqarTveloSi rZis produqtebis saxiT
ucxoeTidan, ZiriTadad, rZis fxvnili, iogurti da karaqiRa Semodis. ase, rom qarTulma
produqtma ucxouri produqcia TiTqmis gaaZeva bazridan da es qveynis ekonomikuri
ganviTarebisaTvis namdvilad kargia.
bazris gaanalizebis Semdeg, SegviZlia, daskvnis saxiT aRvniSnoT, rom rZis
poduqtebis biznesi sakmaod perspeqtiulia dResdReobiT saqarTveloSi da ganvixiloT am
bazris lideri kompaniis – `eko-fudis~ magaliTi.
rZis produqtebis mwarmoebeli kompania `eko-fudi~ mimdinare wels mesamed gaxda
`Golden Brand~-is sertifikatis mflobeli. kompania 2004 wlis aprilSi daarsda da swrafad
daikava mniSvnelovani adgili rZis produqtebis bazarze. eko-fudi 100% qar-Tuli
investiciebiTaa Seqmnili da mis menejmentsac qarTvelebi akontroleben. es biznesi SeiZleba
faqtobrivad nulidan dawyebulad CaiTvalos. damfuZneblebma TavianTi saxsrebiT SeiZines
firmis aRWurviloba da biznesi Zalian mcire masStabebiT daiwyes. dRes igi evropuli
menejmentis mqone warmatebuli kompaniaa. kompania dResdReisobiT daaxloebiT 40 dasaxelebis
produqts awarmoebs..sawarmos arsebobis manZilze ramde-njerme Seicvala misi struqtura.
2006 wlis Tebervlis Tvidan `eko-fudis~ savaWro niSnis mflobelia Sps `jorjian-eko~.
Sps `jorjian-eko~-s mier moxda saerTaSriso standartebi ISO 22000:2005-isa da
ISOO 9001:2000-is moTxovnebis Sesabmisad sursaTis uvneblobisa da xarisxis marTvis
integrirebuli sistemis danergva da ganxorcieleba. 2007 wels kompania UKAS-is
sertifikatebis mflobeli gaxda.
52
dReisaTvis rZis produqtebis bazarze liderobs 2 kompania. esenia `eko-fudi~ da
`sante~. mimdinare Tvis monacemebiT, maTi procentuli wili bazarze Semdegnairad ga-
moiyureba: `eko-fudi~-s uWiravs bazris 44% xolo `sante~-s 41%, xolo TbilisSi `eko-
fudis~ wili bazarze 50%-a. amdenad, eko-fudi liderobs qarTuli rZis produqtebis
bazarze. misma wliurma brunvam gasul wels wina welTan SedarebiT 20%-iT mo-imata.
produqciis realizaciis procentuli maCvenebeli wlebis mixedviT yovelwliurad imatebs.
rogorc mogaxseneT, kompania awarmoebs 40 dasaxelebis produqts. misi produqcia
iyideba mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT. gansakuTrebuli aqtiurobiT gamoirCevian kaxeTi da
qarTli. Tbilisze modis daaxloebiT 80% gayidvebis. produqcia eqsportze ar gadis,
radgan produqtis vargisianobis vada daaxloebiT 5 dRea. da saerTod rZis produqtebis
umetesoba gaTvlili ar aris didi xnis vargisianobaze, magaliTisTvis aviRoT iogurti an
xaWo, romlebsac cocxali produqti ewodebaT rac imas niSnavs rom, misi realizaciis
periodSi mis SemadgenlobaSi mimdinareobs biologiuri procesebi. ase rom is iogortebi,
romlebic sxva qveynbidan Semodis, ar aris namdvili. `eko-fudma~ ukve gamouSva pirveli
qarTuli iogurti, romelic absoliturad naturalur receptzea damzadebuli. igi bazarze
dekemberSi gamoCnda produqciis realizaciis, anu fuladi gardaqmnis cikli Zalian swrafia.
sawarmos uwevs Tavisi produqciis ara umetes 3%-sa bazridan amoiRos vadagasulobis
mizeziT, danarCeni 97% srulad iyideba. kompaniisTvis yvelaze rTul periodebSi,
Semosavali maqsimum 30%-T iklebda.
bolo wlebSi kompaniam naturaluri rZis xarjebis Semcirebis mizniT gaxsna 30-mde
rZis Cambarebeli punqti, romelic saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSia ganTavsebuli. esenia:
kaxeTi, Sida qarTli, qvemo qarTli, mcxeTa-TianeTi da sxva. procentuli maCvenebliT yvelaze
meti rZe kaxeTSi bardeba, rac mTeli rZis daaxloebiT 80%-s Seadgens. Tumca naturaluri
rZis raodenoba sezonebis mixedviT SezRudulia. igi sakmarisi odenobiT mxolod zafxulSi
moipoveba aprilis bolodan oqtombris dasawyisamde. zamTarSi ki es maCvenebeli 90%_iT
iklebs, Tu kompania zafxulSi dReSi 20 tona naturalur rZes ibarebda, zamTarSi es dReSi
2 tonas ar aWarbebs. am periodSi misi Canacvleba importirebuli rZis fxvniliT xdeba.
kompanias ar Semoaqvs rZis fxvnili, is mas sxva importiorebisgan yidulobs, radgan
sawyobebisa da Senaxva-movlis xarjebi TiTqmis utoldeba im xarjebs, romlebsac kompania
importiorebs uxdis. amdenad, sawarmoSi miRebuli rZis fxvnili pirdapir warmoebaSi midis.
naturaluri rZis fasi sezonurad icvleba da is 50-80 TeTris farglebSi meryeobs.
kompaniis menejerebis gancxadebiT naturaluri rZiT produqtis warmoeba SedarebiT Zviri
jdeba gansakuqrebiT maSin, roca rZe Zvirdeba, magram es absoluturad ar moqmedebs
produqciis fasebze an xarisxze. kompania meti danaxarjebis amogebas sezonurad axerxebs.
Znelia zusti mizezis dasaxeleba, magram morxmareblis aqtiuri moxmareba piks TebervalSi
aRwevs. am periodSi faqtobrivad 100%-ani gayidvaa. yvelaze gayidvadi mawonia, magram
Semosavlis mxriv xaWos yvelaze meti mogeba moaqvs.
rac Seexeba uSualod warmoebis process:
`jorjian-eko~ Tanamedrove manqana-danadgarebiT aRWurvili kompaniaa, rac saSualebas
iZleva nakleb droSi meti produqciis warmoebisa. es ki xels uwyobs momxmareblis didi
moTxovnis dakmayofilebas. kompaniaSi menejmentianad dasaqmebulia 350-mde kaci.
53
`eko-fudi~ rZis produqtebis mwarmoebeli kompaniaa da cxadia misi produqtebis
umetesoba rZisgan mzaddeba. rogorc ukve vTqviT, rZe sezonuradaa xelmisawvdomi, aqe-dan
gamomdinare, kompania `eko-fudi~ produqciis 90%-is dasamzadeblad, iseve rogorc sxva
qarTuli rZis mwarmoebeli kompaniebi, rZis fxvnils iyenebs. azri imis Se-saxeb, rom
produqcia pirdapir rZis fxvnilisgan mzaddeba mcdaria. rZis fxvnilisgan miiReben aRdgenil
rZes, romelsac TiTqmis igive Tvisebebi aqvs rac naturalurs. rac Seexeba naturalur rZes,
misi Semowmeba rZis Cambarebel punqtebSive xdeba laqto-skanerebiT. es aris mowyobiloba
romelic amowmebs rZis xarisxs. Tu rZe uvargisia, anu im standartebs ar Seesabameba
romelsac warmoeba moiTxovs, skaneri ar miiRebs. skaneridan vargisi rZe did macivar-
konteinerSi gadaedineba, amdenad uaRresad mniSvnelovania rZis xarisxis zusti analizi raTa
ramdenime litrma uvargisma rZem mTeli rZis maragi ar gaafuWos.
`jorjian-eko~-s produqcia sxvadasxva kategoriis mixedviT iwarmoeba.
de luqsi _ es aris SedarebiT ZviradRirebuli produqcia. misi fasi misive Tvi-
sebebidan gamomdinarea, sxvebTan SedarebiT maRali. eqskluziv klasi saxelidan gamomdinare
eqskluziurad warmoebuli produqciaa. xolo ekonom klasi es aris produqcia ekonomikuri
SefuTviT, gansakuTrebiT xelsayrelia muSaobis pirobebSi, roca sadilisTvis Zalzed cota
dro gaqvT. bolo dros `eko-fudma~ gamouSva axali klasis produqcia, saxelad `axali eko~.
es aris qvelmoqmedebis mizniT warmoebuli produqcia, romelic naklebi fasi Rirs.
TiToeuli gayiduli produqtidan 2 TeTri iricxeba sapatriarqos angariSze.
rac Seexeba nedleuls, rZis fxvnilis garda cximic sazRvargareTidanaa Semo-ta-nili,
radgan qarTuli zeTiT damzadebuli maionezi nakleb xarisxiania. sxva danarCeni yvela
nedleuli adgilobrivia. Tavdapirvelad prodiqtis SesafuTi masala kompanias TurqeTidan
Camohqonda ukve mza mdgomareobaSi, magram dReisTvis kompanias SefuTvas sa-qarTveloSi
arsebuli qarxana umzadebs. Tumca de luqsis klasis produqtis SefuTva ukrainidan Camodis,
radgan marali xarisxisaa, romlis damzadebac adgilobriv qarxnebs jer ar SeuZliaT.
axlo momavalSi eko-fudi axali gegmebis ganxorcielebas apirebs. kompaniis mesve-
urebis gancxadebiT ekonomikuri krizisi jerjerobiT aranairad ar aisaxeba arc fasebze da
arc muSaxelis radenobaze. kompania cdilobs daabrunos saqarTveloSi erT dros ar-sebuli
rZis moxmarebis tradicia da warmatebebi vusurvoT mas.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. T.Sengelia “biznesis administrirebis safuZvlebi” Tb.2008
2. www.eco-food.ge
3. www.statistics.ge
54
sabanko riskebis marTvis srulyofis koncefcia1
qeTevan RuduSauri
Tsu bakalavri
mecn-xelm. asist. prof. c. oqruaSvili
dReisaTvis, saqarTveloSi sabanko saqmianoba erT-erTi aqtiuri da Tval-
saCino biznesia. qarTulma bankebma daZlies ekonomikuri krizisis siZneleebi.
Camoyalibda msxvili, ganviTarebuli bankebis rigi, romelTa saqmianoba srulad
Seesabameba saerTaSoriso moTxovnebs.
qarTuli bankebis moqmedebis areali, didi xania gascda qveynis sazRvrebs
da ufro masStaburi gaxda. miuxedavad miRweuli warmatebisa, sasurvelia
qarTuli bankebis xelmZRvanelobam gaiTvaliswinos ucxoeTis gamocdileba,
raTa ufro gaZlierdes qarTuli sabanko sistema. bankebis zust kvalificiur
moRvaweobazea damokidebuli umTavresad ekonomikis sijansaRe. swored
komerciul safuZvelze moqmedi bankebis ganviTarebuli qselis gareSe mxolod
keTil survilad rCeba miswrafeba realuri da efeqtiani sabazro meqanizmis
Sesaqmnelad.
komerciuli bankebi warmoadgenen safinanso sistemis centrebs, romlebic
erTad Tavs uyrian mTavrobis, saqmiani wreebis da milionobiT kerZo pirebis
anabrebs. komerciuli bankebi sasesxo da sainvesticio operaciebis meSveobiT
gzas uxsnian TavianTi fondebisaken sxvadasxva msesxeblebs _ kerZo pirebs,
kompaniebs, mTavrobas.
sabanko operaciebi aioleben rogorc saqonlis da momsaxurebis moZraobas
warmoebidan momxmareblamde, ise mTavrobis safinanso saqmianobas.
komerciuli bankebis erovnulma sistemam mniSvnelovani roli unda
Seasrulos qveynis ekonomikis funqcionirebaSi.
komerciuli bankebis SesaZlebloba imuSaon unarianad da saxelmwifos
saWiroebisa da ekonomikuri miznebis Sesabamisad mniSvnelovnad aris
damokidebuli misi marTvis efeqtianobaze.
yovelgvari saorganizacio saqmianoba unda iyos kvalificiuri. riski
imdenad didia, rom, Tu gvinda, sabanko sistema iyos myari, mzardi, moqnili da
imis unaris mqone, daakmayofilos sazogadoebis moTxovna, bankma Tavisi
operaciebi saWiro sifrTxiliT unda ganaxorcielos.
komerciuli banki miekuTvneba kerZo organizacias, romlis saqmianoba
momgebiani unda iyos likvidobis da usafrTxoebis SemzRudvel pirobebSic.
amasTan, bankis, rogorc qveynis fuladi masis didi nawilis maregulirebelis
roli ekonomikis am sferos warmomadgenlebs did pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs
sazogadoebis winaSe.
1 moxseneba wakiTxul iqna q. doneckSi (ukraina), studentTa samecniero konferenciaze da daimsaxura
saprzo adgili.
55
sazogadoebas ar unda mieces sababi, eWvi Seitanos sabanko sistemis
gadaxdisunarianobaSi, likvidobasa da simtkiceSi, xolo bankis meanabreebi
darwmunebulni unda iyvnen bankis saimedoobaSi.
bankis saxsrebis ganTavseba unda moxdes iseT aqtivebSi, romelic banks
moutans sakmaris mogebas, vinaidan Tu sabanko saqmeSi Semosavali kapitalze
ufro dabalia, vidre sxva dargebSi, kapitali gadadindeba sxva, ufro momgebian
sferoSi. Zvel droSi iTvleboda, rom sabanko saqme warmoadgens ZiriTadad
aqtivebisa da pasivebis sifrTxiliT marTvas.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi sabanko saqme uzomod didi xarisxiT dakav-
Sirebulia riskTan. amitom, axla bankebis winaSe dgas ZiriTadi sakiTxi, rogor
aicdinon riski da amave dros miiRon sakmaod didi Semosavali meanabreebis
saxsrebis dacvisa da gadarCenisaTvis da bankis Semdgomi saqmianobisaTvis.
sabanko dawesebulebis riskis Sefaseba da marTva sabanko biznesis erT-er-
Ti rTuli sakiTxia, vinaidan banki, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sabazro meqanizmis
yvelaze mtavari safinanso institutia, is aris kreditis ZiriTadi wyaro,
gansakuTebiT patara sawarmoebisaTvis.
rogorc erovnul, ise saerTaSoriso bazarze banki Tavis klientebs ufro
met samomxmareblo kredits aZlevs, vidre nebismieri sxva safinanso dawese-
buleba.
qarTulma bankebma aqtiurad unda SesTavazon sawarmoebs grZelvadiani ses-
xebi axali danadgarebis da mowyobilobebis SesaZenad.
bankis depozitebi unda gaxdes ekonomikis ganviTarebis mTavari wyaro da
ZiriTadi instrumenti. yovelive aRniSnulis gamo didi mniSvneloba eniWeba
bankis riskebis regulirebas da marTvas.
bankis mTavari funqcia mdgomareobs mis mzadyofnaSi, gasces mcire riskiani
sesxi msesxebelze da gamouSvas, aseve mcire riskiani fasiani qaRaldebi
investorebisaTvis. arsebiTad, banki finansuri bazris saSualebiT monawileobs
riskian gasesxebasa da dakreditebaSi.
banki akmayofilebs, agreTve, mravali klientis moTxovnilebas likvidur
saxsrebze. aqedan gamomdinare, qarTuli bankebis zrdis erT-erTi mizezi unda
gaxdes informaciis Sefasebis maRali unari. banki flobs codnas da gamoc-
dilebas, romelic saSualebas aZlevs safinanso instrumentebidan SearCios is,
romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebeli iqneba riskis da Semosavlianobis donis sasur-
veli Tanafardoba.
ufro metic, bankis unarma, Sekribos da gaanalizos safinanso informacia,
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi bankis arsebobis mizezebis kidev erTi axsna
warmoSva _ regulirebuli monitoriumis Teoria.
TiTqmis yvela msesxebeli da meanabre Tvlis, saidumlod Seinaxos Tavisi
safinanso angariSgeba, emijneba ra bazarze konkurentebsa da `mezoblebs~.
regulirebuli monitoriumis Teoria amtkicebs, rom banks SeuZlia moi-
zidos msesxeblebi, ramdenadac sesxs gascems giraos qveS konfidenciur safuZ-
velze, bankis meanabreebsac ki ar aZlevs msesxeblebis safinanso angariSebis
gacnobis saSualebas.
56
piriqiT, gamodis, rom meanabreebi garigebas deben bankTan, rogorc saimedo
kontroliorTan, raTa man gaanalixos perspeqtiuli msesxeblis safinanso mdgo-
mareoba da moawyos mimRebi klientebis monitoriumi, imisaTvis, rom meanabreebs
daubrundes saxsrebi.
Bbankis monitoriuli momsaxurebis sazRaurad meanabreebi banks uxdian gan-
sazRvrul Tanxas, romelic SeiZleba imaze naklebia, rac daexarjebodaT maT,
Tu msesxeblebs TviTon gaakontrolebdnen.
mravalricxovani kreditebis gacemiT, banks, rogorc saimedo kontroliors,
SeuZlia daajgufos da Seamciros riski, rac ganapirobebs depozitebis maRal
usafrTxoebas. garda amisa, bankis mxardaWeriT, klients uadvildeba da iafad
iRebs sesxs.
bolos, rodesac banki depozitebis nawils iyenebs kreditis dasafinan-
seblad, TviT es faqti aris safinanso bazrisaTvis signali, laparakobs ra, rom
msesxebeli imsaxurebs ndobas da daabrunebs miRebul sesxs.
bankis TanamSromlebma unda miiRon gadawyvetileba, Tu rodis gascen
krediti, rogor gaaumjobeson bankis likvidoba, rogor SearCion aqtivebi bankis
investiciebisaTvis, rogor gayidon depozitebi, moizidon Tanxebi da rogor
SeinarCunon kapitalis saTanado done.
bankis es amocanebi praqtikulad mWidro kavSirSia erTmaneTTan. magaliTad,
aqceptirebuli gadawyvetileba klientebis gazrdili moTxovnilebis dakmayo-
filebaze damokidebulia bankis SesaZleblobaze, gazardos depozituri da
aradepozituri fondebi.
Kreditebis gacemasTan dakavSirebuli riski unda gaanalizdes bankis
kapitalTan SefardebiT, rac SesaZleblobas miscems maT Tavisi aqcionerebi da
mepaieebi daicvas kreditis daubruneblobasTan dakavSirebuli danakargebisagan.
dReisaTvis, banki Tavisi aqtivebis da pasivebis portfels unda ganixi-
lavdes rogorc erT mTlianobas, romelic gansazRvravs bankis erTobliv
portfels, romelic saWiroa saerTo miznebis, maRali mogebisa da riskis
minimumamde Semcirebis misaRwevad.
aqtivebis da pasivebis gaerTianebuli marTva SesaZleblobas miscems banks
daicvas depozitebi da sesxebi. agreTve, banks SesaZlebloba eZleva Camoaya-
libos aqtivebis portfeli, rac xels Seuwyobs dasaxuli miznis realizacias.
bankis aqtivebis da pasivebis marTvis logikuri Sinaarsi mdgomareobs stra-
tegiis formirebasa da iseTi RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebaSi, romelic bankis
balansis struqturas mis strategiul programasTan SesabamisobaSi moiyvans.
Cveulebrivad aqtivebis da pasivebis marTvis mizani unda iyos bankis marJis
stabilizacia, riskis dasaSvebi donis pirobebSi.
didi mniSvneloba eniWeba aqtiv-pasivis da sakuTari saxsrebis marTvaSi
integrirebul midgomas, romlis amocanaa aqtivebTan da pasivebTan dakavSire-
buli gadawyvetilebebis koordinacia TiToeuli bankis SigniT, dasaxuli miznis
misaRwevad.
tradiciuli midgoma, rom bankis mTeli mogeba miiReba sesxebidan da inves-
ticiebidan, gzas uTmobs im azrs, rom banki yidis safinanso momsaxurebis mTel
pakets, es iqneba kreditebi, saSemnaxvelo Tu sxva saxis momsaxureba da
57
TiToeulis fasma unda dafaros sesxis miwodebasTan dakavSirebuli bankis dana-
xarjebi. balansis pasivebis marTvis safuZvelze miRebul mogebas SeuZlia banks
daexmaros miznis miRwevaSi, vinaidan sabanko kapitalis Rirebuleba damo-
kidebulia ara marto Semosavlianobaze, aramed riskis donezec.
amitom, riskis marTva warmoadgens metad mniSvnelovan amocanas. am aTwle-
ulis sabanko seqtorSi xSirad `riskis marTvis eras~ uwodeben.
riskis yvela saxeobas Soris, romelTanac banks aqvs urTierToba, ar moi-
Zebneba sxva, romlis analizsa da kontrols eTmoba imdeni dro, rogorc sapro-
cento ganakveTebis risks, vinaidan saprocento ganakveTebis moculobis zrdam
SeiZleba negatiuri zegavlena iqonios Semosavalze da sabanko aqtivebis, pasi-
vebisa kapitalis Rirebulebaze.
qarTuli bankebis xelmZRvanelobam unda gaiTvaliswinos, rom bazarze sap-
rocento ganakveTis cvlilebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios bankis mogebis Semcireba,
danaxarjebis zrda, aqtivebis Semosavlebis Semcireba, rac Seamcirebs aqcione-
rebis investiciebis Rirebulebas.
amitom, bankis menejerebma yuradReba unda gaamaxvilon portfelis Semadge-
nel im nawilebze, romlebic gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiarea saprocento ganakveTis
cvlilebis mimarT, Cveulebriv portfelis aqtiur nawilSi aseTia: kreditebi da
investiciebi fasian qaRaldebSi, xolo pasivebis farglebSi esaa depozitebi da
sesxebi fulad bazarze.
imisaTvis, rom daicvas bankis mogeba sainvesticio ganakveTebis cvlilebis
negatiuri zegavlenisagan, misi xelmZRvaneloba unda cdilobdes fiqsirebul
doneze SinarCunos wminda saprocento marJa, romelic Semdegnairad gamoi-
angariSeba:
sabanko dawesebulebebis riskis Sefaseba da marTva aris sabanko biznesis
erT-erTi rTuli sakiTxi, vinaidan is dakavSirebulia mraval faqtorTan. Tu
bankis menejeri SesZlebs maqsimalurad zustad gansazRvros riskis moculoba,
es niSnavs, rom bankis Semdgomi warmatebuli saqmianoba garantirebulia.
sasurvelia qarTuli bankebis xelmZRvanelobam yuradReba gaamaxvilos
riskebis marTvasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze.
wsm
saprocento danaxarjebi depozitebze
da nasesxeb saSualebebze
saprocento danaxarjebi _
kreditze da investiciebze
momgebiani aqtivebis Rirebuleba
=
wminda saprocento Semosavali
momgebiani aqtivebis Rirebuleba
=
58
Cvens mier gaanalizebuli iqna saqarTvelos komerciuli bankebis
efeqtianobis maCveneblebi retrospeqtivaSi. 1998 wlidan SeimCneva pozitiuri
dinamika, Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom 2000 wels kvlav negatiuri tendencia
aRiniSna. 1999 weli ki yvelaze efeqtiani iyo, rogorc wina periodTan, ise
Semdgom wlebTan SedarebiT. aRniSnul wels efeqtianobis maCvenebeli, gaanga-
riSebuli mogebis SefardebiT aqtivebTan _ ROA 2,2%, xolo gaangariSebuli
mogebis SefardebiT kapitalTan _ ROE 6,4%, rac aRemateboda 1995 wels,
Sesabamisad, 15 da 2,5%-iT, xolo 2001 wels 0,6% da 1,2%-iT. 2008 wlis 1 ianvris
mdgomareobiT ROA Seadgenda 1,9%, xolo ROE _ 9,6%. 2009 wlis 1 ianvris
mdgomareobiT ROA Seadgens 0,1%, xolo ROE _ 0,6%, rac bevrad naklebia,
rogorc wina wlis, ise wina periodis maCveneblebTan SedarebiT (ix. cxrili 1).
cxrili 1. saqarTvelos komerciuli bankebis saqmianobis efeqtianobis dinamika 1995-2008 wlebSi procentebSi 1
wlebis dasaxeleba 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2007 2008
efeqtianobis
koeficienti mogeba/aqtivebi
ROA
-+2.5 - 1.4 - 1.2 1.2 2.2 - 1.2 1.6 1.9 0.1
efeqtianobis koeficienti
mogeba/kapitali
ROE
15.1 -5.4 - 4.1 -3.9 6.4 -4.0 5.2 9.6 0.6
cxrilSi mocemuli maCveneblebi adasturebs, rom qarTuli komerciuli
bankebis garkveuli nawilis xelmZRvaneloba ise ver marTavs sabanko riskebs,
rom, erTis mxriv, ar Semcirdes momgebianoba da, meore mxriv, SenarCunebul
iqnas likvidobis saTanado done.
moxsenebiT davikave pirveli adgili doneckis ekonomikis da vaWrobis
saxelmwifo institutSi Catarebul ukrainis sauniversitetSoririso
konferenciaze 2009 wlis 7 Tebervals.
1 efeqtianobis maCveneblebi gaTvlilia saqarTvelos sabanko seqtoris krebsiTi aqtivebisa da pasivebis safuZvelze
59
inflaciis TargeTireba saqarTveloSi1
givi melqaZe
Tsu bakalavri mecn-xelm: ek. akad. doqt. g. xasia
inflaciis TargeTireba (Inflation Targeting) monetaruli politikis SedarebiT axali
reJimia da misi popularoba TandaTan izrdeba. Tavdapirvelad igi 1991 wels danerga axalma
zelandiam, da male mas sxva industriuli qveynebic SeuerTdnen, maT Soris, kanada, didi
britaneTi, fineTi, SevedeTi, avstralia da espaneTi (qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT). mTavari
mizezi, ris gamoc am qveynebma monetaruli politikis alternatiul reJimad inflaciis
TargeTireba airCies, iyo ukanaskneli 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi fuladi masis TargeTirebisa da
inflaciasTan brZolis warumatebeli gamocdileba.
industriuli qveynebis mier inflaciis TargeTirebis warmatebiT danergvam sxva
qveynebsac misca am reJimis SemoRebis stimuli. XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi gacvliTi kursis
reJimis kraxma laTinuri amerikisa da aRmosavleTi aziis qveynebs alternatiuli nominaluri
Ruzis Ziebisken ubiZga da sabolood maTma umravlesobam arCevani swored inflaciis
TargeTirebaze SeaCera. Tanamedrove etapze inflaciis TargeTirebas 20-ze meti qveynis
centraluri banki axorcielebs _ Soris 13 ganviTarebadi da gardamavali ekonomikis qveyanaa,
romelTa ricxvSia Cile, argentina, poloneTi, CexeTi, samxreTi afrika, TurqeTi, somxeTi da
sxv. aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela maTgani avlens inflaciis sakmaod dabal da stabilur dones
ekonomikuri zrdis SesamCnevi tempebis TanxlebiT.
mimdinare wlis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos erovnulma bankma sruliad garkveviT gamoTqva
survili inflaciis TargeTirebis SemoRebasTan dakavSirebiT. winamdebare statiaSi
mimoxilulia inflaciis TargeTirebis efeqtianad danergvisaTvis aucilebeli winapirobebi da
Sefasebulia, Tu ramdenad akmayofilebs saqarTvelo am winapirobebs ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
arsebul etapze.
inflaciis TargeTirebis Sinaarsi Teoriulad ar aris rTuli: centraluri banki akeTebs
mosalodneli inflaciis prognozs; prognozi edareba inflaciis miznobriv maCvenebels
(inflaciis dones, romelsac centaluri banki miiCnevs ekonomikisaTvis xelsayrelad);
gansxvaveba saprognozo da samizne maCvenebels Soris gansazRvravs monetaruli politikis
koreqtirebis xasiaTs, kerZod, Tu inflaciis prognozi aRemateba samizne maCvenebels, xdeba
monetaruli politikis gamkacreba, xolo Tu piriqiT, maSin centraluri banki arbilebs
politikas.
imisaTvis rom qveyanam SeZlos monetaruli politikis warmarTva inflaciis
TargeTirebis Sesabamisad, saWiroa ori ZiriTadi winapirobis dakmayofileba: (1) centraluri
bankis damoukidebloba; (2) centraluri bankis mandatis mkafiod gansazRvra fasebis
stabilurobis, rogorc monetaruli politikis upirvelesi miznis, miRwevis saxiT. pirveli
winapiroba gulisxmobs centraluri bankis damoukideblobas monetaruli politikis
warmarTvaSi, anu damoukideblobas instrumentebis doneze, rac gansxvavdeba miznis doneze
1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `makroekonomikis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze sadac daimsaxura
saprizo adgili, xolo studentTa sauniversiteto 69-e konferenciaze I adgili.
60
damoukideblobisagan. rodesac monetaruli politikis mizani gansazRvrulia centraluri
bankis an mTavrobis mier an erToblivad, centralur banks unda gaaCndes sruli Tavisufleba
politikis instrumentebis SerCevasa da gamoyenebaSi dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad. imisaTvis
rom es winapiroba dakmayofildes, monetaruli politika ar unda ganicdides fiskalur
zewolas, anu centraluri bankis mier mTavrobisaTvis gasacemi sesxis moculoba unda iyos
mkacrad SezRuduli an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, nulis toli.
saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb organuli kanonis me-3 muxlis mixedviT
`erovnuli banki damoukidebelia Tavis saqmianobaSi~. amasTan, imave kanonis Sesabamisad
erovnuli banki saqarTvelos parlaments dasamtkiceblad warudgens momavali wlis fulad-
sakredito da savaluto politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis proeqts, romelSic erovnuli
banki sruliad avtonomiurad (damoukideblad) adgens inflaciis miznobriv maCvenebels
momavali wlisTvis da gansazRvravs monetaruli politikis im ZiriTad instrumentebs,
romlebsac gamoiyenebs miznobrivi inflaciis miRwevisaTvis. es niSnavs imas, rom erovnul
banks gaaCnia sruli damoukidebloba instrumentebis doneze.
miuxedavad iuridiuli damoukideblobisa, erovnuli banki 2006 wlamde mTavrobis
pirdapiri dafinansebis wyarod gvevlineboda; organuli kanonis 57-e muxlis mixedviT
gansazRvruli iyo sesxis limitirebuli moculoba, romlis gacemac erovnul banks
saxelmwifo dawesebulebebze SeeZlo, Tumca imave muxlis me-6 punqtis Sesabamisad erovnul
banks, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, limitis moxsnis ufleba hqonda. 2006 wlis maisSi ki moxda
kanonis 57-e muxlis modificireba da erovnul banks mTavrobisaTvis finansuri daxmarebis
gaweva aekrZala.1 ase rom, inflaciis TargeTirebis pirveli winapiroba saqarTvelos kon-
teqstSi srulad aris dakmayofilebuli.
inflaciis TargeTirebis SemoRebisaTvis aucilebeli meore winapiroba gulisxmobs, rom
fasebis stabiluroba unda warmoadgendes monetaruli politikis upirveles mizans da
centralur banks institucionalurad unda evalebodes fasebis stabilurobis uzrunvel-
yofa. aRniSnuli gamoricxavs imavdroulad sxva nebismieri cvladis (nominaluri gacvliTi
kursis an dasaqmebis donis) TargeTirebas. es ganpirobebulia imiT, rom moklevadian peri-
odSi, rogorc viciT, inflaciasa da umuSevrobas Soris alternativa arsebobs, Sesabamisad,
rTulia orive maTganis sasurvel doneze SenarCuneba. xolo nominaluri gacvliTi kursis
TargeTi, kapitalis mobilurobis pirobebSi, adre Tu gvian konfliqtSi modis fasebis
stabilurobasTan.
inflaciis TargeTirebis meore winapirobis dakmayofilebis TvalsazrisiT 2008 wlis 18
marts erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb organul kanonSi mniSvnelovani cvlileba Sevida. kerZod,
cvlilebis Setanamde kanonis me-2 muxlis mixedviT erovnuli bankis ZiriTadi amocana iyo
`erovnuli fulis msyidvelobiTi unaris, fasebis stabilurobis miRweva da SenarCuneba~, rac
inflaciis TargeTirebis reJimis pirobebSi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, SeuTavsebadi miznebia.
potenciuri konfliqtis Tavidan acilebisa da aseve, sazogadoebisaTvis sruliad garkveuli
signalis miwodebis mizniT imis Sesaxeb, rom aseTi konfliqtis warmoSobis SemTxvevaSi
prioriteti fasebis stabilurobis SenarCunebas mieniWeba, 18 marts kanonSi Setanili
1 ix. erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos organuli kanonis 57-e da 65-e muxlebi
61
cvlilebis Sedegad ganisazRvra, rom `erovnuli bankis ZiriTadi amocanaa fasebis
stabilurobis miRweva~. es ki srulad Seesabameba inflaciis TargeTirebis meore winapirobas.
winapirobebis dakmayofilebis SeTxvevaSi, qveyanas, romelsac surs inflaciis TargeTi-
rebis danergva, moeTxoveba monetaruli politikis sakuTari strategiis inflaciis TargeTi-
rebis strategiasTan miaxloeba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, moicavs: saSualovadiania inflaciis
samizne maCveneblis (TargeTis) sazogadoebisaTvis gacxadebas; informaciis momcvel
strategias politikis gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas; monetaruli politikis gazrdil
gamWvirvalobasa da centraluri bankis angariSvaldebulebas inflaciis TargeTis miRwevaSi.
inflaciis TargeTirebis ZiriTadi elementebia: 1. inflaciis TargeTis
sazogadoebisaTvis gacxadeba. saqarTvelos erovnuli banki 2009 wlamde fulad sakredito
da savaluto politikis ZiriTad mimarTulebebSi aqveynebda inflaciis saprognozo
maCvenebels, romelic safuZvlad edeboda monetaruli politikis warmarTvas. TavisTavad,
inflaciis prognozi ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos inflaciis TargeTad. 2009 wlis ZiriTad
mimarTulebebSi ki ukve calsaxad ganisazRvra saSualowliuri inflaciis miznobrivi
maCvenebeli, anu TargeTi, 9%-is odenobiT, xolo dasaSvebi gadaxris sazRvrebi organuli
kanonis mixedviT ± 2%-ia. inflaciis iseTi samizne donis SerCeva, romelic ekonomikisaTvis
xelsayreli iqneba, ar aris rTuli. empiriuli kvlevebis Sedegebi xazs usvams saSualo da
maRali inflaciis danaxarjebs. magaliTad, m. xanisa da a. senhajis SefasebebiT 1 inflaciis
zRvruli done, romlis zemoTac inflacia mniSvnelovnad amcirebs ekonomikur zrdas,
Seadgens 1-3%-s industriuli qveynebisaTvis, xolo 11-12%-s – ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis.
2. mravali cvladis gamoyeneba politikis gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas (inflaciis
prognozirebis modeli). imis gamo, rom inflaciis done iseTi samizne obieqtia, romlis
kontroli centralur banks pirdapir ar SeuZlia, saWiro xdeba ara erT-erTi parametris
(mag. fuladi masis an gacvliTi kursis) kontroli, aramed yvela im makroekonomikuri
cvladis Tvalyuris devneba, romelmac SesaZloa gavlena iqonios inflacize, esenia:
importisa da eqsportis fasebi, mwarmoebelTa fasebi da xelfasebis done, saprocento
ganakveTebi, saxelmwifo xarjebi da sxv. aRniSnuli, Tavis mxriv, moiTxovs inflaciis
prognozirebis models, sadac aseTi cvladebi iqneba CarTuli. saqarTvelos erovnul banks
SemuSavebuli aqvs inflaciis prognozirebis modeli, romlis meSveobiTac keTdeba
mosalodneli inflaciis prognozi 6-9 Tviani horizontiT. gamomdinare iqidan, rom
inflaciis TargeTirebisas monetaruli politikis poziciis cvlileba unda moxdes winaswar,
sanam inflaciuri wnexebi intensiuri gaxdeba da inflaciis done zrdas daiwyebs, politikis
warma- rTvaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba inflaciis prognozs. l. svensoni 2 miiCnevs,
rom inflaciis TargeTi metad gamosadegia Sualeduri orientiris rolSi, vinaidan igi aris
inflaciis donesTan mWidrod korelirebuli, gakontrolebadi, advilad dakvirvebadi da
gamWvirvale (igulisxmeba, rom prognozi qveyndeba).
1 Khan, M. S., and A. S. Senhadji, 2001, “Threshold Effects in the Relationship Between Infation and Growth”
IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 1–21. 2 Svensson, L. E. O., 1996, “Inflation Forecast Targeting: Implementing and Monitoring Inflation Targets,” NBER
Working Paper no. 5797
62
3. centraluri bankis saqmianobis gamWvirvaleba da gazrdili angariSvaldebuleba. infla-
ciuri TargeTirebis reJimis erT-erT upiratesoba is aris, rom igi uzrunvelyofs nomina-
lur Ruzas inflaciis TargeTis saxiT, anu cvlads, romelze dayrdnobiTac ekonomikuri su-
bieqtebi iReben gadawyvetilebebs da sazogadoebaSi xdeba inflaciuri molodinebis formi-
reba. imisaTvis rom TargeTma nominaluri Ruzis funqcia efeqtianad Seasrulos, saWiroa
sazogadoebasTan aqtiuri komunikacia da misi wevrebis informireba centraluri bankis miz-
nebisa da gegmebis Sesaxeb. centraluri bankisadmi sazogadoebis ndobis amaRlebis Tval-
sazrisiT mniSvnelovania agreTve centraluri bankis mkacri angariSvaldebuleba dasaxuli
miznis miRwevaSi.
saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis yoveldRiuri saqmianoba sruliad gamWvirvalea, mis veb-
saitze pres-relizis saxiT regularulad qveyndeba siaxleebi, maT Soris, monetaruli
komitetis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi, aseve monetaruli politikis poziciis amsaxveli
sxva informaciac. garda amisa, saqarTvelos erovnuli banki amzadebs da aqveynebs kvleviT
gamocemebs, maT Soris inflaciis kvartalur angariSs, sadac mimoxilulia inflaciaze
moqmedi faqtorebis da wnexebis ukanaskneli tendenciebi. mimoxilva aseve moicavs inflaciis
prognozs.
erovnuli banki angariSvaldebulia saqarTvelos parlamentis winaSe. bankis prezidenti
waradgens wliur angariSs, sadac Sefasebulia erovnuli bankis ukanaskneli periodis
saqmianobis efeqtianoba dasaxuli miznebis miRwevis mixedviT. erovnuli bankis
angariSvaldebulebis gazrdis mizniT 2008 wlis martSi organuli kanoniT ganisazRvra, rom,
“Tu saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujeti proficitulia, nebismieri 4 mimdevrobiTi kvartlis
ganmavlobaSi faqtobrivi inflaciis miznobrivi maCveneblidan 2 procentul punqtze metad
gadaxris Sem- TxvevaSi parlaments ufleba aqvs daayenos bankis prezidentis Tanamdebobidan
gaTavisuflebis sakiTxi”.4
rogorc Sefasebidan gairkva, saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis strategia Seesabameba
inflaciis TargeTirebis CarCos, Tumca aRniSnuli reJimis efeqtianad warmarTvisaTvis es ar
aris sakmarisi. imisaTvis rom inflaciis TargeTirebam srulfasovnad imuSaos, saWiroa
monetaruli gadacemis saimedo meqanizmis arseboba, rac, Tavis mxriv, moiTxovs sakmarisad
Rrma finansur bazrebs. am mxriv ki saqarTvelos ekonomikas seriozuli problemebi gaaCnia,
kerZod, ekonomikis monetizaciisa da finansuri Suamavlobis dabali donis gamo saprocento
ganakveTisa da kreditis arxis mniSvneloba Semcirebulia. miuxedavad zrdis tendenciisa,
saqarTvelos ekonomikis monetizaciis xarisxi mainc dabalia - 22% (ix. diagrama 1), garda
amisa, dolarizaciis maRali xarisxis gamo, romelic 75%-s Seadgens, msesxeblebi naklebad
mgrZnobiareni arian erovnuli valutis saprocento ganakveTis cvlilebebis mimarT, rac
saprocento ganakveTi arxis muSaobas kidev ufro aferxebs.
kreditis arxis mniSvneloba Semcirebulia saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi kreditis mcire
rolis gamo. gacvliTi kursis arxs ki saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
eniWeba, rac gamowveulia imiT, rom samomxmareblo kalaTaSi importirebul saqonelze didi
wili modis. gacvliTi kursis cvlileba mniSvnelovnad aisaxeba samomxmareblo kalaTis
4 ix. erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos organuli kanonis 63-e muxli.
63
Rirebulebasa da, Sesabamisad, fasebis doneze qveyanaSi. gacvliTi kursis mniSvnelobas
aZlierebs dolarizaciis maRali maCvenebelic.
a. monetizaciis maCveneblebi b. dolarizaciis maCvenebeli
diagrama 1. saqarTvelos ekonomikis monetizacia da dolarizacia1
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT saqarTvelos erovnuli
bankis strategiisa da rigi institucionaluri sakiTxebis srul Sesabamisobas inflaciis
TargeTirebis CarCosTan, aseve monetizaciisa da finansuri Suamavlobis koeficientebis
zrdis aSkara dinamikas, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom saSualovadian periodSi sruliad
mizanSewonili iqneba srulfasovani inflaciis TargeTirebis SemoReba.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
saqarTvelos organuli kanoni saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb.
saqarTvelos erovnuli banki – monetaruli da sabanko statistikis biuleteni
(sxvadasxva wlis).
Carare, A., A. Schaechter, and M. Stone, 2002, “Establishing Initial Conditions in Support of
Inflation Targeting,” IMF Working Paper No. 02/102.
Dabla-Norris, E., D. Kim, M. Zermeño, A. Billmeier, and V. Kramarenko, 2007, “Modalities
of Moving to Inflation Targeting in Armenia and Georgia,” IMF Working Paper No.
Debelle, G., 1997, “Inflation Targeting in Practice,” IMF Working Paper No. 97/35
(Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Khan, M., 2003, “Current Issues in the Design and Conduct of Monetary Policy,” IMF
Working Paper No. 03/56 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Khan, M. S., and A. S. Senhadji, 2001, “Threshold Effects in the Relationship Between
Inflation and Growth,” IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 1–21.
Masson, P. R., M. A. Savastano, and S. Sharma, 1997, “The Scope for Inflation Targeting in
Developing Countries,” IMF Working Paper No. 97/130.
Mishkin, F., 2000, “Inflation Targeting in Emerging-Market Countries,” American Economic
Review, Vol. 90(2), pages 105-109.
Mishkin, Frederic S. "International Experiences with Different Monetary Policy Regimes."
Journal of Monetary Economics, June 1999, 43(3), pp. 579- 606.
Samkharadze B., “Monetary Transmission Mechanism in Georgia: Analizing Pass-Through
of Different Channels”,” NBG Working Paper.
Svensson, L. E. O., 1996, “Inflation Forecast Targeting: Implementing and Monitoring
Inflation Targets,” NBER Working Paper no. 5797
1 wyaro: saqarTvelos erovnuli banki – “monetaruli da sabanko statistikis biuleteni”, 2000-2008
ww.
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
%
M3/GDP M2/GDP
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
80,00
90,00
100,00
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
%
depozitebis dolarizaciis koeficienti
64
msoflio finansuri krizisi da saqarTvelo1
salome jaSi
Tsu bakalavri
mecn-xelm: asist. prof. n. kakulia
dRes msoflios yuradRebis centrSia msoflio finansuri krizisi da amiT
gamowveuli negatiuri mxareebi. gansakuTrebuli aqcenti aSS_zea gadatanili,
vinaidan swored am qveynidan aRmocenda msoflio finansuri krizisi.
Tanamedrove mecnierebSi am krizisma msoflio sabanko da safinanso krizisis
saxelwodeba miiRo, romlis dasawyisadac 2007 wlis zafxuli (ZiriTadad
ivlisis Tve) miiCneva, Tumca krizisis gamomwvevi mizezebi ufro adreul
periodebs moicavs. 2007 wlis zafxulSi msoflios wamyvanma finansurma
indeqsebma (Dow Jones, NASDAQ, DAX, S&P500, NIKKEI da sxva) daiwyes naxtomiseburi
vardna. viTareba gaarTula imanac, rom sabanko dawesebulebebi xSir SemTxvevaSi
Tanamonawileobis gareSe, dabali procentiT gascemdnen kreditebs uZravi
qonebis SesaZenad. ipoTekur bazarze dawyebul kriziss uprecendentod maRali
navTobis fasebic daemata, romelmac 2008 wlis ivlisis dasawyisSi barelze 140
aSS dolari da metic Seadgina. eqspertTa nawili msoflio finansuri krizisis
gamomwvev meore mizezad ipoTekur krizisTan erTad navTobis xelovnurad
maRal fasebsac miiCnevs.
amerikeli eqspertebis mosazrebebs garkveulwilad eTanxmeba da ixilavs
qarTuli ekonomikis damoukidebeli eqsperti lado papava, romelic amerikeli
eqspertebisgan gansxvavebiT ar erideba aSS-s mTavrobis dadanaSaulebas. kerZod
igi acxadebs, rom buSis administraciis sagareo politika sakmaod did
aramwarmoeblur danaxarjebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. eraysa da avRaneTSi
mimdinare samxedro operaciebs mohyva aramwarmoebluri xarjebis zrda, ramac
daamaxinja aSS-s ekonomikis struqtura da saboloo jamSi didi ziani miayena
ekonomikas.
ukan daubrunebelma ipoTekurma sesxebma gakotrebis winaSe daayenes
finansuri institutebi da bankebi. rogorc viciT, finansuri korporaciebi
erTmaneTis fasian qaRaldebs floben da amitom erT bazarze dawyebuli
krizisi jaWvuri reaqciiT gadaecema meore qveynis ekonomikas, ris gamoc
finansuri krizisi mTel msoflios moedo. amasTan gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom
amerikuli dolari rogorc msoflio valuta krizisis gavrcelebis saSualebad
iqca, ramac es ,,virusi” evropasa da aziasac mosdo.
rogorc ,,sinerji analitksis” kvlevebi adasturebs ipoTekuri krizisi
gadaedo uZravi qonebis bazars da 2007 wels ar darCenila arc erTi dasavluri
msxvili banki, romelic ar dazaralebuliyo krizisis gamo. iyvnen iseTebic,
romlebic centraluri bankis Carevis Sedegad gadaurCnen gakotrebas. msoflios
wamyvani qveynebis centraluri bankebis didi mcdeloba iyo, krizisi CarCoebSi
1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `makroekonomikis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da daimsaxura
saprizo adgili.
65
moeqciaT, Tumca es ver SeZles da krizisi mTeli ZaliT daatyda Tavs
msoflios. 2008 wlis seqtemberSi erT-erTi umsxvilesi amerikuli sainvesticio
bankis leman brazersis (Lehman Brothers) defoltma finansur bazrebze panika
gamoiwvia ramac ufro gaaRrmava msoflio krizisi.
ekonomikis sferos mecnierebi da mkvlevarebi krizisis dawyebas Semdeg
faqtorebs ukavSireben:
· - ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saerTo cikluroba;
· - maRali fasebi nedleulze (m.S. navTobze);
· - safondo birJebis gadaxureba;
· - sakredito bazris gadaxureba da mis Sedegad warmoqmnili ipoTekuri
krizisi aSS_Si;
· - praqtikaSi axali, gamoucdeli finansuri meTodebisa da instrumentebis
gamoyeneba, rogorebicaa sakredito defolturi svopebi (credit default swap) da sxva.
sazogadod, finansuri krizisi msofliosaTvis ucxo movlenas ar
warmoadgens. didi depresia, globaluri krizisi, romelic 1929 wels amerikaSi
ganviTarda, aT welze metxans grZeldeboda, TiTqmis mTeli msoflio moicva.
ukanaskneli saukunis ganmavlobaSi ganviTarebul mniSvnelovan movlenaTa
ricxvs miekuTvneba 1973 da 1979 wlis navTobis krizisi aSS-Si, 1994 wlis meqsikis
ekonomikuri krizisi, 1997 wlis aziis finansuri krizisi, 1998 wlis ruseTis
finansuri krizisi, romelmac qveyana defoltamde miiyvana.
mimdinare krizisi bolo 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi erT-erTi yvelaze Zlieri
da masStaburia. igi mniSvnelovan problemebs uqmnis globalur finansur siste-
mas. miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela krizisi unikaluria, wlebis manZilze dagro-
vili codna da gamocdileba iZleva imis imeds, rom krizisi warsuls male
Cabardeba. gasaTvaliswinebelia aSS-s senatis mier finansuri sistemis daxmare-
bisaTvis damtkicebuli 700 miliard dolariani paketic, romelic gasaWirSi
myof finansur institutebs krizisidan gamosvlaSi daexmareba. am Tanxis
gamoyofa aucilebeli iyo, radgan is aris garanti rom finansuri bazari ar
daiSleba da aSS-s mTavroba mas gverdiT daudgeba. es ar aris wminda amerikuli
problema, aramed es praqtikulad aris magniti mTeli msoflios safinanso
bazrebisac. es pozitiuri tendencia amerikis safinanso bazrebze mTel msofli-
oSi dadebiTad aisaxeba. Tumca Znelia imis gansazRvra, ramdeni Tanxaa saWiro am
krizisis dasaZlevad. es Tanxa ar iqneba gamoyofili erT tranSad, aramed dai-
yofa nawilebad. swored etapobrivad xarjvis periodSi gamoikveTeba Tu ramde-
nad midis mdgomareoba stabilizaciisaken. arsebobs mosazrebebi imis Taobaze,
rom es Tanxa sul mcire uaryofiT tendenciebs mainc SeaCerebs.
rogorc wesi, ekonomikuri krizisi maSin xdeba gansakuTrebiT saSiSi, rode-
sac igi realur ekonomikas gadaedeboda da TiToeuli adamianis ojaxSi SeaR-
wevs. msgavsi ram didi depresiis dros yvelaze metad iyo TvalsaCino. garda
finansuri bazrebisaTvis miyenebuli zianisa depresiam Semdegi uaryofiTi Sede-
gebi moitana:
- umuSevroba da mosaxleobis Semosavlebis Semcireba;
- sxvadasxva industriebis saqmianobis, gayidvebisa da mogebis moculobis Sem-
cireba;
66
- saerTaSoriso vaWrobis – eqsport-importis moculobis Semcireba.
rogorc vxedavT, farTod ganviTarebuli saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri
urTierTobebidan gamomdinare, aSS_Si dawyebuli finansuri krizisi jaWvuri
reaqciiT moedo mTels msoflios, gansakuTrebiT ki im qveynebs, romelTac aSS_-
sTan sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebi aqvT maT Soris, bunebrivia, saqarTve-
losac. gamomdinare iqidan, rom saqarTvelos ekonomika msoflio ekonomikis
Semadgeneli nawilia, msoflio finansurma krizisma saqarTvelos ekonomikazec
iqonia negatiuri gavlena. krizisis pirveladi Sedegebi 2009 wlis damdegs ukve
saxezea da misi gaRrmaveba wlis ganmavlobaSi gardauvalia.
msoflio finansurma krizisma yvela qveyanaSi ekonomikuri zrdis Seneleba
gamoiwvia. gansakuTrebiT Semcirda moTxovna fufunebis sagnebze, avtomobilebze
da sxva produqciaze, rac msoflios wamyvani qveynebis mSp_s Semcirebis
safuZveli gaxda. mdidari adamianebis aqtivebi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda,
zogierTi maTgani ki saerTod gakotrda, mosaxleoba ki gadavida dazogviT
moxmarebaze. gasul wlebSi saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri zrdis ZiriTadi
ganmapirobebeli faqtori ucxoeTidan kerZo kapitalis nakadebis (pirdapiri
ucxouri investiciebi da sabanko kreditebi) da sabiujeto saxsrebis mudmivi
zrda warmoadgenda. Tu safinanso krizisi gagrZelda, es imas niSnavs, rom kidev
ufro meti problemebi Seeqmneba amerikis saxelmwifo biujets da im Tanxas,
romelic maTgan daxmarebis saxiT unda miviRoT 1 mlrd dolaris odenobiT da
romlisganac jer mxolod 300 milioni dolaria damtkicebuli. SesaZloa es
Tanxebi im tempebiT veRar miviRoT, rogoric imedi gvaqvs. Tan es krizisi
mxolod amerikas ar moicavs da SesaZlebelia daxmarebebi sxva qveynebidanac
dagviandes. amasTan mosalodnelia im qveyanaSi romelic jer kidev srulad ver
akontrolebs sakuTar teritoriebs da omis saSiSroebis winaSe dgas,
SemosavalSemcirebulma investorma investicia saerTod ar ganaxorcielos.
msoflio krizisiT gamowveuli arasasurveli Sedegebis gamo investori ar
moisurvebs sarisko qveyanaSi Semcirebuli saxsrebis Cadebas.
amdenad, pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis nakadebis da sabanko kreditebis
Semcireba 2009 wels ekonomikuri zrdis Seferxebis mniSvnelovani faqtorebi
iqneba. msoflio ekonomikur krizisamde saqarTvelos xelisufleba nominalur
mSp_s 21535,9 mln laris moculobiT prognozirebda, xolo krizisis Sedegebis
gamovlenis Semdeg xelisuflebis prognozi 21308,7 mln laria (Semcireba
navaraudevia 227,2 mln lariT, rac daaxloebiT 1,05%_iani Semcirebaa). realuri
mSp_s zrda Tavdapirvelad navaraudevi iyo 4,0%_is odenobiT, xolo krizisis
Sedegebis gamovlenis Semdeg navaraudevia 2,5%_is odenobiT. 2008 wels realuri
mSp_s zrda, nacvlad dagegmili 8%_isa, xelisuflebis prognoziT iqneba
mxolod 2,0%. Tumca, realuri viTareba SesaZlebelia ufro pesimisturi iyos da
orprocentiani zrdis miRweva SesaZlebeli gaxdes mxolod donorebidan
miRebuli dafinansebis mimarTviT maRali ekonomikuri aqtivobis uzrunvelmyof
RonisZiebebze.
saqarTveloSi investiciebis mniSvnelovani Semcireba jer kidev agvistos
movlenebis Semdeg daiwyo. mimdinare etapze aseve gvaqvs msoflio finansuri
krizisiT gamowveuli investiciebis Semcirebis tendencia. igi ukavSirdeba
67
saqarTveloSi msxvili saprivatizacio obieqtebis nusxis amowurvasac, xolo
mcire saprivatizacio obieqtebi mniSvnelovan aminds ver qmnian. xelisuflebis
prognoziT, 2008 wels saqarTvelom miiRo 2,17 mlrd aSS dolaris investicia,
xolo 2009 wels dagegmilia mxolod 1,7 mlrd dolaris investiciis mozidva.
investiciebis Semcirebis magaliTebidan mxolod ramdenimes dasaxeleba
sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom masStabebis simciresa da xelisuflebis mometebul
optimizmSi davrwmundeT.
ü agvistos cnobili movlenebis Semdgom, msoflio finansuri krizisis fonze,
yazaxurma kompania `yazmunaigazma~ (KazMunaiGaz) uari ganacxada saqarTveloSi
dagegmil 1 mlrd dolaris investiciaze, romliTac baTumSi
navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxana unda aSenebuliyo.
ü amerikulma kompania `qliar sTrim holdingma~ saqarTveloSi gamocxadebul
investiciaze uari Tqva. kompaniam auqcionze `vai maqsis~ sixSire 9 milion 300
aTas larad SeiZina da ukabelo internet_servisis awyobas gegmavda. kompaniis
qarTveli partniorebis gancxadebiT, proeqti CaiSala da `qliar sTrimi~
safasurs, romelic noembris bolosTvis unda gadaexada, aRar gadaixdis.
xelisuflebis mier dagegmili ekonomikuri stimulirebis paketidan
gamomdinare, infrastruqturis investirebiT mTliani Siga produqtis moxmarebis
da saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis komponentebis procentuli wili mniSvnelovnad
izrdeba, xolo investiciebis komponenti Semcirdeba, rac, sabolood
arasaxarbielo gadanawilebamde migviyvans. warmoebis Seferxeba gazrdis
eqsport_imports Soris uaryofiT saldos da, Sesabamisad, wminda eqsportis
uaryofiTi maCvenebeli ufro gaizrdeba.
safinanso krizisis gaRrmavebis periodSi, Zalian bevrma daqiravebulma
dakarga samuSao adgili. bankebis mier kreditebis gacemis Sewyvetam
gansakuTrebiT daazarala samSeneblo da avtomobilebiT vaWrobis biznesi.
faqtobrivad, gaCerda samSeneblo saqmianoba da sabanko sferos problemebidan
gamomdinare, bankebma TavianTi sakredito portfeli mniSvnelovnad Seamcires.
Sedegad, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva bankidan da samSeneblo kompaniidan daiTxoves
ramdenime aTasi TanamSromeli, riTac gaizarda umuSevrobis isedac kritikulad
maRali maCvenebeli.
saqarTveloSi ukanasknel wlebSi siRaribis gamudmebul zrdas hqonda
adgili. jer kidev agvistos movlenebamde da msoflio finansuri krizisis
dawyebamde, siRaribis zRvars miRma myofi adamianebis raodenoba 1 mln_ze meti
iyo. gazrdili umuSevrobisa da samomxmareblo produqciaze maRali fasebis
gamo 2009 wels kvlav unda velodoT siRaribis maCveneblis zrdas.
rogorc vxedavT, saqarTvelo saerTaSoriso safinanso krizisiT gamowveuli
sakmaod mniSvnelovani problemebisa da gamowvevebis winaSe dgas. problemebis
minimizacias da gamowvevebze pasuxs saTanado reagireba sWirdeba. aucilebelia
xelisuflebis mxridan realuri antikrizisuli gegmis SemuSaveba, misi ganxilva
eqspertebTan, donor organizaciebTan da sxva dainteresebul pirebTan, Semdeg
ki misi dayofa samoqmedo uwyebriv gegmebad da misi Sesrulebis mudmivi
monitoringi. amasTan, aucilebelia, saxelisuflebo analitikurma jgufma
ganaxorcielos saerTaSoriso movlenebis mudmivi analizi, raTa axal
68
gamowvevebs, romlebsac 2009 wels mudmivad eqneba adgili, qveynis xelisufleba
Sexvdes saTanadod momzadebuli. saerTaSoriso safinanso seqtoris
koniuqturuli cvlilebebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos mxridan saWiro iqneba
mudmivi cvlilebebi da adaptireba. procesebSi mniSvnelovania roli
saqarTvelos erovnuli bankisa, romelic institucionalurad unda gaZlierdes
da meti funqcia mieniWos safinanso seqtoris gaZlierebis TvalsazrisiT.
qveynis xelisuflebam arsebuli problemebi unda warmoidginos erTianad,
ris safuZvelzec spontanuri RonisZiebebis gatarebidan unda gadaerTos
Tanmimdevruli RonisZiebebis gatarebaze. prioritetebi unda iyos mkafio,
realuri da qveynis ekonomikuri zrdis stimulirebaze orientirebuli. wminda
ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, 2009 wels raime saxis arCevnebis daniSvna da
winasaarCevno RonisZiebebze sabiujeto Tu sxva saxis safinanso resursebis
mimarTva damRupveli iqneba qveynis ekonomikisTvis. amasTan, aucilebelia
donorebidan miRebuli daxmarebebis da kreditebis gegmazomieri xarjva. qveynis
xelisuflebas mudmivad unda axsovdes, rom dagegmili 4,5 mlrd aSS dolari ar
aris mxolod daxmareba da misi didi nawili ramdenime wlis Semdeg ukan unda
iqnas dabrunebuli, Tanac Sesabamisi saprocento ganakveTebis gadaxdiT.
rogorc aRiniSna, saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri zrdis ZiriTad maCvenebels
ucxoeTidan kerZo kapitalis nakadebi da sabiujeto saxsrebis mudmivi zrda
warmoadgenda. gansakuTrebuli SiSi saqarTvelos mimarT investorebs agvistos
movlenebis Semdeg gauCndaT, rasac Tan daerTo msoflio finansuri krizisi da
amitom isini cdiloben Tavi aaridon sarisko investiciebs. am mxriv
saqarTvelos investiciebis Semcirebis didi safrTxe daemuqra, rac ekonomikuri
zrdis Semcirebas gamoiwvevs. Tumca calsaxad imis Tqma rom Cven finansurma
krizisma dagvazarala samarTliani ar iqneba. Cven ara varT imdenad
integrirebulebi msoflioSi, rom recesiam Cvenze Zlieri zegavlena moaxdinos.
msoflioSi dagrovili codnisa da gamocdilebis mixedviT imedia krizisi
didxans ar gagrZeldeba, raTa ufro ar daazaralos aRmavlobis gzaze myofi
saqarTvelos ekonomika.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. www.civil.ge
2. www.books.google.ge
3. Mankiw N.G. Macroeconomics, NY Worth Publishers, 2003
4. www.geoeconomics.ge 5. nodar xaduri, makroekonomika, Tbilisi 2007 6. www.statistics.ge
7. Blanchard O. Macroeconomics, 2nd
edition, Prentice-Hall. 2000
8. www.economics.ge 9. vladimer papava, postkomunisturi gardamavali periodis makroekonomika,
2005 10. www.nbg.gov.ge
69
sapensio sistemis reforma saqarTveloSi1
zurab ziraqaZe
Tsu bakalavri
mecn-xelm: sruli profesori n. xaduri
sapensio uzrunvelyofa saqarTveloSi gansakuTrebulad mas Semdeg garTulda,
rac ssrk daiSala. Sedegad aramarto airia sistema, aramed daikarga is danazogebi,
romlebic iqna Segrovili Cveni mosaxleobis mier gasul aTwleulebSi.
upirvelesi amocanaa politikuri gadawyvetilebis miReba _ ra gzas unda
davadgeT. Zalze mniSvnelovania moqalaqeebs mivceT saSualeba, sapensio asakisaTvis
moemzadon. magaliTad, rig qveyanaSi moqmedebs e.w. samsvetiani sistema, rac
gulisxmobs pirveli: pensiis miRebas Senatanebis safuZvelze, roca momuSaveebi
istumreben pensionerebs _ e.w. `brtyeli~ pensia, anu fiqsirebuli Tanxa _
saxelmwifo pensia. meore: savaldebulo dagrovebis sistema, roca yvela momuSave
kanonis mixedviT valdebulia, Tavisi Semosavlebis garkveuli procenti mimarTos
saxelmwifo Tu kerZo sapensio fondebSi. mesame nebayoflobiTi: pensioners saSualeba
eZleva, daagrovos fuli kerZo sapensio fondSi, romelic Semdeg mis pensias
daemateba. aseTi modelia postsabWour qveynebSi _ baltiispireTSi, ruseTsa da
ukrainaSi.
socialuri politika, romelic dafuZnebulia socialuri daxmarebis an saval-
debulo socialuri dazRvevis sistemaze, warmoadgens resursebis gadanawilebis xe-
lovnur meqanizms, romlis mixedviTac socialur dacvaze pasuxismgeblobas iRebs
saxelmwifo, an individebs aiZulebs sakuTari da sazogadoebis sxva wevrebis soci-
alur dacvaze pasuxismgebloba savaldebulo dazRvevis gziT Tavis Tavze aiRon. sa-
valdebulo socialuri dazRvevis gamarTleba xdeba imiT, rom Tu riskis xarisxi di-
dia, adamianis momavali mdgomareoba ar aris damokidebuli mis individualur Zalis-
xmevaze da nebismieri SesaZleblobis mqone pirovneba maRali riskis qveS imyofeba.
socialuri dacva pirobiTad SeiZleba davyoT or nawilad:
_ socialuri daxmareba;
_ socialuri dazRveva;
socialuri dazRveva ganixileba, rogorc socialuri dacvis ZiriTadi, xolo
socialuro daxmareba _ damatebiT saSualebad.
msoflio praqtikaSi sapensio sistemis formirebisa da organizebulobis xuTi
ZiriTadi midgoma arsebobs:
1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `makroekonomikis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da daimsaxura
saprizo adgili. ibeWdeba Semcirebuli formatiT, vinaidan warmodgenili iyo 18 gverdis moculobiT.
70
1. rodesac pensiebis gadaxda xdeba saxelmwifo biujetidan;
2. umuSevrebs pensias uxdian dasaqmebulebi;
3. yofil muSaks pensias uxdis sawarmo;
4. pensiebs uzrunvelyofs sadazRvevo kompania;
5. sapensio uzrunvelyofa warmoebs e.w. sapensio fondebis meSveobiT.
ganawilebiTi sistemis erTi SexedviT myar konstruqcias bzari pirvelad evro-
pis qveynebSi gauCnda. mizezi martivia: demografiuli suraTis Secvla _ Semcirebuli
Sobadoba da sicocxlis saSulo xangrZlivobis gazrda.
nebayoflobiTi sapensio sistemis ZiriTad upiratesobebs warmoadgens:
_ pensiis sididis damokidebuleba dazRveulTa pirad Zalisxmevaze;
_ dazRveulTa aqtiuri roli da arCevnis Tavisufleba;
_ sistemis konkurentuloba;
_ dasaqmebaze negatiuri zegavlenis Semcireba;
_ dagrovili kapitalis zrda.
CileSi ganxorcielebulma ekonomikurma reformebma daamtkica, rom SesaZle-
belia iseTi socialuri dacvis sistemis Seqmna, romelic individebs arCevnis SesaZ-
leblobas miscems (nebayoflobiT, sakuTar Tavze aiRon socialuri pasuxismgebloba).
saqarTveloSi moqmedebs gadanawilebiTi sapensio sqema. es sqema damyarebulia
TaobaTa solidarobis principze, rac niSnavs imas, rom pensionerebs pensiebi gaecemaT
dRes momuSaveTa mier gadaxdili gadasaxadis xarjze.
mTliani sapensio tvirTis saxelmwifos mier tareba arcTu efeqtiania:
pensiebis sidide CamorCeba saarsebo minimums;
dasaqmebulTa Semosavlebis mniSvnelovani nawili aRuricxavia.
aqtiuri dasaqmebulebis ricxvis Sefardeba pensionerebTan 0,75 Seadgens, rac
arsebuli sapensio sistemis mniSvnelovan gaumjobesebas uperspeqtivos xdis.
socialuri gadasaxadi unda gauqmebuliyo, magram ara im formiT, rogorc moxda.
umjobesi iyo momxdariyo misi gardaqmna socialuri dazRvevis anaricxis saxiT,
romlebic akumulirdeboda saxelwifo an kerZo sapensio fondebSi;
dauSvebeli iyo socialuri gadasaxadis saSemosavlo gadasaxadTan gaerTianeba maTi
Tvisobrivad gansxvavebulobis gamo;
pensiebis dafinanseba-gacema uSualod mieba saxelmwifo biujetis valdebulebebs.
gadasaxadi ki zogadad aris piris mier gaweuli investicia, safasuri imisa, rom
saxelmwifom daicvas misi sicocxle, saqmianoba, uflebebi saSianao Tu sagareo
xelyofisagan, magram gadasaxadidan momavali socialuri dacvis garantiis miReba
gaumarTleblia, radgan: saxelmwifo ver gascems imis garantias, rom uaxloes
momavalSi adeqvaturi pensiebi ris xarjze iqneba miRweuli (im fonze roca
saSemosavlo gadasaxadi 25-dan 15%-mde unda Semcirdes);
71
socialuri uzrunvelyofis sapensio sistemebi imdenad susti da funqcia
moklebulia, misi reformis aucilebloba eWvs ar iwvevs.
reformis ganxorcieleba unda daiwyos pirvel rigSi misi Teoriuli,
iuridiuli da finansuri dasabuTebis SeqmniT. am masStabis finansuri RonisZiebis
ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia mxolod yvela detalis gaTvlis Sedegad.
klasikosi ekonomistebis cnobilma warmomadgenelma J. b. seim Seqmna kanoni, rom-
lis mixedviT qveyanaSi danazogebi da investiciebi erTmaneTis tolia (zogierT
SemTxvevaSi procentuli ganakveTis gamawonasworebeli zemoqmedebis Sedegad), refor-
mis Semdeg kerZo sapensio fondebSi socialuri anaricxis saxiT Sesuli TiToeuli
lari avtomaturad gamoCndeba qveynis ekonomikaSi TiToeuli lari investiciis saxiT.
yovelwliurad saqarTvelos ekonomika miiRebs da aiTvisebs damatebiT kapitals,
samamulo sainvesticio resurs da es kapitali yovelwliurad mzardi iqneba qveynis
ekonomikis ganviTarebisa da minimum Tundac am investiciiT miRebuli dadebiTi
ekonomikuri efeqtis Sesabamisad.
socialuri uzrunvelyofis da sapensio sistemebi imdenad susti da funqcia
moklebulia, misi reformis aucilebloba eWvs ar iwvevs.
reformis ganxorcieleba unda daiwyos pirvel rigSi misi Teoriuli, iuridi-
uli da finansuri dasabuTebis SeqmniT. am masStabis finansuri RonisZiebis ganxorci-
eleba SesaZlebelia mxolod yvela detalis gaTvlis Sedegad.
dRes rom daiwyos es reforma, is Taoba, romelic 10-15 weliwadSi gava pensi-
aze, ukve Rirseul pensias miiRebs, xolo saxelmwifoSi ki dasaqmebulebis mier sapen-
sio fondebSi Setanili Tanxebis xarjebze soliduri kapitali akumulirdeba, rac
qveynis sainvesticio SesaZleblobebs mniSvnelovnad gazrdis. magaliTad, 1998 wels
msgavsi sapensio sistemis danergva moxda yazaxeTSi. am wlebis manZilze am qveynis sa-
pensio fondSi garkveuli kapitali dagrovda. swored am Tanxebis investirebas ax-
denen yazaxi investoroebi dRes saqarTveloSi.
`kerZo sapensio sistemis danergvis Semdgomi SesaZlo nabijebi: kerZo seqtoris
aqtivebis marTvis kompaniebis licenzirebisa da zedamxedvelobisaTvis regulirebis
bazis Seqmna da aseve, saanuiteto kompaniebis licenzirebisa da zedamxedvelobisaTvis
regulirebis bazis Camoyalibeba~ (devid kalundi britaneli ekonomikis eqsperti).
klasikosi ekonomistebis cnobilma warmomadgenelma J. b. seim Seqmna kanoni,
romlis mixedviT qveyanaSi danazogebi da investiciebi erTmaneTis tolia (zogierT
SemTxvevaSi procentuli ganakveTis gamawonasworebeli zemoqmedebis Sedegad.a), seis
kanonis aramarTebuloba SemdgomSi keinsianurma moZRvrebam daasabuTa, Tumc reformis
Semdeg kerZo sapensio fondebSi socialuri anaricxis saxiT Sesuli TiToeuli lari
avtomaturad gamoCndeba qveynis ekonomikaSi TiToeuli lari investiciis saxiT.
yovelwliurad saqarTvelos ekonomika miiRebs da aiTvisebs damatebiT kapitals, sama-
mulo sainvesticio resurs da es kapitali yovelwliurad mzardi iqneba qveynis eko-
72
nomikis ganviTarebisa da minimum Tundac am investiciiT miRebuli dadebiTi
ekonomikuri efeqtis Sesabamisad.
gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom kerZo sapensio fondebis mier pensiebis
ZiriTadi nawilis gacema iwyeba reformis gatarebidan 15-20 wlis Semdeg, amitom mo-
salodnelia, rom sapensio fondebi TavianTi mobilizebuli finansuri resursebis did
nawils ganaTavseben grZelvadian sainvesticio proeqtebSi, uSualod mrewvelobaSi,
soflis meurneobaSi, turistul infrastruqturaSi da a.S. es imas niSnavs, rom qvey-
nis ekonomikis momgebiani da prioritetuli dargebi damatebiT iReben investiciebs.
73
reklamis gavlena ludis gayidvebis moculobaze1
bela CaCibaia
baia CaCibaia
Tsu bakalavri
mecn-xelm: sruli prof. e. xaraiSvili
Tanamedrove samyaroSi cxovreba televizoris, radios, Jurnalis Tu gazeTis
gareSe warmoudgenelia. am CamonaTvals bolo periodSi daemata internetic, romelic
cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawili gaxda. maTi saSualebiT vecnobiT axal ambebs, CvenTvis
saintereso informacias, filmebs da mudmivad Tvalyurs vadevnebT reklamas, romelic
nebismier gadacemas Tan sdevs.
reklamis mimarT adamianTa damokidebuleba SeiZleba orgvarad SevafasoT. erTni
fiqroben, rom reklama aris ubralod lamazi tyuili, romelic mimarTulia adamianTa
Tvalebis asaxvevad da jibeebis dasacarieleblad. sxvaTa azriT reklama saWiro
saqonelze saWiro informaciis miRebis uebari saSualebaa.
dRes msoflio da adgilobriv bazrebze saqonlis gasaReba SeuZlebelia rek-
lamisa da promouSenis gareSe, romlis daxmarebiTac momxmarebels miewodeba infor-
macia, reklamas gaaCnia orgvari funqcia: pirveli - es aris momxmareblis informireba
da meore-momxmareblis motyueba, gabrueba, raTa man rac SeiZleba male SeiZinos
aRniSnuli saqoneli. garda am ori funqciisa ikveTeba reklamis mesame funqciac:
miaCvios momxmarebeli am produqcias da daikavos bazarze monopoliuri mdgomareoba.
diagrama 1. sareklamo saSualebaTa reitingi2
firmebi TavianTi biznesis formirebis dros Zalian did mniSvnelobas aniWeben
reklamas, radgan swored reklama ganapirobebs momxmarebelTa farTo masebisaTvis aRniSnuli
produqciisa Tu momsaxurebis gacnobas da maT mozidvas. msxvil firmebSi arsebobs
1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `mikroekonomikis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da daimsaxura
saprizo adgili. 2 sareklamo saSualebaTa da telearxebis reitingi (diagrama 1 da 2) momzadebulia ,,BCG
Research”-is mier 2007 wels Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT
60%
8%12%
18%
2%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
tele_radio bilbordebi quCaSi
beWvdiTi media interneti sxva
74
specialuri ganyofilebebi, romlebic uSualod muSaoben reklamis Seqmnaze da mis
ganTavsebaze yvelaze optimalur media saSualebaSi.
reklama xorcieldeba sxvadasxva arxebiT, maT Soris tele-radio reklamas uWiravs
bazris yvelaze didi wili _ 60%, (ix. Ddiagrama 1) igi yvelaze ufro maRali sandoobis
xarisxiT xaiaTdeba. gansxvavebulia aseve telearxebis reitingi. 2007 wels Catarebuli
kvlevis mixedviT (BCG Research) yvelaze maRalyurebadi arxebis reitingi gadanawilda
Semdegi saxiT (ix. diagrama 1).
diagrama 2. telearxebi4 reitingi
am monacemebis mixedviT liderTa poziciebs inawileben ,,rusTavi 2” da ,,imedi”.
Sesabamisad maTSi reklamis fasebi yvelaze maRalia, saSualod wuTi 1500_2000$.
radioSic moqmedebs analogiuri midgoma, rac ufro maRalreitingulia arxi, miT
ufro maRalia masSi reklamis ganTavsebis fasebi.
reklama Zalian did daaxarjebTan aris dakavSirebuli da igi gavlenas axdens
gayidvebis moculobaze. amitomac, reklamis mniSvnelobis Seswavlisas aucilebelia
SevexoT reklamas Teoriuli aspeqtiTac. naxazze 1 mocemulia reklamis efeqtis gra-
fikuli analizi. sadac naTlad Cans rom amonagebi reklamis gareSe bevrad naklebia
amonagebze reklamis SemTxvevaSi, rac gamowveulia reklamirebul produqciaze
moTxovnis gazrdiT.
imisaTvis, rom gagverkvia Tu rogori damokidebulebaa dRes saqarTveloSi
reklamis mimarT CavatareT anketuri gamokiTxva. kvlevisaTvis avirCieT konkretuli
produqti _ ludi da SevecadeT gamogvekvlia Tu ra gavlenas axdens reklamireba
ludis gayidvebis moculobaze, amasTan miznad davisaxeT gagverkvia rogoraa
ganwyobili mosaxleoba aRniSnuli produqtis mimarT, ras aqcevs yuradRebas misi
SeZenisas da ramdenad axdens reklama gavlenas maT gadawyvetilebaze. Cvens mier
gamokiTxul iqna orasi respondenti, romelTagan umravlesobas Seadgendnen 18-dan 25
wlamde asakis axalgazrdebi (43.5%).
50.20%
30.20%
4.80% 7.80% 7.00%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
rusTavi 2 imedi I arxi mze sxva
75
naxazi 1. reklamis efeqti
kiTxvaze ,,xarT Tu ara ludis moyvaruli?” Sedegebi gadanawilda Semdegi
saxiT: diax _ 66% (132), ara _ 34% (68) (ix. diagrama 4). kvleviT dadginda, rom
ludis moyvarulTa procentuli maCvenebeli sakmaod maRalia, rac SeiZleba imiTac
aixsnas, rom gamokiTxulTa 60% (120) aris mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgeneli,
rogorc cnobilia, ludis moyvarulTa umravlesobas swored mamakacebi Seadgenen.
diagrama 4. ludisadmi damokidebuleba1
imis gasarkvevad, Tu romeli dasaxelebis ludi aris yvelaze popularuli, davsviT
kiTxva: romeli dasaxelebis luds moixmarT yvelaze xSirad? Sedegis mixedviT
lideri firma nataxtaria, romelsac upiratesobas aniWebs gamokiTxulTa 32%, Tu
gaviTavaliswinebT imasac rom ,,tride” firma ,,nataxtaris” mier gamoSvebuli ludia,
SegviZlia Tamamad davasvnaT, rom gamokiTxulTa umravlesoba _ 47% upiratesobas
aniWebs firma ,,nataxtaris” mier gamoSvebul luds (ix. diagrama 5).
66%
34%
diax
ara
P0
D1
D0
AC0
P1
MC
AC1
0 0 Q0 Q1
sargebeli
reklamiT (A1)
P
sargebeli
reklamis gareSe
Q
MR0 MR1
76
Ddiagrama 5. favoriti ludebi1
gamokiTxulTa reklamisadmi damokidebulebis gasarkvevad Cvens mier dasmul iqna
SekiTxva: ,,aqcevT Tu ara ludis SeZenisas reklamas yuradRebas”? Sedegebi miviReT
Semdegnairi: 65.5% aqcevs reklamas yuradRebas, xolo 34.5% ar aqcevs (ix. diagrama
6). rogorc vxedavT gamokiTxulTa umravlesoba reklamas did mniSvnelobas aniWebs.
diagrama 6. reklamisadmi damokidebuleba1
reklamis moyvaruli respondentebis 71.6% upiratesobas aniWebs da ufro endoba
telereklamas, 21% _ radioreklamas, xolo orive maTgani erTnairad misaRebia
6.4%-saTvis (ix. diagrama 7).
diagrama 7. sareklamo saSualebaTa sandoobis xarisxi1
kvlevidanac naTlad Cans, rom telereklama ufro mniSvnelovania da sandoobis
ufro maRali xarisxiT xasiaTdeba.
1 da diagrama 6 momzadebulia Cvens mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT
32%
18%14.00% 13%
8%15%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
nataxtari yazbegi hercogi tride lomisi sxva
65.50%
34.50%
diax
ara
71.60%
21%
6.40%
telereklama
radioreklama
orive
77
anketuri gamokiTxvis mixedviT dadginda, Tu romeli firmis tele da radio
reklama moswons ufro momxmarebels. Sedegebis mixedviT rogorc tele, aseve radio
reklamaSi lideria ,,nataxtari”, misi reklama moswons gamokiTxulTa 35%-s, xolo
radioreklama-42%-s.
diagrama 8. firmebis reklamaTa reitingi
gamokiTxulTa 35% ludis biznesis warmatebul sferod gadaqcevis saSualebad
miiCnevs ufro efeqtiani sareklamo kampaniis Catarebas.
diagrama 9. ludis biznesis ganviTarebis gzebi1
aRniSnuli Sedegidan naTlad Cans, rom reklama mniSvnelovania da mas
momxmarebeli did yuradRebas aqcevs.
ismis kiTxva: rogor unda gadanawildes sareklamo biujeti tele da radio
reklamebs Soris? aRniSnulis gasarkvevad Cvens mier zRvruli analizis saSualebiT
Catarda ludis gayidvebis moculobaze tele da radio reklamis gavlenis analizi.
radio reklama calke aRebuli naklebad zrdis gayidvebis moculobas, miuxedavad
amisa, gayidvebis moculobis maqsimizaciis mizniT umjobesia sareklamo kampaniis
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
35%
17%
10%
22.50%
6.50%4%
42%
13%
8%
17.50%
9.50%
4%
telereklamaradioreklama
44%
28.50%35.00%
13.50%
5.50%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
gaaumjobesos xarisxi
Seamciros fasebi gazardos reklamireba
Secvalos dizaini sxva
78
xarjebi gadanawildes tele da radio reklamaze. am SemTxvevaSi tele reklamaze
daxarjuli damatebiTi Tanxis zRvruli efeqtianoba bevrad ufro naklebia, vidre
radio reklamaze daxarjuli imave odenobis Tanxis damatebiTi zRvruli efeqtianoba.
Sedegebma gviCvena, rom yovel erT litr ludze radio reklama zrdis gayidvebis
moculobas 0.0095-iT, xolo telereklama 0.0075–iT. amrigad, tele da radio
reklamis SeTanawyobiT izrdeba gayidvebis moculoba da Sesabamisad firmis mogeba.
SeiZleba davaskvnaT rom:
reklamis ganTavseba mizanSewonilia maRalreitingul sareklamo arxze.
aRniSnuli ganapirobebs mosaxleobis farTo masebis informirebas, rac aisaxeba
gayidvebis moculobis zrdaze.
kvlevebiT dadginda, rom telereklama ufro mniSvnelovania da sandoobis
ufro maRali xarisxiT xasiaTdeba, vidre radioreklama. respondentebis 71.6%
upiratesobas aniWebs da ufro endoba pirvels, 21% _ radioreklamas, xolo orive
maTgani erTnairad misaRebia 6.4%-saTvis
radio reklamis zRvruli efeqtianoba aRemateba telereklamis zRvrul
efeqtianobas, aRniSnulidan gamomdinare mniSvnelovania tele da radio reklamis
erToblivi gamoyeneba gayidvebis moculobisa da Sesabamisad firmis mogebis zrdis
uzrunvelsayofad.
reklama mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs ,,nataxtaris” gayidvebis moculobis
zrdaSi. aRniSnuls adasturebs kvlevis Sedegebi, gamokiTxulTa 65.5% ludis
SeZenisas did mniSvnelobas aniWebs reklamas.
favoriti sareklamo rgolebi ekuTvnis firma ,,nataxtars”, kvlevis Sedegebis
mixedviT rogorc tele, aseve radio reklamaSi lideria ,,nataxtari”, misi
telereklama moswons gamokiTxulTa 35%-s, xolo radioreklama-42%-s.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. e. xaraiSvili, i. gagniZe, m. CavleiSvili, i. nacvliSvili, m. nacvalaZe, mikroekonomika,
Tbilisi 2008.
2. a. qaTamiZe, media saSualebebis bazari da misi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi
saqrTveloSi, Tbilisi 2007.
3. p. leiaSvili, ekonomiqsi, Tbilisi 2007.
4. kotleri, armstrongi, marketingi
5. www.geoeconomics.ge
6. www.media.ge
7. www.parliament.ge
8. www.rustavi2.com
9. www.statistic.ge
10. http://www.amp.aknet.kg/microeconomics/contents.htm
79
riskebi da dazRvevis imitaciuri modelebi1
naTia meliTauri
Tsu bakalavri
Mmecn-xelm: sruli prof. e. xaraiSvili
ekonomikur literaturaSi arsebobs riskis mravali gansazRvreba. riski
gulisxmobs iseT situacias, rodesac SeuZlebelia SedegTa winaswar ganWvreta.
riski, umeteswilad, aris albaTuri kategoriis prognozi, romelic SeiZleba
ganisazRvros absoluturi da SefardebiTi maCveneblebiT. pirveli gulisxmobs riskis
gansazRvras danakargebis SesaZlo sididiT, materialur- nivTobriv (fizikur) an
RirebulebiT (fulad) gamoxatulebaSi. xolo meore risks gansazRvravs SesaZlo
danakargTa sididis SefardebiT bazasTan (qonebrivi mdgomareoba, resursebis saerTo
danaxarjebi an mosalodneli Semosavali-mogeba).
ekonomistebis azriT, adamianTa umravlesobas riski arasasurvelad miaCnia. maT
ar aqvT midrekileba riskisadmi da mis srul likvidacias an Semcirebas cdiloben.
arsebobs riskebis Semcirebis ramdenime gza; maTgan erT-erTia dazRveva.
saqarTvelos sadazRvevo bazarze 2008 wlis mdgomareobiT 13 sadazRvevo
kompania moRvaweobs. arsebuli kompaniebidan erTs, azerbaijanul “standart dazRveva
saqarTvelos”, romelmac licenzia 2007 wels miiRo, bazarze operireba jer kidev
ar dauwyia. sadazRvevo kompaniebs Soris moziduli jamuri premiis maCveneblis
mixedviT, pirvel adgilzea “aldagi-bisiai”. kompaniam 2008 wels 62 mln laris
premia miizida da am maCvenebliT sadazRvevo bazris 22,88%-s akontrolebs. meore
adgilze 47 mln lariT “jipiai holdingia” da mas bazris 17,3% uWiravs, xolo
mesameze 17,1%-iT “imedi el”-ia, romelmac 46,5 mln lari miizida. 2 Cveni kvlevis
sfero qonebrivi riskebis dazRvevaa. igi moicavs: mosavlis dazRvevas, saTburebis
dazRvevas, mecxoveleobis dazRvevas, Sinauri cxovelebis dazRvevas da sxv.
dasaxelebulTagan imitaciuri modelebis Sesaqmnelad SevarCieT mosavlis dazRveva.3
soflis meurneobaSi mosavlis dazRvevis polisiT SeiZleba daizRves, rogorc
erTwliani naTesebi, aseve mravalwliani nargavebi, xexilis baRebi,venaxebi da sxv.
mravalwliani nargavebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia dazRveul iqnas mosalodneli
mosavali da TviTon nargavebi.
msoflioSi aRiarebuli meTodikis mixedviT, riskebis jgufisagan mosavlis
dazRveva uzrunvelyofs usafrTxoebas da im sayrdens, rac fermerisTvisaa
1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `mikroekonomikis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da daimsaxura
saprizo adgili. 2 GBC, media holderis eqskluziuri informacia. 3 saqarTveloSi,mosavlis dazRvevis SemTxvevebis simciris gamo, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli saxeobis dazRveva TiTqmis ar xdeba. sadazRvevo bazris lider kompanias- ,,aldagi-bisiais” mosavlis dazRvevis servisi saerTod ar aqvs.
80
aucilebeli sameurneo riskebis samarTavi programis SesamuSaveblad. am meTodikiT
dazRvevis privilegiebi mdgomareobs SemdegSi: azRvevs adamianebis qonebas (aqtivebs);
garantirebuli Semosavlis wyaroa mosavlis zaralis SemTxvevaSi; gulisxmobs
mTavrobis mier subsidirebul premiebs (dazRvevis gadasaxadebs); iyenebs mxolod
individualuri mosavlis maCveneblebs garantiis uzrunvelsayofad; erToblivi
sesxebi aumjobesebs sesxunarianobas; iTvaliswinebs naadrevi da gviani Tesvis
pirobebs; icavs investiciebs da danazogebs; gulisxmobs momaval investiciebs
meurneobisaTvis.
MPCI (mosavlis dazRvevis polisi) gvTavazobs mosavlis garantias, rac efuZneba
individualuri fermeris mier ganxorcielebuli realuri warmoebis (mosavlianobis)
maCveneblebs (APH). 1 dasafari riskebi sxvadasxva tipisaa kulturis saxeobebis
mixedviT, magram, SesaZloa, gulisxmobdes iseTi saSiSi riskebisagan dacvas,
rogoricaa: gvalva, wyaldidoba, mwerebi, mcenareTa daavadebebi, qariSxali da sxva
saSiSi bunebrivi movlenebi.
mosavlis dazRvevis pirobebi:
100%
nayofiereba
0% fasis done 100%
rogorc sqemidan Cans, SesaZlebelia mosavlis dazRveva maqsimaluri
RirebulebiT, anu fasebis 100%-iani doniT, roca mosavlis raodenoba
limitirebulia 50%-75% sazRvrebSi, 5%-iani zrdadobiT. katastrofebisagan
dazRveva limitirebulia 50%-mde, Rirebulebis 55%-is pirobebSi.
dazRveva SesaZlebelia mosavlis sxvadasxva saxeobebis mixedviT. magaliTad,
SeiZleba daizRves: nuSi, vaSli, avokado, alubali, citrusebi, bamba, lobio, yurZeni,
qliavi, brinji, mzesumzira, pomidori, kakali, xorbali, qeri, Svria da a.S.
statistikuri monacemebis safuZvelze, Cven mier Seswavlil iqna fermerul
meurneobebSi yurZnisa da xorblis saSualo mosavlianoba saqarTveloSi.
gaviangariSeT qveyanaSi, dazRvevis MPCI polisis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, rogori
iqneboda sadazRvevo kompaniis mier anazRaurebuli zaralebi mosavlisa da dafarvis
(dazRvevis) sxvadasxva donis pirobebSi. aSS-s magaliTze SevqmeniT yurZnisa da
xorblis mosavlis dazRvevis imitaciuri modelebi saqarTveloSi.
xorblis mosavlis dazRvevis imitaciuri modeli. nebismieri miwis farTobi,
romelic ganadgurda da aRar momxdara masze xelaxali daTesva (Tu masze xelaxali
daTesva SesaZlebeli iyo dargvis vadis ukanasknel TariRamde mainc), miCneulia
aradazRvevad zonad. aseve, aradazRvevadia: saSemodgomo xorbali, romelic daiTesa
1 www.rma.usda.gov/pubs/rme/fsh_6.html
75/100
65/100
50/51 50/100
81
gvian, daTesvis bolo vadis (31 oqtomberi) Semdeg; xorbali, romelic sxva mosaval-
Tan erTad aris daTesili.
nayofierebis garantia efuZneba xorblis mosavlis saSualo nayofierebis monace-
mebs. dafarvis doneebia: 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%. namdvili sadazRvevo
dafarva ganisazRvreba mTliani farTobiT da ara TiToeul heqtarze.1
xorblis saSualo mosavlianoba wlebis mixedviT saqarTveloSi (t/ha)2
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
xorbali 1.9 1.8 2.0 1.2 1.7 1.5
saSualo mosavali (t/ha-ze) 2003-2007 wlebSi iqneba 1.675; 1 tona xorblis
standartuli sabazro fasia 750 lari (xorblis fasi meryeobs wlis sxvadasxva
sezonis mixedviT); bolo wlis mosavalia 1.5 t/ha-ze; dafarvis (dazRvevis) done
aviRoT 75%.
garantiis gansazRvra: saSualo mosavali*dafarvis moculobaze =garantia;
1.675 t/ha*75%=1.256 t/ha. yvela im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mosavlianoba 1.256 t/ha-ze
naklebi iqneba, moxdeba sagarantio anazRaureba.
sagarantio anazRaurebis moculobis gamoTvla: garantia_mosavali=warmoebis
zarali (danakargi); 1.256t/ha_1.5t/ha=-0.244t/ha. am SemTxvevaSi, radgan mosavali
metia, vidre garantia, anazRaureba aRar moxdeba. Tu warmoebis zarali iqneboda
dadebiTi ricxvi, igi gadamravldeboda xorblis Rirebulebaze da miviRebdiT
sagarantio anazRaurebas, anu Tanxis im raodenobas, romelsac gascemda sadazRvevo
kompania zaralis asanazRaureblad.
amave meTodiT gaviangariSoT Tanxis is raodenobebi, romelsac polisi ixdis
TiToeul heqtarze, mosavlianobis sxvadasxva pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. miRebuli
Sedegebi mocemulia 1-l cxrilSi.
cxrili 1
dafarvis moculoba
mosavali 75% 70% 65% 60% 55%
1.5 0 0 0 0 0
1.2 42 0 0 0 0
1.0 192 130 67 4 0
0.8 342 280 217 154 91
0.5 567 505 442 379 316
0 942 880 817 754 691
1 www.agrocropinsurance.com 2 www.statistics.ge
82
MPCI polisiT SesaZlebelia, agreTve, katastrofebisagan dazRveva (CAT). CAT-
is dafarva limitirebulia 50%-mde, maqsimaluri Rirebulebis 55%-is pirobebSi.
zemoT moyvanili cifrebis mixedviT, xorblis mosavlis katastrofebisagan dazRvevis
raodenoba iqneba: 1.675 t/ha*50%=0.82 t/ha; 1.5, 1.2, 1.0 t/ha-ze mosavlianobis
raodenobebis dros araviTari gadaxda ar moxdeba. 0.8 t/ha-ze mosavlianobis dros
sadazRvevo kompaniis mier anazRaurdeba 8.25 lari heqtarze. 0.82_0.80=0.02 (tona
zarali heqtarze); 0.02*412.5=8.25 (lari anazRaureba heqtarze) (750*0.55=412.5,
radgan dafarva maqsimaluri Rirebulebis pirobebSi xdeba). e.i. sadazRvevo kompania,
am SemTxvevaSi, aanazRaurebs 8.25 lars heqtarze.
analogiuri gamoTvliT miviRebT, rom 0.5 t/ha-ze mosavlianobis dros
anazRaurdeba 132 lari heqtarze; 0 t/ha-ze mosavlianobis raodenobis dros
anazRaurdeba 338.25 lari heqtarze.
yurZnis mosavlis dazRvevis imitaciuri modeli. imisaTvis, rom vazi eqvemdebare-
bodes dazRvevas, dargvidan minimum 4 weli unda iyos gasuli, xolo, damynobidan _
3 weli. unda dadgindes saSualo mosavlianobis minimumi heqtarze. mevenaxeebs Se-
uZliaT airCion sasurveli jiSis yurZeni da, survilisamebr, daazRvion jiSebis rao-
denoba. savaldebuloa daizRves miwis yvela heqtari, arCeuli TiToeuli jiSisaTvis.
roca venaxebi qiravdeba mosavalze wilis miRebis pirobiT, meijaresac da moijaresac
cal-calke an orives erTad SeuZliaT daazRvion TavianTi wili mTlian mosavalSi.
mosavlianobis garantia eyrdnoba miRebuli da Cabarebuli produqciis saSualo
monacems ukanaskneli aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. axalgazrda venaxebisaTvis, an iseTi ve-
naxebisaTvis, romelTaA monacemi Seadgens oTxi wlis Canawerebs, saSualo nayofiereba
dgindeba inspeqciis mier, imave olqSi msgavsi venaxebis mixedviT.
dafarvis maqsimaluri zRvari aris saSualo mosavlianobis 75%. SesaZlebelia,
50%, 55%, 60%, 65% da 70% dafarvis doneebi. garantia erT heqtarze mravldeba
heqtrebis raodenobaze sxvadasxvagvari yurZnis jiSebis blokebis mixedviT. namdvili
sadazRvevo dafarva aris erTeulebis da ara heqtrebis mixedviT.1
yurZnis saSualo mosavlianoba wlebis mixedviT saqarTveloSi (t/ha)
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
yurZeni 4.0 3.6 4.9 3.2 4.5 3.9
saSualo mosavlianoba (t/ha-ze) 2003-2007 wlebSi iqneba 4.05; 1 tona yurZnis
sabazro fasia 500 lari (ufro zustad, 1 kg yurZeni Rirs 0.43-0.45 lari); bolo
wlis mosavlainobaa 3.9 t/ha-ze; dazRvevis done aviRoT 75%.
garantia: 4.05*0.75=3.04; yvela im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mosavlianoba 3.04t/ha-ze
naklebi iqneba, moxdeba sagarantio anazRaureba.
1 www.agrocropinsurance.com
83
sagarantio anazRaurebis moculoba: 3.04_3.9=-0.86 (t/ha). radgan mosavlis raodenoba
aRemateba sagarantio raodenobas, ar moxdeba aranairi gadaxda.
amave meTodiT gamovTvaloT Tanxis is raodenobebi, romelsac polisi gadaixdis
TiToeul ha-ze, sxvadasxva mosavlianobis pirobebSi. miRebuli Sedegebi mocemulia me-
2 cxrilSi.
cxrili 2
dafarvis moculoba
mosavali 75% 70% 65% 60% 55%
3.5 0 0 0 0 0
2.9 70 0 0 0 0
2.5 270 165 65 0 0
1.9 570 465 365 265 165
0 1520 1415 1315 1215 1115
yurZnis mosavlis katastrofebisagan sazRvevis raodenoba iqneba: 4.05*0.50=2.03
(t/ha); ar moxdeba gadaxda mosavlis Semdegi raodenobebis dros: 3.5, 2.9, 2.5 t/ha-ze.
1.9 t/ha-ze mosavlis raodenobis dros anazRaurdeba 35.75 lari heqtarze;
2.03_1.9=0.13 (tona zarali heqtarze); 0.13*275=35.75 (lari anazRaureba heqtarze);
0 t/ha-ze mosavlis raodenobis dros anazRaurdeba 558.25 lari heqtarze.
Amosavlis aRricxvianobis meTodebi. mosavlianobis kargi maCvenebeli zrdis
mosavlis dazRvevis warmatebulobas. oTxi an meti wlis manZilze sertificirebuli
realuri mosavalwarmoebis maCveneblebi (APH), mosavlis maCveneblebis saSualo
ariTmetikuli (aT wlamde) Seadgens dazRvevis safuZvels. Tu ar arsebobs oTxi
wlis sertificirebuli maCveneblebi, igi Sualeduri mosavliT Canacvldeba, ramac
SesaZloa Seamciros dafarvis moculoba. sadazRvevo garantia swored am maCveneblebs
eyrdnoba. monacemTa baza moicavs minimum oTx da maqsimum aTi wlis mosavlianobis
maCveneblebs da farTobis raodenobebs. Tu ar moipoveba oTxi wlis realuri
mosavlis maCvenebeli, aq Sualeduri mosavali Canacvldeba.
Sualeduri “T” mosavlis moculoba aRebulia 1-3 wlis realur mosavalTan erTad
4 wlis monacemTa bazis Sesaqmnelad. Tu ar arsebobs aRniSnuli monacemebi, viRebT
oTxi “T” mosavlis 65%-s. an: erTi realuri wlis mosavlis maCvenebeli da sami “T”
mosavlis 80%; ori realuri wlis mosavlis maCveneblebi da ori “T” mosavlis 90%;
sami realuri wlis mosavlis maCveneblebi da erTi “T” mosavlis 100%.
Tu ar arsebobs zusti monacemebi ukanaskneli 4 wlis manZilze xorblis
mosavlianobis Sesaxeb, oTxive wlisTvis vigebT “T” Sualedur mosavals. vTqvaT,
cnobilia, rom TiToeuli wlis mosavlianoba ar aRemateba 1.5 tona/heqtars da metia
0.4 tona/heqtarze. am SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia aviRoT 1.5-isa da 0.4-is saSualos 65%
TiToeuli wlisTvis. es udris 0.13 (0.2*0.65=0.13), e.i. saSualo mosavlianobaa 0.13
84
t/ha. 100%-iani zaralis anazRaurebis SemTxvevaSi anazRaurdeba 75 lari heqtarze
(0.1*750=75).
Tu gvaqvs mxolod ori realuri wlis mosavlis maCveneblebi, danarCeni ori wlis
maCveneblebi Canacvldeba “T” Sualeduri mosavlianobiT. magaliTad, viciT, rom meore
da meoTxe wels xorblis zusti mosavlianobaa 0.8 da 1.2 t/ha, aviRebT am monacemebs
da pirveli da mesame wlis “T” Sualeduri mosavlianobis 90%-s. vTqvaT, dadginda,
rom am wlebSi Sualeduri mosavlianoba aris 0.6 da 1.1 t/ha, maSin saSualo
mosavlianoba iqneba: (0.8+1.2+0.6*0.90+1.1*0.90)/4=0.88 (t/ha). 75%-iani dafarvis
donis da 100%-iani zaralis anazRurebis SemTxvevaSi anazRaureba Seadgens 495 lars
heqtarze.
rac ufro meti realuri mosavlianobis maCveneblebis sertificireba xdeba, miT
maRalia asanazRaurebeli Tanxis raodenoba. me-3 cxrilis mixedviT, erTi wlis
zusti monacemis damatebam asanazRaurebeli Tanxa 75 laridan 495 laramde gazarda.
realuri mosavlianobis maCveneblebis serTificireba da asanazRaurebeli Tanxis
raodenoba:
cxrili 3
maCveneblebis gareSe maCveneblebiT
Ppirveli wlis mosavali 0.13 0.54
meore wlis mosavali 0.13 0.8
mesame wlis mosavali 0.13 0.99
meoTxe wlis mosavali 0.13 1.2
mTliani mosavali 0.52 3.53
saSualo mosavali 0.13 0.88
dafarvis done 75% 0.1 0.66
mosavlis dazRvevis Cven mier ganxiluli meTodika gacilebiT ufro efeqtians
xdis fermeris saqmianobas da aZlevs mas moqnili meurneobis warmoebis saSualebas.
85
qarTuli mineraluri da mtknari wylebis
konkurentunarianoba1
qeTevan jibuti
Tsu bakalavri
mecn-xelm. sruli prof. e.xaraiSvili
saqarTvelos teritoria mdidaria mineraluri wylebis bunebrivi resursebiT, maTi
fizikur-qimiuri maCveneblebis mravalferovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba gamovyoT
mineraluri wylebis bunebrivi maxasiaTeblebi: 1. saerTo mineralizacia; 2. ionuri
Semadgenloba; 3. temperatura; 4. airis Semcveloba da sxva.
mtknari miwisqveSa wylebi warmoadgens yvelaze Zvirfas wiaRiseuls da yvelaze
saimedod dacul wyaros. aseTi wylebis raodenobis mxriv saqarTvelo erT-erTi umdidresi
qveyanaa. miwisqveSa mtknari wylebis udides nawils Seadgens–sasmeli wylebi (95%). sasmeli
wylebi farTod, magram araTanabradaa gavrcelebuli saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze. maTi
saerTo raodenobis 63.4% modis dasavleT saqarTveloze, 24.1% aRmosavleT saqarTveloze,
xolo 12.5% samxreT saqarTveloze.
bunebrivi resursebis siuxvidan gamomdinare mineraluri da mtknari wylebis
Camomsxmeli sawarmoebis ricxvi sakmod didia. adgilobriv bazarze erTmaneTs konkurencias
uwevs daaxloebiT TxuTmetamde kompania, maTgan aRsaniSnavia: mineraluri wylebis warmoeba
,,GG&MW”, ss ,,wyali margebeli”; samkurnalo-sufris mineraluri wylebis Sps ,,sairme
mineral voters”, Sps ,,sicocxlis wyaro”; sufris wylebis Camomsxmeli Sps ,,koka-kola
boTlers jorjia”; Sps ,,progresi 2000” da a.S.
produqciis mravalferovnebis TvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia ,,GG&MW”, romelic
awarmoebs rogorc mineralur, mineralur-sufris, aseve sufris wylebis Camosxmas.
TiToeuli saxis produqciis warmoebas igi axdens sxvadasxva qarxanaSi. dReisaTvis Qq.
borjomSi 3 Camomsxmeli qarxanaa. #1 qarxanaSi saSualod weliwadSi minis boTlebSi 200
mln boTlis Camosxma xorcieldeba, #2 qarxanaSi - plastmasis 150 mln boTli, xolo #3
qarxanaSi xorcieldeba ,,likanis” Camosxma. amis Sesabamisad borjomis xeobaSi 3
saeqsploatacio WaburRili mdebareobs, romlis nomeri da mdebareoba produqciis etiketzea
miTiTebuli. yoveli WaburRili TviTCamosxmis reJimSi funqcionirebs, e.i. moipoveba wylis
zustad is raodenoba, rac miwis zedapirze mxolod bunebrivi gziT amodis. kompamniis
ZiriTadi produqti aris mineraluri wyali ,,borjomi”, romelsac warmoebis moculobis
mixedviT pirveli adgili ukavia qarTul mineralur wylebs Soris. igi agreTve gamoirCeva
metad originaluri da iSviaTi SemadgenlobiT, mas xSirad adareben viSis (safrangeTis)
mineralur wyals.
meore umsxvilesi mwarmoebeli mineraluri wylebisa qarTul sabazro sivrceSi aris ss
,,wyali margebeli“. igi 1998 wels gamoCnda bazarze erTlitriani plastikisa da
1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `mikroekonomikis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da daimsaxura
saprizo adgili.
86
naxevarlitriani SuSis boTliT. dRes kompania bazarze warmodgenilia Semdegi mineraluri
wylebiT: ,,nabeRlavis“ 0.5 l minis, 0.5 l, 1.0 l PET da wyaros wylis ,,baxmaros” 0.5 PET,
1.5 PET, 5.0 PET, 19.0 PET tevadobis tariT. ,,nabeRlavis” mineraluri wyali naxSirmJava-
hidrokarbonatul-natrium-kalciumiani tipis wylebs miekuTvneba. ,,nabeRlavis” wylis
sabadoebi ganlagebulia Coxatauris raionis sof. nabeRlavSi qarxnis teritoriaze, rac
saSualebas iZleva qarxanaSi wyali TviTdinebiT Sevides. saaqcio sazogadoeba ,,wyali
margebeli” dReisaTvis amuSavebs 2 qarxanas. sawarmoo procesis gaumjobesebisaTvis man 2004
wels SeiZina Camomsxmeli xazi germanuli lideri mwarmoeblisgan ,,krosme-krones”-sagan. aman
saSualeba misca kompanias maqsimalurad aeTvisebina damtkicebuli maragebi da adgilobriv
bazarze momxmarebelTa didi raodenoba moezida. aRniSnulze metyvelebs internet
gamokiTxvis Sedegebi, romlis mixedviTac momxmarebelTa daaxloebiT 56% upiratesobas
swored ,,nabeRlavs” aniWebs.1
warmoebuli produqciis raodenobis mixedviT mesame adgili uWiravs kompania
,,progresi 2000”-s, romelic axorcielebs hidrokarbonatul-kalciumiani, aragazirebuli
wylis ,,raWis wyaroebis” Camosxmas. kompania bazarze warmodgenilia 0.5 l, 1.5 l, 5.0 l PET
boTlebiT, misi mineralizaciaa 0.36-0.44 gr/l da weliwadSi saSualod, adgilobriv bazarze,
1.2 mln boTlis (0.5 l) realizacias axorcielebs.
Sps ,,progresi 2000”-is konkurentad SeiZleba ganvixiloT ,,koka-kola biTlers
jorjia”, romelic awarmoebs aragazirebuli sufris wyals ,,BONAQUA”. misi mineralizacia
ar aRemateba 0.55 gr/l-s da bazarze warmodgenilia 0.5 l da 1.5 l plastmasis tariT. rac
Seexeba samkurnalo-sufris wylis Camosxmas Sps ,,sicocxlis wyaros”, mis mier iwarmoeba
hidrokarbonatuli-kalcium-magniumiani mineraluri wyali ,,flate”, romlis saerTo
mineralizaciaa 1.7-2.7 gr/l. xolo Sps ,,sairme mineral voters”-is mier warmoebuli
gazirebuli mineraluri wyali ,,sairme”-s mineralizaciaa 2.4–5.0 gr/l, da isxmeba 1.0l PET
boTlSi. kompania ZiriTadad orientirebulia adgilobriv bazarze da wliurad daaxloebiT
500000 boTlis realizacias anxorcielebs.
1 gamokiTxva Catarda 20.03-dan 26.03-mde 2008 wels.
gamokiTxulia 1182 momxmarebeli.
რომელ მინერალურ თუ სუფრის წყალს
მიირთმევთ ყველაზე ხშირად?
ბორჯომი
13%
ნაბეღლავი
56%
საირმე
3%
ლიკანი
23%
ბონაქვა
2%
სხვა
3%
ბორჯომი
ნაბეღლავი
საირმე
ლიკანი
ბონაქვა
სხვა
87
sabazro koniuqturis gaTvaliswinebisa da warmoebis bunebriv ekonomikuri pirobebidan
gamomdinare, aucilebelia ganisazRvros ra saxeobisa da odenobis produqciis warmoebaa
SesaZlebeli qveyanasa da mocemul regionSi. es, Tavis mxriv, xels Seuwyobs
konkurentunariani produqciis warmoebas, romelic gankuTvnili iqneba rogorc adgilobrivi,
aseve saerTaSoriso bazrebisaTvis. produqciis xarisxi da saerTaSoriso bazarze misi
konkurentunarianoba gansazRvravs mis saeqsporto potencials. am TvalsazrisiT mineraluri
wylebis warmoebas erT-erTi wamyvani pozicia ukavia saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi. saqarTvelos
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros monacemebis mixedviT, 2005 wels ZiriTadi saeqsporto
produqciis aTeulSi Sedioda mineraluri wylebi, romlis Rirebuleba iyo 32.5 mln aSS
dolari. swored am wels dafiqsirda, bolo eqvsi wlis manZilze eqsportirebuli
mineraluri wylebis didi moculoba raodenobriv gamosaxulebaSi. saqarTvelos statistikis
saxelmwifo departamentis monacemebis mixedviT am maCvenebelma 33.0 mln. litrs miaRwia. 1
2006 wlisaTvis kompania ,,GG&MW” 235 mln boTlis warmoebas varaudobda, rac wina welTan
SedarebiT 50%-ian zrdas warmoadgenda. produqciis 80% gadioda eqsportze, xolo 65%
rusuli bazrisTvis iyo gankuTvnili. ruseTis bazarze arsebuli 700 saxis mineralur wyals
Soris ,,GG&MW” kompaniis mier warmoebul produqcias ,,borjoms“ gayidvebis mixedviT
mesame adgili ekava. igi CamorCeboda mxolod ,,BONAQUA“_sa da ,,AQUA MINERALE“-s. 2005
wels kompania ,,GG&MW” mTlianma amonagebma 120 mln dolari Seadgina. 2006 wlis maisSi
ruseTis mier mineraluri wylebis importis akrZalvam sagrZnoblad Seamcira eqsportis
moculoba.
saqarTvelos statistikis saxemwifo departamentis cnobiT 2005 wels ,,borjomis“
mwarmoebelma saqarTvelos minisa da mineraluri wylebis kompaniam ruseTSi 22.1 mln aSS
dolaris Rirebulebis produqcia Seitana. 2006 wlis pirveli sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi ki _
7.7 mln aSS dolaris Rirebulebis. am akrZalvis Sedegad mineraluri wylebis mwarmoeblebma
sagareo bazris mniSvnelovani nawili dakarges, razec metyvelebs statistikis departamentis
monacemebi ruseTis bazarze akrZaluli produqciis eqsportis Sesaxeb.2
1 saqarTvelos statistikis saxemwifo departamenti. kvartaluri biuleteni. Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 39.
2 statistikuri biuleteni #34. sasursaTo uzrunvelyofis mdgomareoba. tendenciebi cifrebSi.
Tbilisi, 2008w, gv. 8.
19675 19305
32481
24048 25354
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
მინერალური წყლების ექპორტი
88
miuxedavad ekonomikuri sanqciebis dawesebiT warmoqmnili siZneleebisa ,,borjomis“
eqsporti ukrainaSi 50%-iT gaizarda, azerbaijanSi - 60%-iT, aseve gavida axal bazrebze
(CexeTi, bulgareTi, monRoleTi, uzbekeTi, tajikeTi da a.S.). 2007 wels saqarTvelos minisa
da mineraluri wylebis kompaniam Tavisi produqcia (borjomi, borjomis wayaroebi, likani,
bakuriani) 130 milion boTlamde awarmoa, romlis 80% eqsportirebul iqna. ss ,,wyalma
margebelma” warmoebuli produqtis mxolod 20% gaitana saeqsportod. rac Seexeba raWis
wyaroebs, Coxataursa da sairmis mineralur wylebs, maTi realizacia adgilobriv bazarze
moxda.
meoce saukunis 80-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi yovelwliurad Camoisxmeboda daaxloebiT
400–500 milioni (0.5 l) boTli mineraluri wyali, maT Soris 300–350 milioni boTli
,,borjomi”, romlis 30%-s iTvisebda saqarTvelo, xolo danarCenis eqsportireba xorciel-
deboda yofil sabWoTa respublikebSi da sazRvargareT (10-12 mln boTli). 1991 wlidan
warmoiqmna falsifikaciis problema, am periodidan Semcirda mineraluri wylebis Camom-
sxmeli qarxnebis sawarmoo simZlavre da faqtobrivad Sewyda zogierTis miwodeba armarto
ucxoeTis, aramed adgilobriv bazarze. aman xeli Seuwyo falsificirebuli produqciis
warmoebasa da realizacias. negatiur Sedegebze metyvelebs 1990-1995 wlebSi mineraluri
wylebis Camomsxmeli qarxnebis sawarmoo simZlavreebis Semcireba. adgilobrivi sawarmoebi
moumzadeblebi aRmoCdnen sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi muSaobisaTvis. warmoebis Semcirebis
ZiriTadi mizezebi am periodSi iyo minis taris ukmarisoba, energomatareblebis simcire
(igulisxmeba energia da sawvavi), ar xdeboda kooperativebis mier Camosxmuli mineraluri
wylebis raodenobis Sesaxeb informaciis mopoveba, savaWro obieqtebze produqciis Senaxvis
aradamakmayofilebeli pirobebi, sarealizacio bazrebis uqonloba da a.S.
1996 wlidan iwyeba saqarTveloSi mineraluri wylebis warmoebis aRmasvla. 2002 wels
Camoisxa 80.45 mln boTli mineraluri wyali. TandaTanobiT farTovdeboda produqciis
asortimenti. am periodSi aTvisebuli iyo dabali mineralizaciis sasmeli wylebis warmoeba.
2006 wels ki ruseTis bazarze xelovnurad warmoqmnilma barierebma xeli Seuwyo
falsificirebuli produqciis warmoebasa da realizacias. falsifikaciis procesis dawyebis
რუსეთის ბაზარზე აკრძალული ქართული
პროდუქციის ექსპორტი (ათასი ტონა)
15,6
24,221,7
33
21,6
15,1
24,6
3,86,3 6
10,6
1,6 2,7 31,3 1,7 0,7 0,94,2
1,8
10,2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
მინერალური წყლები ღვინო ხილი
89
erT-erTi mTavar mizezad 90-ian wlebSi SeiZleba miviCnioT mineralur wyal ,,borjomze”
moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris warmoqmnili disbalansi. dReisTvis ki gansakuTrebulad
mwvaved dgas falsifikaciis problema saqarTvelos farglebs gareT. amJamad ramdenime firma
awarmoebs falsificirebuli produqciis Camosxmas ,,borjomis” etiketiT. realizdeba
rogorc naturaluri mineraluri an ,,borjomis” tipis mineralizebuli wyali. 2006 wels
kompania «Солярис-Аква Плюс»-ma daiwyo mineraluri wyali ,,Багиатти”-is gayidva, romlis
etiketic zustad imeorebda amave bazarze sakmaod cnobili qarTuli mineraluri wylis
,,borjomis“ etikets. misi Rirebuleba ar aRemateba 20 rubls, qarTuli mineraluri wylebis
akrZalvamde ,,borjomis“ Rirebuleba ki 30 rubls Seadgenda. mineraluri wyali ,,Багиатти”-is
etiketis Secvlamde aRniSnuli produqcia isxmeboda ramdenime arc Tu ise didi kompaniebis
mier. etiketis Secvla moxda 2006 wlis aprilSi da gayidvebis moculoba rusul bazarze
100 aTass ar aRemateboda TveSi. meore kompania romelic Seecada daekavebina ,,borjomis”
sabazro sivrce rusul bazarze iyo ,,Русский Боржомъ”, romelmac daiwyo mineraluri wyali
,,Нагутская-26” Camosxma. igi imeorebda ara marto etikets, aramed dasaxelebac TiTqmis igive
hqonda, rac qarTul produqcias. minisa da mineraluri wylebis kompaniam saarbitraJo
sasamarTloSi Seitana sarCeli saaqcio sazogadoeba ,,Русский Боржомъ"-is winaaRmdeg, raTa
aekrZala saqarTvelos minisa da mineraluri wylebis kompaniis kuTvnili sasaqonlo niSnis
gamoyeneba, kerZod kombinirebuli saxelwodeba, romelic Sedgeba sityvebiT ,,Боржомский“ da
,,Боржомъ”, aseve TaRebiani Senoba da Sadrevani mwvane mTebis fonze. qarTuli kompaniis
moTxovna iyo am sasaqonlo niSnis mqone produqciis warmoebis SeCereba, savaWro qselidan
amoReba. kompaniis moTxovna sasamarTlom daakmayofila.
2006 wels ruseTis bazris 12.3% ekava qarTul mineralur wyal ,,borjoms” xolo
amave wlis mais-ivnisSi bazridan produqciis sruliad gaqrobiT moqmed kompaniebs gayidvebis
moculoba gaezardaT. magaliTad: ,,Нарзан” 1%-iT gaizarda, ,,Новотерская Целебная", ,,Perrier”
da ,,Архыз” zrdam 1% Seadgina, ,,BonAqua” - 2%, ,,Шишкин лес"-1,3%, ,,Aqua Minerale”-1%. rac
Seexeba ,,Нагутская-26” da ,,Багиатти” analitikuri saagento ,,Бизнес Аналитика”-s monacemebSi,
es produqcia saerTod ar aRmoCnda maTi mcire sabazro wilis gamo, Tumca ,,minisa da
mineraluri wylebis kompania” maT sabazro wils 0.0007%-mde afasebs.
zemoT ganxiluli orive SemTxveva asortimentuli da RirebulebiTi falsifikaciis
naTel magaliTs warmoadgens. vinaidan asortimentili falsifikaciis dros xdeba garegnuli
da Tvisebrivi niSnebiT namdvili produqciis mibaZva. xolo RirebulebiTis dros
falsificirebuli produqti gacilebiT iafia namdvilTan SedarebiT. falsifikaciiT
gamowveuli Sedegebi SeiZleba sakmaod mZime aRmoCndes rogorc momxmareblisaTvis aseve
mwarmoebeli firmisTvis.
falsificirebuli produqti ufro naklebi TviTRirebulebisaa amitom maT saSualeba
eZlevaT daikavon bazris garkveuli nawili. es xels uwyobs arajansaR konkurencias,
naturaluri produqciis mwarmoeblisaTvis warmoiqmneba barierebi, rac aferxebs produqciis
realizacias.
mtknari da mineraluri wylebis warmoeba saqarTveloSi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
samewarmeo saqmianobaa, romelic regulirdeba saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
saministros mier miwis wiaRiT sargeblobis licenziis gacemiT. licenziaSi miTiTebulia is
pirobebi, romelic xels Seuwyobs SezRuduli bunebrivi simdidris optimalur gamoyenebas.
90
dReisaTvis sabadoebis debetebis sadReRamiso damtkicebuli maragebis bolomde aTviseba jer-
jerobiT ver xerxdeba. es ZiriTadad gamowveulia adgilobrivi bazris simciriT, ucxour
bazrebze xelovnurad warmoqmnili barierebiT, falsifikaciiT da bevri sxva damabrkolebeli
faqtorebiT. amave dros gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom sabazro ekonomikis dinamikur
garemoSi udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba mwarmoebeli firmebis konkurentul upiratesobebs da
maT gamoyenebas. konkurentuli upiratesobebi ki Tavis mxriv efuZneba:
mecnierul-teqnikur miRwevebs da maT danergvas warmoebaSi;
saerTaSoriso standartebis serTifikatebis miRebas;
axali sasaqonlo niSnebis da etiketis Seqmnas;
produqciis fasebs (rogorc saSinao aseve saerTaSoriso bazrebze)
warmoebuli produqciis mravalferovnebis gazrdas da a.S.
konkurentul upiratesobaTa ricxvis zrda aucilebelia ara marto adgilobriv bazarze
lideri firmebisaTvis, aramed yvela mwarmoeblisaTvis. es xels Seuwyobs jansaRi
konkurenciis ganviTarebas da saSualebas miscems firmebs Tavisuflad aiTvison ucxouri
bazrebi. sakuTari resursuli potencialis gaTvaliswinebiT saqarTvelos SeuZlia
mineraluri da mtknari wylebis erT-erTi wamyvani eqsportiori qveyana gaxdes msoflioSi.
91
evropis biznes angelozTa qseli da saqarTvelo1 nino patariZe
lili wverava
salome samxaraZe
Tsu bakalavri
mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. S. SaburiSvili
ukanasknel aTwleulebamde `angelozi~ investorebi damoukideblad, faqtobrivad
erTmaneTisagan izolirebulad muSaobdnen. amJamad mdgomareoba radikalurad Seicvala
_ investorebma daiwyes gaerTianebebis (ZiriTadad asociaciebis) Seqmna. 2 biznes-
angelozTa asociaciebis (gaerTianebebis) Semdegi formebi arsebobs:
1. `TiToeuli TavisTvis~;
2. gaerTianeba demokratiuli wesebiT;
3. `erTi yvelasaTvis, yvela erTisaTvis~.3
pirveli tipis gaerTianeba _ faqtobrivad aris wevr investorTa anu biznes-
angelozTa Sekreba. gaerTianebis wevrTa kreba ixilavs mewarmeTa mier dasafinan-
seblad warmodgenil proeqtebs da axdens maT gadarCevas. mas Semdeg, rac biznes-ange-
lozebi gaecnobian samewarmeo proeqtebs, isini erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad iReben
gadawyvetilebas SerCeuli proeqtis dafinansebis Sesaxeb. aseve, damoukideblad
awyoben Sexvedrebs da molaparakebebs mewarmeebTan. am tipis asociaciis xelmZRva-
neloba ar monawileobs mewarmeebis da `biznes-angelozebis~ urTierTobaSi. misi
funqcia aris investiciuri garigebebis moculobebis zrda.
meore tipis gaerTianebas hyavs aRmasrulebeli direqtori, romelic saqmis
warmoebaze agebs pasuxs. mis StatSi SeiZleba iyos daqiravebuli muSakebi. maTTan
erTad aRmasrulebeli direqtori ixilavs mewarmeTa ganacxadebas. xSirad biznes-
angelozebi TviTon sTavazoben gaerTianebis direqcias sasurvel proeqtebs. proeqtis
damfinansebeli investorebi ayalibeben SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebas.
gaerTianeba `erTi yvelasaTvis da yvela erTisaTvis,~ muSaobs venCuruli
firmis formatSi. mas StatSi hyavs profesionali menejerebi, romlebic marTaven
biznez-angelozebis kapitals. gaerTianebis menejeris rols xSirad asrulebs misi
komiteti, romelSic gaerTianebis wevrebi Sedian. aRniSnuli komiteti detalurad
ecnoba mewarmeebis biznes gegmebs da maT proeqtebs. am tipis gaerTianebebSi mewar-
meebi awyoben proeqtis prezentacias, xolo dafinansebis sakiTxi kenWisyriT wydeba.
1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis~ sakaTedro studentur
konferenciaze da daimsaxura saprizo adgili. 2 S. SaburiSvili, rogor vipovoT `biznes-angelozi~ saqarTveloSi. Jurn. biznesi da kanonmdebloba,
2008, #9, gv. 32-36. 3 У. Д. Мазерлис, Б. Дж. Уотсон, Ф. Фаст, С. А. Гедеон, Эпоха Бизнес-ангелов. Практика работы бизнес-
ангелских сетей, М, «Вершина», 2009.
92
Tu investorTa umravlesobam gadawyvita warmodgenili proeqtis (proeqtebis)
dafinanseba, maSin iqmneba dafinansebis fondi.
biznes-angelozebis formaluri gaerTianebebis garda arseboben araformaluri
gaerTianebebi. maTi Semadgenloba mcirericxovania (6-7 kaci). isini araformalur
viTarebaSi ixilaven sainvesticio garigebebis SemoTavazebas, iReben dafinanseba-arda-
finansebis gadawyvetilebebs da inawileben movaleobebs.1
biznes-angelozebi xSirad sindikatis formiT erTiandebian. es sindikatebi
TiTqos venCurul firmebs waagavs, magram maTgan gansxvavebiT ufro mobiluria. ara
aqvs rTuli da mouqneli mmarTvelobiTi struqtura. rodesac biznes-angelozebi Tvi-
Ton xelmZRvaneloben sindikats, maSin isini venCurul fondebTan SedarebiT nakleb-
xarjiania da samarTavadac martivi. sindikatSi 100 da meti investoric ki Sedis.
masSi, Tavis mxriv, asociaciebi da kavSirebia gaerTianebuli.2
dResdReobiT, mTeli msoflios masStabiT arsebobs angelozTa uamravi
asociacia: 2001-2003 wlebSi 300000-600000-mde `angelozTa” jgufebma Seqmnes
adgilobrivi organizaciebi, 10-dan 150-mde akreditebuli investori dainteresda dam-
wyeb firmebSi investirebiT. `angelozTa” pirveli asociacia Seiqmna inglisSi: –
European Business Angel Association, romelic aerTianebs 27 wevrs; Angel Capital
Association (ACA) - angelozuri kapitalis asociaciaa, romelic daarsda 2004 wels
aSS-sa da kanadis angelozTa sainvesticio jgufebis mier. dRes is aerTianebs 165
angelozTa jgufsa da 22 organizacias.
msoflioSi arsebul `angelozTa~ asociaciebs Soris erT-erTi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani da cnobilia evropis komisiis xelSewyobiT 1999 wels dafuZnebuli
evropis binznes _ angelozTa qseli (EBAN) (ix. Naxazi 1). igi warmoadgens biznes-
angelozTa interesebs da damwyebi firmebis dafinansebis wyaroa. amJamad EBAN
aerTianebs 26 qveynis 87 organizacias, warmoadgens daaxloebiT 250 korporaciul
da 10000-ze met individ angelozs mTels evropaSi.3
EBAN-is funqcionireba da urTirTobebi mewarme-subieqtebTan
evropis biznes-angelozTa qselis mTavari miznebia:
sawyisi kapitaliT evropuli biznesis uzrunvelyofa;
kvlevebis Caatareba, faqtebis da tendenciebis analizi;
saukeTeso praqtikis identificireba da gaziareba;
damwyebi sawarmoebisTvis biznes _ angelozTa qselis rolisa da xilvadobis
gazrda;
sawarmoebSi sinergizmisa da qseluri SemTxvevebis ricxvis gazrda;
evropaSi profesiuli zrda-ganviTarebis xelSewyoba;
1 А. Каширин, А. Семенов. В Поисках бизнес-ангела, М, «Вершина», 2008.
2 Б. Хилл., Д. Пауэр., Бизнес-ангелы, М, «Эксмо», 2008.
3 www.eban.org
93
saerTaSoriso biznes-angelozebisa da damwyebi sawarmoebis saqmianobis xelSewyoba.
nax. 1.
dasaxelebuli asociaciis prezidentia entoni klarki, romelic aseve aris
britaneTis biznes _ angelozTa gaerTianebis prezidenti. vice-prezidenti gaxlavT
frangi qalbatoni brijit baumeni, romelic amave dros sakmaod warmatebuli diza-
ineri da moqmedi `angelozia~. mas ekuTvnis Zalian saintereso formula biznes-
angelozebze:
A Business Angel = Heart and Money + Brain
qalbaton brijitis azriT, `angelozi~ warmoudgenelia fulis, gulisa da
tvinis gareSe.1
1 www.eban.org
mewarme
qselTan kontaqti
biznes-winadadebebis
analizi, proeqtis investorisTvis
wardgena
reziumes momzadeba
investorisTvis
investorTan
molaparakebis
momzadebis programa
proeqtis prezentaciis momzadeba
investiciebis miwodeba _
moTxovnis dakavSireba
reziumes da biznes-
winadadebis analizi
investiciuri garigebebi
Tanadafinansebis
programa
biznes-angelozi
qselTan kontaqti
biznes-treningi
investiciuri
prioritetebis
indentifikacia
biznes-angelozTa CarTva
monacemTa bazaSi
biznes-angelozis
monawileoba
prezentaciebSi, forumebSi da a.S.
94
EBAN-is mmarTvelobiTi struqtura 3 sxadasxva rgols moicavs: generaluri
asambleis wevrebi (52 sruluflebiani wevri), direqtorTa sabWo (19 wevri), aRmas-
rulebeli komiteti (6 wevri). asociaciis wevrebi arian: transnacionaluri, naci-
onaluri, regionuli da adgilobrivi biznes _ angelozTa qselebi; damwyebi firmebi;
sxva organizaciebi, romlebic exmarebian damwyeb firmebs; biznes _ angelozTa qselis
federaciebi.
EBAN-Si Semavali qveynebis asociaciebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia ganviTarebis
gansxvavebuli doneebi. am mxriv yvelaze srulyofili sistema aqvs gaerTianebul
samefos, warmodgenils 34 asociaciiTa da asobiT qseliT; aseve kargad ganviTare-
buli sistemebi gaaCnia safrangeTs, germanias, SvedeTs, belgias, fineTs, niderlandebs;
SedarebiT mcire moTamaSeebi arian italia, espaneTi da portugalia; xolo umciresi
bazrebi aqvs saberZneTsa da portugalias.
2006 wlidan moyolebuli EBAN yovel wels atarebs dajildovebis ceremo-
nials. jildoebi gaicema sxvadasxva nominaciaSi. magaliTad, 2008 wels saukeTeso
gundis wodeba moipova Greater London Enterprise (UK); wlis saukeTeso biznes-ange-
lozi gaxda Sotladieli nelson grei, saukeTeso sindikati - SvedeTis venCuruli
kapitalis asociacia; xolo saukeTeso axali iniciativa - The ready for equity, project
(EU). 2008 wels gamarTul `finansuri inovaciis~ forumze ki Tavad EBAN-ma miiRo
jildo wevr `angelozTa~ Soris dadebiTi gamocdilebis gaziarebisaTvis.
EBAN-s mWidro kavSiri aqvs evrogaerTianebis administraciasTan, aseve dia-
logs awarmoebs evropis komisiis warmomadgenlebTan da evroinvestirebis fondTan.
evrokomisiis mier organizebul `finansuri inovaciis” forumze miiRes deklaracia,
romelic cnobs biznes-angelozTa mzard rols da rekomendacias uwevs maT, rogorc
biznesis ganviTarebis adreul etapze saukeTeso, aprobirebul saSualebas.
esDdeklaracia damtkicda evropis ministrTa sabWos mier.
2008 wels EBAN-ma partnioruli SeTanxmeba gaaforma 4 organizaciasTan:
angelozebis kapitalis asociacia (ACA), mecnieruli biznesi, mcire da saSualo
sawarmoebis saerTaSoriso qseli (INSME), menejmentis ganviTarebis upiratesobis
saerTaSoriso qseli (EFMD). asociaciis wevrebisaTvis es partniorebi warmoadgens
mzard SesaZleblobebs, romelTac aqvT unari Sevidnen axal miznobriv auditoriebSi,
moipovon informacia uaxles movlenebze, gaxdnen adgilobriv gaerTianebebis wevrebi
da a.S.
2008 wels EBAN-is sponsorebi iyvnen: PERA - The INOVATION NETWORK,
konsaltinguri kompania teqnologiur ganviTarebasa da industriaSi, romelic
daarsebulia did britaneTSi; ANGELSOFT - amerikuli kompania lideri kompiute-
rul teqnologiebSi; Greater London Interprise (GLE) - komerciuli da konstituci-
onaluri, damoukidebeli ekonomikuri ganviTarebis kompania; regionaluri ganviTa-
rebis evropuli asociacia (EURADA), daarsebuli briuselSi.
95
evropis biznes-angelozTa bazrebze SeiniSneba Semdegi tendenciebi: garigebebis
mzardi tendencia, magram individi investorebis mier investirebis klebadi moculoba;
meti mcire zomis investicia; investirebis mzardi done sindikatebSi; biznes-ange-
lozebis mxridan izrdeba paketirebuli garigebebis ricxvi; bazris organizeba.
asociaciaSi Semavali qselebi sxvadasxva gziT zrdian angelozur investi-
ciebze moTxovnas: investirebis programebi, investorTa programebi da sindikatebi.
investirebis programebi iTvaliswinebs sawarmoebis momzadebas investirebisTvis. maga-
liTad, biznes-gegmebis momzadeba, treiningebi, prezentaciebi da a.S. SesaZlebelia
struqturuli programebic. investorTa programebi gulisxmobs maT ganaTlebas `ange-
lozebis~ investiciebis sferoSi: rCevebi, Sexvedrebi arsebul angelozebTan, sagada-
saxado sistemis Seswavla; sindikati – angelozTa jgufi, romlebic erTad afinan-
seben.
evropaSi biznes-angelozTa asociaciebis raodenoba wlidan wlamde izreba. Tu
2000 wels maTi ricxvi mxolod 125 iyo, 2005 wlisTavis ukve 225 asociacia
arsebobda. 2008 wlis monacemebiT ki maTma ricxvma 297-s miaRwia. amave wels
EBAN-ma gaanaliza 170 maTganidan miRebuli informacia da miiRo Semdegi monacemebi:
yvelaze bevri `angelozTa~ qseli arsebobda safrangeTSi (54), did britaneTSi (22),
SotlandiaSi (18); yvelaze meti garigeba daido SotlandiaSi (388), safrangeTsa
(214) da italiaSi (102); yvelaze meti qseluri biznes-angelozia SotlandiaSi
(4991), safrangeTsa (3600) da portugaliaSi (1904), xolo yvelaze meti investicia
ganaxorcieles didi britaneTis (73 071 506 evro), Sotlandiisa (41 304 000 evro)
da safrangeTis (37 000 000 evro) `angelozebma~.1
EBAN-Si Semavali asociaciebis mier mTeli msoflios masStabiT xorcieldeba
uamravi damwyebi firmisa da biznes-ideis dafinanseba. erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi EBAN-
is wevri asociaciebi da qselebi aTasobiT firmasa da biznes ideas afinanseben. marTa-
lia, am organizaciebis saqmianobis umravlesoba warumateblad mTavrdeba, magram
arsebobs iseTi firmebic, romlebmac Zalian did warmatebebs miaRwies mTeli msof-
lios masStabiT. magaliTad, Skype, Apple, amazon.com, Google, HP, DELL, The Body
Shop, Alter Eco, Vista Print, innocent da a.S.
aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos prezidentis samecniero grantebi axalgazrda
mecnierTaTvis proeqtis _ `angelozebis~ roli qarTuli biznesis ganviTarebaSi, rom-
lis ganmaxorcielebeli organizaciaa ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelm-
wifo universiteti, xolo donori _ saqarTvelos erovnuli samecniero fondi _
farglebSi dagegmilia `saqarTvelos biznes-angelozTa asociaciis~ Seqmna. asociaciis
miznebi iqneba:
_ saqarTveloSi perspeqtiuli saqmiani ideebis praqtikuli realizaciis
SesaZleblobebis gazrda;
1 www.eban.org
96
_ saqarTveloSi biznes-angelozebis saqmianobis xelsayreli ekonomikuri da
samarTlebrivi garemos formirebis xelSewyoba;
_ biznes-angelozebis institutis ganviTareba da maTi interesebis dacva;
_ saxelisuflebo organoebSi, masobrivi informaciis saSualebebsa da samewar-
meo wreebSi asociaciis wevrebis interesebis warmodgena;
_ biznes-angelozebs Soris sasargeblo kontaqtebis, informaciis gacvla da
gamocdilebis gaziareba;
_ saqarTvelos da ucxoeTis biznes-angelozebs Soris TanamSromlobis
koordinacia;
_ biznes-angelozebis da investiciebis maZieblebis kvalifikaciis amaRleba;
_ biznes-angelozebis konferenciebis, seminarebis, forumebis da bazrobebis
Catareba;
_ biznes-angelozebis sainvesticio SesaZleblobebis gaerTianebis xelSewyoba
da koleqtiuri investirebis formebis ganviTareba;
_ biznes-angelozebisa da mewarmeebis daxmareba inovaciuri proeqtebis
marTvaSi, maTi uzrunvelyofa kvalificiuri sakonsultacio momsaxurebiT da
kadrebiT;
_ perspeqtiuli samewarmeo ideebis moZieba da eqspertiza (SerCeva, winaswari
Seswavla, detaluri Semowmeba, monitoringi);
_ biznes-angelozTa adgilobrivi qselebis Seqmna da ganviTareba;
_ biznes-angelozTa saerTaSoriso qselebSi integrireba.
asociaciis mTavari prioriteti iqneba evropis biznes-angelozTa qselsa da
evropis venCuruli kapitalis asociaciaSi gawevrianeba, rac xels Seuwyobs
saqarTveloSi `saTesle~ investiciebis sferoSi mowinave saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis
gaziarebas, evropul institutebSi integracias, erToblivi proeqtebis ganxorci-
elebasa da maRalteqnologiuri ucxouri investiciebis mozidvas. asociaciisa da
universitetis bazaze Sesabamisi samagistro programis momzadebiT, agreTve,
treningebis organizebiTa da konsaltingis sxva formebis gamoyenebiT ganxorcieldeba
inovaciuri menejmentis sferoSi specialistTa kvalifikaciis amaRleba. moxdeba
samecniero kvlevaTa evropuli sivrcis standartebTan miaxloeba, rac evrokavSiris
samezoblo politikis samoqmedo gegmis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi Semadgeneli
nawili da saqarTvelos ekonomikis inovaciuri ganviTarebis modelze gadasvlis
sawindaria.
97
transnacionaluri kompaniebi saqarTvelos
ekonomikaSi1
nika grZeliSvili
SoTa kupataZe
Tsu bakalavri
mecn-xelm: asist. prof. d. sixaruliZe
kapitalis saerTaSoriso moZraoba da misi aqtiuri migracia Tanamedrove
msoflio ekonomikis mniSvnelovani nawilia, am procesSi tnk-ebis roli
mniSvnelovnad izrdeba. tnk es aris firma ,romelic akontrolebs aqtivebs,
axdens saqonlis da momsaxurebis warmoebas erTze met qveyanaSi. tnk-ebis
sagareo bazarze gasvlis umTavresi saSualeba aris pirdapiri ucxouri
investiciebi, (pui). aseTi investiciebi aris msoflio ekonomikaSi, rogorc
eqsportiori, aseve importiori qveynis integraciis da maTi konkurentuli
upiratesobebis realizaciis umTavresi saSualeba. P pui-s gavlena ekonomikaze Zalian didia, ekonomikuri zrdis
uzrunvelyofaSi pui-s Sefasebas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. erT-erTi meTodia
leontievis modeli, romlis mixedviT sabaziso wlis faqtobrivi mdgomareobis
miuxedavad, gardatexis wertili ekonomikaSi ar miiRweva manam, sanam qveyanaSi
ucxouri investiciebis saSualo wliuri tempi ar iqneba daaxloebiT mSp-s 5%,
xolo momdevno wlebSi stabilurad unda xdebodes misi zrda. mniSvnelovania
is faqtic rom gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi gadamwyvetia ara imdenad
importirebuli kapitalis moculoba, ramdenadac misi ganawileba dargebis da
seqtorebis mixedviT. zogadad pui sasargebloa maSin, roca mTliani inves-
ticiebi pui-is zrdis paralelurad izrdeba, da xdeba axali teqnologiebis da
menejeruli unar_Cvevebis aTviseba., Tumca transnacionaluri kapitalis
Tavisufalma gadaadgilebam SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas erovnuli valutis
stabilurobas da qveynis finansur sistemas, tnk-ebis saqmianobis motivacia SeiZleba 4 tipad warmovadginoT:
1. resursebis maZieblebi
2. bazris maZieblebi
3. efeqtianobis maZieblebi
4. strategiuli aqtivebis maZieblebi
resursebis maZieblebi arian sawarmoebi romlebic ucxoeTSi axdenen
investirebas im mizniT rom miiRon maTTvis gansakuTrebuli resursebi ufro
dabali realuri QRirebulebiT, vidre sakuTar qveyanaSi,
saqarTveloSi pirdapir ucxour investirebas dRemde ZiriTadad swored
resursebis maZieblebi axorcieleben. saqarTveloSi bevri auTvisebeli resursia
da maTi aTviseba adgilobrivi saxsreboT ver xerxdeba, Sesabamisad ucxoel
investorebs eZlevaT saSualeba aiTvison es resursebi da miiRon sargebeli.
1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis~ sakaTedro studentur
konferenciaze da daimsaxura saprizo adgili.
98
bazris maZieblebi arian sawarmoebi, romlebic invetirebas axdenen rome-
lime konkretul qveyanaSi an regionSi, raTa uzrunvelyon saqonlis an mom-
saxurebis miwodeba am qveynis an mezobeli qveynebis bazrebze. Uunda aRiniSnos
rom miuxedavad saqarTvelos bazris mcire moculobisa, saqarTveloSi ucxouri
firmebis erTi nawili swored adgilobriv bazarze moTxovnis dakmayofilebis
mizniT Semovidnen, (jeoseli, gazpromi, lukoili).
efeqtianobis maZieblebi pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis saSualebiT
kompaniis efeqtianobis amaRleba gulisxmobs resursebis imgvarad ganawilebas
rom moxdes maqsimaluri ukugebis miReba, rac riskebis diversificirebiT
miiRweva. aseTi tnk-ebi saqarTveloSi ar muSaoben.
strategiuli aqtivebis maZieblebi tnk-ebis bolo tipia, da gulisxmobs
mocemuli kompaniis mier ucxouri korporaciis aqtivebis aTvisebas da misi
GgrZelvadiani strategiuli miznebis , gansakuTrebiT ki konkurentunarianobis
SenarCunebas.
saqarTveloSi ucxouri investiciebis udidesi nawili swored inves-
torTa aRniSnul jgufs ekuTvnis, maT Semosvlas ZiriTadad qveynis xelsayreli
geografiuli mdebareoba ganapirobebs, igi uZvelesi “abreSumis gzis“ erT _
erTi sakvanZo punqtia, msoflio bazrebis damakavSirebeli sazRvao, sarkinigzo,
saavtomobilo, milsadeni marSrutebi saqarTveloSi warmoebuli biznesisaTvis
satransporto xarjebis Semcirebasa da farTo saerTaSoriso kavSirebis
ganviTarebis winapirobaa.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze uamravi tnk da tnb operirebs. Yyvelaze mZlav-
ri tnk-ebi saTbob_energetikul kompleqsSi muSaobs, (“British Petroleum”, “Gazprom”
,,Lukoili” da sxva). magaliTad; baqo_sufsis navTobsadenis mSeneblobaSi monawi-
leobda 12 umsxvilesi tnk. maT Soris - “Exxon”, Amoko, “Lukoili” da sxv. mniSvne-
lovani investiciebi ganxorcielda momsaxurebis sferoSi. Ffexi moikides saer-
TaSoriso kompaniebma_ “Mariot”, “Sheraton”, “silk road grup”. Ggaixsna safirmo
maRaziebi, “Mcdonalds” da tnk-ebis momsaxurebis centrebi. :” Sony”, “nokia”, “ hundai” . “
Toyota” , “ Nissan”. Dda a. S. dafuZndnen germaniis, TurqeTis, israelis, safinanso
organizaciebi.
sabanko seqtorSi Semovida transnacionaluri banki “Republic”. saqarTve-
los telekomunikaciebis provaiderma, “kavkasus onlainma” da aSS–s tnk “tyco
telecommunications” _ ma xeli moaweres kontrakqts zRvis fskerze 1100 km iani
optikur-boWkovani sistemis mSeneblobaze, romelic saqarTvelos Savi zRvis
navsadgurs bulgareTis qalaq varnasTan daakavSirebs, es sistema qarTul baz-
rebs Tanamedrove zRvisqveSa optikur-boWkovani kabeliT pirdapir daakavSirebs
dasavleT evropasTan. mas SesaZlebloba eqneba TiTo wyvili boWkovani kabelis
meSveobiT 6410 gigibaitis sagrZis talRebi gaataros.
TbilisSi univermag “Tbilisis“ adgilas Sendeba komerciuli, gasarTobi
da saqmiani centri “Willbrook platinum Tbilisi plaza”. Aaxal proeqts, romlis Rire-
buleba 100 mln dolaria, tnk “Willbrook Management International“ da arqiteqturisa
da mSeneblobis menejmentSi msoflios erT-erTi wamyvani kompania “Bovis lend
99
lease” axorcieleben. Ees proeqti 85 aTas kvadratul metrs daikavebs da masSi
aTasamde adamiani dasaqmdeba.
2007 wlamde izrdeba pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis moculoba, rac
ganapiroba bolo periodSi SedarebiT stabilurma viTarebam, da metnaklebad
warmatebulma reformebma.
diagramaze kargad Cans pui-is zrdadi dinamika, samwuxarod Sedegi kargi
ar aris, ar izrdeba eqsporti, ar xdeba Tanamedrove menejeruli unar-Cvevebis
aTviseba, ar inergeba Tanamedrove teqnologiebi, izrdeba
pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi saqarTveloSi 2000-2008 wlebSi1
Ddiagrama 1
importi, sagadamxdelo balansis deficiti izrdeba, eqsporti imports
daaxloebiT 4 jer CamorCeba, paradoqsulad Cans, izrdeba investiciebi, da
izrdeba sagadamxdelo balansis deficiti.
Ddeficiti ramdenime mizeziT aris ganpirobebuli:
1. investiciebi ZiriTadad momsaxurebis sferoSia, sadac ar iqmneba
maRali damatebiTi Rirebulebis produqcia, anu saeqsporto saqoneli ar iqmneba,
ZiriTadad spekulaciuri kapitali moZraobs da ara produqtiuli.
2. ucxour investiciebsa da adgilobriv investiciebs Soris
konkurenciuli brZola ar mimdinareobs, rac ekonomikuri zrdis
ganmapirobebeli faqtoria;
3. ar aris kargi biznes-garemo rac xels Seuwyobs ufro meti
produqtiuli investiciebis mozidvas.
Cven CavatareT kvleva, gamovikiTxeT 100 respondenti (mecnierebi,
studentebi da biznesmenebi) da SevimuSaveT biznes-garemos riskis saerTo
indeqsis kriteriumebi, (politikuri stabiluroba, ekonomikuri zrda). K
1 ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros statistikis departamenti
100
kvlevis Sedegebi Semdegi saxisaa:
gamokiTxuli respodentebis 43%-s miaCnia, rom qveyana maRali riskiT
xasiaTdeba, rasac umravlesobis azriT politikuri arastabiluroba iwvevs. 25%
Tvlis rom ekonomika moumwifebelia, 27%-is azriT, qveyana Zalze maRali riskiT
xasiaTdeba, xolo 5%-is gagebiT, qveyanaSi naklebad xelsayreli garemoa
inveticiebis ganxorcielebisaTvis.
sainvesticio garemos Sefaseba
Ddiagrama 2
pui-s erT-erTi saintereso Tvisebaa Siga investiciebis ,,CaTrevis” didi
SesaZlebloba. mocemuli efeqti moqmedebs Semdegi mimarTulebiT: sasaqonlo
da finansur bazrebze konkurenciis stimulirebisa da mimReb qveyanaSi
teqnikuri efeqtianobis gadidebis saSualebiT. tnk-ebs SeuZliaT Siga
firmebis gaaqtiureba. es xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac aRweven ganviTarebadi
qveynebis adgilobriv bazarze, sadac ukve saqmianobas eweva samamamulo firmebi.
msxvil ganviTarebad qveynebSic ki, Siga bazari, rogorc wesi, ar aris didi da
masze moqmedebs pirobebi, romelic ganapirobebs oligopolis an monopoliis
ganviTarebas. aseT pirobebSi, adgilobriv bazarze ucxouri firmebis SeRwevas,
romlebic floben Tanamedrove teqnologiebs, SeuZlia uzrunvelyos samamulo
firmebis aqtiuroba, ubiZgos maT teqnologiuri efe-qtianobis gadidebisken.
empiriuli analizi adasturebs, rom tnk-ebis SeRwevam rigi qveynis zogierT
dargSi dadebiTi gavlena moaxdina adgilobrivi firmebis mwarmoeblurobaze.
sxva mxriv cnobilia, rom calkeul SemTxvevaSi tnk-ebis SeRweva mimRebi qveynis
zogierT dargSi zrdida sabazro koncentracias. Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare tnk-
ebi Cveulebriv moqmedeben im dargebSi, romelTac aqvT koncentraciis maRali done.
garda amisa, maT SeuZliaT gamodevnon SedarebiT mcire an araefeqtiani samamulo
firmebi. ganviTarebadi qveynebis SemTxvevaSi, pui-s mniSvnelovani nawili modis mcire
da saSualo sawarmoebis STanTqmaze privatizebis an adgilobrivi kerZo firmebis
gayidvis saSualebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, aris saSiSroeba, rom msxvilma tnk-ebma
Zalzed maRali riski
qveyana maRali riskiT
moumwifebeli ekonomika
SedarebiT naklebad xelsayreli garemo
101
konkurentuli upiratesobisa da agresiuli taqtikis gamoyenebiT gamoiwvios sabazro
koncetraciis gaZliereba da adgilobrivi warmoebis Seviwroeba. ra mdgomareobaa
am mxriv saqarTveloSi? ramdenad didia ucxouri seqtoris investiciuri
potenciali da ra gavlenas axdens pui saerTo sainvesticio aqtiurobaze?
,,CaTrevis” da ,,gamodevnis” efeqtis analizi moiTxovs zogierTi raodenobrivi
maCveneblis gamo-yenebas. amisaTvis CavweroT tolobis ZiriTadi balansi: It=Dt+Ft,
sadac I _ investiciebis erToblivi normaa, D _ Siga investiciebis erToblivi wili
mSp-Si, F _ ucxouri inve-sticiebis wili mSp-Si, t _ dro.
Ppui-s martivi maxasiaTeblis mixedviT, Siga investiciebis formirebis
TvalTaxedviT, SegviZlia gamoviyenoT Siga investiciebis absolituri
elastikurobis koeficienti (E ) ucxourTan mimarTebiT. (ix. cxrili 1).
E = ∆D/∆F (1)
D da F mniSvnelobebSi Zlieri sxvaobis Tavidan acilebisaTvis, rasac
adgili aqvs pui-s mozidvis sawyis stadiaze, SegviZlia gamoviyenoT Siga
investiciebis SefardebiTi elastikurobis koeficienti (G) ucxourTan
mimarTebiT. (ix. cxrili 7).
G = (∆D/D) / (∆F/F) (2)
Tu E > 0, maSin ekonomikaSi adgili aqvs ucxouri da Siga investiciebis
multiplikaciur efeqts, rodesac pirveli CarTavs meores da amiT iZleva
saSualebas miT ufro aqtiurad warmarTos kvlavwarmoebis procesi. aseT
efeqts ewodeba ,,CaTrevis efeqti”. Tu E < 0, maSin adgili aqvs erTi saxeobis
investiciebis mier meoreTi gamodevnas, e.i. ,,gamo-devnis efeqts”. im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu ∆F < 0, da ∆D > 0, maSin Siga investiciebi STanTqaven ucxours, xolo ∆F >
0, da ∆D < 0, piriqiT ucxouri investiciebi devnis adgilobrivs. naTelia, rom
,,CaTrevis efeqti” niSnavs maqsimalurad komfortul sainvesticio klimats,
xolo gamodevnis efeqti damaxa- siaTebelia iseTi situaciisaTvis, rodesac
adgili aqvs Siga da ucxour investiciebs Soris konkurencias.
qvemoT motanili cxrilis mixedviT gaangariSebuli maCveneblebi garkveul
warmodgenas gviqmnian saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebul pui-is xasiaTze.
investiciebi ZiriTad kapitalSi saqarTveloSi 2000-2006 wlebSi (mln
larebSi)1
cxrili 1
wlebi 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
pirdapiri ucxouri
investiciebi 259,8 227,3 367,0 728,0 958,2 814,1
2030,7
Sida investiciebi 1318,6 1645,5 525 1559,7 1739,4 2447,3 1493,5
mTliani investiciebi 1578,4
1872,8 1892,0 2287,7 2697,6 3261,4 3524,2
1 ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros statistikis departamenti
102
ucxouri da Siga investiciebis elastikurobis maCvenebeli
saqarTveloSi 1996-2006 wlebSi
cxrili 2
rogorc meore cxrilidan Cans, gamodevnis efeqti wlebis Sesabamisad
aWarbebs CaTrevis efeqts. aqedan gamomdinare, saxelmwifo politika mimarTuli
unda iyos imaze, rom qveyanaSi Seiqmnas maqsimalurad konkurentuli da
komfortuli garemo sufTa transnacionaluri kapitalisTvis da moxdes qeynis
mier im dadebiTi faqtorebis gamoyeneba, romelic Tan sdevs aRniSnuli saxis
kapitalis moZraobas. swored is dadebiTi faqtorebi uzrunvelyofen qveynis
ekonomikis grZelvadian zrdas.
Ddrois intervali Eelastikurobis
absoluturi koeficienti
Eelastikurobis
SefardebiTi koeficienti
1996-1997 -0.195 -0.19
1997-1998 0.206 0.09
1998-1999 -0.865 -0.24
1999-2000 -0.343 -0.4
2001-2002 -0.85 -0.08
2002-2003 0.96 0.07
2003-2004 0.78 0.09
2005-2006 -0.78 -0.06
103
globaluri finansuri krizisi da saqarTvelo1
nino oqruaSvili
Tsu bakalavri
mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. S. SaburiSvili
bolo dros gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri gaxda msoflio ekonomikuri da
finansuri krizisis Tema. gamoiTqva mravali mosazreba misi gamomwvevi mizezebisa da
daZlevis saSualebebis Sesaxeb. mecnierTa erTi nawili yvelafris saTaved amerikis
finansuri seqtoris gadaWarbebul zrdas asaxelebs. msoflio finansuri krizisis
pirveli niSnebi 2006-2007 wlebSi gamoCnda. warmoiSva moxmarebis bumi, romelmac
sakvebi produqtebis, navTobis da nedleulis fasi arnaxul niSnulebamde awia. amas
moyva fasebis swrafi vardna, Semcirda navTobis, mravali sawarmoo mniSvnelobis
nedleulisa da samomxmareblo saqonlis fasebi. sakredito da sabanko sistemis
gadatvirtvis gamo warmoiSva ipoTekuri krizisi, romelmac Seanela ekonomikuri
ganviTareba. jerjerobiT saxelmwifoTa da finansur dawesebulebaTa CareviT
situacia regulirdeba, Tumca zemoqmedeba yovelTvis ver iqneba warmatebuli,
mosalodnelia ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mkveTri Seferxeba da finansuri bazrebis
gakotreba.
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ciklurobasTan erTad mimdinare krizisis gamomwvev
mizezad saxeldeba amerikis safinanso-sabanko sistemis kraxi. aSS-Si 2000-2004
wlebis ekonomikuri aRmavlobisas sabanko sistemaSi Warbad dagrovda finansuri
resursebi. saxelmwifo da bankebi uxvad gascemdnen egreTwodebul iaf sesxebs, raTa
ekonomikuri zrdisTvis SeewyoT xeli da gaejerebinaT bazari iafi fuliT. amis
Sedegad warmoiSva e.w. finansuri buSti. mravalma kreditorma Sewyvita kreditebis
dafarva. faqtobrivad moaxloebuli krizisis cikli gaRrmavda. warmoSobilma
inflaciam, kreditebisTvis aucilebeli kapitalis ZiriTadi wyaro _ moqalaqeebi,
gadaxdisuunaro gaxada.
bolo wlis manZilze sagrZnoblad daeca saerTaSoriso indeqsebis maCveneblebi.
indeqsebis kleba axasiaTebs rogorc finansur kriziss, aseve recesias. amitom
warmoiSoba dapirspireba: recesia ar iZleva saSualebas refinansirebis ganakveTi
gaizardos, (cnobisTvis federaluri sarezervo sistemis refinansirebis ganakveTi
aris 2%) 2 , xolo zrdadi inflacia moiTxovs refinansirebis wilis gazrdas.
situacia stagflaciis xasiaTs iRebda. arsebobs safrTxe realuri seqtorisTvisac-
kreditebi da dafinanseba mcirdeba, mcirdeba ndobac da sul ufro naklebi saSualeba
rCeba kerZo biznesis dasafinanseblad.
1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis~ sakaTedro studentur
konferenciaze da daimsaxura saprizo adgili. 2 gazeTi “komersanti”, № 183(4000), 09.10.2008
104
krizisi umTavresad Seexo amerikis finansur institutebs. xuTi wamyvani
sainvesticio banki Tavisi pirvandeli formiT aRar arsebobs: Bear Stearns gaiyida,
Lehman Brothers gakotrda, Merrill Lynch gaiyida, Goldman Sachs da Morgan Stanley-m
ki Sewyvites sainvesticio saqmianoba maRal riskebTan da dafinansebis saWiroebidan
gamomdinare. krizisis dasaZlevad da qveynis umTavresi bankebis gakotrebisgan
dasacavad aSS mTavrobam sarezervo fondidan 250 miliardi dolari gamoyo1. agreTve
gakeTda gancxadeba, rom aSS-s mTavroba Seisyidda strategiulad mniSvnelovani
bankebis aqciebs. Tumca ekonomistTa umetesoba Tvlis rom aseTi saxis erTjeradi
daxmarebebi ar iZleva realur safuZvels finansuri krizisidan gamosasvlelad.
krizisi agreTve ganapiroba gauwonasworebelma finansurma politikam.
aRmavlobis wlebis ganmavlobaSi SeiniSneboda finansuri nakadebis zrda, finansuri
garigebebis mzardi tempi ar asaxavda ekonomikis realuri seqtorebis zrdas.
faqtobrivad garigebebi ideboda ise, rom haeri da iluzia iyideboda. krizisis
pirvelma dartymebma 2008 wlis zafxulSi iCina Tavi. daiwyo inflaciuri procesebi,
romelic dolaridan gadaedo masTan mWidrod dakavSirebul savaluto da ekonomikur
sistemebsac. fasebi mkveTrad avarda, Semdeg ki dacema daiwyo.
navTobis gaZvirebam gazarda sxva produqciis fasic (magaliTad, kvebis produqtebis,
radgan maTi transportirebis xarjebi gaizarda) Semcirda avtomobilebis Sesyidvebi.
mravali sawarmo Semcirda an sruliad daixura. sawarmoo procesis Seferxebam
resursebze moTxovna Seamcira, Sesabamisad Semcirda samompoveblo saqmianobac.
udidesma navTobmompoveblebma gadawyvites navTobis mopovebis Semcireba, raTa fasebis
niSnuli garkveul zRvarze SeenarCunebinaT. magaliTisTvis wlis dasawyisSi erTi
bareli navTobis fasi aWarbebda 100$-s, 11 ivliss 147,27$, xolo 24 oqtombers erTi
bareli navTobis fasi 61$-mde daeca.
sawarmoo da sabanko sferoebis krizisma mravali momuSavis gaTavisufleba
gamoiwvia. daixura sawarmoebi da mcire filialebi, kompaniebma xarjebis
Sesamcireblad momuSaveTa gaTavisufleba daiwyes. aman kidev ufro Seamcira bankebis
aqtivebi, agreTve Semcirda saxelmwifos Semosavali gadasaxadebidan. umuSevrobam aSS-
Si 6 procentamde aiwia, Tumca varaudoben, rom es maCvenebeli momavalSi kidev
aiwevs. Aman Tavis mxriv gaauaresa mosaxleobis msyidvelobiTunarianoba, erToblivma
moTxovnam kidev ufro dabla daiwia da warmoebis moculobac mis kvaldakval
Semcirda.
amerikaSi dawyebuli krizisi maleve gadaedo evropas, romelsac mWidro
finansuri da ekonomikri urTierTibebi qonda aSS-sTan. globaluri msoflios
pirobebSi, rodesac arsebobs saerTaSoriso sawarmoebi da finansuri institutebi,
erT adgilas dawyebuli tendencia sakmaod swrafad vrceldeba. dolaris kursis
dacemam ganapiroba masTan dakavSirebuli valutebis kursis vardnac. mravali qveynis
1 www.k2kapital.com
105
bankebs gaaCnda sagareo kreditebi, romlebic saerTo jamSi sakmaod did maCvenebels
Seadgendnen. krizisis gamo bankebis realuri aqtivebi Semcirda da isini am sagareo
kreditebis aragadaxdisunarianebi gaxdnen. evropis wamyvani bankebi gakotrebis piras
aRmoCndnen. zogierTi qveynis mTavrobam strategiuli mniSvnelobis bankebis
gadasarCenad maTi garantad dadgoma ikisra. Tumca zogi bankis sagareo vali am
qveynis biujetsac ki aWarbebda, magaliTad, islandiis sami wamyvani bankis (Kaupthing,
Glitnir da Landsbanki) sagareo vali 106 miliard dolars Seadgenda, roca mTliani Siga
produqtis moculoba 14 miliardia.1
krizisis masStaburobis gamo wamyvani qveynebis mmarTvelma organoebma
SeTanxmebul moqmedebebs mimarTes, gadawyda saprocento ganakveTebis Semcireba. am
RonisZiebaze mxolod iaponiis centralurma bankma ganacxada uari. didi rvianis
Sexvedrebze miRebul iqna gadawyvetilebebi, rom saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba yvela
Zalasa da resusrs ixmarda strategiuli mniSvnelobis finansuri institutebis
kraxis Tavidan asacileblad. gadawyda agreTve, rom krizisidan gamosvlis dromde
saxelmwifoebi daudgebodnen garantad bankebis mier mozidul kreditebs, kreditebi
aRebul unda iqnes 5 wliani vadiT. sistemuri mniSvnelobis bankebis kapitalis
Sesavsebad ki saxelmwifoebs miecaT ufleba SeesyidaT bankebis privilegirebuli
aqciebi da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi biujetidan gamoeyoT daxmareba.
krizisis gamo evropaSi ekonomika 0,2%-iT daeca. finansurma krizisma realur
seqtorsac miayena dartyma. gansakuTrebiT dazaralda avtomwarmoeblebis industria
da samSeneblo sfero. amerikasa da evropaSi Semcirda msubuqi avtomobilebis gayid-
vaTa moculoba, wamyvanma firmebma Seamcires warmoeba, daxures Svilobili sawarmoebi
da filialebi, raTa gakotrebisgan gadarCeniliyvnen. samSeneblo sferoSi ki bolo 5
wlis manZilze mSeneblobaTa gaormagebuli tempi daeca. samSeneblo kopaniebi veRar
iRebdnen kreditebs bankebidan da gayidvaTa moculobac sagrZnoblad Semcirda.2
saqarTveloSi msoflio krizisiT gamowveuli mdgomareoba sagrZnoblad gaau-
aresa agvistoSi ganviTarebulma samxedro moqmedebebma. am movlenam didi zarali mia-
yena qveynis ekonomikas da mosaxleobas. mraval regionSi ganadgurda infrastruq-
tura, mosaxleobis nawili daiRupa, didi nawili ki iZulebuli gaxda gadasaxlebu-
liyo. sazRvargareT saxelmwifos mouwia gauTvaliswinebeli xarjebis gaReba saomar
moqmedebebze, dazianebuli infrastruqturis aRdgenaze, iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli
mosaxleobis daxmarebaze da a.S. omma daazarala soflis meurneoba, turistuli biz-
nesi, samSeneblo da sadazRveo biznesi, agreTve warmoebis mravali dargi. saxelmwi-
fos daawva gazrdili socialuri danaxarjebi, amave dros Semcirda gadasaxadebidan
miRebuli Semosavali. eqspertTa SefasebiT mTliani fiskaluri deficiti 2008 wels
804 mln dolars Seadgenda. sagadasaxdelo balansisMmimdinare angariSis deficiti
1 www.wikipedia.org
2 www.eib.org
106
bolo 3 wlis manZilze 2jer gaizarda, rac samomxmareblo bumiT da importis
zrdiT iyo ganpirobebuli, Tumca garRveva ar xdeboda, radgan ucxouri investici-
ebiT xdeboda deficitis dafarva. gvistos movlenebis Semdgom ucxouri investiciebi
Semcirda, magram Semcirda importis moculobac, ase rom deficiti isev imave maCve-
nebelze darCa. Tumca grZelvadian periodSi mosalodnelia sagadasaxdelo balansis
gauareseba Semcirebuli ucxouri dafinansebis gamo, romelic 2004-2007 wlebSi mSp-
s 22,5%-s Seadgenda.
pirdapir danakargebTan erTad saxelmwifoSi gauaresda sainvesticio garemo.
saomari moqmedebebis gamo mosaxleobam didi odenobiT gaitana bankebidan danazogebi,
ramac sabanko seqtors gamoacala ZiriTadi samoqmedo iaraRi. fuladi saSualebebis
deficitis gamo bankebma Sewyvites kreditebis gacema, ramac Tavis mxriv Seanela
ekonomikuri procesebi da muSaoba im firmebis, romlebic sabanko kreditebze iyvnen
damokidebulni, maT Soris samSeneblo biznesi, romelic ZiriTadad bankidan aRebuli
kreditebiT axorcielebda Tavis saqmianobas. inflaciis gamo Semcirda mosaxleobis
msyidvelobiTunarianoba, ramac Seamcira erToblivi moTxovna da samSeneblo kom-
paniebis gayidvebi, Semcirda Semosavali da amave dros gaizarda gaZvirebuli masalis
SesaZenad gaweuli danaxarjebi1.
qveynis arastabiluri politikuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamo Semcirda
ucxoelTa ndoba, ramac Seamcira turistuli nakadebi da am dargidan miRebuli Semo-
savali. daiklo ucxoel investorTa ndobam, Semcirda rogorc pirdapiri ucxouri
investiciebi, agreTve sabanko kreditebi, ramac kerZo kapitalis nakadebi sagZnoblad
Sekveca. gadaido rigi samomavlo proeqtebi, magaliTad, foTSi navTobgadamamuSavebeli
qarxnis mSenebloba.
Semcirda mTliani Siga produqtis zrdis tempebi. wina wlebis ganmavobaSi mSp-s
zrda 10%-s Seadgenda, wlis dasawyisSi navaraudevi wliuri 9%-iani mateba saomari
moqmedebebis gamo 9%-dan 3.5%-mde Semcirda 1 . danaklisis dafarva garkveulwilad
SeiZleba ucxouri daxmarebebis xarjze moxdes, saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobam, bolo
periodSi, saqarTvelos 4.5 miliardi dolaris odenobis daxmareba gamouyo, magram
Tu saxsrebi grZelvadian miznebSi ar iqna daxarjuli, es erTjeradi daxmareba ver
aanazRaurebs ekonomikuri da safinansi sferos danakargebs. krizisidan gamosvlisTvis
mizanSewonili iqneba ekonomikis realuri seqtoris zrda, warmoebis reabilitacia da
axali sawarmoebis amoqmedeba. iafi kreditebis politikaze produqtiuli iqneba
saprocento ganakvetis subsidirebis programa. sabanko sferoSi resursebis mosazidad
saxelmwifom unda Seqmnas garantiebis sistema, romelic daicavs meanabreebs da
ucxoel investorebs, romelTa saSualebebi bankebis ZiriTad aqtivebs warmoadgens.
Tavis mxriv, sabanko sferom unda gaafarTovos sasesxo-sakredito operaciebi, raTa
ekonomikurma subieqtebma SeZlon saqmianobis ganxorcieleba da Semosavlis miReba,
rac bankisTvis sesxebis dabrunebis winapiroba iqneba.
107
2008 wlis bolos da 2009 wlis dasawyisSi gatarda rigi antikrizisuli
RonisZiebebi _ gamoiyo erTjeradi daxmarebebi sabanko sferosa da biznesis kerZo
seqtorisaTvis. wlis dasawyisSi SemuSavda saxelmwifo antikrizisuli programis
farglebSi gansaxorcielebeli stimulirebis gegma. mis farglebSi gamoiyo 2 miliard
2 milioniani daxmarebis paketi, romelic socialur programebsa da ekonomikis
ganviTarebas unda moxmareboda 1 . regionebs aqtiurad unda mieRoT monawileoba saku-
Tari biujetis marTvaSi. gamoyofili daxmarebis udidesi nawili, miliard 600
milioni unda moxmareboda socialur programebs, xolo 250 milioni uSualod
ekonomikis stimulirebas. xelisuflebis gancxadebiT mocemuli programis da kri-
zisis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifos umTavresi amocanaa samuSao adgilebis Seqmna, adgi-
lobrivi firmebisa da mewarmeebis stimulireba da ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelyofa.
samwuxarod mocemuli antikrizisuli programa umeteswilad erTjeradi
daxmarebis saxes ufro atarebs, vidre ekonomikis realurad mastimulirebeli
RonisZiebisa. gzebis mSeneblobaze da infrastruqturis aRdgenaze dasaqmebuli xalxi
araa sakmarisi biznes-aqtivobis uzrunvelsayofad da mosaxleobis keTildReobis
asamaRleblad grZelvadian periodSi. aucilebelia imis gaazreba, rom saqarTveloSi
kriziss msoflio krizisisgan gansxvavebuli winapirobebi da maxasiaTeblebi aqvs, da
saWiroa maTi gaanalizeba da mizanmimarTuli zemoqmedeba. mxolod amis Semdgom iqneba
SesaZlebeli krizisiT gamowveuli zaralis anazRaureba da momavali ganviTarebis
uzrunvelyofa.
1 www.presa.ge
108
mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis warmatebis strategia1
TaTuli duSuaSvili
Tsu bakalavri
mecn-xelm: prof. r. gvelesiani
rogor unda miaRwios qveyanam warmatebas mewarmeobis sferoSi? rogor miaRwies
mas msoflios sxadasxa qveynis sxvadasxva sawarmoebma? msoflioSi arsebobs uamravi
ucnobi, didi warmatebis mqone sawarmo, romlebic yuradRebis miRma darCnen. es aris
msoflio masStabiT saukeTeso mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis sfero, `ucnob
liderTa~, igive `farul CempionTa samyaro~. maTi wili msoflio bazarze 70-90%-s
Seadgens. miuxedavad imisa, rom isini kvlav ucnobni arian, Cven mudam maTi nawarmiTa
da servisiT varT garemoculni.
ram ganapiroba am sawarmoebis warmateba?
mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis umaRlesi rangis warmomadgenlebi gabneulia
warmoebisa da momsaxurebis yvela dargSi. msoflio bazris liderTa mesamedze meti
(37%) manqanaTmSeneblobaze modis. isini gansakuTrebiT kargad arian warmodgenilni
agreTve eleqtromrewvelobaSi, liTondamuSavebasa da qimiaSi.
originalobis, xarisxisa da profesionalizmis gansakuTrebuli SerwymiT mcire da
saSualo mewarmeni msoflio bazrisaken gzas ukvalaven TavianT saqonelsa da
momsaxurebas. magram amasTanave `faruli Cempionebi~ araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar
ugulvebelyofen momxmarebels. qveynis Sida bazarze TavianTi maRalspecializebuli
miwodebiT isini inarCuneben saSualod 44%-is Sesabamis wils, maTi udidesi
konkurenti ki, piriqiT, am sididis mxolod naxevars aRwevs.
iqneb warmatebis mizezi mewarmeobis profilia?
msoflio donis mcire da saSualo sawarmoebi TavianTi arsebobis 80 wels
iTvlian da upiratesad ojaxur sakuTrebas warmoadgenen. nebismier farul Cempions
gaaCnia daaxloebiT aTi sazRvargareTuli filiali, rogorc msoflio bazarze
mkveTri orientirebis sarkiseburi asaxva.
mcire da saSualo sawarmoebi, rogorc msoflio bazris liderebi, emyarebian
ufro imas, rac amarTlebs, nacvlad imisa, rom Tavs eqperimentebis ufleba miscen.
amis damadasturebelia is, rom maTi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis ori mesamedi imyofeba
`sasicocxlo ciklis~ simwifis fazaSi, mxolod 30% danergvis an zrdis fazaSi.
amasTan, isini araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar ugulebelyofen inovaciebs.
maT warmatebas mewarmeobis politika xom mar gansazRvravs?
1moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `ekonomikuri politikis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da
daimsaxura saprizo adgili.
109
`super sawarmoebis~ warmatebebi sxvadasxva faqtorebis mizandasaxuli
urTierTqmedebis Sedegia. maT Soris arsebiTia:
sakuTari saqonlisa da momsaxurebisaTvis msoflio bazris marTvis miRweva, misi
dapyroba;
ZiriTad kompetenciebze koncentracia, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis
specializacia gafarToebis nacvlad;
nawarmze mudmivi zrunva, uaxloesi miRwevebis warmoebis procesSi danergvisa da
gamoyenebis ganuwyvetloba;
momxmarebelTan rac SeiZleba meti siaxlove, raTa maTi survilebisa da problemebis
gadawyvetis kompetenciis gaTvaliswineba dagegmvis fazaSi iyos SesaZlebeli;
mewarmeobis kulturaze orientireba, rac TanamSromelTa motivirebas axdens. marTvis
am stilis sazRauria TanamSromlebis avadmyofobis dabali done, naklebi denadoba da
didi SemoqmedebiTunarianoba.1
ratom darCnen msoflios donis mcire da saSualo sawarmoebi specialuri presisa
da mecnierTa yuradRebis gareSe? amis mizezad SegviZlia miviCnioT is, rom maTi
produqcia xSirad uxilavi da SeumCnevelia, radgan sxva saxis nawarmis damzadebis
process emsaxureba an saboloo produqtSi iferfleba an kidev mis komponentad
iqceva. kidev erT mizezad SegviZlia davasaxelod Tavad mewarmeTa survili ucnobad
darCenisa. da mainc vin arian msoflio donis liderebi, romelnic `farul
Cempionebad~ gvevlinebian? esenia:
`brita~ (`Brita~). saojaxo meurneobis wylis filtris bazari `britas~ mier
Seiqmna. is, rogorc am saqmis pioneri, gamudmebiT ibrZoda Tavisi wamyvani poziciebis
dasacavad. misi msoflio bazris wili amJamad 85%-ia.
`STili~ (`Stihl~). `STilis~ Zraviani xerxebi mTel msoflioSi gamoiyeneba. igi
metad inovaciuri sawarmoa. `STilis~ msoflio bazris wili misi uZlieresi
konkurentebis wilze daaxloebiT orjer metia.
`haribo~ (`Haribo~). `haribos~ `rezinis daTuniebi~ evropasa da aSS-Si erTnairad
popularulia. man, rogorc am tkbileulis mwarmoebelma, SeZlo dasavlur samyaroSi
msoflio bazris aSkarad upiratesi poziciis mopoveba.
`gerietsi~ (`Gerriets~). es sawarmo amzadebs Teatris fardebsa da scenis
mowyobilobebs. is aris scenis didi fardebis erTaderTi mwarmoebeli mTel
msoflioSi. ase rom, is msoflio bazris 100%-s flobs.
1 revaz gvelesiani. mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis watrmatebis strategia da kultura. Tb., 1999
gv. 7
110
`faruli Cempionebis~ umetesoba TavianTi wilis safuZvelze bazris
`mmarTvelad~ gvevlineba. maT umetesobas wamyvani poziciebi mravali wlis manZilze
uWiravs. isini axerxeben ara mxolod bazris soliduri wilis dakavebas, aramed mis
SenarCunebasac. aSkarad gamokveTili bazris wilis ukan imaleba ufro Rrma ram-
fsiqologiuri xelmZRvaneloba, romelsac aqvs pretenzia daamkvidros dargebis
standarti, gansazRvros marTvis wesebi da moaxdinos maTi modifikacia, e.i. pretenzia
imisa, rom iyos saukeTeso an #1. `faruli Cempionebi~ miznis dasaxvisa da
strategiis formulirebisas sxvadasxva meTodebs iyeneben. erT-erTi aseTia-
`dagegmvis strategia~. is naTel da kargad Camoyalibebul miznebs saxavs, rac
emyareba formalur kontrols, raTa maTi Sesruleba uzrunvelyos. `farul
CempionebTan~, didi sawarmoebisgan gansxvavebiT, dagegmvisa da misi
ganxorcielebisaTvis pasuxismgebeli erTi da igive pirovnebaa, romelic fsevdozusti
cifrebiTa da aramyari grZelvadiani prognozebiT Tavs ar iwuxebs. Tuki gegmebi ar
realizdeba ise, rogorc navaraudevi iyo, maSin pasuxismgebeli piri mas strategias
Seusabamebs. es meTodi `TviTganviTarebad strategiad~ aris cnobili. rac Seexeba
`samewarmeo strategias~, individs, romelic organizacias akontrolebs, SeuZlia
misi momavlis ganWvreta mTlianad sawarmoze gadaitanos da radganac mgegmavi imave
dros realizatoric aris, mas SeuZlia TandaTanobiT reagireba moaxdinos
moqmedebaTa Sedegebze. Seasabamisobis unarianoba ganasxvavebs `samewarmeo strategias~
`dagegmili strategiisagan~. pirveli tovebs sivrces moqnilobisaTvis - zustad
aRwerili miznebis sakompensaciod.
`super sawarmoebi~ gansazRvraven TavianT bazrebs `viwrod~ da ara `farTod~ da
axdenen maT maRalspecializebul damuSavebas. maT mier bazris gansazRvra Semdegi
TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba:
gaiTvaliswineba rogorc momxmareblebis moTxovnilebebi, aseve saqonlis,
momsaxurebisa da teqnologiebis perspeqtivebi;
`faruli Cempionebi~ TavianT bazrebs kargad icnoben, rac maT specializaciasa da
bazarTan siaxloves gansazRvravs;
mravali `super sawarmo~ TviTon qmnis bazris super niSebs. zogierTebi ki aviTareben
erTaderTi saxis saqonelsa da momsaxurebas, romelic gansazRvravs maT sakuTar
bazaars;
bazris asortimenti ufro `Rrmaa~, vidre `farTo~, rac qmnis specializaciis iseT
xarisxsa da srulyofas, romelsac konkurentebi Znelad Tu miaRweven;
`super sawarmoebi~ msoflio bazris liderebi gaxdnen, imitom rom maT aqvT
pirdapiri kontaqtebi TavianT momxmareblebTan filialebis meSveobiT. momxmarebelTan
siaxlove ganisazRvreba ori ganzomilebiT: `saqoneli da momsaxureba~ da
`interaqcia~. did sawarmoebTan SedarebiT `faruli Cempionebi~ upiratesobiT
sargebloben `interaqciis~, xolo mcire sawarmoebTan mimarTebaSi `saqonlisa da
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momsaxurebis~ TvalsazrisiT. maTi mTavari argumentia faseuloba da ara fasi. isini
orientirebulni arian saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze da ara fasze.
erTaderTi gza xangrZlivi mtkice warmatebisaken aris ganuwyveteli inovacia.
igi `farul CempionTa~ damaxasiaTebeli mniSvnelovani niSan-Tvisebaa. TiTqmis yvela
maTganma maiaRwia msoflio bazarze pirvelobas, radgan isini odesRac, teqnologiis
arsebiTi aspeqtebisaTvis an saxeobebisaTvis TavianT bazarze biznesi rom waremarTaT,
pionerebi iyvnen. xSirad bazrebi winaswar ar arsebobda da pirvelad mxolod maTi
inovaciiT Seiqmna.
`faruli Cempionebi~ TavianTi inovaciuri saqmianobiT aSkarad gansxvavdebian
didi sawarmoebisagan. isini ar arian calmxrivad orientirebuli: arc mxolod
teqnologiaze da arc mxolod bazarze. teqnologia da bazari ki ar upirispirdebian,
erTmaneTs aramed erTmaneTs avseben, amitom maTi, rogorc `Tanabaruflebiani~
mamoZravebeli Zalebis integrireba unda moxdes. sawarmom `resursebze damyarebuli
(`Signidan gareT~) strategiis~ Sesaxeb moZRvreba unda Seusabamos `bazris
SesaZleblobebis (`garedan SigniT~) strategias~. Mxolod maSin, roca Sinagani
kompetenciebi da garegani SesaZleblobebi erTmaneTs esadageba, sawarmos SeuZlia
Tavisi sruli potencialis gamovlena.1
`lideri sawarmoebi~ Zlieri da mkacri konkurentebi arian. konkurenciis
upiratesoba ganisazRvreba, rogorc konkurentebTan SedarebiT ufro racionaluri,
upiratesobis mqone saqmianoba, romelmac 3 piroba unda daakmayofilos:
momxmareblisaTvis mniSvnelovani unda iyos;
maT mier aRqmuli unda iqnas;
xangrZlivobiT xasiaTdebodes.
Tuki, magaliTad, produqciis SefuTva momxmareblebisaTvis umniSvneloa, maSin is,
bunebrivia, ar gamodgeba konkurenciis upiratesobis misaRwevad. Tu nawarms
SedarebiT xangrZlivi `sicocxlisunarianoba~ gaaCnia, magram momxmarebeli am sikeTes
ar icnobs an ver aRiqvams, maSin es konkurenciis upiratesobad ar CaiTvleba. roca
sawarmo fass amcirebs ise, rom mas xarjebis mxriv upiratesoba ar gaaCnia, amas
SeiZleba maSinve mohyves konkurencia da fasebis TvalsazrisiT upiratesobis
xangrZlivad SenarCuneba SeuZlebeli gaxdeba.
`farul CempionTa~ konkurenciis upiratesobebi SeiZleba Semdegnairad
CamovayaliboT:
`arsebobis principi~ iarsebeb mxolod konkurenciis upiratesobiT. es principi
`farul Cempionebs~ kargad aqvT gacnobierebuli;
`mowinaaRmdegis cnobis principi~ konkurentebze dakvirveba iseTive mniSvnelovania,
rogorc momxmareblebze dakvirveba. saWiroa konkurenciis kargi codna, Tumca
`faruli Cempionebi~ uaryofen `mibaZvis xafangs~;
2 revaz gvelesiani. mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis warmatebis strategia da kultura. Tb., 1999
112
`SesaZleblobebis principi~ konkurenciis yoveli parametri iZleva konkurenciis
upiratesobis SeasaZleblobas. upiratesobas SeiZleba mivaRwioT ara mxolod
`ZiriTadi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis~ an `servisis~ parametrebSi, aramed, agreTve
`programuli uzrunvelyofis~ parametrebSic;
`konsistenciis principi~ saqoneli da momsaxureba mniSvnelobas unda Seesabamebodes;
`aRqmis principi~ konkurenciis upiratesobad mxolod isini iTvleba, romlebsac
momxmareblebi aRiqvamen.
`farul Cempionebs~ gaaCniaT Zalian Zlieri da amave dros Taviseburi mewarmeobis
kultura. am kulturis aRiareba aris TanamSromelTa sawarmosTan identifikaciisa
da motivaciis safuZveli, rac amcirebs avadmyofobisa da denadobis wils.
mewarmeobis kultura, saqonlis warmoebisa da momsaxurebis gawevis gaumjobesebazea
orientirebuli da Seurigebelia zarmacebis mimarT.
msoflio donis mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis xelmZRvanelobis stili SeiZleba an
iqneb unda iyos kidec ambivalenturi: avtoritaruli ZiriTad faseulobebSi, xolo
monawileobiTi procesebsa da ganoxorcielebis detalebSi. marTva aris ara `an-an~-is,
aramed `rogorc-aseve~-s arCeva.
rogori mdgomareobaa qarTul mcire da saSualo mewarmeobaSi?
oficialurad deklarirebuli monacemebiT, 2008 wels saSualo zomis
sawarmoebze modioda sawarmoTa saerTo brunvis TiTqmis 8%, anu 3.5 procentuli
punqtiT naklebi 2003 welTan SedarebiT. imave periodSi saSualo zomis sawarmoTa
wili produqciis gamoSvebaSi Semcirda 2.7 procentuli punqtiT da 8.5% Seadgina.
oficialurad deklarirebuli monacemebiT, 2008 wels saSualo biznesSi
dasaqmebulTa mTlianma raodenobam 60909 piri Seadgina, romelTagan 49.3% qalia,
xolo 50.7% mamakaci. dasaqmebulTagan daqiravebulia 59782 piri. saSualo zomis
sawarmoebSi saSualo Tviurma xelfasma – 371.9 lari Seadgina.
rac Seexeba, mcire sawarmoebs, oficialurad deklarirebuli monacemebiT, 2008
wels mcire zomis sawarmoebze modioda sawarmoTa saerTo brunvis 8.2%, anu 5.4
procentuli punqtiT naklebi 2003 welTan SedarebiT. imave periodSi mcire zomis
sawarmoTa wilma 8.3% Seadgina.
2008 wels mcire biznesSi dasaqmebulTa mTlianma raodenobam 69979 piri
Seadgina, romelTagan 41.8% qalia, xolo 58.2% mamakaci. dasaqmebulTagan
daqiravebulia 55150 piri. mcire zomis sawarmoebSi saSualo Tviurma xelfasma –
285.7 lari Seadgina.
ratom ver aRweven damwyebi sawarmoebi warmatebas? amis Taobaze gamoyofen Svid
mizezs:
1. dafinansebis simcire (68,6%);
113
damaarseblebi xSirad saTanadod ver afaseben TavianT moklevadian moTxovnas
kapitalze. problemebi Cndeba maSinac, rodesac momxmareblebis mier gadaxdis procesi
Wianurdeba. saSiSia Zalze maRali fasic firmis Sesyidvis SemTxvevaSi.
2. informaciis deficiti (61%);
xSirad damaarseblebma Zalze cota ician sabazro procesebis Sesaxeb. isini
zedmetad afaseben moTxovnas TavianT nawarmze an momsaxurebaze, naklebad -
konkurencias.
3. kvalifikaciis nakli (48%);
profesiuli kvalifikaciis deficiti ise igrZnoba rogorc arasdros, amitom
kidev ufro uaresi mdgomareobaa mewarmeobisa da komerciis codnis mxriv, maSin roca
dargobrivi gamocdileba warmatebis miRwevis sawindaria.
4. dagegmvis xarvezebi (30,1%);
an dagegmvaa defeqturi an kargia, magram ar sruldeba.
5. ojaxuri problemebi (29,9%);
roca meuRles ar surs sawyis fazaSi arsebul familarul datvirTvas didxans
Seurigdes.
6. sawarmos Sedegebis gadaWarbebuli Sefaseba (20,9%);
aq sawarmos mier realizebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebuleba Zalze
mcirea maRal investiciebTan an mudmiv xarjebTan SedarebiT.
7. garegani zegavlena (15,4%).
es iseTi mizezebia, romelTa arc gaTvaliswineba SeiZleba da arc maTze
zemoqmedeba. magaliTad; cvlilebebi momxmarebelTa qcevaSi, Semcirebuli
msyidvelobiTunarianoba potenciur momxmarebelTa jgufSi, ZviradRirebuli manqanebis
mxriv zarali teqnikuri progresis Sedegad, satransporto, teqnikuri an finansuri
Sedegebi Secvlili komunaluri dagegmvis gamo.
damoukidebeli, warmatebuli mewarmeobisaken, swori, Tanmimdevruli
orientirebisaTvis saWiroa, gaviTvaliswinoT `farul CempionTa~ warmatebis
strategia, miviRoT safuZvliani informacia da eqspertebma gaakeTon konsultacia
yvelafris Sesaxeb, rac ki SeiZleba win gvelodes.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
MOLITOR, Bruno, Wirtschaftspolitik, 6. Aulf., Muenchen 2001
MUSSEL, Gerhard, PAETZOLD, Juergan, Grundfragen der Wirtschaftspolitik, 4., erw. U. aktualisierte Aulf., Muanchen 2003
Walter A. S. Koch, Chiristian Czogalla, Grundlagen der Wirtschaftspolitik, 2. Aufl., Stuttgart 2004.
EVERS, Marc, Die institutionelle Ausgestaltung von Wirtschaftsordnungen. Eine dogmengeschichtliche Unterschung im
Lichte des Ordoliberalismus und der Neuen Institutionenoekonomik, Berlin 2003.
SCHNEIDER, Friedrich, ENSTE, Doinik, Schattenwirschaft und Schwarzarbeit. Umfrag, Ursachen, Wirkungen und
wirtschaftspolitische Empfehlungen, Muenchen, Wien 2000.
WENIG, Alois, Globalisierung und die Zukunft der sozialen Marktwirtschaft, Volkswirtschaftliche Schirften, Bd. 506,
Berlin 2000
revas gvelesiani, irina gogoriSvili, ekonomikuri politika, wigni I, Tb., 2008
revaz gvelesiani, mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis watrmatebis strategia da kultura. Tb., 1999
114
inflacia: arsi, mizezebi, Sedegebi1
mariam gogiaSvili
Tsu bakalavri
mecn-xelm: prof. j. janjRava
erT-erTi mwvave problema, romelic ekonomikaSi SeiZleba warmoiSvas, aris
inflacia. sityva `inflacia~ laTinuri warmoSobisaa da `gabervas~ niSnavs. inflacia
ekonomikaSi fasTa saerTo donis zrdaa, sabazro msyidvelobiTunarianobis donesTan
mimarTebaSi. Sesabamisad, inflacia ise moiazreba, rogorc fulis gaufasureba.
mxedvelobaSi misaRebia is faqti, rom fasebis yovelgvari zrda ar iwvevs inflacias;
sxvadasxva faqtorebis gavleniT fasebi zogierT saqonelze SeiZleba yovelTvis
izrdebodes da amavdroulad sxva saqonelze mcirdebodes. aseT SemTxvevaSi fasebis
saerTo done SeiZleba ucvleli darCes, an Semcirdes kidec. inflacias adgili aqvs
maSin, rodesac fuli ufasurdeba, e.i. rodesac erTi da igive TanxiT sul ufro
naklebi saqonlis SeZena da momsaxurebis anazRaureba SeiZleba.AinflaciasTan
dakavSirebuli terminebia: disinflacia, inflaciis donis Semcireba, anu efeqti,
romelic amcirebs inflaciur zewolas; deflacia_fasTa saerTo donis vardna,
hiperinflacia_swrafi inflacia, wonasworobisken tendenciis gareSe.
fridmenisa da sxva ekonomistebis ganmartebiT, inflaciis zrdis tempi da
fuladi masa erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac fasebis done
swrafad izrdeba xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi; magaliTad, Tu inflaciis donem
TveSi Seadgina 1%, (12% wlis ganmavlobaSi), igulisxmeba, rom fasebis done am Tvis,
(wlis) ganmavlobaSi ubralod 1%-iT gaizarda. SesaZloa, es iyos fasebis erTjeradi
cvlileba da mas hqondes droebiTi xasiaTi. im SemTxvevaSi ki, rodesac inflacia 1%-
ze metia TveSi, (12%_ze meti weliwadis ganmavlobaSi), ekonomistebi saubars iwyeben
inflaciis maRali donis Sesaxeb.
aqedan gamomdinare, milton fridmeniseuli inflaciis ganmarteba SeiZleba
CamovayaliboT Semdegnairad: fasebis donis zrda monetaruli movlenaa mxolod maSin,
Tu is xdeba xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi. Tu inflaciis amgvar ganmartebas
daveTanxmebiT MmaSin inflaciis mizezi aris fuli.
aRsaniSnavia, rom inflacia ar aris mxolod saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fasebis
zrda; is ufro farTo cnebaa da gulisxmobs mTliani ekonomikis masStabiT fasebis
yovlismomcvel zrdas.
inflacia ganviTarebis sam etaps gadis:
pirvel etapze fulis emisiis tempi win uswrebs fulis gaufasurebis temps. am
dros saxelmwifo mimoqcevaSi uSvebs zedmet fuls. iwyeba inflacia, Tumca fasebi
1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `ekonomikis principebis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da
daimsaxura saprizo adgili.
115
imdenad ar aris gazrdili, rom gamoCndes inflaciis niSnebi, anu pirvel etapze
inflacia farulad mimdinareobs.
meore etapze fulis gaufasurebis tempi win uswrebs fulis emisis temps.
mimoqcevaSi arsebuli zedmeti fuli ukve iseT masStabebs aRwevs, rom inflacia
farulidan Ria mdgomareobaSi gadadis da iwyeba fasebis zrda.
mesame etapisTvis ki damaxasiaTebelia masStaburi inflacia.
ganviTarebis tempebis garda, arsebobs:
1. lokaluri infalcia. e.i. rodesac inflacia calkeul qveyanaSi xdeba;
2. msoflio inflacia. e.i. rodesac inflacia yvela qveyanas moicavs, mTels
msoflioSi mimdinareobs;
3. “WenebiTi” inflacia. e.i. fasebis zrda saocrad swrafia da amasTanave
naxtomiseburi;
4. “mcocavi” inflacia, e.i. fasebi nela, magram ganuwyvetliv izrdeba;
5. “importuli” infalacia. e.i. inflacia, romelic qveyanaSi sxva
saxelmwifoebis zegavleniTaa gamowveuli;
6. Sinagani faqtorebiT gamowveuli inflacia;
mniSvnelovania imis gaTvaliswineba, rom fulis masa arsebiTad moqmedebs
ekonomikis saerTo mdgomareobaze, ris gamoc is dadebiT an uaryofiT zegavlenas
axdens mosaxleobis keTildReobaze.
inflacia gansxvavebul zegavlenas axdens sxvadasxva socialur fenebze. yvelaze
mZimed igi Rarib fenebsa da fiqsirebuli Semosavlebis jgufebs awveba. am adamianebis
realuri Semosavali mkveTrad mcirdeba fasebis zrdisa da fulis gaufasurebis gamo.
mTavroba cdilobs Tavidan aicilos mosaxleobis ukmayofileba da daakmayofilos
maTi moTxovnebi. am yvelafris misaRwevad saxelmwifo mimoqcevaSi uSvebs met fuls.
es ufro amwvavebs inflacias, aufasurebs fuls, zrdis fasebs. ase warmoiqmneba e.w.
“inflaciuri spirali”. mimoqcevaSi gaSvebuli fulis raodenoba da xelfasis
paraleluri zrda kidev ufro aZlierebs da aRrmavebs inflacias.
sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis zedmeti raodenoba
seriozul gavlenas axdens ara marto socialur fenebze, aramed erovnuli
ekonomikis ZiriTadi miznebis ganxorcielebazec. dasaqmebis done, fasebis
stabiluroba, ekonomikuri zrda_es sakiTxebi pirdapir Tu iribad dakavSirebulia
inflaciasTan da mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis zedmet raodenobasTan. aqedan
gamomdinare, ukve naTeli xdeba, Tu ratom uSlis xels fuladi masis arabunebrivi
zrda saxelmwifos ekonomikuri politikiT gansazRvruli miznebis miRwevas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom inflacia uaryofiTad moqmedebs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze;
ucxoeli investorebi eridebian iseT qveynebSi fulis investirebas, romlebSic
inflaciis done maRalia.
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inflacia aZlierebs disproporciebs ekonomikaSi, anu saqonlis fasebis
araTanabari zrdis Sedegad erT dargSi warmoeba farTovdeba da mcirdeba meoreSi.
magaliTad, inflacia impulss aZlevs samxedro mrewvelobis gafarToebas da aferxebs
samoqalaqo dargebis ganviTarebas .
inflacia savaluto krizisis erT-erTi mTavari gamomwvevi faqtoria. igi qmnis
valutis oficialur da sabazro kurss Soris Seusabamobas, uaryofiTad moqmedebs
msoflio fasebsa da firmebis konkurentunarianobaze.
inflacias garkveuli cvlilebebi Seaqvs sakredito urTierTobaSi. msesxebeli
valdebulia vali misi nominaluri Rirebulebis mixedviT daubrunos gamsesxebels.
gaufasureba aq mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba. amis gamo, msesxebeli mTlianad an
nawilobriv kargavs sakredito Semosavlebs im mxrivac, rom xdeba kreditis SekumSva,
vinaidan am dros bankebs realurad ufro naklebi ubrundeba, bankis sakuTari
saxsrebi mcirdeba, ris gamoc igi cdilobs sargeblis ganakveTis gadidebas.
imis gasagebad Tu rogor viTardeba da ra Sedegebi mohyveba inflacias,
ganvixiloT ori konkretuli magaliTi:
1. hiperinflacia germaniaSi 1921-1923 wlebSi.
1921 wels pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg ekonomikis aRdgenis aucileblobam
gamoiwvia germaniis saxelmwifo xarjebis mniSvnelovani zrda. mTavrobas saxelmwifo
biujetis Sevseba SeeZlo ramdenime gziT: a) gadasaxadebis gazrdiT. im droindeli
mdgomareobiT es ver moxerxdeboda, radganac omgadavlili mosaxleoba siRaribis
zRvarze idga. b) imis gamo rom, germaniisadmi mTels msoflios ndoba hqonda
dakarguli, mTavroba verc sxva qveynebisgan isesxebda fuls biujetis Sesavsebad.
rCeboda erTaderTi gamosavali-fulis beWvda. mTavroba afinansebda Tavis xarjebs
axlad dabeWdili naRdi fulis saSualebiT. 1921 wlis bolos daiwyo fuladi masis
gamalebuli zrda, rasac Tan mohyva inflaciis mkveTri zrda. magaliTad: 1921 wlis
ianvarSi, gazeTi 0,3 marka Rirda, 2 weliwadze naklebi xnis Semdeg ki es ricxvi 70
mln. markamde gaizarda. inflaciis aseT gansakuTrebul swraf zrdas hiperinflacia
ewodeba.
1923 wels saxelmwifo biujetTan dakavSirebiT viTareba kidev ufro daiZaba.
wlis dasawyisSi safrangeTi daeufla germaniis erT-erT provincias. regionSi
safrangeTis moqmedebebs sayovelTao gaficva mohyva. germaniis mTavrobam gadawyvita,
gaficulebs fuliT daxmareboda; Sedegad amisa saxelmwifo xarjebma kritikul
zRvars miaRwia da mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda kidev ufro swrafi tempebiT ebeWda
fuli. 1923 wels fuladi masis afeTqebis Sedegad fasebis donem mkveTrad aiwia,
inflaciis tempebma milion procents gadaaWarba. ra SeiZleba yofiliyo am inflaciis
mizezi? ra Tqma unda, safrangeTis mier provinciis dapyroba, mTavrobis mier
gaficulebis fuliT mxardaWera da germaniis Selaxuli reputacia.
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2. gardamavali periodis dros mimdinare inflacia saqarTveloSi (gamomwvevi mizezebi
da Sedegebi)
90-ian wlebSi biujetis deficiti damaxasiaTebeli movlena iyo
saqarTvelosTvis. saxelmwifo biujetis deficiti 0.2 %- dan 5 %-mde meryeobda.
ekonomikuri krizisis ZiriTadi gamomwvevi mizezi moTxovnis zrdis pirobebSi
warmoebis deficiti iyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom biujetis deficiti, Tu igi fulis emisias
iwvevs, zrdis fulis miwodebas, rasac saboloo jamSi inflaciamde mivyavarT.
imisTvis rom gavaanalizoT Tu ra gavlenas axdenda biujetis deficiti
inflaciaze, saWiroa, SeviswavloT biujetis deficitis xasiaTi saqarTveloSi.
biujetis dafinansebis ZiriTadi wyaroebi iyo erovnuli bankis pirdapiri sesxi
mTavrobaze, finansTa saministros mier gamoSvebuli saxazino valdebulebebi da
ucxouri sesxebi.
garkveuli xarjebis dasafinanseblad saxelmwifo mimarTavda erovnul banks
pirdapiri sesxis misaRebad. faqtiurad es iyo fulis beWvda, romelic pirdapir
zrdida fulis masasa da fulis miwodebas. magaliTisaTvis, 1999 wels saqarTvelos
mTavrobam 187 milioni lari sesxi miiRo erovnuli bankidan da Sesabamisad amave
moculobis xarjebi daafinansa. rac Seexeba ucxour sesxebs, romlebsac mTavroba
sesxulobda, maTac garkveuli inflaciuri zewola hqondaT. sabolood, am
yvelafris Sedegad qveyanaSi warmoiqmna inflaciuri procesebi, romlebsac Tan mohyva
umuSevroba, fasebis zrda, mosaxleobis mTavrobisadmi ukmayofileba da kidev mravali
sxva negatiuri movlena.
2006 wlidan saqarTvelos mTavrobam miiRo kanoni romlis mixedviTac aikrZala
erovnuli bankis mxridan biujetis deficitis dafinanseba. aRniSnuli
umniSvnelovanesi movlena iyo saqarTvelos uaxles istoriaSi, vinaidan amiT gauqmda
biujetis dafinansebis inflaciuri wyaro.
saqarTveloSi antiinflaciuri politikis ZiriTad mizans, Cveni azriT, unda
Seadgendes ara nebismier fasad inflaciis SeCereba, aramed kerZo da saxelmwifo
ZalisxmeviT inflaciuri procesebis marTva, erovnuli warmoebis zrdisa da qveynis
ekonomikuri interesebidan gamomdinare.
ekonomikur literaturasa da praqtikaSi arsebobs magaliTebi, rodesac mcire
masStabebis inflacia zrdis msyidvelobiTunarian moTxovnas da xels uwyobs
ekonomikur zrdas (e.w. mundel turbin efeqti, romelic warmoadgens
damokidebulebas inflaciasa da moTxovnis zrdas Soris ). saqarTvelos pirobebSi
aRniSnuli modelis gamoyeneba did riskTanaa dakavSirebuli, radgan mas sWirdeba
Sesabamisi stabiluri makroekonomikuri garemo, Sida samamulo warmoebaze
dafuZnebuli da saeqsporto potencialis mqone seqtorebis ganviTarebuli
ekonomikuri struqtura; aucilebelia imis aRniSvna, rom inflaciur procesebTan
118
mimarTebaSi eqsperimentebis Catarebam SeiZleba qveyana katastrofamde miiyvanos,
amitom igi mimdinare etapze Teoriulad da praqtikulad unda gamoiricxos.
ekonomikuri zrdisken mimarTuli antiinflaciuri politika saWiroebs
politikur, ekonomikur da socialur RonisZiebaTa etapobriv gatarebas am mizniT
mizanSewonilia antiinflaciuri politikis ganmsazRvreli Semdegi ZiriTadi
RonisZiebebi:
1. inflaciis finansuri faqtorebis regulireba. antiinflaciur moqmedebaSi
mTavari adgili ukavia biujetis gajansaRebas; saWiroa iseTi ekonomikuri da
administraciuli reformebis gatareba, romlebic biujets waadgeba.
2. inflaciis fuladi faqtorebis regulireba. antiinflaciurma politikam
wina planze unda wamoswios bankis funqcionireba, mis mier gamoSvebuli fulis
odenoba.
3. sakanonmdeblo bazis srulyofa. antiinflaciuri politika unda
efuZnebodes iseTi sakanonmdeblo sistemas, romelic uzrunvelyofs bazris
funqcionirebas da gaakontrolebs bankis mier saxelmwifoze gacemuli sesxebis
odenobas.
4. dawyebuli ekonomikuri reformebis dasruleba gansakuTrebiT ki sabanko,
sagadasaxado, sabiujeto sferoSi.
119
inflaciis statistika da makroekonomikuri
tendenciebi saqarTveloSi1
mixeil dvaliSvili
Tsu bakalavri
mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. m. mindoraSvili
inflaciisa da mSp – is urTierTkavSiris analizi. cnobilia, rom inflaciasa da
mTlian Sida produqts (mSp) Soris arsebobs garkveuli urTierTdamokidebuleba.
kerZod, inflaciis erTi procentiT Semcirebas Tan axlavs qveyanaSi warmoebuli mSp
mniSvnelovanwilad Semcireba.
cxrili 1. mSp -is moculoba da dinamika (mimdinare fasebSi, mln. lari)
wlebi 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
mSp 8 564.1 9 824.3 11 620.9 13 789.9 16 993.8 19 069.6
rogorc cxrilidan 1 Cans, saqarTveloSi, mTliani Siga produqti 2003 – 2008
wlebSi ganuxrelad izrdeboda da, Sesabamisad, 2008 wels miaRwia maqsimalur
mniSvnelobas – 19 069.6 mln lars. aRniSnul periodSi, permanentulad izrdeboda
wliuri inflaciis maCvenebelic. magram 2008 wlis bolosTvis wliuri inflaciis
sidide 2007 wlis analogiur maCvenebelTan SedarebiT Semcirda 11 % - idan 5.5 % -
mde. samomxmareblo fasebis zrdis tempebis Semcireba, ra Tqma unda, dadebiTi
movlenaa. Tumca, aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom inflaciis tempebis Semcireba sasurvelia
ganxorcieldes etapobrivad, ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, da ara erTbaSad. radganac
wliuri inflaciis maCvenebeli 2008 wlisaTvis Semcirda 5,5 procentiT, SeiZleba
vTqvaT, rom amave wels mTliani Siga produqtis moculoba mniSvnelovnad unda
Semcirebuliyo, wina wlis Sesabamis maCvenebelTan SedarebiT. es ki sakmaod Zlier
zians miayenebda saqarTvelos ekonomikas.
cxrilSi 1 warmodgenili monacemebis mixedviT, 2008 wlisaTvis, saqarTvelos
mTlianma Siga produqtma Seadgina 19 069.6 mln lari. saqarTvelos statistikis
departamentis mier dReisTvis warmodgenili monacemebis Tanaxmad SegviZlia vTqvaT,
rom mTliani Siga produqti(mimdinare fasebSi) 2008 wlisaTvis 2007 wlis
analogiur maCvenebelTan SedarebiT araTu Semcirda, rogorc unda momxdariyo, aramed
gaizarda 12.21 % - iT.
1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `statistikis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da daimsaxura saprizo
adgili.
120
aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom statistikis departamentis mier
gamoqveynebuli monacemebis garkveuli raodenoba ar Seesabameba sinamdviles. zemoT
warmodgenili analizidan Cans, rom realurad, dReisTvis, inflaciis tempebi
saqarTveloSi gacilebiT maRalia, oficialuri statistikis mier warmodgenil
monacemebTan SedarebiT.
ganvixiloT Tu rogori damokidebulebaa saqarTveloSi saSualo Tviur xelfas-
sa da inflacias Soris. 2003-2008 wlebSi saqarTveloSi saSualo Tviuri
nominaluri xelfasis maCvenebeli mudmivad izrdeboda. aRniSnuli naTlad Cans
cxrilidan 2. kerZod, 2007 wlisaTvis saSualo Tviuri xelfasi 2003 wlis
analogiur maCvenebelTan SedarebiT gaizarda 140.1 lariT da Seadgina 241.6 lari.
aRniSnuli SeiZleba gaxdes qveyanaSi inflaciuri procesebis garTulebis
mizezi. saSualo Tviuri xelfasis zrda gamoiwvevs erToblivi moTxovnis gazrdas da
Tu qveyanaSi ar iqneba warmoebuli mTliani Siga produqti Sesabamisi moculobiT
fasebis saerTo done gaizrdeba.
da piriqiT, rodesac dasaqmebulTa saSualo Tviuri xelfasis zrdis tempebi
SesabamisobaSia, wlis manZilze, amave qveyanaSi, warmoebuli mTliani Siga produqtis
zrdis tempTan, maSin samomxmareblo fasebi mniSvnelovnad ar gaizrdeba. amas
ganapirobebs is garemoeba, rom saSualo Tviuri xelfasis zrdiT ganpirobebuli
erToblivi moTxovnis zrdas daakmayofilebs, qveyanaSi, wlis manZilze, warmoebuli
mTliani Siga produqtis zrdiT gamowveuli erToblivi miwodebis zrda.
cxrili 2. saqarTveloSi saSualo Tviuri nominaluri xelfasi 2003-2008 wlebSi
wlebi 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
saSualo Tviuri
xelfasi (larebSi) 101.5 116.4 149.3 190.2 241.6 -
inflaciisa da umuSevrobis urTierTkavSiri. am or makroekonomikur maCvenebels
Soris, gansakuTrebiT drois moklevadian periodSi, arsebobs ukuproporciuli
damokidebuleba. sainteresoa sruldeba Tu ara saqarTveloSi zogadad ekonomikaSi
miRebuli urTierTdamokidebuleba inflaciasa da umuSevrobas Soris.
cxrili 3. wliuri inflacia da umuSevrobis done
wlebi 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
inflacia(X)
(%) 7,1 3,6 19,2 4 4,7 5,6 4,8 5,7 8,2 9,2 9,2 10
umuSevr. (Y)
(%) 7,6 14,5 13,8 10,3 11,1 12,6 11,5 12,6 13,8 13,6 13,3 -
121
cxrilSi warmodgenili monacemebis wyviladi regresuli analizidan miviReT,
rom, saqarTveloSi inflaciis 1 %- iT Semcirebas (gazrdas) Tan mohyveba
umuSevrobis donis 0.14 % -iT Semcireba(gazrda). es damokidebulebas ase gamoisaxeba.
Y = 11.2109 + 0.14 X (1)
rogorc vxedavT, saqarTveloSi zemoT xsenebul or maCvenebels Soris
ekonomikaSi sazogadod miRebuli kanonzomiereba irRveva. miT umetes, rodesac
SevamowmeT mocemuli modelis saimedooba miviReT, rom is ver asaxavs marTebul
damokidebulebas 1997-2007 wlebSi, saqarTveloSi arsebul inflaciasa da
umuSevrobas Soris.
saqarTveloSi, aRniSnul wlebSi, arsebuli inflaciisa da umuSevrobis
analizis Sedegad ver moxerxda Segvedgina wyviluri regresuli modeli, romelic
gamosaxavda raime saxis, miT umetes, ukuproporciul damokidebulebas am or
umniSvnelovanes makroekonomikur maCvenebels Soris. aqedan gamomdinare, Zalian
Znelia, saqarTveloSi marTebuli, efeqtiani, makroekonomikuri politikis SemuSaveba.
is rom, 1997-2007 wlebSi, saqarTveloSi arsebuli inflaciisa da umuSevrobis
donis monacemebis ekonometrikuli analiziT ver miviReT raime saxis, miT umetes
ukuproporciuli damokidebuleba aRniSnul makroekonomikur maCveneblebs Soris,
SeiZleba miuTiTebdes maT mcdarobaze.
aqedan gamomdinare, kidev ufro myardeba qarTul sazogadoebaSi farTod
gavrcelebuli mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom dReisTvis inflaciis tempebi gacilebiT
maRalia, saqarTvelos statistikis departamentis mier gamoqveynebul oficialur
monacemebTan SedarebiT.
cxrili 4. inflaciis tempi (saS. wl. wina wlis saS. wliurT.) da saS. Tviuri
nomin. xelfasi
wlebi 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
inflaciis tempi
(saS. wliuri
wina wlis saS.
wliurTan)
4 4.7 5.6 4.8 5.7 8.2 9.2 9.2 10
saS. Tviuri nomin.
xelfasi,
gadasaxadebis gareSe
72.5 82.6 99.1 101.5 116.4 149.3 190.2 - -
saqarTveloSi arsebuli saSualo Tviuri nominaluri xelfasisa da wliuri
inflaciis korelaciuri kavSiris analizidan irkveva, rom maT Soris arsebobs
mWidro urTierTkavSiri. kerZod, miviReT, rom aRniSnul makroekonomikur
maCveneblebs Soris korelaciis koeficienti udris 0.97 –s.
aqedan gamomdinare, ekonomikuri politikis SemuSavebisas Zalian mniSvnelovania
aRniSnuli urTierTkavSiris gaTvaliswineba.
122
wina cxrilSi warmodgenili monacemebis korelaciuri analizidan miviReT, rom
mniSvnelovani cvlileba saSualo Tviur nominalur xelfasSi gamoiwvevs inflaciis
mkveTrad Secvlas.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT saSualo Tviur nominalur xelfassa da wliur inflacias
Soris ekonomikaSi sazogadod miRebul damokidebulebas, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom
saqarTveloSi saSualo Tviuri nominaluri xelfasis mniSvnelovani gazrda
gamoiwvevs qveyanaSi arsebuli saSualo wliuri inflaciis mkveTrad gazrdas.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1) monacemebi saSualo Tviuri xelfasis Sesaxeb – ekonomikuri politikisa da samarTlebrivi
sakiTxebis qarTul-evropuli sakonsultacio centri; Jurnali saqarTvelos ekonomikuri
tendenciebi;
2) yvela sxva raodenobrivi maCvenebeli - saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
statistikis departamenti, www.statistics.ge
123
saqarTvelosa da msoflios mosaxleobis
ricxovnobis prognozebi1
Salva giorgaZe
Tsu bakalavriati
mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. m. xmalaZe
mosaxleobis ricxovnobis prognozireba, eTnodemografiuli ruqebis
Sedgena, erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi parametria globaluri da regionaluri
ekonomikuri, politikuri da ekologiuri problemebis gadasawyvetad. msoflio
mosaxleobis prognozis bolo variantiT, dedamiwis mosaxleoba 2008-2050 wlebSi
gaizrdeba 2,647 miliardiT da miaRwevs 9,352 miliards. qvemoT gTavazobT
cxrils, sadac warmodgenilia is ZiriTadi qveynebi, romlebic am maCveneblis
cvlilebas ganapirobeben. gaeros demografTa mier Catarebuli ukanaskneli
reviiziis monacemebiT Semdegia:
2008 2025 2050 %
msoflio sul 6.705 8.000 9.352 139.5 %
afrika 0.967 1.358 1.932 199.8 %
amerika 0.915 1.080 1.258 137.5 %
azia 4.052 4.793 5.427 133.9 %
evropa 0.736 0.726 0.685 93.1 %
avstarlia da
okeaneTi
0.35 0.042 0.049 140.0 %
rogorc xedavT, prognozis mixedviT, evropis mosaxleobis ricxovnoba
Semcirdeba, TumcaRa, ufro rom CavuRrmavdeT aRniSnul sakiTxs, evropul
qveyanaTa sakmaod did jgufSi mosaxleoba araTu Semcireba, aramed misi
matebacaa mosalodneli: evropis mosaxleobis ricxovnobis SemcirebaSi
umTavresi wili ruseTsa da ukrainaze modis. yofili ssrk_is qveynebs Tu
gamovyobT, clasaxad aRebuli evropa demografiuli TvalsazrisiT sakmao
stabilurobiT gamoirCeva.
ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos erTi metad saintereso momenti, romelic dRevan-
deli msofliosTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. kerZod, arsebobs garkveuli
disproporcia qveyanaTa garkveul jgufsa da sxva danarCen msoflios Soris,
rac gulisxmobs am qveyanaTa jgufSi dasaxlebuli mosaxleobis ricxovnobasa
da maT mier dakavebul teritorias Soris araproporciul ganawilebas.
1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `ekonomikuri statistikis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da
daimsaxura saprizo adgili
124
qveyanaTa jgufSi _ aSS, evropa, kanada, avstralia da okeaneTi, sadac
dasaxlebulia msoflios mTliani mosaxleobis 15%, ukavia dedamiwis
teritoriis daaxloebiT 28.2%, es disproporcia 2050 wlis saprognozo
monacemebiT kidev ufro gaRrmavdeba da rogorc ukve avRniSneT, dedamiwis
mTliani teritoriis 28.2%_ze icxovrebs mosaxleobis 12.9%, danarCen msoflios
mosaxleobas, romelic Seadgens 87.1%_s ergeba dedamiwis 71%. xazi unda gaesvas
im faqts, rom aRniSnuli disproporcia SesaZlebelia aRmoCndes globaluri
teritoriuli konfliqtebis Casaxvisa da gamwvavebis mizezi.
aqve unda gaesvas xazi ruseTis mosaxleobis simWidrovesTan dakavSirebul
saintereso monacemebs. kerZod, dedamiwis teritoriis 12.6%_is mqone qveyanaa,
sadac dasaxlebulia 1.52% msoflo mosaxleobis. aRniSnuli maCvenebeli 2050
wlis prognoziT kidev ufro Semcirdeba da gaxdeba 1.18%. aRniSnuli
disproporcia yvelaze mwvavea msoflioSi.
rac Seexeba samxeTi kavkasiis demografiul suraTs, igi Semdegnairad
gamoiyureba:
cxrili 2. samxreTi kavkasiis mosaxleobis ricxovnoba 1913-2050 ww
(mln adamiani)
saqarTvelo azerbaijani somxeTi
1913 2.6 2.3 1.0
1959 4.0 3.7 1.7
1966 4.5 4.6 2.2
1979 5.0 6.0 3.0
2008 4.6 8.7 3.1
2025 4.2 9.7 3.3
2050 3.3 11.6 3.3
istorias Tvals Tu gadavavlebT, saqarTvelo 1913 wlidan dominirebul
pozicias ikavebda samxreT kavkasiaSi, Tumca aRniSnuli poziciis Sesusteba 1966
wlidan daiwyo da 2008wels saqarTvelom gadmoinacvla meore adgilze,
azerbaijanis mosaxleobis ricxovnobis sagZnobi matebis fonze. mosaxleobis
ricxovnobaze mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli aramarto demografiuli, aramden
samxedro da ekonomikuri usafrTxoebac. am TvalsazrisiT XXI saukunis pirveli
naxevari saqarTvelos kargs arafers uqadis. ricxovnobiT is uTanabrdeba
somxeTs, romlis ricxov-noba gaizrdeba 2050wlisaTvis 3_jer, xolo
azerbaijanis mosaxleoba 2050 wlisaTvis saqarTvelos da somxeTis erTad
aRebul mosaxleobas 1.8_jer gadaaWarbebs.
saqarTvelos demografiuli prognozi aseT suraTs iZleva. (ix. cxrili 3).
Cveni mTavari amocana gaxldaT mogvewodebina gamafrTxilebeli prognozi,
125
mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis ucvleli reJimis SenarCunebiT da gvenaxa is suraTi,
rac Cvens qveyanas elis im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki is ZiriTadi demografiuli
maCveneblebi ar Seicvleba, rac dResdReisobiT damaxasiaTebelia Cveni
qveynisTvis.
cxrili 3. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ricxovnobis prognozi 2007-2027 wlebSi
asaki mosaxleoba
2007 wels
(aTasi)
2012 2017 2022 2027
0-4 244.4 200.2 188.2 201.0 162.0
5-9 232.8 242.8 198.9 187.0 199.7
10-14 253.3 229.3 241.2 195.9 184.1
15-19 284.1 249.4 225.8 239.7 192.8
20-24 296.1 279.3 245.5 222.5 239.1
25-29 284.5 290.4 174.5 241.7 219.1
30-34 262.4 287.1 284.9 269.8 237.9
35-39 251.4 255.2 271.9 279.5 265.3
40-44 255.6 242.8 248.3 265.8 274.3
45-49 262.5 244.3 234.6 241.5 259.8
50-54 231.2 246.8 233.6 226.7 234.9
55-59 198.1 212.8 232.1 223.4 219.1
60-64 188.2 177.0 196.2 218.5 213.7
65-69 189.5 162.0 158.6 181.1 205.7
70-74 170.7 154.0 140.1 142.5 167.3
75-79 128.7 123.9 126.4 121.9 128.4
80-84 72.8 79.9 91.8 104.7 106.5
85 32.9 35.0 51.3 69.3 87.5
sul 3839.2 3703.2 3643.9 3632.6 3596.2
126
siRaribe uaxlesi periodis saqarTveloSi1
irakli makalaTia
Tsu bakalavri
mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. b. gabiZaSvili
siRaribe SefardebiTi da amave dros metad rTuli socialur-ekonomikuri
kategoriaa. saukunis win saqarTveloSi soflis glexkaci Tavs Raribad ar miiCnevda
Tu mas wlis ganmavlobaSi ojaxis gamosakvebad saWiro sursaTi da cotaodeni
tansacmeli hqonda. SemdgomSi sazogadoebis ganviTarebas mohyva moTxovnilebis
ganuxreli zrda, adamianebs aRar akmayofilebdaT miRweuli cxovrebis done, maT
daiwyes materialuri mdgomareobisa da sulieri cxovrebis gaumjobesebaze fiqri.
adamianma jer unda Wamos, svas, Caicvas, daixuros da Semdeg SeeZleba mas
ideologiaze fiqri. dRevandel dRes teqnologiuri ganviTarebisa da moTxovnilebaTa
zrdis fonze cxovrebis doniT mosaxleobam ukan daiwia. siRaribis maCveneblebi
aisaxeba ara marto adamianTa kvebaSi, Cacma_daxurvasa da sxva materialur yofaSi,
aramed jandacvaSi, ganaTlebaSi, kulturul da sxva socialur moTxovnilebebSi.
adamianis cxovrebis done gansxvavebuli iyo yovelTvis, nebismieri
sazogadoebis pirobebSi, adamianis sxvadasxva fenebis mixedviT. jer kidev Zvel
saberZneTSi iyo gavrcelebuli devizi: ,,adamianis keTildReoba_umaRlesi mizani.”
nebismier sazogadoebaSi adamianTa sxvadasxva fenebis mixedviT gansxvavebuli
ekonomikuri mdgomareoba obieqturi ekonomikuri mdgomareobiTac aixsneba.
politikuri ekonomiis mTavari principis _ ra vawarmooT, mTavar safuZvels
warmoadgens sazogadoebaSi arsebuli resursebis SezRuduloba. arasakmarisi
resursebi socializmamde arsebul yvela ekonomikur formaciaSi romelime kerZo
piris xelSi iyo, amitom es kerZo pirebi yovelTvis TavianT sasargeblod
awarmoebdnen ama Tu im saxis materialur dovlaTsa da momsaxurebas. es faqti
warmoSobda sazogadoebaSi adamianTa ekonomikur uTanasworobas da dResac ki didia
gansxvaveba ganviTarebuli, socialurad orientirebuli qveynebis mdidarTa da
RaribTa ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi.
mosaxleobis cxovrebis done erT-erTi mniSvnelovani socialuri kategoriaa,
romelic gulisxmobs mosaxleobis materialuri da sulieri moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofilebis donesa da xarisxs. amitom is moicavs mosaxleobis Semosavlebs,
danaxarjebs, mosaxleobis socialuri dacvis sistemas da sapensio uzrunvelyofas.
mecnierebi gamoyofen mosaxleobis cxovrebis oTx dones: 1) SeZlebuli cxovrebis
done, 2) normaluri cxovrebis done, 3) siRaribe da 4) siRatake.
1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `statistikis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da daimsaxura saprizo
adgili.
127
rogorc g. Tarxan-mouravi aRniSnavs Tavis naSromSi, am ukanaskneli
aTwleulis manZilze siRaribis cnebis Sesaxeb sami gansxvavebuli midgoma gamoirCeva:
pirveli midgomiT siRaribis cnebaSi igulisxmeba cxovrebiseul SesaZleblobaTa
ukmarisoba, rac TavisTavad ukavSirdeba usaxsrobasa da materialuri wyaroebis
naklebobas. es ganmarteba dafuZnebulia obieqtur faqtorebze da ugulvebelyofs
subieqturi faqtorebis gavlenas siRaribeze. amitom meore midgomis momxreebi
siRaribed miiCneven mxolod adamianis subieqtur ganwyobas, miaCnia Tu ara mas Tavi
Raribad. es midgomac calmxrivi da arasrulyofilia imdenad, ramdenadac maRali
Semosavlis mqone adamiansac SeiZleba gaaCndes ukmayofilebis grZnoba da Tavs
Raribad Tvlides. ufro srulyofilia mesame midgoma, romlis mixedviTac siRaribis
qveS ara marto materialuri, aramed sulieri faqtorebis erToblioba igulisxmeba.
materialurs cxadia sasursaTo da arasasursaTo samomxmareblo Rirebulebani
gansaRvraven, xolo suliers _ momsaxureba. sabolood SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom
siRaribe aris Semosavlebis (fuladi da arafuladi) ukmarisoba adamianis
fiziologiuri da sulieri arseboba-ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro minimalurad
aucilebel materialur da sulier RirebulebaTa da momsaxurebis moxmarebisaTvis.
am ganmartebaSi asaxulia adamianis rogorc fiziologiuri (sursaTi,
tansacmeli, fexsacmeli, sacxovrebeli da sxv.), ise fsiqologiuri (imedi, Tanadgoma,
siyvaruli, SiSi da sxv.) da socialuri (usafrTxoeba, Ppativiscema, wesrigi da sxv.)
moTxovnilebani. Aqedan, cxadia, Tu qveyanaSi sufevs usamarTloba, ukanonoba, SiSis
sindromi, adamianebi ver igrZnoben Tavs daculad da yovelgvari materialuri qoneba
fuWia adamianis sulieri ganviTarebisaTvis. msoflio bankis debulebiT Raribad
iTvleba pirovneba, romelsac dReSi Semosavali 2 aSS dolarze, xolo Ratakad _ Tu
erT aSS dolarze naklebi aqvs.
siRaribis statistikuri maCveneblebia: siRaribis done, siRrme da simwvave.
siRaribis done ewodeba Raribi mosaxleobis xvedriT wonas mosaxleobis mTel
ricxovnobaSi da gamoiTvleba formuliT k =n
q, sadac q – Raribebis ricxovnobaa, n-
mosaxleobis saerTo ricxovnoba.
siRaribis absolutur zRvrad gamokvlevebiT miCneulia saarsebo minimumi. am
ukanasknelSi ki gulisxmoben Sromisunariani asakis (15-dan 65 wlamde) mamakacis
saarsebo minimums. siRaribis maCveneblebis gasaangariSeblad gamokvlevebSi
gamoyenebulia, agreTve medianuri moxmarebis 60% da medianuri moxmarebis 40%,
romlebsac uwodeben siRaribis fardobiT zRvrebs. medianuri moxmareba ki moxmarebis
is sididea, romlis qvemoT anu mosaxleobis qvemo naxevari (50%) masze ufro
naklebs moixmars, xolo meore naxevari anu zemo naxevari (50%) masze mets.
128
siRaribis done zogadi maCvenebelia da ver axasiaTebs saarsebo minimumidan anu
siraribis zRvridan RaribTa daSorebis manZils, amitom statistika angariSobs meore
maCvenebels, romelsac ewodeba siRaribis siRrme.
siRaribis siRrme axasiaTebs saarsebo minimumidan Raribi mosaxleobis saSualo
Semosavlis daSorebis manZils da gamoiTvleba formuliT: P =nz
yzq
i
i
1
)(
,
sadac Z – saarsebo minimumia-siraribis zRvaria mocemul periodSi; y – Raribi
mosaxleobis i- uri wevris Semosavlis sidide, n – mosaxleobis ricxovnoba mocemul
qveyanaSi; nz – mTeli mosaxleobis siRaribis zrvris donis saerTo momarebaa.
siRaribis siRrmis maCvenebelic ver iZleva siRaribis srulyofil suraTs,
radgan gamokvlevis miRma rCeba TviT RaribTa Soris cxovrebis donis gansxvavebuli
suraTi, imdenad ramdenadac Raribebis erTi nawili axlosaa saarsebo minimumTan da
uaxloes periodSi qveynis ekonomikis winsvlasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba gadascildes
am zRvars da saSualo mcxovrebTa zonaSi moxvdes, amavdroulad Raribebis meore
nawili SeiZleba axlos iyos Ratakebisa da saerTod arafris mqone macxovrebelTa
zonasTan. am zonasTan daaxloebis manZilis gasazomad, msoflio statistikur
Teoriasa da praqtikaSi SemoRebulia mesame maCvenebeli, romelsac siRaribis simwvave
ewodeba da gamoiTvleba formuliT: P =
2
1
1
q
i
i
z
yz
n
2005 wels gamocemul statistikur weliwdeulSi naCvenebia, rom vardebis
revoluciis Semdgomi periodis mxolod pirvel wels siRaribis done saqarTveloSi
2.5 %-iT Semcirda. es monacemi niSnavs, rom siRaribis daZlevis samoqmedo gegma
warmatebiT amoqmedda. magram igive analizi cxadyofs, rom RaribTa qveda fenaSi
(medianuri moxmarebis 60 da 40 procentis mimarT) siRaribe vardebis revoluciis
Semdeg ki ar Semcirda, aramed gaizarda kidec, rogorc donis, siRrmis, ise
simwvavis mixedviT.
siRaribis miRma saqarTveloSi 1997 wels cxovrobda 46,2%, 2000 wels-
51,8%, 2003 wels_ 54,5%, xolo 2004 wels _ 52,0%.1 Aqedan, cxadia, rom vardebis
revoluciis ASemdgomi periodis saqarTveloSi pirvelive wels siRaribis done 2,5
%-iT Semcirda. imave 2004 wlis manZilze siRaribis donis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros statistikis departamentis mier 2006 wels
gamocemul statistikis weliwdeulSi siRaribis donis Sesaxeb gaCnda axali cifrebi,
romlebic gviCveneben, rom 2004 wlis pirvelive kvartalSi siRaribis donem Seadgina
32,8% 2 , xolo 2004 wlisaTvis 35,7%, anu daaxloebiT orjer naklebi, vidre es
naCvenebi iyo 2005 wels gamocemul statistikur weliwdeulSi.
1 ix. saqarTvelos Sinameurneobebi 2003-2004 ww. statistikuri krebuli, Tb. 2005 gv. 152
2 ix. saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli, 2006. gv.70
129
bunebrivia, rom daismis kiTxva: ram gamoiwvia saqarTveloSi siRaribis donis
orjer Semcireba?
2004 wlis siRaribis absoluturi zRvari erTi Sromisunariani asakis
mamakacze gaangariSebiT 151,7 laridan 84,3 laramde Semcirda. 1 xolo orjer
Semcirebul saarsebo minimumTan mosaxleobis faqtobrivi Semosavlebis Sedarebam ki
gamoiwvia saqarTveloSi siRaribis orjer Semcireba.
saarsebo minimumi gamoiTvleba samomxmareblo kalaTis damatebiT gadasaxadebsa
da Senatanebze. samomxmareblo kalaTa(minimumi) = sasursaTo kalaTa(minimumi) +
arasasursaTo moxmareba + gaweuli momsaxurebis Rirebuleba. sasursaTo kalaTa
ewodeba kvebis produqtebis im nakrebs, rac fiziologiuri normebis, maTi
kaloriulobisa da sabazro fasebis mixedviT, minimalurad mainc saWiroa adamianis
fizikuri arseboba ganviTarebisa da sicocxlisunarianobis SesanarCuneblad.
sasursaTo kalaTis Rirebulebis gamoTvla xdeba moxmarebis fiziologiuri
normebis gadamravlebiT sabazro fasebze. saarsebo minimumis gamoTvlisas
mxedvelobaSi miiReba sasursaTo kalaTis Rirebuleba da is faqti, rom saarsebo
minimumi erTi Sromisunariani asakis mamakacze gaangariSibiT TiTqmis orjer Semcirda.
SeuZlebelia momxdariyo ise, rom ar Semcirebuliyo kvebis produqtebis moxmarebis
fiziologiuri normebi.
dReis.Tvis saqarTveloSi minimaluri sasursaTo kalaTis rekomendebuli
Semadgenloba Sromisunariani mamakacisaTvis Seadgens 2300,0 kkalorias dRiuri
moxmarebisaTvis.
Tuki dinamikaSi ganvixilavT Sinameurneobebis samomxmareblo fulad xarjebs
saSualod TveSi, SevamCnevT, rom sasursaTo nawarmze fuladi xarjebi sagrZnoblad
maRali xvedri woniTaa warmodgenili, xolo ganaTlebaze, kulturasa da dasvenebaze
fuladi xarjebis xvedri wona minimaluria. sxva xarjebis xvedri wilis TiTqmis
ucvlelobis pirobebSi, sasursaTo nawarmze fuladi xarjebis xvedri wona
samomxmareblo fulad xarjebSi mcirdeba da procentulad Seadgens: 2004 wels _
53.6%-s, 2005 wels _ 50.4%, 2006 wels _ 50.6%, 2007 wels _ 48,3%, es
monacemebi imis maniSnebelia, rom mosaxleobis cxovrebis done umjobesdeba. axla
vnaxoT, Tu rogor icvleba sasursaTo nawarmze fuladi xarjebis xvedri wona
mTlian xarjebSi. es monacemebi procentulad Semdegi saxisaa: 2004 weli _ 34.7%,
2005 wels _ 35.0%, 2006 wels _ 35.4%, 2007 wels _ 35.1%. im fonze, roca
siRaribis done mcirdeba, Seusabamobaa is faqti, rom sasursaTo nawarmze fuladi
xarjebis xvedri wona mTlian xarjebSi TiTqmis uvlelia.
Tuki gadavxedavT arasamomxmareblo fulad xarjebs, SevniSnavT, rom qonebis
SeZenaze fuladi danaxarjebi mcirdeba da Seadgens: 2004 wels _ 7,5 mln lars
1 ix. saqarTvelos Sina meurneobebi 2003-2004 ww, statistikuri krebuli, 2005w. gv. 150 da saqarTvelos
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros statistikis departamentis kvartaluri biuleteni, Tb. 2008, gv. 80.
130
2005 wels _ 7,7 mln lars 2006 wels _ 6.0 mln lars 2007 wels_4,4 mln laris.
xolo maTi xvedri wona mTlian danaxarjebSi TiTqmis 0-s utoldeba, rac
mosaxleobis arasaxarbielo finansur mdgomareobaze miuTiTebs. cxril 2-Si
mocemuli Sinameurneobebis mTliani Semosavlebi (fuladi da arafuladi) erT sulze
gaangariSebiT imaze metyvelebs, rom saSualod vardebis revoluciis Semdeg
SinameurneobaTa Semosavlebi erT sulze aWarbebs saarsebo minimums, magram vnaxoT,
ras warmoadgens es Tanxebi 1996 wlis ucvlel fasebSi gadayvaniT, deflatoris
gamoyenebiT, rac udris 2,0-s. 2007 wels SinameurneobaTa saSualo Semosavlebi erT
sulze gaangariSebiT Seadgens 115,2 : 2,0 = 57,6 lars, xolo saarsebo minimumi 105,0
: 2,0 = 52,5 lars. laris dolarze gacvlis dRevandeli kursiT, saqarTveloSi
SinameurneobaTa saSualo suladobrivi Semosavali Seadgens 57,6 : 1,65 = 34,9 aSS
dolars, xolo saSualo momxmareblis saarsebo minimumi 52,5 : 1,65 = 31,8 aSS
dolars. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom msoflio bankis debulebiT Raribad iTvleba
pirovneba, romelsac dReSi Semosavali 2 aSS dolarze, xolo Ratakad _ erT aSS
dolarze naklebi aqvs, maSin saqarTveloSi yvela Sinameurneoba SemosavlebiT
siRatakis zRvarzea, xolo saarsebo minimumi _ Ratakuri,
cxrili 1. siRaribis maCveneblebi1
siRaribis
maCveneblebi
wlebi
siRaribis done siRaribis siRrme siRaribis simwvave
medianuri
moxmarebis 60%-is
mimarT
medianuri
moxmarebis 40%-is
mimarT
medianuri
moxmarebis 60%-is
mimarT
medianuri
moxmarebis 40%-is
mimarT
medianuri
moxmarebis 60%-is
mimarT
medianuri
moxmarebis 40%-is
mimarT
2004 24.6 10.9 8.1 3.4 4.0 1.7
2005 24.1 10.1 7.6 3.1 3.6 1.5
2006 23.3 9.4 7.2 2.8 3.3 1.3
2007 21.3 9.2 6.9 2.7 3.2 1.3
saqarTveloSi masobrivi siRaribis ganviTarebas safuZvlad udevs ekonomikis
memkvidreobiT miRebuli CamorCeniloba gasuli saukunis 70-80-iani wlebidan. meore
mTavari mizezi aris Tanamegobrobis sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT 90-ian wlebSi
ekonomikis maRali tempebiT dacema, rac ganapiroba erTiani ekonomikuri sistemis
moSlam, mokavSire qveynebTan kavSir-urTierTobis Sewyvetam da sxva mravalma
subieqturma faqtorma: samoqalaqo omma, arasworma monetarulma da fiskalurma
131
politikam, korufciis arnaxuli tempebiT ganviTarebam da sxva faqtorebma. Yovelive
aman saqarTvelo miiyvana masobriv siRaribemde da saerTo krizisis ganviTarebamde.
cxrili 2. SinameurneobaTa Semosavlebi erT sulze da saSualo
momxmareblis saarsebo minimumi (lari):2
maCveneblebi
wlebi
SinameurneobaTa
Semosavlebi erT sulze
(lari)
saSualo momxmareblis
saarsebo minimumi (lari)
Sromis unariani
mamakacis saarsebo
minimumi (lari)
2004
2005
2006
2007
84.7
92.3
102.7
115.2
74.7
84.9
94.4
105.0
84.3
95.8
106.5
118.6
Tanamedrove msoflioSi mravalsaukunovani istoriis, uZvelesi, maRali
kulturis, agreTve mdidari bunebriv-klimaturi da xelsayreli geopolitikuri
mdebareobis mqone qveynebidan iSviaTobas warmoadgens saqarTvelo, Tumca gamorCeulia
siRaribis maRali doniT. Cvens qveyanas SeuZlia sakuTari sanedleulo bazis
maRalefeqtiani gamoyenebiT ara marto sakuTari moTxovnilebani daikmayofilos,
aramed awarmoos da miawodos msoflio bazars maRalxarisxovani Rvino, Cai,
citrusebi, xili, bostneuli, mineraluri wyali, marganeci, feradi liTonebi, saSeni
masalebi, agreTve Tvalwarmtaci bunebiT SeuZlia msoflio turistuli mogzaurobaTa
centri gaxdes.
sabolood imeds gamovTqvamT, rom sabazro ekonomika adre Tu gvian gonivruli
samTavrobo ekonomikuri politikis gatarebiT srulyofilad gamoiyenebs saqarTvelos
mdidar bunebriv-klimatur pirobebs, agreTve xelsayrel geopolitikur mdebareobas,
ganaviTarebs qveynis ekonomikas da mecnieruli kvlevebi warimarTeba ara siRaribis,
aramed upiratesad xalxTa simdidris Sesaswavlad.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. b. gabiZaSvili, z.kirvaliZe _ siRaribis portreti saqarTveloSi, Tbilisis universitetis
gamomcemloba, Tb., 2003 w.
2. g. Tarxan-mouravi _ siRaribe gardamaval sazogadoebaSi, saqarTvelo, Tb., 1998 w.
3. saqarTvelos Sinameurneobebi 2003-2004 ww. statistikuri krebuli. Tb. 2005 w.
4. saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli, Tb. 2006 w.
5. saqarTvelos Sinameurneobebi 2003-2004 ww. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros
statistikis departamentis kvartaluri biuleteni, Tbilisi, 2008.
132
mcire biznesis ganviTarebis donis faqtobrivi analizi 1
gvanca dgebuaZe
Tsu bakalavri
mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. T. Sengelia
saqarTveloSi msoflios sxva qveynebis msgavsad mimdinare periodSi finansur-
ekonomikuri krizisia. aseT viTarebaSi qveynisTvis sasicocxlod aucilebelia
arsebuli samuSao adgilebis SenarCuneba da axlis Seqma. arsebobs mosazreba, rom am
situaciaSi mniSvnelovania mcire biznesis masobrivi formireba da ganviTareba.
mcire biznesis ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi xangrZlivi istoria ar gaaCnia,
marTalia, XIX saukunis dasawyisisTvis iyo biznesis warmoebis niSnebi,(viTardeboda
xelosnoba, vaWroba, mevenaxeoba) magram qveynis bolSekikur mmarTvelobaze
daqvemdebarebam erTianad CaaxSo yvelanairi perspeqtiva, vinaidan sabWoTa kavSirSi
mewarmeoba miuRebeli saqmianoba gaxldaT, mewarmeebi represiebis obieqtebi xdebodnen.
1991-1994 wlebSi marTalia, qveyanam damoukidebloba moipova, magram samoqalaqo
dapirispirebebma da destabilizaciam SeuZlebeli gaxada biznesis warmoeba. 1995
wlidan nel-nela, kus nabijebiT qveyanaSi biznes garemos Camoyalibeba daiwyo, Tumca
korufciis manqanam da energo krizisma gamoricxa misi Semdgomi ganviTareba.
situacia Seicvala 2003 wlidan, axali mTavrobis pirobebSi qveyanaSi SesaZle-
beli gaxda jansaRi biznes garemos Camoyalibeba, gatarda reformebi da arsebuli
kanonmdeblobisa da sagadasaxado sistemis pirobebSi gamartivebulia, mcire biznesis
wamowyeba da warmeoba. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, wesiT, saqarTveloSi mcire
biznesi swrafi tempiT unda viTardebodes.
miuxedavad am faqtisa, qyeyanaSi mcire biznesis ganviTareba aradamakmayo-
filebelia, saqarTveloSi mcire da saSualo biznesSi dasaqmebulia mTlian dasaq-
mebulTa 25%, massin rodesac inglisSi igive maCvenebeli 49%-s Seadgens, xolo
germaniaSi- 80%-s. ra aris amis mizezi?
rasakvirvelia, es kompleqsuri problemaa da erT mizezs ar micavs, magram me
gadavwyviete yuradReba, erT-erT maTganze gamemaxvilebina. vinaidan am dargis ganviTa-
reba metwilad sazogadoebis iniciativazea damokidebuli, logikuria, problema swo-
red aq veZioT. arsebobs mosazreba, rom sazogadoebis umetesi nawili ufrTxis saku-
Tari saqmis wamowyebas, maT urCevniaT, monawileoba miiRon sxvisi produqtis war-
moebaSi, vidre sakuTari riskis fasad akeTon biznesi. amboben, rom es jer kidev sab-
WoTa kavSiris gamoZaxilia, vinaidan, kerZo mewarme didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ofici-
alurad sazogadoebisaTvis miuRebel pirad iTvleboda, am xelovnurma stereotipma,
1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna ` biznesis administrirebis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da
daimsaxura saprizo adgili, xolo studentTa 69-e sauniversiteto konferenciaze II adgili.
133
daaSora sazogadoebis farTo masebi biznes garemos, konkretulad ki daaknina maTi
riskis sferoSi moqmedebis unarCvevebi. Sedegad, sazogadoeba gaxda ufro damokide-
buli sxvaTa Sromis nayofierebaze, Sesabamisad, saWiro aRar iyo damoukidebeli
SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis pirobebSi, sakuTari qonebis fasad produqtis an momsaxu-
rebis Seqmnis aucilebloba, anu riskze wasvla. sazogadoebaSi damkvidrda cru
warmodgena realur cxovrebaze. bevri miiCnevs, rom Cveni qveynis mosaxloebas kvlav
mcdari Sexeduelba aqvs biznesze da ar Seucvnia misi WeSmariti xibli, amitom moqa-
laqeebi mxolod maSin iwyeben mewarmeobas, roca Semosavlis sxva wyaro ar gaaCniaT.
am problemis ukeT Sesaswavlad me Cavatare gamokiTxva-mokvleva. Cems mier, gamo-
ikiTxa mcire biznesiT dakavebuli 145 mewarme, romlebic ewevian sxvadasxva saqonli-
sa da momsaxurebis warmoebas, TioToeulma maTganma Seavso Cems mier specialurad
momzadebuli kiTxvari.
gamokiTxuli mewarmeebis 27% biznes saqmianobas ramdenime Tvea eweva (0-dan 1
wlamde), naxevari, anu 50% ,samewarmeo saqmanobiT dakavebulia 1-dan 5-wlamde vadiT
da mxolod 23% gamokiTxulebisa marTavs sakuTar sawarmos 5-welze meti droiT.
(ixileT diagrama #1)
1. 0-dan 1 wlamde
2. 1-dan 5 wlamde
3. 5 da meti weli
diagrama #1
Seswavlili sawarmoebis 67%-Si dasaqmebulia 1-dan 5 kacamde, 23%-Si
msaxurobs 5-dan 10-mde moqalaqe da firmaTa mxolod 10%-Si gvxvdeba 10-ze meti
muSa. (ixileT diagrama #2)
0
20
40
60
12
3
Series1
134
1. 1-dan 5 kacamde
2. 5-dan 10 kacamde
3. 10-ze meti kaci
diagrama#2
rogorc aRmoCnda Cems mier gamokiTxuli mewarmeebis 73%-sTvis es saqmianoba
Semosavlis erTaderT wyaros warmoadgens da mxolos 27%-s aqvs sxva finansuri
saxsrebis moZiebis SesaZlebloba (ixileT diagrama #3).
aris Tu ara es saqmianoba Tqveni Semosavlis erTaderTi wyaro?
1. diax
2. ara
diagrama #3
me vTxove mewarmeebs SeefasebinaT maTi sawarmos efeqturoba da Semdegi suraTi
miviRe (ixileT diagrama#4).
1
2
3
0
20
40
60
80
1 2
Series1
0
10
20
30
40
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Series1
135
1.gamorCeuli;
2.Zalian maRali;
3. maRali;
4.normaluri;
5.misaRebi;
6.damakmayofilebeli;
7.aradamakmayofilebeli;
8.uimedo situacia.
diagrama #4
CemTvis Zalian saintereso iyo imis garkveva, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba
mwamroeblis ganaTleba mis saqmianobas. Cem mier gamokveluli sawarmoebis mixedviT
aseTi suraTi miviRe (ixileT diagrama #5).
1.sruliad Seusabamo;
2.sruliad Sesabamisi;
3.nawilobriv Sesabamisi.
diagrama #5
e.i mewarmeebis 23% miiCnevs rom maTi ganaTleba absoluturad Seesabameba maT
saqmaonobas(anu isini ekonomistebi arian) 44%-ma mipasuxa,rom isini srulebiT ar
Seesabamebian maTsave saqmonobas da gamokiTxulTa 33% fiqrobs, rom maTi ganaTleba
nawilobriv Seesabameba sawarmos mmarTvelis funqcias.
Zalze saintereso tendenciis maCvenebelia mewarmeebis pozicia maTi saqmianobis
gafarToebis perspeqtivasTan dakavSirebiT. gamokiTxulTa 78% saerTod ar gegmavs
warmoebis raime formiT gafarToebas, mewarmeTa 16% gegmavs warmoebis moculobis
zrdas, Tumca ar icis ra gziT miaRwevs amas da mxolos 6% mewarmeebisa gegmavs
saqmoanobis gafarToebas ukve gawerili gegmiT (ixileT diagrama #6).
144%
223%
333%
136
1.dagegmilia (gawerili gegmiT)
2. gegmav
3. ar gegmavs
diagrama #6
sabolood, zemoT aRwerili kvleva cxadyofs, rom mwarmoebelTa absoluturi
umravlesobis saqmianoba emyareba primitiul logikas_ `mTavaria gavasaRo~.. maTTvis
mTavar mizans warmoadgens arsebuli produqciis gasaReba da mogebis miReba, Semdgom
aRar fiqroben mogebis nawilis kvlavwarmoebaSi gaSvebaze da winaswar ar gegmaven
sawarmos funqcionirebas. amis naTeli dasturi isaa, rom gamokiTxuli mewarmeebis
67% miiCnevs, rom dagegmva maTi sawarmosTvis ar aris saWiro.
aRsaniSnavia, rom kvlevaSi monawile mewarmeebi ver erkvevian maT mier gaweuli
xarjebis procentul maCveneblebSi, anu isini ar axdenen maTi saqmianobis analizs.
aseT monacemebs erT daskvnamde mivyavarT, mwarmoebelTa absoluturi umravlesoba ar
aris bolomde garkveuli maTi sawarmos SesaZleblobebSi da maTi gaTvlebi emyareba
moklevadian periods.
Cveni mxridan logikuri iqneba mcire biznesis ganviTarebis gzebis moZieba im
qveynidan, romelic am mxriv yvelaze warmatebulia, es udavod, amerikis Seertebuli
Statebia, romelic gvevlineba kidec mcire biznesis warmoebis fuZemdeblad.
amerikis SeerTebul Statebi funqcianorebs organizacia „mcire biznesis
administracia” romelic amerikis kongresma 1953 wels daaarsa. mis xelmZRvanels
niSnavs qveynis prezidenti da amtkicebs senati. mTel qveyanaSi funqcionirebs am
organizaciis 1000-mde filiali sadac 50-mde saxis programa funqcionirebs.erT-erT
mTavar saqmianobad iTvleba sainformacio mxardaWera da gadamzadeba.sxvadasxva
filialebSi mimdinareobs treiningebi da konsultaciebi, romlebic aerTianeben 10
000-ze met yofil da axlad daarsebul sawarmos.aseve arsebobs individualuri
midgomis konsultaciis da daxmarebis programebi.am organizaciis funqcionirebis
mTavari mizani mewarmeebis mewarmeobiTi potencialis amaRlebaa, vinaidan gamocdile-
bis ar arsebobis da sxvadasxva problemis gauTvaliswineblobis gamo aSS-Si yovel-
wliurad axladgaxsnili sawarmoebis 85% kotrdeba.
1
2
3
137
miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi arsebobs patar-patara sakonsultacio
jgufebi, (`mcire biznesis ganviTarebisa da xelSewyobis centri~, `evropis
rekonstuqciisa da ganviTarebis banki~, `saqarTvelos sawarmoTa xelSewyobis proeq-
ti~, `saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis daxmarebis fondi~, `Ria sazogadoeba saqarTve-
los fondi~ da sxva) isini ar atareben masStabur xasiaTs da mcire mewarmeebi
umravles SemTxvevaSi ar arian informirebulni maTi saqmianobis Sesaxeb, amitom, Cemi
azriT, idealuri iqneboda Tu CvenTanac Seiqmneboda amerikuli organizaciis msgavsi
saxelmwifo organo, romelic masiurad gauwevda propagandas mcire biznesis war-
moebas, mosaxleobas daanaxvebda Tavisufali bazris pirobebSi biznesis warmeobis
WeSmarit xibls da xelmisawvdomi iqneboda nebismieri msurvelisTvis, gauwevda maT
informaciul mxardaWeras, Cautarebda treiningebs, konsultaciebs, izrunebda maTi
kvalifikaciis amaRlebaze. Sedegad moqalaqeebi informirebulebi, momzadebulebi,
gaazrebulad wamoiwyebdnen sakuTar mcire bizness da Sesabamisad maTi saqmianoba
gacilebiT produqtiuli da efeqturi iqneboda.
mniSvnelovania, am organizaciam itvirTos analitikuri koreqtirebis funqcia
arsebuli kanonmdeblobis daxvewis rekomendaciebis gawevis mizniT, rac gulisxmobs
msoflios saukeTeso praqtikis moZiebas da maT morgebas qarTul realobaze,ara
principiT copy and paste aramed adaptirebuli modeliT da sqemebiT.
138
fiWuri kavSirgabmulobis biznesi saqarTveloSi1
lana sulakaZe
salome vaSakiZe
Tsu bakalavri
mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. g. erqomaiSvili
saqarTveloSi fiWuri kavSirgabmulobis biznesi nela, magram stabilurad
viTardeba. amJamad mobiluri kavSirgabmulobis bazarze sami komunikaciuri
organizacia funqcionirebs: `jeoseli”, `magTi” da `bilaini”. maTgan `jeoseli” da
`magTi” ori umsxvilesi mobiluri satelefono operatori kompaniaa. `magTis”
organizaciis abonentebi Seadgenen 1900000_s, xolo `jeoselis” _ 2000000
momxmarebels, rac ganapirobebs maT mier bazris monopolizebas. mesame moTamaSe _
`bilaini” bazarze 2005 wels gamoCnda da 280000 abonentiT qarTuli fiWuri
kavSirgabmulobis bazarze aminds jerjerobiT ver cvlis.
warmovadginoT “magTis’, “jeoselisa” da “bilainis” xvedriTi wona bazarze (ix.
diagrama 1)
Ddiagrama 1. `magTis~, `jeoselisa~ da `bilainis~ xvedriTi wona bazarze.
aqedan naTlad Cans `magTisa” da `jeoselis” TiTqmis Tanabari konkurencia.
jeoseli (Geocell) 1996 wlis seqtembridan Cndeba saqarTveloSi, rogorc pirveli
GSM operatori.
jeoselma 1997 wlis 15 marts ganaxorciela pirveli mobiluri zari da mas
Semdeg ganagrZobs warmatebul funqcionirebas saqarTvelos komunikaciur bazarze. man
1moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `biznesis administrirebis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da
daimsaxura saprizo adgili.
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
magti jeocell beline
Series1
139
pirvelma danerga saqarTvelos bazarze inovaciuri servisebis umravlesoba. is gaxda
aRiarebuli kompania da 11 wlis manZilze mravali prizi da sigeli miiRo sxvadasxva
damsaxurebisTvis.
kompania daarsebis dRidanve zrunavs Tavisi abonentebisTvis maqsimaluri
komfortis Seqmnaze da mudam cdilobs, srulyofilebamde daxvewos sakuTari
momsaxureba.
jeosels didi wvlili Seaqvs qveynis ekonomikis aRmavlobis saqmeSi, rogorc
erT-erTi msxvili gadamxdeli. kompania droulad ixdis gadasaxadebs saqarTvelos
biujetSi da xels uwyobs mis Sevsebas. dRemde kompaniam ukve ganaxorciela 315
milionis investiciebi, xolo samomavlod igegmeba am cifris 465 milion laramde
gazrda. am moqmedebebiT kompania xels uwyobs moqalaqeebis dasaqmebas da Sesabamisad
qveynis ganviTarebas. is qmnis axal samuSao adgilebs da dasaqmebuli yavs 4000-ze
meti adamiani.
jeoselis strategiis erT-erTi sagulisxmo mimarTulebaa uangaro
qvelmoqmedeba da mecenatoba. kulturis, ganaTlebisa da sportis mxardaWera –
jeoselis savizito baraTia. kompanias Tavisi arsebobis manZilze asobiT
gaxmaurebuli socialuri proeqti ganuxorcielebia, rac misTvis erTgvar reklamasac
warmoadgens
mobiluri kavSirgabmulobis kompania Sps “magTikomi” daarsda 1996 wlis
TebervalSi, xolo komerciuli saqmianoba daiwyo 1997 wlis seqtembridan. D
dReisTvis magTikomis mflobelebi arian amerikuli kompaniebi International Telcell
Celular LLC da Telcell Wireless LLC.
2006 wlis zafxulSi kompania, GSM-momsaxurebis srul speqtrTan erTad,
pirvelad saqarTveloSi uzrunvelyofs mesame Taobis servisebis momsaxurebas:
maRalsiCqariani interneti, videozari da mobiluri televizia.
2008 wels magTikomi gacda mobiluri kavSiris farglebs, CDMA-450
standertis qseli gamarTa da axali brendis – magTi fiqsis saSualebiT,
saqarTvelos mosaxleobas fiqsirebuli, usadeno satelefono kavSiri da internet
momsaxureba SesTavaza.
rac Seexeba magTikomis meore brends: “bals”. misi gaSveba moxda 2005 wlis
18 ivliss. baliT sargeblobs Zalian bevri adamiani, radgan am brendma moipova didi
popularoba sazogadoebaSi. bali aris gankuTvnili yvelanairi adamianisTvis, rogorc
axalgazrdebisTvis aseve saqmiani xalxisTvis. bals gaaCnia Tanamedrove servisi da
aris yvelaze xelmisawvdomi.
`magTikomis~ sakontrolo paketis mflobelia kompania `selfordi~, romelmac
aqciebi amerikuli `metromediisgan~ 2007 wels SeiZina. mas hyavs 1 700 000_ze meti
abonenti da is faravs saqarTvelos teritoriis 97%_ze mets. amJamad saqarTvelos
140
masStabiT funqcionirebs `magTis~ 43 ofisi. 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi `magTikomma~ sa-
qarTvelos ekonomikaSi daaxloebiT 46 185 000 lari Seitana.
magTis erT-erTi warmatebuli partniori kompaniaa saqarTvelos banki. maT aqvT
erToblivi produqti gamoSvebuli – Magti Card. am baraTis saSualebiT
momxmarebels SeuZlia mudmivad isargeblos uprocento kreditiT.
wels magTikomma abonentebs siaxle momsaxurebis ofisebis mxrivac SesTavaza,
rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom momxmareblebs ukve kompaniis moZravi ofisebi emsaxu-
rebaT. oTxi srulfasovani ofisi `borblebze~ mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT, regu-
larulad moZraobs im dasaxlebul punqtebSi, sadac kompanias momsaxurebis staci-
onaluri ofisi araaqvs. aseTi ofisi am dReebSi Tbilisis saxelmwifo universite-
tis maRliv korpussac moevlina.
paralelurad, magTikomi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi abonentebs aqtiurad sTava-
zobda sxvadasxva aqciebsa da ganaxlebul servisebs. gansakuTrebiT saintereso wina-
dadebebi SesTavaza kompaniam sxvadasxva profesiis adamianebs. kerZod ki, Seiqmna klu-
bebi masmediis warmomadgenlebisTvis, medikosebisTvis, jariskacebisa da Zalovani
struqturebis TanamSromlebisTvis, fermerebisa da agraruli sferos warmomadgenle-
bisTvis. yvela am profesiis abonents saSualeba aqvs klubSi gawevrianebis SemTxveva-
Si momsaxurebis gansakuTrebuli pirobebiT isargeblos.
2008 wlis 15 dekembris monacemebiT, magTikoms arsebobis manZilze qveynis
ekonomikaSi 700 milioni lari aqvs Setanili. rogorc kompaniaSi acxadeben, am
maCveneblebiT 2002 wlidan magTikomi ucvleli lideria.
saqarTvelosa da evropaSi magTikomma pirvelma danerga Push-to-Talk
teqnologia (2004), xolo 2006 wlis ivnisidan – mesame Taobis servisebi. kompaniam
2008 wlis noemberSi daasrula saxelmwifo struqturebisTvis erTiani
sakomunikacio qselis Seqmnaze muSaoba da masSi sxvadasxva uwyebisa da saministros
400-ze meti obieqti CarTo.
bilaini axlad Seqmnili inovaciuri kompaniaa, romelic miznad isaxavs
momxmareblis survilebis maRali xarisxiT dakmayofilebas. igi iyo pirveli,
romelmac bazarze danerga yvelaze dabali satarifo gegmebi.
bilainma saqarTveloSi SemosvlisTanave gadadga sakmaod gambedavi da erTi
SexedviT axladSeqmnili kompaniisTvis wamgebiani nabiji, rac gamoixata imaSi, rom man
momxmareblis mosazidad bazars SesTavaza warmoudgenlad dabali 2 TeTriani tarifi
Siga qselSi sasaubrod.
2008 wels bilainma abonentebs ramdenime axali momsaxureba SesTavaza, maT
Soris, xmovani fosta-`Cemi melodia”, romelic standartuli zumeris nacvlad
abonentis mier arCeuli melodiis Canacvlebas gulisxmobs.
bilaini dafarvis zonebs zrdis da is ukve saqarTvelos yvela regions
moicavs. amJamad kompaniis signali raWaSic vrceldeba. ukanaskneli Tveebis
141
ganmavlobaSi bilainma ramdenime aTeuli axali sabazo sadguri gauSva. regionebis
aTvisebasTan erTad aqtiurad mimdinareobs signalis xarisxis gaumjobesebac. rogorc
bilainSi acxadeben, kompania am periodisTvis saqarTvelos 90%-s faravs da 10
regionSia warmodgenili.
aRniSnuli organizaciebidan jeoselma da magTikomma TiTqmis erTdroulad
daiwyes bazarze damkvidreba, xolo bilaini jer-jerobiT axlad Seqmnili
organizaciaa da is Zlier konkurentad ver gvevlineba. bilainma saqarTvelos bazarze
damkvidreba moaxerxa dabali tarifebiT, magram aman Tavdapirvelad uaryofiTad
imoqmeda mis finansur mdgomareobaze. `jeoseli” da `magTi” lideri kompaniebi arian.
satarifo gegma orives daaxloebiT msgavsi aqvT da amiT erTmaneTs uweven Tanabari
SesaZleblobis konkurencias. es faqti dadebiTad moqmedebs momxmareblis
interesebze, radgan konkurenciis gamo tarifebi mcirdeba da xelmisawvdomi xdeba
yvela adamianisTvis.
jeoselsa da magTikoms bilainisagan gansxvavebiT mravali inovaciuri servisi
aqvT danergili. magTikoms ufro meti filiali aqvs saqarTvelos teritoriaze,
vidre danarCenebs, mxolod mcirediT CamorCeba jeoseli.
bilainis erT-erTi upiratesobaa dabali tarifebi saerTaSoriso zarebze
sxvadasxva qveynebSi, rogoricaa ukraina da ruseTi. aseve is aZlevs Tavis
momxmareblebs imis saSualebas, rom dabal fasebSi gaagzavnon MMS.
ganxiluli kompaniebis dafarvis zona saqarTveloSi aseTia (ix. Ddiagrama 2)
Ddiagrama 2. `magTis~, `jeoselisa~ da `bilainis~ dafarvis zona saqarTveloSi
2008 wlis agvistoSi saqarTveloSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma mniSvnelovani ziani
miayena qarTul bizness. miuxedavad amisa qarTuli fiWuri kavSirgabmulobis bazars
funqcionireba ar Seuwyvetia, piriqiT man mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa
dazaralebulTa dasaxmareblad. magaliTisaTvis: agvistos tragikul movlenebTan
99%
95%
90%
dafarvis zona
magti geocell beeline
142
dakavSirebiT “jeoseli” aqtiurad CaerTo iZulebiT gadaadgilebulTa daxmarebis
procesSi. kompaniam patronaJi gamoacxada Tbilisis 103_e sajaro skolaSi
ganTavsebul devnilebze da isini uzrunvelyo sxvadasxva sayofacxovrebo nivTebiT.
garda amisa, SemoRebul iqna specialuri tarifi, romlis farglebSic yvela devnili
wuTSi 9 TeTrad saubrobs. aseve კომპანია ”მაგთიკომმა” ამ მიზნით სპეციალური
ნომერი 200399 აამოქმედა. აღნიშნულ ნომერზე დარეკვა შეუძლიათ ”მაგთისა”
და”ბალის” აბონენტებს, ზარის ღირებულება 1 ლარია, დაგროვილ თანხას კი
კომპანია დევნილთა დახმარების ფონდში გადარიცხავს. am ori kompaniisgan
gansxvavebiT “bilains” araviTari saqvelmoqmedo aqcia ar ganuxorcielebia. amasTanave,
saomari moqmedebebis dros kompania “bilaini” sruliad ver uzrunvelyofda
momxmarebelTa komunikacias.
saqarTvelos fiWuri kavSirgabmulobis bazris Seswavlis safuZvelze SegviZ-
lia ganvsazRvroT, rom sworad Sedgenilma marketingulma strategiam, qvelmoqmedebam
da momxmarebelze gaTvlilma aqciebma uzrunvelyo am samidan ori kompaniis warmateba
bazarze. Tavdapirvelad SeTavazebulma dabalma tarifma mniSvnelovnad daazarala
`bilaini~. garda amisa, igi bazarze axali Semosulia, amitomac ver uwevs Tanabar
konkurencias `magTisa~ da `jeoselis~ brendebs.
Aamgvarad, miuxedavad ekonomikuri da finansuri krizisisa, sxva dargebisgan
gansxvavebiT, fiWuri kavSirgabmulobis biznesi saqarTveloSi warmatebiT
funqcionirebs.
143
globaluri finansuri krizisi da misi gavlena
saqarTvelos finansur sistemaze1
irakli xubua
Tsu bakalavri
mecn-xeml: asoc. prof. lela baxtaZe
globaluri finansuri krizisi jerjerobiT msoflioSi yvelaze aqtualur
Temad rCeba. msoflio finansuri krizisi 2007 wlis zafxulSi aSS-is ipoTekuri
dakreditebis bazarze dawyebuli krizisis Sedegia. aRniSnuli ganapiroba aSS-Si 2001
wlis 11 seqtembers momxdarma saSinelma teraqtma. tempdakarguli ekonomikis
stimulirebisaTvis FED-is (aSS-s centraluri banki) mier zRvarsgadasulma
monetarulma eqspansiam, rasac logikurad ekonomikis yvela seqtorSi saprocento
ganakveTebis Semcireba mohyva. kerZod, mTavari saprocento ganakveTi (sadiskonto
ganakveTi) 2001 wels arsebuli 3.5%-dan 2003 wlisaTvis 1%-mde daeca da ase
metismetad didi xnis ganmavlobaSi SenarCunda. amas daemata bankebisa da sakredito
organizaciebis mier momxmarebelTa ricxvis gazrdis mizniT, msesxeblebisTvis
standartuli moTxovnebis gamartiveba _ msesxeblebs Tanamonawileoba ar
moeTxovebodaT. Sedegad sesxi misces gadaxdisuunaro Ffenas, mxolod im varaudiT,
rom qoneba, romelsac isini sesxiT iZendnen stabilurad gaZvirdeboda. bankebi,
romlebic amgvar kreditebs gamoyofdnen, male Tavadac dasWirdebodaT fuli, ris
gamoc aRniSnuli sesxebis ufro msxvili bankebisaTvis “miyidvas” axdendnen. es
ukansknelni ki uSvebdnen obligaciebs, romlebic am ipoTekuri kreditebiT iyo
uzrunvelyofili. cxadia, obligaciebs ericxebodaT procenti da mohqondaT
sargebeli TavianTi mflobelebisaTvis. amasTan, isini spekulaciis saganic xdebodnen.
2006 wels ipoTekuri kreditiT uzrunvelyofil obligaciebs soliduri
mogeba mohqondaT mesakuTreebisaTvis _ wliurad 9-11%-is odenobiT. amitom bankebis
umravlesoba siamovnebiT abandebda saxsrebs aRniSnul aqtivebSi. Aamrigad, Seiqmna
finansuri piramida, romlis safuZvels warmoadgenda uZravi qoneba. sinamdvileSi ki,
aSS-Si fasebi uZrav qonebaze 20%-iT Semcirda, rasac daemata navTobsa da sursaTze
fasebis zrda. Sedegad sul ufro met msesxebels gauWirda kreditis momsaxureba,
ramac aSS-s bankebis gakotreba gamowvia. es krizisi, ra Tqma unda, gadaedo
amerikasTan mWidrod dakavSirebul evropas, saidanac is danarCen msoflioSi
gavrcelda.
evropaSi pirvelad didi britaneTis sabanko bazari dazaralda. mas Semdeg, rac
inglisis centralurma bankma didi britaneTis sididiT mexuTe ipoTekur banks
1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `finansebis, sabako saqmisa da dazRvevis ~ sakaTedro studentur
konferenciaze da daimsaxura saprizo adgili.
144
Northern-Rock likvidobis SesanarCuneblad Tanxa gamouyo, meanabreebma CaTvales
rom banks gakotreba emuqreboda da TiTqmis 2 mlrd girvanqa-sterlingi moxsnes
angariSidan. amis gamo banks seriozuli finansuri problemebi Seeqmna, evropis
safinanso bazarze ki aJiotaJi daiwyo _ msxvili bankebis aqciaTa fasi daeca.
zogierTi eqsperti krizisis mizezad farTod gavrcelebul derivativebs,
kerZod e.w. “sakredito defoltur svops” asaxelebs. Tumca, Cveni azriT, aRniSuli
svopis “kraxi” msesxebelTa mxridan valdebulebebis masobrivad Seusruleblobam
ganapiroba, rasac, erTi mxriv, navTobsa da sursaTze fasebis zrda iwvevda, ris
Sedegadac msesxeblebs gaezardaT mimdinare xarjebi da ver SeZles sesxebis
momsaxureba. meore mxriv, ki, fasebi uZrav qonebaze romlis garantiiTac bankebi
sesxebs gascemdnen, imdenad daeca, rom igi ZiriTad Tanxasac ver aanazRaurebda. am
ori faqtoris mizezs ki warmoadgenda iafi fuli. amasTan pirvelad swored im
bankebis aqciebze Semcirda fasebi, romlebic ipoTekuri kreditiT uzrunvelyofil
obligaciebs gamoscemdnen. realur ekonomikaze krizisis Sedegebi 2008 wlis
oqtombeSi makroekonomikuri maCveneblebis gauaresebaSi gamoixata. kerZod, aSS-Si
umuSevrobam 6.5%-s miaRwia, rac yvelaze maRali maCvenebelia ukanaskneli 14 wlis
ganmavlobaSi. umuSevrobis donem evrozonis qveynebSi 7.7% Seadgina. umuSevrobis
yvelaze maRalma donem espaneTSi _ 12,8% miaRwia, rac Tavis mxriv, krizisis Sedegad
samSeneblo industriaSi zrdis tempebis mniSvnelovanma vardnam da turistebis
raodenobis klebam ganapiroba. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom CineTSi daaxloebiT 4-5%-iT
Semcirda mTliani Siga produqtis zrdis tempi.
krizisis Sedegad, 2007 wlis seqtembidan dRemde, amerikis FED-ma saprocento
ganakveTi 3-jer daswia, garda amisa, gaamartiva dakreditebis programa. amerikul
bankebs likvidobis problemis dasaZlevad, finansuri resursebis mozidva rom
SesZlebodaT, aSS-s mTavrobam investorebs qveynis bankebis aqciaTa 33%-is Sesyidvis
ufleba misca, rac adre akrZaluli iyo. amasTan, ukve imave wlis dekemberidan FED-
ma amerikul bankebs saSualeba misca misagan aeRoT sesxi vinaobis gaumJRavneblad. am
mxriv kidev ufro Sors wavida evropis centraluri banki, romelmac 2008 wlis 18
ianvars 348,6 mlrd dolaris sesxi gasca sabazroze gacilebiT ufro dabali
saprocento ganakveTiT. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia 2008 wlis 3 oqtombers, aSS-is
kongresSi gamarTuli sxdoma, romelzec senatma, ukve yofili finansTa ministris,
henri polsonis mier ekonomikuri stabilurobis mizniT SemuSavebuli antikrizisuli
gegma daamtkica, romlis gansaxorcieleblad 700 mlrd dolari gamoiyo, amasTan
depozitebze sadazRvevo limiti droebiT 100 aTasidan 250 aTasamde gaizarda
(evrokavSirSi ki-20 aTasidan 50 aTas evromde). depozitebis federalur sadazRvevo
kompanias ufleba mieca, SeuzRudavad esargebla finansTa saministros fondebiT.
amoqmedda 150 mlrd dolaris moculobis sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi, romliTac
sargebloben mcire biznesis warmomadgenlebi, erT da met Sviliani ojaxebi da
145
ukanasknel periodSi stiqiuri ubedurebiT dazaralebulni. am gegmis yvelaze
mniSvnelovan punqts warmoadgenda is, rom unda momxdariyo bankebis
rekapitalizacia wilSi Sesvlis gziT. saxeldobr, bankebis mier gamoSvebul
privilegirebul aqciebs saxelmwifo SeiZenda. aseve oqtomberSi safrangeTSi
gamarTul samitze, evrozonis liderebma miiRes CarCo xelSekruleba, romlis
Sesabamisad evropis calkeuli qveyana sakuTar bankebSi privilegirebuli aqciebis
SesyidviT ganaxorcielebda investiciebs. maT aseve SeuerTda didi britaneTic.
inglisis centralurma bankma 50 mlrd girvanqa sterlingi gamoyo privilegirebuli
aqciebis SesaZenad. germaniis mTavrobam bankebis da sxva finansuri institutebis
stabilizaciis mizniT 500 mlrd evro gamoyo. unda aRiniSnos, CineTis saxalxo
respublikis xelisuflebis mier miRebuli antikrizisuli RonisZiebebis paketi.
kerZod, ukanaskneli ori wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoyofili iqneba 586 mlrd dolari
stiqiuri ubedurebis dros dazaralebuli mosaxleobisTvis, mcire Semosavliani
moqalaqeebisTvis saxlebis asaSeneblad, satransporto qselis ganviTarebisa da
inovaciuri teqnologiis danergvisaTvis. amasTan mTavroba sawarmoebisaTvis
sagadasaxado ganakveTebis Semcirebas apirebs, rac daaxloebiT 17.5 mlrd dolars
dazogavs.
2009 wlis ianvarSi aSS-is axalma prezidentma warmoadgina antikrizisuli
gegma, riTac gadsaxadebi 500 dolariT Seumcirdeba amerikis im moqalaqeebs, romelTa
Semosavalic weliwadSi 200 aTas dolars ar aRemateba. sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiT
isargebleben agreTve is kompaniebi, romlebic damatebiT personals daasaqmeben. xolo
im kompaniebs, romlebmac 2008 wels zarali ganicades, SesaZlebloba eqnebaT,
krediti 5 wlis winandeli finansuri monacemebis Sesabamisad aiRon. am gegmis
mixedviT im bankebisa da finansuri organizaciebis top-menejerebis xelfasi ar unda
aRematebodes 500 aTas dolars, romlebic daxmarebas saxelmwifo xazinidan
Rebuloben. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia 2009 wlis 20 aprils londonSi gamarTuli
samiti, sadac G20(”didi oceulis“) qveynebis liderebma SeTanxmebas miaRwies, rom
ssf miiRebs 1,1 trln aSS dolars krizisis dasaZlevad. gamoqveyndeba im qveynebis
sia, romlebic fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi monawileobaze uars amboben
da maT mimarT mkacri sanqciebi gatardeba; gamoiyofa 250 mlrd dolari
saerTaSoriso vaWrobis stimulirebisaTvis; mkacrad gakontroldeba da regulirebis
gareSe ar darCeba finansuri bazris arc erTi elementi; gaizrdeba Rarib qveynebze
daxmareba, romlebic krizisis Sedegad gansakuTrebiT dazaraldnen da jamSi 2010
wlamde, krizisis dasaZlevad 5 trilioni aSS dolari gamoiyofa.
sayuradReboa, rom ZiriTadad adgili hqonda gadasaxadebis Semcirebas da
saxelmwifo xarjebis zrdas, anu xorcieldeboda erToblivi moTxonis stimulireba,
Tumca jerjerobiT man Sedegi ver gamoiRo. rasac adasturebs msoflio indeqsTa
dinamika, magaliTad, 2008 wlis 1 oqtombridan 2009 wlis 15 maisamde Dow Jones
146
Industrial indeqsi 24%-iT Semcirda da 8206.7 dolari Seadgina. analogiurad
Semcirda S&P 500 indeqsi da 882.9 dolars gautolda; 19%-iT Semcirda Nasdaq
Composite da 1680,1 dolari Seadgina.
Tanamedrove finansurma krizisma saqarTvelos ekonomikac daazarala. rac
ganpirobebuli iyo Semdegi garemoebebiT: jer erTi, Cveni qveynis ekonomikis
ganviTarebas mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs ucxouri investiciebi, meore, samomxmareblo
bazris 80% importirebuli saqonliT aris gajerebuli, mesame, mosaxleobis
udidesi nawili arsebobs swored danarCeni msofliodan miRebuli transfertebis
xarjze da meoTxe, qveyanaSi arsebuli komerciuli bankebi sakredito resursad
ZiriTadad msoflio finansuri bazrebidan mozidul saxsrebs iyeneben. Qqveynis
ekonomikaze Zalze negatiurad imoqmeda agvistos omma, ris Sedegadac mniSvnelovnad
Semcirda pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi (grafiki 1). kerZod, igi 2008 wlis III
kvartalSi wina wlis analogiur maCvenebelTan SedarebiT 69.3%-iT, xolo IV
kvartalSi ki, 73%-iT Semcirda. aseve mniSvnelovnad iklo ucxoeTidan miRebulma
transfertebis odenobam (grafiki 2), rasac mohyva laris kursis dacema dolarTan
mimarTebaSi (grafiki 3).
msoflio krizisis gamo, bankebs sesxebi 1,5%-2%-iT gauZvirdaT, rasac 2008
wlis gazafxulidan sabanko bazarze kreditis gaZvireba mohyva
(grafiki 4). miuxedavad sesxebis gaZvirebisa, ekonomikis dakrediteba, agvistos omamde
ar Semcirebula(grafiki 5). agvistos 5-dRiani omis Semdeg mosaxleobam masobrivad
daiwyo bankebidan depozitebis gatana. saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis monacemebiT,
147
agvistoSi depozitebi 389.6 mln. lariT (grafiki 6), bankebis mTliani aqtivebi ki
700 mln. lariT Semcirda, rasac logikurad gacemuli sesxebis moculobis kleba
mohyva.
Seqmnili mdgomareobidan gamomdinare imata urC gadamxdelTa ricxvmac. bankebi
didi odenobiT gacemul sesxebs veRar ibrunebdnen. Kkredit-infos “Sav siaSi”
Sesul (msesxeblebi 30-dRiani vadagadacilebiT) pirTa raodenoba 2008 wlis 1
ianvridan 2008 wlis 15 agvistomde 130%-iT gaizarda da 80 aTas adamiani
Seadgina(grafiki 7).
zemoT aRniSnulis miuxedavad mTlianobaSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sabanko
sistemam gauZlo aRniSnul forsmaJorul situaciebs da sxva postsabWoTa qveynebis
sabanko sistemebTan SedarebiT SesaSuri mdgradoba gamoavlina. raSic Tavisi wvlili
Seitana seb-is mier sarezervo moTxovnebis 13%-dan 5%-mde Semcirebam, aseve seb-ma
bankebs finansuri mxardaWeris mizniT 150 mln laris sakredito resursi ga-
mouyo 13%-iani ganakveTiT, eqvsi Tvis vadiT. garda amisa, seb-ma refinansirebisaTvis
damatebiT 150 mln lari gamouyo, 10%-iani
ganakveTiT (amJamad 6%-ia). agreTve
finansuri monitoringis saagentom likvi-
dobis koeficienti 30%-da 20%-mde Seamci-
ra, ramac bankebs damatebiT 700 mln lari
gamouTavisufla.
gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa, rom glo-
baluri finansuri krizisis Sedegad mTels
msoflioSi Seicvala ekonomikis marTvis Ta-
obaze Sexeduleba. kerZod, momavalSi mosa-
lodnelia ekonomikis marTvaSi xelisufle-
bis rolis gaZliereba, razec metyvelebs is faqti, rom londonis samitze erT-erTi
ZiriTadi sakiTxi, razec G20 qveynebi SeTanxmdnen, iyo is, rom finansuri bazris arc
erTi elementi ar iqneba datovebuli kontrolisa da regulirebis gareSe.
148
sigaretis brendebis marketinguli
kvleva qarTul bazarze1
qeTevan adeiSvili
Tsu bakalavri
mecn-xelm. asoc. prof. m. veSaguri
dRevandel swrafad cvalebad samyaroSi warmateba mxolod im kompaniebs eliT, romle-
bic brendiT suldgmuloben, radgan brendi aris TviT kompania. 10 wlis win kompaniebs
mxolod TavianTi produqtebi ainteresebdaT, dRes ukve aqcenti keTdeba brendze. produq-
tebi bazrebze Cndeba da qreba, brendi ki rCeba, is maradiulia.
brendi ufro metia, vidre ubralo saxeli da simbolo. es aris momxmareblis mier
produqtisa da misi daniSnulebis aRqma, misdami damokidebuleba – yvelaferi, rasac
momxmareblisTvis produqti da momsaxureba warmoadgens. brendi arsebobs momxmareblis
gonebaSi, ase rom Zlieri brendis namdvili faseuloba aris misi Zala, moipovos
momxmareblis yuradReba da SemdgomSi loialoba. brendis popularobisa da cnobadobis
dadgenis saukeTeso saSualebaa momxmarebelTan urTierToba. mniSvlenovania maTi brendisadmi
ganwyobis marTva, rasac aRiarebs nebismieri kompania mis mier gacxadebul misiaSi.
kvlevis obieqtad avirCieT sigaretis bazari. miuxedavad socialuri tendenciebisa,
romlebic mimarTulia mwevelTa raodenobis mniSvenlovani Semcirebisken, qarTveli
mosaxleobis mesamedze meti am sasaqonlo kategoriis erTguli momxmarebelia. kvlevis
Sedegebi saSualebas gvaZlevs garkveuli paralelebi gavavloT internacionalursa da
qarTul brendebs Soris, ganvsazRvroT erT-erTis upiratesobis mizezebi da mis magaliTze
SevTavazoT warumatebel, an nakleb popularul brendebs alternatiuli gamosavali
bazarze Rirseuli adgilis mopovebisTvis.
saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis monacemebiT Tambaqos warmoeba-
importiT 37 firmaa dakavebuli. maTgan 13 adgilobrivi mwarmoebeli kompaniaa, xolo 24
importiori. amasTan qarTul bazarze wamyvani kompaniebia Tavmoyrili. msoflio bazris
lideri sami transnacionaluri kompania Phillip Morris-i, British American Tobacco da JT
International- i. maTTan erTad, adgilobriv bazarze ori msxvili mwarmoebelia: “saqarTvelos
Tambaqos warmoeba” da “ojT”.
dResdReobiT qarTuli bazari gajerebulia ucxouri warmoebis produqciiT. sigaretis
mwarmoebeli ucxouri kompaniebi sakuTari produqciis stimulirebisa da bazarze adgilis
damkvidreba-SenarCunebis mizniT udides yuradRebas aqceven brendingis koncefcias.
Cvens mizans warmoadgenda sigaretis qarTul bazarze brendebis marketinguli kvleva,
maTi cnobadobis donis Sefaseba momxmarebelTa cnobierebaSi da imis Cveneba, Tu ramdenad
didi mniSvneloba aqvs kargad Camoyalibebuli brendis pozicias bazarze kompaniis
warmatebisTvis. kvlevis meTods warmoadgenda anketireba. kiTxvari gaTvlili iyo aranakleb
18 wlis mwevel an yofil mwevelTa kategoriaze.
1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `marketingis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da daimsaxura saprizo adgili.
149
gamokiTxvam cxadyo, rom mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebis umetesoba mzadaa meti
gadaixados sasurveli brendis sigaretSi. mamakacebi, qalebisgan gansxvavebiT, xelmisawvdom
fasze akeTeben aqcents.
mamakacebma 3 yvelaze cnobil brendad daasaxeles: KENT; WINSTON; CAMEL; xolo,
qalebSi ki yvelaze cnobadi aRmoCnda Semdegi brendebi: PARLIAMENT; KENT; MARLBORO;
diagrama #1. brendebis cnobadoba
unda aRiniSnos, rom dResdReobiT qarTuli sigaretebidan yvelaze popularulia
PIRVELI. davalebaze, daesaxelebinaT sigaretis romelime qarTuli brendi, respondentTa
76%-ma PIRVELI- s mianiWa upiratesoba. 12 – 12% ergoT COMET-s da MTKVARI-s.
kiTxvaze “romel sigarets eweviT an eweodiT”, mamakacTa umetesobam miuTiTa Semdegi
brendebi : KENT; CAMEL; WINSTON . mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebma ki upiratesoba
mianiWes Semdeg sigaretebs: PARLIAMENT; CARELIA SLIMS; WINSTON. gamokiTxulTa umetesoba
zemoT xsenebul brendebs upiratesobas aniWebs Semdegi mizezebis gamo: xelmisawvdomi fasi
– 15%; maRali xarisxi – 44%; ubralod miveCvie – 35%; da sxva mizezebi – 6%.
aRsaniSnavia, rom respondentTa mxolod 18% aqcevs yuradRebas jandacvis saministros
gafrTxilebas, amasTan gamokiTxulTa 16%-ma ukve SeZlo mowevisTvis Tavis danebeba.
resnpondentebs aseve unda mieTiTebinaT sigaretis is brendebi, romlebic ufro metad
moergeba Semdeg gansazRvrebebs:
qarTveli momxmareblisTvis inovaciur da farTo asortimentis mqone brendad dasaxelda
KENT. ZviradRirebul sigaretebSi liderobs PARLIAMENT, xolo sxvebTan SedarebiT iafebSi
– PIRVELI. originaluri dizainiT aRiarebul iqna kvlav KENT. WINSTON miCneul iqna
sigaretis iseT brendad, romelic saqarTveloSi yvelgan SeiZleba Segvxvdes. sainteresoa
isic, rom respondentTa umetesobam qalebis sigaretad aRiara MM.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
KENT
WINSTON
PARLIAMENT
MARLBORO
CAMEL
L&M
DAVIDOFF
MM
CARELIA SLIMS
PIRVELI
GAULOISES
PALL MALL
SOBRANIE
qalebi mamakacebi
150
# inovaciur
i brendi
farTo
asortiment
i
sxvebTan
SedarebiT
Zviri
sxvebTan
Sedarebi
T iafi
originalu
ri dizaini
yvelgan
gvxdeba
Qqalis
sigare
ti
1 KENT KENT PARLIAMENT PIRVELI KENT WINSTON MM
2
CAMEL CAMEL DAVIDOFF WINSTO
N
CARELIA
SLIMS
MARLBOR
O
CARELI
A
SLIMS
3 WINSTON WINSTON SOBRANIE L&M DAVIDOFF L&M VOGUE
4 GAULOISES MARLBORO MARLBORO COMET CAMEL CAMEL ESSE
5 MARLBOR
O GAULOISES KENT CAMEL WEST PIRVELI
PARLIA
MENT
cxrili @#1. sigaretis brendebis diferencireba sxvadasxva parametrebis mixedviT
kvlevis erT-erT miznad davisaxeT gamogverkvia, Tu romeli wyaroebidan iRebs
sazogadoeba informacias sigaretis mwarmoebeli kompaniebis, axali brendebis da saerTod
sigaretis bazarze arsebuli siaxleebis Sesaxeb. gamokiTxvam gviCvena, rom sigaretis
brendebis Sesaxeb informaciis ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgens bilbordebi (32%) da nacnobebi
(27%).
diagrama #2. sainformacio wyaroebi
bolo droindeli socialuri tendenciebis gamo, SeizRuda sigaretis propaganda
rogorc satelevizio, ise sxva sareklamo saSualebebiT, Tumca gamokiTxulTa 16%-s mainc
axsovs satelevizio reklamebi.
sainteresod miviCnieT imis garkveva, Tu sigaretis romeli brendis reklamebi aRibeWda
momxmarebelTa gonebaSi. kiTxvaze - “ra gaxsovT Tqvens mier nanaxi sigaretis bolo
reklamidan?” - momxmarebelTa umetesobam daafiqsira Semdegi pasuxebi:
MARLBORO – energiuli kovboebi da cxenebi;
COMET – latarea: manqanis gaTamaSeba;
GAULOISES – lurji ferebi da franguli sityvebi: “ Liberte Toujours…”
CARELIA SLIMS – lamazi gogona momxibvleli tuCebiT;
PIRVELI – gaTamaSeba: avtomanqana “niva”.
miuxedavad imisa, rom sigaretis yovel reklamas Tan sdevs jandacvis saministros
gafrTxileba, rom is janmrTelobisTvis mavnebelia, man mainc Seasrula Tavisi misia da
momxmarebelTa umetesobas Seuqmna dadebiTi ganwyoba brendis mimarT (56%).
marTalia PIRVELI qarTul bazarze cnobadi brendia, magram sazogadoebis garkveuli
nawili mas mainc ar endoba. qarTuli warmoebidan ASTRA iTvleba yvelaze arasasurvel
27%
16%
14%
32%
11%
nacnobebi televizori
interneti bilbordebi
sxva wyaro
151
sigaretad, romlis SeZenaze uars acxadebs gamokiTxulTa 46%. Semdeg modis MTKVARI
(24%), COMET (16%) da PIRVELI (14%).
ucxour brendebTan mimarTebaSi sandoobis xarisxis gasarkvevad Catarda analogiuri
gamokiTxva. gamovlinda, rom qarTuli sazogadoeba negatiuradaa ganwyobili Semdegi
brendebisadmi: L&M; VICEROY; CHESTERFIELD; LUCKY STRIKE; MARLBORO; GAULOISES.
brendebis mimarT undobloba aixsneba mravali mizeziT: dabali fasi, usiamovno gemo,
cudi filtri da a.S. respondentebis 40% Tavis negatiur damokidebulebas xsnis
sigaretis usiamovno gemoTi, 20–20%-s uaryofiTi damokidebuleba Camouyalibda dabali
fasisa (e.i. dabali xarisxis) da cudi filtris gamo. gamokiTxulTa 12% undoblobas
acxadebs sigaretis markis arapopularobis gamo. danarCeni 8% ki asaxelebs sxva mizezebs.
sainteresod gveCvena im aspeqtebis gamovlena, rac ganapirobebs qarTveli momxmareblebis
negatiur damokidebulebas erovnuli brendebis mimarT. kvlevis Sedegebma gviCvena, rom
qarTveli momxmarebeli umeteswilad ukmayofiloa erovnuli warmoebis sigaretis
xarisxiT(41%). respondentTa 29% qarTul sigaretze uars acxadebs usiamovno gemos gamo,
14% iwunebs sigaretis dizainsa da SefuTvas, 12% aRniSnavs filtris uxarisxobas, xolo
darCenili 4% miuTiTebs qarTuli brendis aracnobadobaze.
diagrama #3. mizezebi, ris gamoc uars acxadebT qarTul sigaretze
CvenTvis aseve saintereso iyo sazogadoebis azri imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ramdenad
SeiZleba gaxdes qarTuli brendi konkurentunariani ucxour brendebTan mimarTebaSi.
gamokiTxulTa umravlesobas, kerZod 68 %-s, ar sjera qarTuli brendis aseTi
perspeqtivis. danarCeni 32% ki optimisturad uyurebs am sakiTxs. es respondentebi
miiCneven, rom amisaTvis saWiroa: mondomeba; teqnologiebis gaumjobeseba; xarisxis
gaumjobeseba; dizainis, SefuTvis daxvewa; fasis aweva; gayidvebis stimulireba;
ukanasknel 15 weliwadSi Tambaqos nedleulisa da produqciis warmoeba saqarTveloSi
katastrofulad Semcirda: kerZod, nedleulis warmoeba 23 000 tonidan 1000 tonamde,
xolo produqciisa – 16 mlrd Reri sigaretidan 2-3 mlrd Reramde. aseve Semcirda
Tambaqos nawarmis asortimenti. mniSvnelovnad gauaresda nedleulisa da, aqedan gamomdinare,
produqciis xarisxi, rac, bunebrivia, aisaxa momxmarebelTa ricxvze. Tu adre saqarTveloSi
ZiriTadad adgilobrivi warmoebis sigarets eweodnen, axla mwevelTa 75% importul
sigarets moixmars. am mizeziT qveynidan yovelwliurad 100 mln aSS dolari gaedineba, rac
mniSvnelovani danakargia Cveni isedac mwiri biujetisTvis. 1
miuxedavad amisa, unda gvaxsovdes, rom saqarTvelos aqvs yvela aucilebeli resursi da
piroba Zlieri, konkurentunariani brendis Seqmna-ganviTarebisTvis. amaze metyvelebs 1 . gazeTi ,,24 saaTi”, 12 marti, 2008
xarisxi
41%filtri
12%
dizaini
14%aracnobadoba
4%
usiamovno gemo
29%
152
qarTuli meTambaqoeobis istoria, misi warsulis gamocdileba da is potenciali, romelic
jer kidev ar daukargavs mas. Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia qarTuli sigaretis Zlieri brend-
imijis Seqmna. amasTan, saWiroa garkveuli cvlilebebis Setana marketingul strategiaSi,
ramdenadac swori arCevani ganapirobebs stabilur warmatebas bazarze. gamokiTxvam cxadyo,
rom qarTuli sigaretis mwarmoebel kompaniebSi stimulirebis uamravi saSualebidan
ZiriTad aqcents latareaze akeTeben. faqtiurad ar arsebobs sareklamo slogani, romelic
gadmoscemda brendis filosofias da unikalurobas. sigaretis mwarmoebeli adgilobrivi
firmebi ver sTavazoben siaxles momxmarebels. igrZnoba inovaciebis nakleboba da
asortimentis simwire, rac Tavis mxriv ubiZgebs pretenziul momxmarebels arCevani
gaakeTos ucxouri sigaretis brendebze. Tambaqos dabal xarisxTan erTad momxmareblebs ar
akmayofilebs sigaretis kolofis erTferovani SefuTva da dauxvewavi dizaini.
qarTulma sigaretma ndoba dakarga momxmareblis TvalSi, ramac ganapiroba is, rom
mwevelebi upiratesobas aniWeben ucxour brendebs, miuxedavad maTi aradamakmayofilebeli
xarisxisa. amas emateba ucxouri brendebis cnobadobis maRali done. aSkaraa isic, rom
qarTuli sigaretis fasi sakmaod dabalia ucxouri brendebis fasebTan mimarTebaSi, es
garkveulwilad qmnis iaffasiani da uxarisxo saqonlis STabeWdilebas. amitom saWiroa
fasis dawesebisas sifrTxilis gamoCena. Cveni azriT aucilebelia:
a) Seiqmnas maRali faseulobis mqone brendi Semosavliani segmentisaTvis, maRali fasiT
da farTo asortimentiT;
b) Seiqmnas dabali TviTRirebulebisa da xelmisawvdomi fasis pirobebSi
damakmayofilebeli xarisxis mqone brendi, romelic gaTvlili iqneba sazogadoebis saSualo
Semosavlebis mqone segmentze. Tumca SedarebiT dabali fasi ar unda gulisxmobdes dabal
xarisxs.
momxmareblis dajereba qarTuli sigaretis brendis da saerTod nebismieri brendis
upiratesobaSi advili ar aris. es moiTxovs Tavdauzogav, mizanmimarTul Sromas da
pozitiur rwmenas, romelic moeTxoveba ara marto kompaniis xelmZRvanels an
marketologTa jgufs, aramed kompaniaSi dasaqmebul TiToeul individs. Tu kompaniis
personali savsea enTuziazmiT, maSin maT ZaluZT es ganwyoba momxmarebelsac gadasdon. Tuki
TanamSromlebs ar swamT sakuTari brendis upiratesobis, maSin Znelia viqonioT
momxmareblis mxardaWeris imedi am sakiTxSi.
da bolos, Cveni azriT, SesaZlebelia qarTuli sigaretis brend-imijis gaZliereba
ucxouri brendebis donemde, risTvisac aucilebelia xarisxis marTvis gaumjobeseba da, ra
Tqma unda, marketinguli RonisZiebebis gatareba. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs uwyvet,
mizanmimarTul saqmianobas sigaretis momxmarebelTan axlo urTierTobis Camoyalibebis
mizniT. rac, saboloo jamSi vlindeba sazogadoebis loialur damokidebulebaSi kompaniis
da am kompaniis brendebis mimarT. es aris is, razec orientirebulia nebismieri Tanamedrove
kompania, romelsac surs miaRwios strategiuli upiratesoba bazarze.
153
momsaxurebis marketingis axali mimarTulebebi saqarTveloSi1
giorgi abulaZe
Tsu bakalavri
mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. C. jaSi
XXI saukuneSi momsaxureobis marketingi Zalian popularuli gaxda. produqtis
warmoebasTan SedarebiT, momsaxurebis winswrebma ganviTarebam momsaxurebis marketingis bevri axali
mimarTulebebi warmoaCina.
sadazRveo biznesi erT_erTi warmatebuli biznesia momsaxurebis sferoSi. saqarTveloSi
sadaRvevo biznesi SedarebiT naklebad aris ganviTarebuli.
miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi sadazRvevo biznesis momxmarebelTa ricxvma bolo
periodSi sagrZnoblad imata, momsaxurebis marketinguli TvalsazrisiT is mainc samomxmareblo
klasis pasiuri moTxovnis produqtTa siaSia. amis mizezi albaT is gaxlavT rom misi ganviTareba
xdeba metad dinamiuri tempiT, magram ara farTo masStabiT. Mmosaxleobas jer kidev ar aqvs
gacnobierebuli da aTvisebuli sadazRvevo momsaxurebis sikeTe da misi mniSvneloba.
dReisTvis sqarTveloSi sadazRvevo kompaniebi momxmarebels sTavazoben
momsaxurebas dazRvevis TiTqmis yvela saxeobaSi. mniSvnelovnad gaizarda
daintereseba dazRvevis iseTi produqtebiT, rogoricaa qonebis dazRveva, samedicino dazRveva da
samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis dazRveva.
saqarTveloSi sadazRvevo saqmoanoba Sesabamisi sadazRvevo kanonmdeblobiT regulirdeba.
iseve rogorc yvela sferoSi, sadazRvevo biznesSic umaRlesi maregulirebeli kanoni saqarTvelos
konstituciaa, amas mosdevs saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi da SeTanxmebebi. magram garda amisa
sadazRvevo biznesi oTxi ZiriTadi kanoniT regulirdeba. esenia:
1. saqarTvelos kanoni dazRvevis Sesaxeb;
2. saqarTvelos kanoni arasaxelmwifo sapensio dazRvevisa da uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb;
3. saqarTvelos kanoni samedicino dazRvevis Sesaxeb;
4. saqarTvelos kanoni parlamentis wevris sicocxlisa da
janmrTelobis savaldebulo dazRvevis Sesaxeb.
sadazRvevo saqmnianobis subieqtebi arian damzRvevi, mzRveveli da dazRveuli.
damzRvevi aris piri, romelmac mzRvevelTan dado dazRvevis xelSekruleba. damzRvevi
SeiZleba iyos rogorc iuridiuli, ise fizikuri piri.
mzRveveli aris iuridiuli piri, romelsac kanoniT dadgenili wesiT
miRebuli aqvs dazRvevis Sesabamisi saxeobis ganxorcielebis licenzia.
dazRveuli aris piri, romlis mimarTac xorcieldeba dazRveva. damzRvevi
SeiZleba imavdroulad iyo dazRveuli, Tu dazRvevis xelSekrulebiT sxva
ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli.
mzRvevels SeuZlia ganaxorcielos sadazRvevo saqmianoba dazRvevis
agentisa da sadazRvevo brokeris meSveobiT.
dazRvevis agenti aris iuridiuli an fizikuri piri, romelic moqmedebs
mzRvevelis davalebiT da saxeliT, misTvis mzRvevelis mier miniWebuli
uflebamosilebis farglebSi.
1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `marketingis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da daimsaxura saprizo adgili
154
sadazRvevo brokeri aris iuridiuli an fizikuri piri, romelic licenziis Sesabamisad
axorcielebs dazRvevis sferoSi saSuamavlo saqmianobas,
rogorc Tavisi samewarmeo saqmianobis saxeobas. sadazRvevo brokeris urTierToba mzRvevelTan da
damzRvevTan ganisazRvreba maT Soris
dadebuli xelSekrulebiT.
marketinguli kvleva Catarda rogorc sadazRvevo kompaniebSi, ise sazogadoebaSic, kvlevis
mizani iyo dagvedgina ramdenad popularuliaAaRniSnuli produqti qarTul sazogadoebaSi da
ramdenad momgebiania igi rogorc biznesi.
sadazRvevo kompaniebis umravlesoba rogorc iuridiul, ise fizikur pirebs emsaxureba.
mxolod erTi kompania _ AIG saqarTvelo aris 100%-iT orientirebuli iuridiul pirebze. qarTu
jgufis monacemebis mixedviT ki iuridiul pirebze momxmarebelTa saerTo raodenobis 95% modis.
TiTqmis Tanabaria kompaniebis mixedviT iuridiuli da fizikuri pirebis raodenobis procentuli
gadanawileba.
sadazRvevo kompaniebis mier SeTavazebuli produqtebi mravalferovania. isini momxmarebels
ZiriTadad Semdeg produqtebs sTavazoben: sicocxlis dazRvevas, janmrTelobis dazRvevas, qonebis
dazRvevas, avtomanqanebis dazRvevas, pasuximgeblobis dazRvevas, tvirtebis dazRvevas, finansuri
riskebis dazRvevas, sapensio dazRvevas. kompaniebis mier gayiduli produqtebis raodenobis mxriv
yvelaze didi moTxovna janmrTelobis dazRvevaze modis. aseve popularobiT sargeblobs
avtomanqanebis da pasuxismgeblobis dazRveva.
diagrama # 1 diagrama # 2
kompaniebisTvis momgebianobis TvalsazrisiT suraTi odnav icvleba produqtze arsebul
moTxovnasTan SedarebiT. maRali moTxovnis Sesabamisad yvelaze Semosavliani janmrTelobis
dazRvevaa. yvelaze naklebad Semosavliani produqti ki kompaniebisTvis pasuxismgeblobis dazRvevaa.
(diagrama#2).
sadazRvevo bazarze wilebis gadanawilebis Sesaxeb yvelaze naTel suraTs kompaniebis bunva da
miRebuli Semosavlebi gvaZlevs. kompaniebis umravlesoba Tavis finansur mdgomareobas ar malavs.
gamokiTxvis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebiT saSualo wliuri Semosavlis sididis mixedviT `bi si ai
_ aldagi~ liderobs. sadazRvevo bazris sruli analizisaTvis da sadazRvevo produqtebze
moTxovnis Sesafaseblad Catarda mosaxleobis gamokiTxva, romelTa dayofa moxda or kategoriad
studebtebi (18_25 weli) da ara studentebi (25_78weli), saerTo jamSi gamoikiTxa 200
respodenti. aRniSnulma gamokiTxvam miaxloebiTi suraTi mogvca sadazRvevo bazarze arsebuli
moTxovnis Sesaxeb. miRebuli Sedegebi saqarTveloSi dabal sadazRvevo aqtivobaze metyvelebs.
17%
28%
21%
19%
9%6%
sicocxlis dazRveva
janmrTelobis dazRveva
avtomaanqanis dazRveva
qonebis azRveva
pasuxismgebloba
sapensio
19%
28%
21%
21%
3%8%
sicocxlis dazRveva
janmrTelobis dazRveva
avtomaanqanis dazRveva
qonebis azRveva
pasuxismgebloba
sapensio
155
studentTa mxolod 12% aRmoCnda dazRveuli xolo danarCeni respondentebSic mxolod 20% iyo
aqtivoba.
diagrama # 3.
sadazRvevo kompanoebis wili bazarze
sxvadasxva iyo is mizezebic ramac ganapiroba mosaxleobis sadazrvevo momsaxurebiT
daintereseba: a) janmrTelobis momsaxureba Zviria-76%; b)sadazRvevo paketi iafi jdeba-16%;
g)nawils saxelmwifo ixdis-6%; d)sxv.-2%.
gamokiTxulTa mier dasaxelebuli iqna 4 popularuli sadazRvevo kompania:
diagrama # 4. 4 popularuli sadazRvevo kampania
diagrama #5.
yvelaze meti popularobiT sargeblobs janmrTelobis dazRveva. danarCen adgilebs
inawileben sicocxlis, avtomanqanis da qonebis dazRveva. erT-erTma gamokiTxulma aseve aRniSna, rom
49%
34%
3%8% 2%
aldagi-bi si ai
ji pi ai holdingi
qarTu
saxalxo dazRveva
ai si jgufi
55%
11%25%
8%1%
aldagi bi si ai
irao ji pi ai
miedi Lel
sxva
79%
21%
0%
piradi qonebis pasuxismgeblobis
156
is sargeblobs umuSevrobis dazRveviT. aRmoCnda, rom pasuxismgeblobis dazRveviT arc erTi
gamokiTxuli ar sargeblobs
diagrama #6.
dazRvevis sxvadasxva saxeobis xvedriTi wona
kvlevis dros yuradReba gamaxvilda aseve gamokiTxulTa im nawilze, romlebis ar
sargebloben sadazRvevo momsaxurebiT.
diagrama #7
ratom ara xarT dazRveuli?
diagrama #8 dazRvevis ar mqone pirebis moTxovna
sadazRvevo produqtebze
8%
67%
17%
4%0%4%
sicocxlis dazRveva
janmrTelobis dazRveva
avtomaanqanis dazRveva
qonebis dazRveva
pasuxismgebloba
umuSevrobis dazRveva
54%
4%
23%
8%3%
ar davin-teresebulvar
fulis uazrodxarjvaa
Zviria vflob naklebinformacias
sxva
157
dazRvevis armqone pirebsac ki dazRvevis moTxovnileba da survili gaaCniaT, ramdenime
maTgani apirebs mimarTos sadazRvevo kompaniebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom dazRvevis armqone moqalaqeebs
Sorisac yvelaze didi moTxovniT janmrTelobis dazRveva sargeblobs. procentuli maCveneblebis
mixedviT mniSvnelovnad CamorCebian danarCeni produqtebi. pasuxismgeblobis dazRvevis survili arc
erT gamokiTxuls ar gamouTqvams (diagrama #8). aRsaniSnavia, rom dazRvevis ar mqone
gamokiTxulTa 17% saerTod ar apirebs dazRvevas.
sadazveo bizness aqvs imis potenciali, rom man saqarTveloSi daikavos pirveli adgili
legalur biznesebs Soris misi maqsimalurad ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia bazris yvela
segmentze SeRweva, damkvidreba da SenarCuneba, iseve rogorc dResdReobiT es sabanko sistemam
moaxdina. mniSvnelovania yvela sazogadoebriv fenas, yvela asakis moqalaqes misTvis Sesaferisi
momsaxureba SevTavazoT. amisaTvis ki aucilebelia saqarTvelos bazarze arsebuli produqciis
ganaxleba, inovaciuri momsaxurebis SeTavazeba moqnili fasiT.
magaliTad samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis dazRvevaTa Soris, zogierTi maTganis arseboba
mosaxleobam ar icis, zogierTi ki, magaliTad, produqciis xarisxze pasuxismgebloba, saerTod ar
aris damkvidrebuli. bevria iseTi produqtebi romlebic sakmaod warmatebulia, sxva ganviTarebad
Tu ganviTarebul qveynebSi, da maTi morgeba SeiZleba qarTul realobaSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom kompaniebis umravlesoba Tvlis, rom uamravi faqtori arsebobs, rac
sadazRvevo biznesis ganviTarebas aferxebs saqarTveloSi: sakanonmdeblo baza; savaldebulo
dazRvevis ararseboba; sadazRvevo kulturis arqona; arajansaRi konkurencia; mosaxleobis dabali
Semosavlebi; qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba; dabegvris meqanizmi.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. http://www. bcng.ge/ ___ ბიზნესსაკონსულტაციო ქსელი - საქართველო
2. http://www.economists.ge/ ___ saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistta asociacia
3. http://www.statistics.ge/ ___ saqarTvelos statistika
4. http://www.moh.gov.ge ___ saqarTvelos Sromis,janmrTelobisa da
socialuri dacvis saministro
1. gari armstrongi; filip kotleri
2. informacia mowodebuli iqna saqarTveloSi moqmedi sadazRvevo kompaniebisgan
7%
59%
9%
8%
14%
sicocxlis dazRveva
janmrTelobis dazRveva
avtomaanqanis dazRveva
qonebis dazRveva
pasuxismgebloba
158
sainvesticio proeqtebis dafinansebis strategia1 nino gemazaSvili
Tsu bakalavri
mecn-xelm: asist. prof. Gg. qeSelaSvili
globalizaciis procesi Seuqcevadad mimdinareobs. qarTulma saxelmwifom
mniSvnelovani roli unda Seasrulos erovnuli interesebis dacvaSi, win aRudges
globalizaciis uaryofiT gamovlinebebs, raTa msoflio sameurneo kavSirebSi erovnuli
ekonomikis CarTvisas miiRos sargebeli, rac saqarTvelos TiToeuli moqalaqis
keTildReobaSi aisaxeba. Mmsoflio sameurneo sistemaSi momgebiani integrirebisaTvis
saxelmwifom unda Seqmnas ganviTarebis institutebi, romlebic mxars dauWeren
investiciebs axal inovaciur proeqtebSi, stimuls miscemen inovaciur aqtivobas, xels
Suwyoben progresul – teqnologiur Zvrebs, romlebic gaaerTianeben finansur, SromiT da
informaciul resursebs ekonomikuri zrdis perspeqtiul mimarTulebebze.
E ekonomikuri sistemis efeqtianoba ukavSirdeba mis ganviTarebas. investiciebis
mozidvis amocanis gadaWra ara marto aqtualuri, aramed sasicocxlod aucilebelia.
`investiciebi~ xSir SemTxvevaSi aRiqmeba rogorc kapitalis dabandeba. Uucxour ekonomikur
literaturaSi investiciebi–es aris fulis dabandeba Semosavlis, anda socialuri
efeqtianobis misaRebad, es aris fuladi saxsrebi, fasiani qaRaldebi, qoneba, romelTac
aqvT fuladi Rirebuleba, maTi samewarmeo, anda sxva saxis saqmianobis obieqtebSi Cadebis
qonebrivi ufleba mogebis, anda sxva sasargeblo Sedegis miRebis mizniT.
dRevandeli saqarTvelos geopolitikurma mdebareobam ganapiroba misi satranzito
qveyanad Camoyalibeba. Aamis magaliTia ` didi abreSumis gzisa~ da `transekas~ proeqtebi.
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba qveynis sawarmoo potencialis zrdas da am
mimarTulebiT jansaRi sainvesticio klimatis Seqmnas. 40-ze met saxelmwifosTan, maT
Soris aSS, CineTi, germania, italia, safrangeTi, didi britaneTi da a.S. ZalaSi Sevida
SeTanxmeba investiciebis ganxorcielebisa da urTierTdacvis Sesaxeb. investiciebis
moculoba izrdeba arasaxelmwifo dafinansebis wyaros xarjze, Sesabamisad mcirdeba
saxelmwifo investiciebis wili, SeiniSneba ucxouri investiciebis zrdis tendencia.
2004-2008 wlebSi saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebulma pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis
moculobam Sesabamisad 499,1; 449,5; 1190,4; 2014,8 da 1293,7 mln aSS. dolari Seadgina.
aRniSnulidan Cans, rom 2008 wels saqarTveloSi pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis
moculoba mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. Aamis mizezi iyo saqarTveloSi mimdinare politikuri
movlenebi (agvistos omi), rasac adasturebs Ppirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis 2008
wlis kvartaluri monacemebi: I kvartali – 493.77 mln aSS dolari, II – 560.03 mln aSS
dolari, III – 62.37 mln aSS dolari, IV – 87.53 mln aSS dolari.
2008 wlis Semodgomaze yazaxurma kompaniam `yazmunaigazma” baTumSi 1 miliardi aSS
dolaris Rirebulebis proeqtis dawyeba SeaCera. 2006 wels gaformebuli xelSekrulebis
1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `menejmentis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da daimsaxura saprizo adgili.
159
Tanaxmad, `yazmunaigazs” baTumSi evropuli standartebis Sesabamisi navTobgadamamuSavebeli
qarxana unda aeSenebina. proeqtis SeCerebis Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi ruseTis samxedro
agresiis ganxorcielebis Semdeg gaxda cnobili.
dReisTvis saqarTvelos xelisufleba qveynis teritoriaze didi energetikuli
proeqtis _ `nabukos” ganxorcielebis imeds kvlav inarCunebs. am imedis safuZvels isic
iZleva, rom azerbaijanuli mxaris gancxadebiT maT ar daukargavT interesi `nabukos”
proeqtis mimarT. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma sainvesticio mimzidvelobis
gasazrdelad 750 mln aSS dolaris odenobis krediti gamoyo. saerTaSoriso savaluto
fondis am gadawyvetilebis Semdeg saqarTvelos mimarT interesi ramdenime msxvilma
investorma ganacxada. maT Soris `rak investment autoritim”, romelic foTis portis
aqciebis 51 % - is mflobelia da romelic saqarTveloSi 2 miliardi aSS dolaris
sainvesticio proeqtebs axorcielebs.
saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri reformebis gatarebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben
saerTaSoriso safinanso organizaciebi da donori qveynebi. ruseTis samxedro agresiis
Semdeg saqarTveloSi axali investiciebi gamoCnda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kompania
`doheni grupis” saxiT. es kompania infrastruqturis ganviTarebisa da mSeneblobis
investirebas ganaxorcielebs. saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier ganxorcielebulma
pirdapirma investiciebma 2006-2008 wlebSi Sesabamisad 8,7; 14,3; da 22, 2 mln aSS
Ddolari Seadgina.
investiciebis didi nawilia Cadebuli sawarmoTa rekonstruqciasa da teqnikur
gadaiaraRebaSi iseT dargebSi, rogoricaa eleqtroenergetika, gadammuSavebeli mrewveloba,
transporti da kavSirgabmuloba. energetikis sferoSi investorebis daxmarebiT
xorcieldeba proeqtebi, romlebic iTvaliswinebs eleqtrosadgurebis sareabilitacio
samuSaoebis Catarebas. kavSirgabmulobis sferoSi ganxorcielebulma samuSaoebma
uzrunvelyo mudmivi da Seuferxebeli kavSiri rogorc sazRvargareT, ise saqarTvelos
raionul centrebTan.
donor organizaciebs Soris gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania jandacvis msoflio
organizacia, msoflio banki, evrokavSiri, evropis sabWo, aSS saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis
saagento, amerikis saerTaSoriso janmrTelobis kavSiri, didi britaneTis saerTaSoriso
ganviTarebis departamenti, SvedeTis saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis saagento,
kanadis saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis saagento, eqimebi sazRvrebs gareSe, Ria
sazogadoebis instituti, germaniis teqnikuri TanamSromlobis organizacia, germaniis
rekonstruqciis sakredito banki, wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komiteti, migraciis
saerTaSoriso organizacia.
dReisaTvis msoflio bankis sakredito portfeli saqarTveloSi 15 sainvesticio da
1 sabiujeto proeqts iTvlis, romelTa dafinansebisaTvis mTlianad 286,8 mln dolaris
odenobis 21 krediti da grantia gamoyofili.
msoflio bankis saerTaSoriso korporaciis angariSi saqarTvelos #1
reformatorad afasebs, Tumca saerTo monacemebiT biznesis warmoebis simartivis mixedviT,
saqarTvelo 37 - e adgilzea.
160
2007 wlis seqtemberSi, IFC–ma saqarTveloSi 23 proeqtis ganviTarebisaTvis
daaxloebiT 258 mln aSS dolari gamoyo. IFC – is garda, energetikul sferoSi erT-erTi
umsxvilesi investoria BP, romelic saqarTveloSi 1996 wlidan saqmianobs da mis mier ara
erTi mniSvnelovani proeqti iqna dafinansebuli (baqo_sufsis milsadeni,
baqo_Tbilisi_jeihanis navTobsadeni, samxreT kavkasiuri milsadeni da sxva).
ucxouri da adgilobrivi investiciebis daxmarebiT xorcieldeba jandacvis,
ganaTlebis, bunebis dacvis proeqtebi, sastumroebis, turizmisa da vaWrobis obieqtebis
mSenebloba, romelTa dasruleba xels Seuwyobs qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebas. Tumca
pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis ganxorcielebisas arsebobs imis realuri saSiSroeba,
rom saqarTvelos erovnuli aqtivebis mflobeli gaxdes romelime ucxo saxelmwifo, rac
erTi mxriv, ewinaaRmdegeba am procesis arss da, meore mxriv, qmnis saqarTveloze
dainteresebuli qveynis mxridan garkveuli zegavlenis moxdenis SesaZleblobas.
saqarTveloSi ruseTis sainvesticio aqtiuroba jer kidev 2003 wlis zafxulSi
gamoikveTa, rodesac gakotrebuli aSS kompaniis `ei i es silq roud~-is aqciebi `rao ees~-
ma Seisyida. s/s `madneulis~, Sps `kvarcitis~ da `trans jorjian resoursiz~-is
privatizebis dros msurvelebs Soris iyo qarTuli `industria da energia kompleqsi~,
avstraliuri, britanuli, kanaduri, Sveicaruli, avstriuli kompaniebi, Tumca tenderSi
rusuli holdingis `promiSlennie investoris~ mier dafuZnebulma kompania `stenton
equitiz~-ma gaimarjva, romelmac 35,1 mln. dolari gadaixada. igi `promiSlennie
investoris~ Svilobili kompaniaa, Ee.i., cxadia, rom `madneulis~-s aqciebis realuri
mflobeli `promiSlennie investori~ gaxda. Mmisi aqciebis mflobeli ki ruseTis saTbob-
energetikis yofili ministri sergei generalovia.
U zemo aRniSnulidan cxadi xdeba, rom ucxouri investiciebis Semodinebis dros
iqmneba SesaZlebloba ucxo saxelmwifoebis kontrolirebadi kompaniebis, an fondebis mier
moxdes saqarTvelos gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis obieqtebis aqciaTa sakontrolo paketis
SeZena, rac ewinaaRmdegeba Cveni Qqveynis erovnul usafrTxoebas. sainteresoa am sferoSi
evrokavSiris gamocdileba. evrokavSirma 2007 wlis energosistemis reformis gegmaSi
moiTxova energokompaniebisagan sawarmoo da sadistribucio arxebis gancalkeveba da
ucxour kompaniebs garkveuli limiti dauwesa evrokavSiris energo bazarze. amiT man Tavi
daicva ucxo saxelmwifoTa zegavlenisagan. aseve kanadis mTavrobam 2007 wlis ivlisSi
daafuZna specialuri sabWo, romelsac daevala sainvesticio aqtis gadasinjva im
TvalsazrisiT, rom SemuSavebuliyo arakomerciuli miznebis mqone ucxouri sawarmoebis
aRkveTis RonisZiebani erovnuli usafrTxoebis dacvisaTvis.
aRniSnuli gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTveloSic sainvesticio
gadawyvetilebani miRebul unda iqnes saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan koordinaciiT. aseTi
obieqtebis nusxa unda ganisazRvros kanonSi `sainvesticio saqmianobis xelSewyobisa da
garantiebis Sesaxeb~ Sesabamisi Sesworebebis Semdeg Ada dawesdes SezRudvebi.
Cveni azriT, zemoaRniSnuli SezRudvebis daweseba aranair safrTxes ar Seuqmnis
Tavisufali biznes-garemos ganviTarebas da ar gaauaresebs saqarTvelos sainvesticio
klimats. cvlilebebi mniSvnelovania qveynis ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis amocanebis
161
gadasawyvetad. maTi kanonmdeblobaSi asaxva ki xels Seuwyobs arakeTilmosurne
saxelmwifoTa zegavlenisagan dacvas.
rogor moaxerxebs qarTuli saxelmwifo, rom Seqmnas ganviTarebis institutebi,
romlebic mxars dauWeren investiciebs axal inovaciur proeqtebSi, stimuls miscems
inovaciur aqtivobas ekonomikuri zrdis perspeqtiul mimarTulebebze?
albaT am sferoebis waxalisebisaTvis man unda gamoiyenos investiciebis mozidvis
sabazro meqanizmebi. investirebis meqanizmebi moqmedebs mxolod maSin, Tu
gaTvaliswinebulia am procesSi sabanko struqturebis monawileoba, rac axdens fuladi
resursebis mobilizacias da aregulirebs maT moZraobas samecniero _ teqnikuri da
inovaciuri programebis gamoyenebis mixedviT. sabanko struqturebi axdenen uzarmazari
saxsrebis akumulirebas finansuri da sainvesticio institutebis Seqmnis gziT. bankebis
monawileoba am sferoSi qmnis damatebiT stimulebs sainvesticio proeqtebisaTvis. arcerTi
finansuri instituti ise kargad ar uzrunvelyofs sainvesticio resursebis moZraobis
marTvasa da kontrols, rogorc amas bankebi axorcieleben.
2007 wlis seqtemberSi bank `respublikasa” da saerTaSoriso safinanso
organizaciis mier xeli moewera xelSekrulebas, romlis Tanaxmadac `respublikas~ gamoeyo
20 milioni aSS dolaris odenobis 5 wliani krediti mcire da saSualo biznesis
dasafinanseblad.
E evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki erT-erTi umsxvilesi investoria
saqarTvelos kerZo seqtorSi. mis mier dRemde ganxorcielebulia 81 sainvesticio proeqti
energetikaSi, transportSi, agrobiznessa da sabanko seqtorebSi. 2008 wlis bolos
Eevropis reskonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banksa da bank `respublikas” Soris xeli
moewera energokreditis proeqts, romlis biujetic 5 mln dolars Seadgens da
gaTvaliswinebulia fizikur da iuridiul pirebze sesxebis gacema. cxadia, saerTaSoriso
safinanso institutebi exmarebian Cvens qveyanas, magram aqcenti unda keTdebodes samamulo
warmoebis, inteleqtualuri warmoebis ganviTarebasa da misi konkurentunarianobis
amaRlebazec.
radgan sainvesticio proeqtis finansuri resursebi SezRudulia, aucilebelia
sainvesticio gadawyvetilebis optimizacia. ramdenime alteranatiuli proeqtis SemTxvevaSi
mniSvnelovania swori arCevanis gakeTeba, rac efuZneba saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi miRebul
kriteriumebs.
sainvesticio strategia ki proeqtis samomavlo saqmianobis grZelvadiani miznebis
sistemaa, romelsac gansazRvravs misi ganviTarebis zogadi amocanebi da sainvesticio
ideologia, agreTve, maTi miRwevebis yvelaze ufro efeqtiani gzebis SerCeva. sainvesticio
strategiis SemuSaveba moicavs sainvesticio saqmianobis miznebis dasaxvas, misi
prioritetuli mimarTulebebisa da formebis gansazRvras, axdens sainvesticio resursebis
struqturis formirebas, ganawilebis optimizaciasa da sainvesticio politikis
SemuSavebas. sainvesticio strategiis SemuSavebis procesi sawarmos strategiis
umniSvnelovanesi Semadgeneli nawilia. misi elementebia: misia, ganviTarebis zogadi
strategiuli miznebi, funqciuri strategiebi da resursebis formirebisa da ganawilebis
meTodebi. amasTan, sainvesticio strategia garkveul TanadaqvemdebarebaSia proeqtis
162
strategiuli arCevanis sxva elementebTan. sainvesticio proeqtis Camoyalibebisas pirvel
rigSi unda SevimuSaoT da davgegmoT marketinguli stimulirebis sakiTxebi: investoris
darwmuneba mocemuli proeqtis efeqtianobaSi, saqonlis gasaRebis stimulirebaSi,
realizaciis saSualebebSi, distribuciaSi, `warmatebis formulasa~ da SemosavlebSi.
SemuSavebuli strategiisa da marketinguli stimulirebis gansazRvris Semdgom
aucilebelia proeqtis riskebis gansazRvra, maTi marTva ki proeqtis sicocxlisunarianobis
ganmsazRvrelia.
siaxles ar warmoadgens, rom `likani” Cveni drois erT-erTi warmatebuli brendia.
igi mineraluri wylebis qarTul bazarze 2007 wels gamoCnda, dReisaTvis sabazro wilis
mixedviT, mas erT-erTi wamyvani pozicia ukavia. udavoa, rom `likanis” warmateba kompania
`borjomis” marTebuli gadawyvetilebis Sedegia. produqtis koncefciis Seqmnis pirvel
etapze, `likanis” menejerma saTanado dro dauTmo mineraluri wylis qarTveli
momxmareblis Rirebulebebis kvlevasa da `eisiTis” daxmarebiT naTeli warmodgena Seeqmna
momxmarebelTa faseulobebsa da cxovrebis postulatebze. kvlevebma daadastura, rom
saxeli `likani” momxmarebelSi dadebiT reaqcias iwvevda, rac mineraluri wylis
bunebriobasa da mis sasargeblo Tvisebebze miuTiTebda. gayidvebis tempma ki yovelgvar
molodins gadaaWarba: realizaciis faqtiuri maCvenebeli dagegmilze orjer meti aRmoCnda.
`likanis”, rogorc brendis, warmateba kompaniis warmomadgenelTa, dizainerTa da
mkvlevarTa gunduri muSaobis Sedegi da axali produqtis ganviTarebisadmi
profesionaluri midgomis naTeli magaliTia.
amrigad, Cven SevacadeT Camogveyalibebina sainvesticio proeqtebis TviTmenejmenti,
gagvesazRvra strategiuli mizani, Segvefasebina strategia, gagveTvaliswinebina
marketinguli miqsi, riskis faqtorebi, risTvisac warmovadgineT erTi warmatebuli
proeqti _ qarTuli brendi `likani”. `likanma~ swori dagegmviTa da marketinguli
stimulirebis saSualebebiT gansacvifrebel warmatebas miaRwia. aqac…yvelaferi ideiT
daiwyo...
Ggamoyenebuli literatura:
1. v. papava, `qarTuli oqro~, gaz. `24 saaTi~, 12 oqtomberi, 2007.
2. Canada:Foreign State-Owned Investors Spark ,,National Securty’’ Concerns 23 Oktober
2007./www.mondaq.com/.
3.www.statistics.ge
4.www.economy.gov.ge
5.www.republic.ge
6.www.bpgeorgia.ge
163
testuri gamocdebis Casatarebeli programuli
produqti `TEGAPRO~ 1
zviad siWinava
Tsu bakalavri
mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. d. siWinava
testuri gamocdebis Casatarebeli programuli produqtebis Seqmnaze muSaoben
msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis profesionali specialistebi. erTi SexedviT, es Tema TiTqos
araa gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis obieqti. magram, Tu Tvals gadavavlebT aseTi proeqtebis
Seqmnisa da danergvis, rogorc moralur, ise ekonomikur mxares davrwmundebiT, rom es
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani amocanaa. dRes am mxriv erT-erTi novatoruli proeqtia Cvens mier
warmodgenili testuri gamocdebis Casatarebeli programa TEGAPRO, romelic srulyofils
xdis saswavlo process da studentebs swavlisa da meti sibejiTisken ganawyobs.
proeqtis programuli uzrunvelyofisTvis arCeulia obieqt-orientirebuli
programirebis ena Delphi. aRniSnuli ena sakmaod mZlavria. mas iyenebs kompania Microsoft-i
Tavisi programuli produqtebis SesamuSaveblad.
testuri gamocdebis programa TEGAPRO Seiqmna 2005 wels. igi waredgina
saqarTvelos `inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis erovnul centrs saqpatents~, romelmac
aRniSnul proeqtze gasca saavtoro ufleba #2126. programuli produqti TEGAPRO
saqpatentSi registrirebulia saxeliT `ziko~.
testuri gamocdebis programa TEGAPRO danergilia da warmatebiT muSaobs rogorc
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi, ise sxva
universitetebSic. programas gaaCnia dacviTi meqanizmebi, romlebic gamoricxavs
dainteresebuli piris eSmakur mcdelobas, raTa ar Seitanos garkveuli koreqtivebi
programis muSaobaSi. qvemoT ganvixilavT programuli produqtis TEGAPRO-s
SesaZleblobebsa da upiratesobas sxva msgavs programul produqtebTan SedarebiT da misi
danergvis ekonomikur efeqtianobas.
programuli produqtis TEGAPRO-s (TE-testuri, GA-gamocdebis, PRO-programa)
gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia, nebismier saganSi, rogorc Sualeduri, ise sasesio testuri
gamocdebis Catareba.
programuli produqtis TEGAPRO-s SesaZleblobebidan SegviZlia gamovyoT Semdegi:
programul produqt TEGAPRO-Si SeuzRudavia SekiTxvebisa da TiToeul testze
savaraudo pasuxebis raodenoba;
programuli produqti TEGAPRO Ria sistemaa, anu saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi
SesaZlebelia programuli cvlilebebis Setana, e. i. adaptirebadia nebismier disciplinasTan
mimarTebaSi;
1moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `sainformacio teqnologiebi ekonomikasa da biznesSi~ sakaTedro studentur
konferenciaze da daimsaxura saprizo adgili, xolo studentTa 69-e samecniero konferenciaze III adgili.
164
gaaCnia dReisTvis miRebuli da aprobirebuli testuri gamocdebis standartebze
gadasvlis SesaZlebloba;
moxsnilia subieqturi faqtorebi, anu programuli produqti TEGAPRO gamoricxavs,
e. w. fsiqologiur zewolas gamomcdelis (leqtoris) mxridan. es ki students aZlevs
saSualebas, maqsimalurad gamoavlinos sakuTari codna;
am sistemiT Sualeduri Semowmebis Catarebis SemTxvevaSi moxdeba studentTa
Sefasebebis avtomaturi damaxsovreba specialur monacemTa bazaSi da gamocdis Sedegebis
mixedviT saboloo uwyisis formireba;
gamoricxavs ucxo piris gasvlas gamocdaze romelime studentis magivrad. amisaTvis
sasurvelia winaswar Seiqmnas studentTa piradi nomrebisa da maTi fotosuraTebis
monacemTa baza;
programa saSualebas iZleva moxdes niSnebis avtomaturi gadatana studentTa
erTian sauniversiteto bazaSi;
programuli produqtis TEGAPRO-s saSualebiT SesaZlebelia, gamocdebis
damTavrebisTanave, uwyisebis Sedgena calkeuli jgufebis mixedviT;
programul produqt TEGAPRO-dan SesaZlebelia Sedgenili uwyisebis gatana EXCEL-Si
Semdgomi damuSavebisaTvis (sxvadasxva saxis statistikuri maCveneblebis misaRebad).
gamocdebis Catarebis sxva tradiciul meTodebTan SedarebiT programuli produqtis
TEGAPRO-s upiratesobebs Soris SegviZlia gamovyoT:
obieqturoba;
gamoricxavs korufcias;
gamoricxavs `Spargalkebis~ gamoyenebas (TEGAPRO-Si gamoyenebulia SemTxveviTi
ricxvis generatori, romelic testebis bazidan garkveuli albaTobiT irCevs testebs.
aseve adgilebs ucvlis arCeuli testis savaraudo pasuxebs);
xels uwyobs (ganapirobebs) codnis miRebis aucileblobas da Sesabamisad
uzrunvelyofs studentebis swavlebis donis amaRlebas;
studentebisaTvis gamocdis Sedegebis operatiulad gacnoba (studentebi niSnebs
igeben gamocdis damTavrebisTanave da ara 4-5 dRis Semdeg);
pretenziebis ar arseboba (iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda. magaliTad, 700 studentidan
Semovida mxolod 1 pretenzia). weriTi saxiT testuri gamocdebis Catarebisas ki
pretenziebis raodenoba, saSualod, 10-15%-ia. zogierT SemTxvevSi ki 50%-sac aRwevs.
sakancelario saqonlis ekonomia;
adamianuri resursebis gamoTavisufleba: naSromebis gasworebisagan, niSnebis bazaSi
Setanisgan, gamocdaze meTvalyureebis raodenobis Semcireba da sxva.
programuli produqti TEGAPRO srulyofili sistemaa. misi interfeisi Sedgeba
Semdegi Rilakebisgan: `daxmareba~, `dawyeba~, `testis Setana~, `niSnebi~ da `gamosvla~.
ganvixiloT TiToeuli cal-calke:
`daxmarebis~ dialogur fanjaraSi ganTavsebulia momxmareblisTvis saWiro yvela
informacia programis Sesaxeb;
165
`testis Setanis~ dialogur fanjaraSi ZiriTadad ganTavsebulia sxvadasxva sagnebis
testebis Setanis, testirebis drois dayenebis da sxva mravali funqcia;
`niSnebis~ dialogur fanjaraSi ganTavsebulia studentis mier miRebuli niSnis
moZebnisTvis saWiro velebi, Zebnis Rilaki, jgufis uwyisis Sedgenis Rilaki, romelsac
Tavis mxriv gavyavarT Sesabamis dialogur fanjaraSi, studentis Sesaxeb bazaSi arsebuli
monacemebis amobeWdvis Rilaki da gamosvlis Rilaki;
`gamosvlis~ Rilaki uzrunvelyofs programidan gamosvlas.
`dawyebis~ Rilakze daWeriT SevdivarT dialogur fanjaraSi `anketa~, sadac
studentma unda Seitanos Sesabamisi anketuri monacemebi. anketis dialogur fanjaras
gaaCnia Rilakebi: `gamosvla~ da .`Semdeg~. studenti anketis Sevsebis Semdeg aWers Rilaks
.`Semdeg~, ris Sedegadac gamodis misalmebis dialoguri fanjara. misalmebis dialogur
fanjaras gaaCnia Rilaki .`gamocdis dawyeba~. am Rilakze daWeriT programa gadadis
sagamocdo testebis dialogur fanjaraze.
sagamocdo testebis dialogur fanjaraze ganTavsebulia: testis kiTxvisa da savaraudo
pasuxebis velebi; marcxena zeda kuTxeSi ganTavsebulia studentis suraTi, saxeli gvari da
11-niSna piradi nomeri; Rilakebi `damTavreba~, `wina~ (wina testze gadasasvlelad) da
`Semdeg~ (Semdeg testze gadasasvlelad); sagamocdo testebis raodenobis Sesabamisi TeTri
kvadratebi, romelTa daWeriT students SeuZlia swrafad gadavides nebismier testze;
taimeri, romelic aRricxavs testirebis dros.
rodesac studenti daamTavrebs testirebas igi aWers Rilaks `damTavreba~. ris
Sedegadac gamova dialoguri fanjara, sadac kompiuteri ekiTxeba `ginda gamosvla?~.
studenti aWers Rilakze OK da gamova studentis mier dagrovili qulebis Setyobinebis
dialoguri fanjara. am fanjris gamoCenis momentidan monitoris ekrani `SeSdeba~ ramdenime
wuTiT, rac gamoricxavs, arasasurveli qulebis miRebis SemTxvevaSi, studentis mier
testirebis xelmeored Catarebas.
Tu studenti ver Caetia testirebisTvis gankuTvnil droSi, maSin programa iblokeba da
students ar SeuZlia testirebis gagrZeleba. mas SeuZlia mxolod testirebis Sewyveta
RilakiT `damTavreba~.
garda aRwerilisa warmodgenil programul produqt TEGAPRO-s gaaCnia uamravi
SesaZleblobebi, romelTa CamoTvla Sors wagviyvans.
axla ganvixiloT, Tu ra ekonomikuri efeqti gaaCnia Cvens mier SemoTavazebul programul
produqts.
moviyvanoT programuli produqtis TEGAPRO-s ekonomikuri efeqtianobis dasabuTeba
Tsu ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis magaliTze.
programuli produqtis TEGAPRO-Tvis aucilebeli da sakmarisia Tanamedrove
kompiuteruli klasebis arseboba.
ekonomikuri efeqtianobis gaangariSeba gavakeToT or nawilad: pirveli _ SevadginoT
tradiciuli meTodiT testuri gamocdebis Catarebis xarjTaRricxva da meore _
kompiuteruli wesiT testuri gamocdebis Catarebis xarjTaRricxva.
xarjTaRricxvaSi fuladi saxsrebis ekonomia, zogadad, SeiZleba gamovsaxoT Semdegi
formuliT
166
Cek= C0- C1, (1)
sadac Cek _ fuladi saxsrebis ekonomiaa, romelic miiReba erT sagamocdo disciplinaSi
weriTi testuri gamocdebisa da kompiuterebis gamoyenebiT testuri gamocdebis Catarebaze
gaweuli danaxarjebis sxvaobiT.
(1) formulaSi C0 _ weriTi saxiT testuri gamocdebis CatarebasTan dakavSirebuli fuladi
danaxarjebia;
C1 _ kompiuteruli wesiT testuri gamocdebis Catarebisas saWiro fuladi danaxarjebia.
Cvens SemTxvevaSi C0 Seicavs Semdegs: qseroqsis xarjebs (175 l), weriTi saxiT
warmodgenili namuSevrebis gasworebisTvis saWiro xelfasis sidides (700 l), testuri
gamocdebis mimdinareobis organizaciaze gaweul danaxarjebs (525 l) da uwyisebidan
studentTa monacemebis SetanisTvis mdivan-menejeris xelfasis sidides (11,0 l). sul _
C0=1411 lars.
C1 Seicavs Semdegs: damkvirveblebis xelfass (120 l) da kompiuteris eqspluataciis
xarjs (21,6 l). sul _ C1=141,6 lars.
Tu (1) formulaSi CavsvamT miRebul monacemebs, maSin
Cek=1411-141,6=1269,4 l
Tu aviRebT, rom studenti orive semestrSi saSualod abarebs 8 sagans, maSin wliuri
ekonomia 700 studentze gaTvliT toli iqneba-
8 X 1269,4=10155,2 l
Tu 10155,2 l gavamravlebT 4 kursze miviRebT _ 40620,8 l.
Tu studenti orive semestrSi saSualod abarebs 10 sagans, maSin wliuri ekonomia
700 studentze gaTvliT toli iqneba-
10 X 1269,4=12694 l
Tu 12694 l gavamravlebT 4 kursze miviRebT _ 50776 l.
Tu studenti orive semestrSi saSualod abarebs 12 sagans, maSin wliuri ekonomia
700 studentze gaTvliT toli iqneba-
12 X 1269,4=15232,8 l
Tu 15232,8 l gavamravlebT 4 kursze miviRebT _ 60931,2 l.
samive SemTxvevaSi miRebul Tanxas unda gamoakldes programuli produqtis TEGAPRO-s
Rirebuleba.
amrigad, warmodgenili proeqtis Seqmnisa da danergvis Sedegad miRebuli, rogorc
moraluri, ise ekonomikuri efeqti mniSvnelovania. garda amisa, naTlad Cans, testuri
gamocdebis Casatarebeli programa TEGAPRO-s inovaciuroba. misi danergva saswavlo
procesis xarisxis amaRlebis erT-erT saSualebadac gvevlineba.
167
informaciuli sazogadoebis ekonomikis
ganviTarebis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi1
nikoloz cxadaia
Tsu bakalavri
mecn-xelm: asoc. prof. enver lagvilava
axali ekonomikis (New Economy), rogorc axali tipis ekonomikuri sistemis warmoSoba
xorcieldeba qseluri teqnologiebis saSualebiT erTiani informaciul-sakomunikacio sivrcis
formirebis intensiur procesSi.
ukanasknel periodSi termini ,,axali ekonomika~ samecniero literaturaSi gansakuTrebiT
xSirad ixmareba da ZiriTadad ori mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba. pirvel rigSi axali ekonomikis qveS
igulisxmeba ekonomikis is nawili, romelic Sedgeba iseTi maRalteqnologiuri dargebisagan,
rogoricaa-kompiuterebis warmoeba, sakomunikacio sistemebis Seqmna, programuli uzrunvelyofa,
bioteqnologia da sxva. am gagebiT, axali ekonomika ganisazRvreba, rogorc maRalteqnologiuri
elementebiT gamorCeuli dargebis erToblioba. meore mniSvnelobiT `axali ekonomika~ gulisxmobs
maRali teqnologiebis makroekonomikur parametrebze zegavlenas. igi ZiriTadad swored am
mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba, radgan ukeT gamoxatavs Tanamedrove ekonomikis ganviTarebis
Taviseburebebs.
axal ekonomikas zogjer uwodeben virtualur ekonomikas (Virtual Economy), raTa xazi gausvan
Zveli, tradiciuli ekonomikisagan mis gansxvavebas. virtualuri ekonomika warmoadgens
gansakuTrebul ekonomikur garemos, romelSic SesaZlebelia eleqtronuli biznesis (Sesabamisad,
eleqtronuli komerciisa da vaWrobis) warmarTva interaqtiuri SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebis
safuZvelze.
aseve gamoiyeneba termini codnis ekonomika (Economy of Knowledge). codnis ekonomika
fokusirdeba codnis, rogorc ekonomikis procesebze zemoqmedi fenomenis menejmentsa da warmoebaze.
xSirad gamoiyeneba da gulisxmobs codnis teqnologiebis (codnis inJineria da codnis menejmenti)
gamoyenebas ekonomikuri sargeblis sawarmoeblad.
ekonomistTa nawili axali ekonomikuri movlenebis ganxilvisas gvTavazobs gamoTqmas `qseluri
ekonomika~ (Network Economy). aseTi midgoma gamarTlebulia, radgan maRalteqnologiuri dargebi
swored qseluri sikeTis warmoebiT arian dakavebuli. qseli Seicavs unikalur Tvisebebs da
gansazRvravs axali ekonomikis Taviseburebebs.
`axali ekonomikis~ bevri mkvlevari miuTiTebs Tavis naSromSi inovaciis umniSvnelovanes
fenomenze ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis da acxadebs, rom “axali ekonomika” arsebiTad inovaciuri
ekonomikaa.
m. kastelsi gamoyofs axali ekonomikis xuT ZiriTad maxasiaTebels:
1. mwarmoebluroba, roca sul ufro metadaa damokidebuli Tanamedrove mecnierebisa da teqnikis
miRwevebis gamoyenebaze, aseve informaciisa da menejmentis xarisxze;
2. momxmareblebisa da mwarmoeblebis yuradRebis gadatana materialuri warmoebidan
informaciul saqmianobaze;
3. sawarmoo procesis organizaciis Zireuli transformacia;
1moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `sainformacio teqnologiebi ekonomikasa da biznesSi~ sakaTedro studentur
konferenciaze da daimsaxura saprizo adgili.
168
4. ekonomikis globaluri xasiaTi, rodesac kapitali, warmoeba, menejmenti, bazari, Sroma,
informacia da teqnologiebi organizebulia nacionaluri sazRvrebisagan damoukideblad;
5. teqnologiuri cvlilebebis revoluciuri xasiaTi, rac TandaTanobiT gardaqmnis
Tanamedrove msoflios materialur safuZvlebs;
aseve mniSvnelovania zogadad Tanamedrove ekonomistebis mier aRiarebuli debulebebi:
_ mimdinare cvlilebebis globaluri xasiaTi;
_ operireba abstraqtuli, araxelSesaxebi sikeTeebiT: ideebiT, informaciiT da
urTierTdamokidebulebebiT;
_ axali ekonomikis calkeuli segmentebis mWidro urTierTkavSiri da urTierTqmedeba;
teqnologiuri cvlilebebis TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa, cnobili ekonomistis d. tapskotis mier
mocemuli Zveli da axali teqnologiebis niSan-TvisebaTa Sedareba-sistematizacia. igi axali
ekonomikis mTavar ganmasxvavebel Tvisebad aRiqvams axali informaciuli teqnologiebis
inteleqtualizaciisa da qselur orientaciasTan dakavSirebul parametrebs da gamoyofs 10
ZiriTad ganmsazRvrel cvlilebas teqnologiebSi (ix. cxrili 1)
cxrili 1.
niSani Zveli teqnologiebi axali teqnologiebi
1. signali analogiuri cifruli
2. procesorebi tradiciuli,
naxevargamtarebze
mikroprocesorebi
3 gamoTvliTi
kompleqsi
didi egm-is bazaze klient-serveris arqiteqtura
4. gamtarunarianoba baRis biliki informaciuli magistrali
5. mowyobiloba SeRwevis mowyobiloba
inteleqtis gareSe
informaciuli sayofacxovrebo
aparatura
6. informaciis
warmodgenis formati
monacemebi, teqsti,
bgera, gamosaxuleba
multimedia
7. sistemebi specializirebuli Ria
8. qselebi arainteleqtualuri inteleqtualuri
9. programis
SemuSaveba
xelobis doneze obieqt-orientirebuli programireba
10. interfeisi momxmareblis grafikuli
interfeisi (GUI)
mravalmomxmarebliani sistema(MUD)
multimediuri interfeisi(MUI)
axal ekonomikaze gardamavali etapi, informaciuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis xarjze Tavis
TavSi moicavs axali wesebis dakanonebas, sadac iseT terminebi rogoricaa nou-hau da eqspertis
codna iseTive mniSvnelovani resursi iqneba rogoric industriul ekonomikaSia sxvadasxva
nedleuli. axali wesebi unda daiweros firmebisa da sawarmoebis doneze, rac gulisxmobs codnis
menejmentis daxvewas.
axali ekonomika, SeiZleba iTqvas warmoadgens, rogorc postindustriuli ekonomikis
ganviTarebis etapebs:
_ warmoebis faqtorTa struqturebis cvlileba maTSi informatizaciis gamoyofiT;
_ obieqtis struqturasa da sakuTrebis formebs Soris Tanafardobis (damokidebulebis) cvlileba;
169
_ axali socialuri fenebisa da socialuri struqturebis formireba da a.S.
informaciuli teqnologiebis gamoyenebis Sedegad izrdeba mwarmoebluroba, rasac
mivyavarT mogebis matebamde, magram mxolod moklevadian periodSi. grZelvadian periodSi ki
mogeba mcirdeba monopoliur bazarze mZafri konkurenciis gamo.
mcirdeba informaciis fasi, radgan TviTon inovaciis procesi iZleva SesaZleblobas,
rom informacia damuSavdes gacilebiT swrafad da iafad. es procesi SesaZlebelia
grafikulad warmovadginoT “erToblivi moTxovna – erToblivi miwodebis” modelis
gamoyenebiT:
P –informaciis fasia;
LAS – erToblivi miwodebis
xangrZlivvadiani mrudia;
AD – erToblivi moTxovnaa;
Y – gamoSvebis moculobaa;
informaciis fasis Semcireba am grafikze aisaxeba
erToblivi miwodebis mrudis (LAS) gadaadgilebiT
marjvniv. e.i. teqnologiuri cvlilebebis gamo
informaciis fasi daeca P1 dan P2-mde, xolo gamoSvebis moculoba gaizarda Y1-dan Y2-mde.
qseluri sikeTe gamoirCeva imiT, rom maTi kvlavwarmoeba (warmoqmna) SeiZleba
praqtikulad nulovani, zRvruli danaxarjebiT da isini qmnian qselur gare efeqtebs 1
momxmareblisaTvis. amis Sedegad ki bazris ZiriTadi parametrebi _ moTxovna da miwodeba
aratradiciulad icvleba. tradiciuli ekonomikuri Teoria efuZneba Semdeg mtkicebas:
miwodeba mcirdeba, roca zRvruli danaxarjebi izrdeba da miwodebis mruds gaaCnia
dadebiTi daxriloba. xolo moTxovna izrdeba, roca zRvruli danaxarjebi mcirdeba da
moTxovnis mruds gaaCnia uaryofiTi daxriloba. qseluri sikeTis SemTxvevaSi ki yvelaferi
piriqiTaa: miwodebis mrudi uaryofiTi daxrilobisaa, radgan zRvruli danaxarjebi
miiswrafvis 0-sken drois mniSvnelovan periodSi. moTxovnis mrudi ki dadebiTi
daxrilobisaa, radgan zRvruli sargeblianoba izrdeba qseluri sikeTis momxmarebelTa
raodenobis zrdis Sesabamisad. Tu ki es procesi miiRebs dinamikur xasiaTs, moTxovnisa da
miwodebis mrudebi gadakveTen erTmaneTs sul ufro da ufro naklebi fasis gaswvriv.
arsebobs uamravi sirTule informaciuli teqnologiebis danergviT miRebuli Sedegebis
swor SefasebasTan dakavSirebiT. Zlier izrdeba Sualeduri moxmarebis wili finansur,
sakonsultacio, sareklamo da sxva momsaxurebis sferoebSi. Tanamedrove aRricxvianobis
praqtika ki amas ar iTvaliswinebs, radgan Sedegis Sefaseba xdeboda sabolo produqtis
mixedviT.
informaciuli teqnologiebis sferoSi adgili aqvs ZiriTadi fondebis gaufasurebas.
amis Sedegad erovnuli Semosavlis namati xdeba erTobliv Siga produqtis namatze naklebi.
miuxedavad amisa, mwarmoebluroba mainc izrdeba, Tanac sakmaod swrafad. es exeba ara
mxolod kompiuteris warmoebasTan dakavSirebul seqtorebs, aramed ekonomikas mTlianad.
1 gare efeqtis gansakuTrebuli saxe, romelsac mivyavarT saqonlis sargeblianobis zrdisaken erTi
individisaTvis, igive saqonlis momxmarebeli sxva individebis raodenobis zrdasTan erTad.
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informaciul sazogadoebaSi warmoebuli saqonlis Rirebulebis struqturaSi didia
inteleqtualur Sromaze gaweuli danaxarjebis wili, anu igi aris mecnierebatevadi
saqoneli. informaciul sazogadoebaSi, gansxvavebiT industriuli sazogadoebisa, Warbobs
inteleqtualuri saqonlis warmoeba da moxmareba.
eqspertTa gaTvlebiT uaxloes momavalSi inteleqtulauri saqonlis warmoeba
gacilebiT gadaaWarbebs materialurs. informaciul ekonomikaSi maRal donezea
ganviTarebuli qseluri ekonomika, qseluri biznesi da eleqtronuli komercia.
informaciuli sazogadoebis momavali ganviTarebis Sesaxeb gaerTianebuli erebis
organizaciis egidiT Catarda msoflio samiti or fazad - 2003 wels JenevaSi da 2005
wels tunisSi, sadac ganxiluli iyo informaciuli sazogadoebis momavali ganviTarebis
perspeqtivebi. masSi monawileobda mravali qveyana maT Soris aSS, aseve evropis
gaerTianebebis warmomadgenlebi, sxvadasxva arasamTavrobo organizaciebi. 2003 wels
JenevaSi Catarebuli samitis mier miRebuli rezoluciiT Seiqmna specialuri fondi
msoflio informaciuli sazogadoebis infrastruqturis Sesaqmnelad.
TiToeuli qveynis mier gadaricxuli Tanxis raodenobam saboloo jamSi daaxloebiT
eqvsi milioni dolari Seadgina.
meore faza ki Catarda 2005 wlis noemberSi tunisSi, sadac gamoyofili Tanxa 4.5
milion dolars aRemateboda.
yvelaze mTavari iyo is, rom am samitis Sedagad Camoyalibda Sesabamisi infrastruq-
turis SemqnisaTvis saWiro moqmedebebis gegma, romlis ZiriTadi punqtebi Semdegnairad
Camoyalibda:
mTavrobisa da kerZo seqtoris roli informaciul-telesakomunikacio teqnologiebis
(itt) ganviTarebis xelSewyobaSi;
informaciuli da satelekomunikacio infrastruqtura;
informaciisa da codnis xelmisawvdomoba;
itt-s gamoyenebis daculoba da usafrTxoeba;
Sesabamisi garemos Seqmna;
itt-s gamoyenebis da ganviTarebis sferoebi:-
eleqtronuli mTavroba, biznesi, swavleba, jandacva, dasaqmeba, garemo, soflis meurneoba.
eleqtronuli mecniereba, media, informaciuli sazogadoebis eTikuri normebi,
saerTaSoriso da regionaluri kooperacia.
dResdReobiT erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi informaciuli teqnologiebis
gamoyenebis mxriv erT-erT mowinave adgilzea singapuri. amisaTvis Seqmnilia sainformacio-
sakomunikacio ganviTarebis departamenti (ssgd).
mniSvnelovania avstraliaSi mimdinare procesebi am sferosTan mimarTebaSi. samxreTi
avstraliis mTavrobam miiRo specialuri dokumneti, romelic warmoadgens erTgvar
samoqmedo gegmas, romlis mTavari funqciaa upasuxos da marTos is sainformacio da
sakomunkacio cvlilebebi romleTa winaSec dadga msoflio, gansakuTrebiT ki samxreTi
avstraliis mosaxleoba.
171
dReisTvis ama Tu im qveynis konkurentunarianoba ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba imiT, Tu
rogor iyenebs es qveyana internet-teqnologiebs, rogori tempiT mimdinareobs tradiciuli
ekonomikidan axal ekonomikaze gadasvla, Zvel da axal ekonomikas Soris ramdenad
warmatebulia urTierTkavSiri da a.S. erTi ram cxadia, rom saqarTvelo ver ganviTardeba
msoflio ekonomikisgan izlirebulad. amitom aucilebelia, rom saqarTvelom aqtiurad
miiRos monawileoba mimdinare progresul procesebSi.
saqarTveloSi axali ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia, arsebuli ekonomi-
kuri mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, SemuSavdes teqnologiurad prioritetuli, miznobrivi
programebi, romlebic mimarTuli iqneba informaciuli teqnologiebisa da Sesabamisi sis-
temebis danergvis, gamoyenebisa da ganviTarebisaken. amisTvis saWiroa mTavrobaSi Seiqmnas
specialuri organo, romelic dakavebuli iqneba informaciuli teqnologiebis industri-
asTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebiT, raTa moaxdinos aRniSnul programaSi CarTul organi-
zaciaTa da uwyebaTa muSaobis koordinireba, maTi saqmianobis efeqtianad warmarTvis mizniT.
saqarTveloSi axali ekonomikis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebTan dakavSirebiT
gavaanalizoT misi ganviTarebis sami SesaZlo modeli.
pirveli modeli – es aris e. w. induri modeli, romelic iTvaliswinebs ofSoruli
programirebis ganviTarebas. dReisTvis ofSoruli programirebis centrebi funqcioni-
reben ara mxolod indoeTSi, aramed singapurSi, braziliaSi, irlandiaSi da sxva qveynebSi.
Tumca swored indoeTSi moxda ekonomikis calkeuli segmentis formireba specialuri
infrastruqturiTa da samTavrobo regulirebis sistemasTan erTad. ofSoruli
programirebis biznesi efuZneba programuli samuSaoebis calkeuli saxeebis moTxovnebs da
ganviTarebul qveynebSi inJiner-muSakebis ukmarisobas. saqarTvelosaTvis induri meTodi
misaRebia Semdegi mizezebis gamo: gafarTovdeba bazari, amoqmeddeba sainJinro kadrebi,
saqarTvelo gamoiyenebs sxva qveynebis gamocdilebas da a.S. problema mxolod isaa, rom es
biznesi Zlieradaa damokidebuli msoflio bazris ciklurobaze da ar arsebobs
mmarTvelobiTi gamocdileba.
meore modeli – es aris modeli, romelsac iyeneben skandinaviuri qveynebi da israe-
li. is dafuZnebulia mza gadawyvetilebebis eqsportze da sagareo bazris produqtebze.
aseTi modeli liderobis SesaZleblobas iZleva. garda amisa, SesaZlebeli xdeba qveynis
inteleqtualuri potencialis ufro efeqtianad gamoyeneba. am modelis problemebi msgavsia
wina modelisa, magram emateba kidev erTi mniSvnelovani problema. es problema exeba
firmebSi marketingis organizaciis aucileblobas.
mesame modeli – bazris ganviTarebis erovnuli modelia da iTvaliswinebs saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis Seqmnas Siga bazris Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. am modelis ZiriTadi
upiratesoba isaa, rom misi damnergavebi kargad iqnebian gaTviTcnobierebulni adgilobriv
specifikasa da niuansebSi. problema isaa, rom mocemuli modelis SesaZlo realizacia
SezRuduli iqneba Siga bazriT.
romeli modelia saqarTvelosaTvis ufro perspeqtiuli, jerjerobiT gaurkvevelia.
saboloo angariSiT, axali ekonomika gvaZlevs axal ekonomikur SesaZleblobebs da
gvTavazobs ekonomikuri zrdis ukeTes xarisxs.
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saqarTveloSi axali ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia, arsebuli ekonomikuri
mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT SemuSavdes teqnologiurad prioritetuli miznobrivi prog-
ramebi, romlebic mimarTuli iqneba informaciuli teqnologiebisa da Sesabamisi sistemebis
danergvis, gamoyenebisa da ganviTarebisaken.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. maRraZe m. informaciuli sazogadoebis teqnikur-ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebi. JurnalSi „ekonomika
da biznesi” #3, 2008. gv.89-100.
2. Кастельс М. Информационная эпоха: экономика, обшество и культура. Под ред. О.И. Шкаратова. М.,
«ГУ ВШЭ» , 2000.
3. Тапскотт Д. Электронно-цифравое обшество. К., «INT-press». М., «Рулф-бук», 1999. gv.121.
4. Dolfsma W. and Soete L. - Understanding the Dynamics of A Knowledge Economy. Edward Elgar Publishing,
Inc. 136 West Street, Suite 202, Northampton, Massachusetts 01060, USA - 2006.
5. Webster F. - Theories of The Information Society. Routledge, 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon
OX14 4RN - third edition 2006.
http://www.informationeconomy.sa.gov.au/policy/ieagenda
http://www.ida.gov.sg/home/index.aspx
http://www.itu.int/wsis/index.html
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internet-tqnologiebi da sagadasxado sistema1
nino CarTolani
Tsu bakalavri
mecn-xelm: sruli. prof. m. maRraZe
saxelmwifos siZlieres ZiriTadad gansazRvravs saxelmwifoSi arsbuli
sagadasaxado sistema, misi sistemuroba da moqniloba. radgan gadasaxadebi-es aris
saxelmwifo biujetis Sevsebis ZiriTadi wyaro, saxelmwifo biujeti ki aris qveynis
ekonomikis umTavresi elementi, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens gadsaxadebis
sworad gaangariSebisa da saxelmwifo biujetSi maTi drouli gadaricxvis efeqtiani
organizacia.
bolo dros SeimCneva tendencia, eleqtronuli komerciis moculobis zrdis, rac
gamowveulia teqnologiuri progresiT, globaluri qseliT internetis gavcelebis
masStabebiT. magaliTad, 2009 wlis daswyisisaTvis internet-momxmarebelTa raodenobam
msoflioSi erT miliards miaRwia. mxolod B2B segmentze on-line reJimSi 2003 wels ga-
yidvebis moculobam Seadgina 1 trln dolari 2 . eleqtronuli komerciis moculobis
zrda dRis wesrigSi ayenebs sakiTxs, Tu rogor moxdes internet-teqnologiebis
pirobebSi gayidul saqonelze da momsaxurebaze gadasaxadebis daweseba da amoReba.
am problemis gadaWra Zalze mniSvnelovani xdeba eleqtronuli vaWrobis moculoobis
zrdidan gamomdinare, radagan saxelmwifom SeiZleba dakargos soliduri sabiujeto
Semosavali.
kompaniis computer Inteligence monacemebiT 2007 wlisaTvis on-line Sesyidva ganaxor-
ciela 2,7 mln adamianma. rodesac materialuri saxiT warmodgenili saqonlis SeZena
warmoebs eleqtronuli maRaziis meSveobiT da myidvelis rolSi gamodis sxva
saxelmwifos iuridiululi an fizikuri piri, maSin SeZenil saqonelze sabaJo
gadasaxadis amoReba xdeba Cveulebrivi wesiT, vinaidan saqonelma fizikurad unda
gadmokveTos saxelmwifos administraciuli sazRvari (saxmeleTo, sazRvao, sahaero)H,
romelic dRes arsebuli sagadasxado kanonmdeblobiT regulirdeba. proplemebi
warmoiqmneba maSin, roca eleqtronuli vaWrobis ganxorcieleba warmoebs cifruli
saxiT warmodgenili saqonliT (programuli uzrunvelyofa, wignebis eleqtronuli
versiebi da sxva ). am SemTxvevaSi Znelia daadgino rogorc myidvelis, aseve
gamyidvelis fizikuri adgilsamyofeli. Ees gamowveulia imis gamo, rom gamydvelis
serveri, romelzedac moTavsebulia mis Sesaxeb informacia SeiZleba mdebareobdes
sxva saxelmwifoSi, sadac SesaZlebelia saerTod ar moqmedebdes kanoni eleqtronuli
komerciis Sesaxeb an Tu arsebobs igi SeZleba gansxvavebuli iyos im qveynis
sagadasaxado kanonisagan, sadac realurad imyofeba saqonlis gamyidveli. saWiro
xdeba im principebis modifikacia, romlebic moqmedeben off-line ekonomikaSi. DdReisaTvis
msoflioSi naklebad aris Seswavlili eleqtronuli komerciis pirobebSi gadasaxa-
debis sididis gansazRvrisa da amoRebis sakiTxebi. sagadasaxdo elastikuroba
1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `sainformacio teqnologiebi ekonomikasa da biznesSi~ sakaTedro studentur
konferenciaze da daimsaxura saprizo adgili.
2 Информатизация бизнеса: А. М. Карминского, М. Финансы икредити, с.429.
174
eleqtronul vaWrobaSi sakmaod maRalia. amisTvis gamoiyeneba, fasebis SefardebiTi
maCveneblebi off-line da on-line ekonomikis seqtorebisaTvis1.
λ= Ps(1+t)/PI sadac λ-aris SefardebiTi fasis maCvenebeli, t –aris gayidul saqonlze
gadasaxadi, Ps- aris sacalo maRaziaSi saqonlis fasi, PPI-aris saqonlis fasi on-line
seqtorSi. rac ufro maRalia, λ-is maCvenebeli, miT meti momxmarebeli cdilobs
SeiZinos saqoneli on-line teqnoloogiiT e.i. Tu izrdeba λ, izrdeba saqonlis warmoeba
da gayidva on-line seqtorSi da piriqiT. rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom saWiroa on-line da off-
line seqtorebSi sagadasaxado wesebis daaxloveba. magram off-line seqtorSi gamoyenebuli
sagadasaxado ganakveTebis gamoyeneba on-line seqtorrisaTvis Seamcirebs internetiT
saqonlis myidvelTa raodenobas, rac xels SeuSlis eleqtronuli komerciis
ganviTarebas. meore garemoeba, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba Cveulebrivi sagadasaxado
kanonmdeblobis gamoyenebas eleqtronul garigebebSi is aris, rom garTulebulia
gadasaxadebis amoReba. es ukanaskneli gamowveulia qseluri garigebis kontrolis
siZneliT da momxmareblis dacilebiT realuri saqonlidan. am SemTxvevaSi dabali
gadasaxadi an misi ar arseboba gamoiwvevs saqonlis qselis meSveobiT SeZenis
survilis amaRlebas ara mato saqrTveloSi, aramed MmTel msoflioSic. dReisaTvis
msoflios zogierT qveyanaSi da maT Soris saqarTveloSic rogorc Teoriuli, ise
praqtikuli gamoyenebis asapeqtSi ar arsebobs eleqtronuli komerciis pirobebSi
sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba. amitom eleqtronuli komerciisaTvis dReisaTvis
gamoiyeneba off-line seqtorSi gamoyenebuli sagadasaxado regulirebis principebi. jer-
jerobiT amave principebis gamoyenebas uWers mxars saerTaSoriso sagadasaxado asoci-
acia (International Fiscal Association-IFA). paraleluradDaRniSnuli saerTaSoriso savaWro
organizacia awarmoebs kvlevas eleqtronuli komerciis pirobebSi sagadasaxado
problemebis gadaWris mimarTulebiT.
virtualuri seqtoris sagadasaxado dabegvris sakiTxi mravali problemis
gadawyvetasTan aris dakavSirebuli: a) gamyidvelma SeiZleba ar icodes myidvelis
statusi. Saxeldobr, myidveli aris rezidenti Tu ararezidenti, iuridiuli, Tu
fizikuri piri; b) Zalian rTulia daadgino saqonlis realizaciis adgili da aqedan
gamomdinare ganisazRvros gadsaxadis sidide. zogjer imis garkvevac rTulia
momxmarebels miewoda saqoneli Tu, magaliTad, cifruli formiT programuli uz-
runvelyofa, wignis eleqtronuli versia da sxv.) am dros SeiZleba moqmedebdes sxva-
dasxva gadasaxadi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis mimarT; d) Tu myidveli uars ambobs
saqonlis miRebaze Znelia aRiareba imisa, Sedga Tu ara internetiT gamyidvelsa da
myidvels Soris garigeba. aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba aRmocendes sagadasaxado
problemebi; e) zogjer kompania, Tu mis saxelmwifoSo moqmedebs maRali gadasaxadebi
gadasaxadis nawilis Tavis aridebis mizniT sakuTar serveris ganTavsebas axdens sxva
saxellmwifoSi. perspeqtivaSi eleqtronuli komerciis pirobebSi transaqciis,
virtualobisa da saqonlis cifruli formiT gayidviT saxelmwifom SeiZleba dakar-
gos sagadasaxado Semosavlebis, didi nawili. am SemTxvevaSi gaZnelebulia gadasa-
xadis gadamxdeli subieqtis gansazRvra, DdReisTvis fuladi eleqtronuli nakadebis
zusti aRricxva da auditoruli Semowmeba. Sesabamisad gadauWrel problemas war-
moadgens. saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gaangariSeba da amoReba. v. tanci aRniSnuli prob-
1 Стрелец И. А. Сетевая экономика. М., Эксмо, 2006. с.152.
175
lemis gadawyvetis mizniT SromaSi _ `esaWiroeba Tu ara msoflio Tanasazogadoebas
saerTaSoriso sagadasaxado organizacia~ gvTavazobs saerTaSoriso sagadasaxado
organizaciis Seqmnas.
eleqtronuli komerciis pirobebSi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis dabegvris dros
saWiroa cal-calkee iqnes ganxiluli qveynis SigniT materialuri saqonliT ganxor-
cielebuli vaWroba da calke iqnas cifruli saxiT warmodgenili saqonlis rea-
lizaciis sakiTxi da aqedan gamomdinare gadasaxadebis gaanagariSebisa da amoRebis
sakiTxebi. kidev ufro rTuldeba problema roca eleqtronuli komerciis ganxor-
cieleba warmoebs saxelmwifoebs Soris.
Cvens qveyanaSi eleqtronuli vaWroba sawyis etapzea. cotaa saqarTveloSi in-
ternet savaWro firmebi. arsebobs mxolod saCuqrebiTa da RviniT movaWre firmebi.
arsebuli inernet – vitrinebi ver asruleben maT daniSnulebas (cudia dizaini, ar
arseboba uwyveti kavSiri momxmarebelTan, isini mxoloT portalis rolSi gamodian,
ver anxorcieleben marketingul kvlevas.
internetiT saqonlis gayidvis Taviseburebas warmoadgens is ,rom internetiT
SeiZleba gayido nebismieri saqoneli, an miiRo SesaZlo nebismieri momsaxureba.
angariSsworeba internetis meSveobii garkveul risks Secavs. bevr SemTxvevaSi myid-
vels fulis gadaxdamde surs fizikurad Seexos saqonels, daaTvalieros igi.
samrewvelo produqciis SeZenisas myidvels urCevnia unaRdo angariSsworeba. unaRdo
distanciur vaWrobas Cvelebriv sacalo qselSi saqonliT vaWrobasTan SedarebiT
gaCnia bevri upiratesobebi. eleqtronuli gadxdisaTvis rekomendrebulia mTeli rigi
alternatiuli variantebi. vinaidan dReisTvis plastikuri baraTebis gamoyenebiT
internetiT saqonlis SeZena kargad aris Seswalili, amitom aSS-Si da sxva civilize-
bul qveynebSi magnituri sabanko sakredito baraTi warmoadgens eleqtronuli
gadxdis erTaderT saSualebas, rogorc kerZo ise iuridiuli pierebisaTvis. es gan-
pirobebulia imiTac, rom maRal donezea uzrunvelyofoli plastikuri baraTebiT
ganxorcielebuli angariSsworebis usafrTxoeba. Cvens qveyanaSic daiwyo ganviTareba
plastikuri baraTebiT unaRdo anagariSsworebam.
ras aZlevs sawarmos eleqtronuli komerciis danergva?
1. informacia saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Sesaxeb vrceldeba swrafad. F Tqven
RebulobT damatebiT sakomunikacio arxs yoveldRiurad, 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi.
ufro xelmisawvdomi xdebiT klientisaTvis ;
2. Cqardeba sawrmos SigniT informaciis moZraoba, farTovdeba dokumentebis
gaformebis kontrolis SesaZleblobebi;
3. klientisaTvis interneti iZleva axali servisis SesaZleblobebs. magaliTad,
Talyuri adevnos dakeTis Sesrulebas;
4. vinaidan iterneti wamoadgens teqnologiur garss amdenad igi saSualebas iZleva
Sevkribod informacia klientebis Sesaxeb. Ggarda arniSnulisa igi sawarmos
saSualebs aZlevs damatebiTi danaxarjebis gawevis gareSe gamoiyenos
markentinguli instrumentarebi- gamokiTxvebi, Setyobinebebi, gaakoTos personalis
ekonomia
5. SeiZleba ekonomia gakeTdes savaWro darbazebis daqiravebaze.
sanam firma daiwyebs eleqtronuli vaWrobis danergvas da gaiRebs am miznisTvis
saTanado xarjebs, aucilebelia pasuxi gaeces Semdeg kiTxvebs:
pirvel rigSi unda dasabuTdes aris Tu ara aucilebeli Tqvens firmaSi eleq-
tronuli komerciis danergva, anu unda moaxdinoT moTxovnilebis identificireba: ra
176
biznes eweviT, saWiroa Tu ara interneti potenciuri momxmareblebis mosazidad, ra
situaciaa bazarze? am kiTxvebze dadebiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi ismis kiTxva rogor
gakeTdes es yvelaferi da ra TanmimdevrobiT: daproeqtebisaTvis unda daiweros
davaleba, Sedges sistemuri proeqti, danergvis gegma, Seiqmnas sawamos specialistebis
samuSao jgufi, garedan ayvanil iqnes konsultanti, erToblivad SemuSavdes doku-
menti. Bbazarze unda SeirCes damproeqtebeli oeganizacia, xosting-provaideri. unda
gairkves vin moemsaxureba saits, vin moaxdens internetis saSualebiT Tqveni biznesis
warmoebas. agreTve saWiro gaxdeba moiwvioT specialistebi internet-saitTan samuSaod
an moaxdinoT arsebuli kadrebis gadamzadeba. agreTve saWiro gaxdeba cvlilebebis
Setana saStato ganrigSi.
samarTav obieqtebTan, anu gadasaxadbis gadamxdelebTan (iuridiul da fizikur
pirebTan) raionul sagadasaxado inspeqciebis doneze urTierTmoqmedeben sagadasaxado
samsaxuris TanamSromlebi. isini axorcieleben Semdeg funqciebs: sagadasaxado
kanonis dacvis kontroli; gadasaxadebis sworad daricxvisa da biujetSi droulad
Setanis kontroli; gadamxdelebis mier buRaltruli angariSgebebis sworad Sedgenisa
da droulad wardgenis kontroli; sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis sworad Sesrulebisa
da realizaciisaTvis saaRmsruleblo, safinanso da sakredito organoebTan urTierT-
moqmedeba. sagadasaxado kanondarRvevisaTvis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli finansuri
sanqciebis dadgena da maTi sworad gamoyeneba; saqalaqo da raionul safinanso orga-
noebSi faqtiurad Semosuli gdasaxadebis Tanxis Sesaxeb cnobebis Sedgena da
analizi; sagadasaxado organoebis mier zemdgom organoebSi, angariSgebebis formebis
wardgena da analizi.
zemoT CamoTvlili yvela funqciebis gasaxorcieleblad saxelmwifo sagadasaxado
organoebSi danergilia an danergvis procesSia avtomatizebuli sainformacio siste-
ma ~gadasaxadi~. avtomatizebuli sainformacio sistema `gadasaxadi~ warmoadgens saga-
dasaxado organoebis marTvis organizaciul formas, dafuZnebuls Tanamedrove
informaciuli teqnologiebisa da meTodebis gamoyenebaze. igi saSualebas iZleva
gafarTovdes gadasawyveti amocanebis wre, amaRldes miRebuli gadawyvetilebis dasa-
buTebuloba, analizuroba da drouloba, Semcirdes sagadasaxado organoebis TanamS-
romlebis mier Sesasrulebeli araSemoqmedebiTi samuSaoebis moculoba.
sagadasaxado sistemis TiToeul doneze, gamomdinare Sesrulebuli funqci-
ebidan, iqmnebian sxvadasxva funqciuri qvesistemebi: tipiuri angariSgebiTi formebis
momzadebis; sakontrolo saqmianobis; meTodologiuri; sarevizio, samarTleblivi da
saxelmwifo sagadasaxado inspeqciis analizuri saqmianobis.
sagadasaxado samsaxuris dabali donisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi qvesis-
temebi: sawarmos registraciis; kameraluri Semowmebis; normatiul-samarTleblivi
dokumentebis warmoebis; Sigasauwyebo amocanebis. sawarmos registraciis qvesistemis
funqciaa gdasaxadebis gadmxTelTa sruli da drouli aRricxava. am QqvesistemaSi
dafiqsirebulia yvela iuridiuli da fizikuri piris Sesaxeb informacia. nebismieri
sawarmos registraciis an xelmeored registraciis Sesaxeb yvela dokumenti dafiq-
sirebuli da Setanili unda iqnes saxelmwifo reestrSi. es monacemebi saWiroa
sxvadasxva momxmareblisaTvis, saxelmwifo sagadasaxado inspeqciis TanamSromlebi-
saTvis. sagadasaxado organoebi am informacias iyeneben, rogorc bazas TiToeuli
gadamxdelis Sesaxeb. amitom es informacia SemdgomSi sxvadasxva qvesistemebis mier
gamoyenebis mizniT Setanil unda iqnes monacemTa bazaSi. magaliTad, kameraluri
Semowmebis an sawarmos piradi baraTebis waroebisaTvis.
177
informaciis damuSaveba iwyeba iuridiuli samasaxuris mier gadasaxadis gadamxd-
elTa aRricxviTa da registraciiT. Ees samsaxuri Tavis saqmianobaSi sargeblobs
normatiul-samarTleblivi infomaciiT da Rebulobs gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebidan
aucilebel dokumentebs, romelTa safuZvelzec iqmneba monacemTa baza. gadasaxadis
gadamxdels eniWeba unikaluri saregistaracio nomeri. aseTi saxiT iqmneba gadam-
xdelis ~eleqtronuli saqaRalde.~ aRniSnuli informacia gamoiyeneba avtomatizebuli
sainformacio sistemis _ `gadasaxadi~-is yvela ZiriTadi qvesistemis mier. pirvel
rigSi aseTi informacia esaWiroeba kameraluri Semowmebis qvesistemas. gadasaxadebis
gadamxdeli agrovebs Semdeg dokumentebs: sawarmos balanss, mogeba-zralis angariS-
gebas, qonebis gdasaxadisa da sxva angariSgebebs. aRniSnuli dokumentebi
dagenilvadebSi gadaecema raionul sagadasaxado organoebs.
Kkameraluri Semowmeba mdgomareobs sabuRaltro angariSgebebis, gadasaxadebis
sworad gaangariSebisa da angariSgebiTi formebis sworad gaformebis dadgenaSi. Aam
mizniT gadamxTelebis mier warmodgenili dokumentebidan monacemebi sagadasaxado
TanamSromlis mier Seitaneba kompiuterSi, warmoebs `eleqtronuli saqaRaldis~
Sevseba axali informciiT, romlis safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli xdeba sxvadasxva
periodisaTvis Tvalyuri vadevnoT sawarmos finansur-sameurneo saqmianobas. Kkompiu-
teruli teqnologiis gamoyeneba saSualebas iZleva davakvirdeT sawarmos
ganviTarebas, mis mier sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis dacvas, gamovavlinoT kanonmdeb-
lobis darRvevis SemTxvevebi, dadgindes biujetSi gadasaricxi Tanxa, Sedges im
sawarmoTa CamonaTvali romlebSiac unda Catardes dokumenturi Semowmeba. saboloo
jamSi am qvesistemaSi formirebuli informacia aris safuZveli sxva qvesistemebSi
informaciis dasamuSaveblad. pirvel rigSi es exeba dokumentur Semowmebas.
dokumentur Semowmebas dadgenili grafikis mixedviT axdens sagadasaxado inspeqciis
samsaxuri. Ddokumenturi Semowmebis mizania gamovlenili iqnas sabuRaltro aRricxvis
warmoebis wesebis, gadasxadebis arasworad gaangariSebisa da biujetSi sagadasaxado
Tanxebis Setanis vadebis darRvevebi. Semowmeba xdeba sawarmoSi, adgilze misvliT.
igi iTvaliswinebs yvela saWiro dokumentis daTvalierebas. Semowmebis Sedegad dgeba
aqti romelSiac dafiqsirdeba sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis darRvevis yvela
SemTxveva. darRvevebis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi, darRvevis saxidan gamomdinare warmoebs
jarimisa da sauravis daricxva. Ddokumenturi Semowmebis qvesistemaSi formirebuli
Sedegebi gamoiyneba sawarmos piradi baraTebis warmoebisaTvis, romlis mizania
gadasaxadebis saxeebis mixedviT gaangariSebuli iqnes saxelmwifo biujetSi Setanili
Tanxis raodenoba. TiToeuli sawamo gadamxdelis mixedviT daricxuli gadasaxadis
Tanxis Sesaxeb Semodis dokumentebi da kameruli Semowmebis qvesistemidan Semodis
informacia gadmxdelis mier bankSi biujetis angariSze Caricxuli Tanxis Sesaxeb.
gadasaxadebis saxeebis mixedvioT daricxuli da gadaxdili Tanxebis Sedareba
saSualebas iZleva dadgindes gadaxra (narCeni gadasxdeli Tanxa ,an Tanxa romelic
zedmatad iqna gadxdili). Tu zedmeti Tanxa iqna gadxdili, maSin sawarmos es Tanxa
CaeTvleba momaval TveSi. Aam operaciis ganxorcieleba xdeba sawarmo gadamxdelis
mier sagadasaxado organosaTvis werilobiTi mimarTvis safuZvelze.
sagadasaxado sistemis informatizaciam unda uzrunvelyos sagadasaxado samsaxu-
ris operatiuli muSaoba, sagadasaxado kanonebis sruli dacva, gadasaxadebis Semo-
savali Tanxebis zusti da drouli aRricxva, gadasaxadebis Semosavalebis prognozi,
sagadasaxado sistemisaTvis kadrebis momzadeba.
178
DdReisaTvis, sazRvagareTis qveynebSi saxelmwifos bevri funqciis ganxorcieleba
warmoebs onlain reJimSi, maTSoris gadasxdebis gaanagiSebTan da amoRebasTan
dakavSirebuli. amas xels uwyobs saxelmwifo organoebi. mag., aSS-isa da kanadis
saxelmwifo sanmasxurebi garantias aZleven gadamxdelebs ori kviris ganmavlobaSi
daubrunon zedmetad gadaxdili Tanxa imaT, vinc saTanado dokumentebs waradgenen
eleqtronuli formiT. didi britaneTis samTavrobo organooebi garkveul SeRavaTebs
aZleven im iuridiul da fizikur pirebs, romlebic saSemosalo gadasaxadebTan
dakavSirebiT sabuTebs waradgenen eleqtronuli formiT. globalur ekonomikur sazo-
gadoebaSi, romelic yalibdeba informaciuli teqnologiebis safuZvelze, problemuri
xdeba efeqturi dabegvris ganxorcieleba. am mizniT saWiroa ganxorcieldes eleq-
tronuli komerciisa da eleqtronuli fulis mudmivi monitoringi, dawesdes speci-
aluri gadasxadi sazRvargareT ganxorcielebul tranzaqciebze.
im firmebsa da organizaciebs, romlebic sabuRaltro aRricvas awarmoeben kompiute-
ruli programebis saSualebiT SesaZlebloba aqvT ditsanciurad, qselis saSualebiT,
eleqtronuli fostiT moaxdinon gadasaxdebis gaangariSebasTan da biujetSi Tanxis
gadaricxvasTan dakavSirebuli informaciisa gadacema Sesabamis sagadasxado organo-
ebSi, rac mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobesebs sagadasxado organoebis muSaobas. raionul
sagadasxdo organoebs aRar mouwevT gadasaxadis gadmxdelebidan Semosuli infor-
maciis Sesabamis monacemTa bazaSi xeliT Setana. sagadasxado organoebs SeeZlebaT
sagadasaxado kanonSi momxdari cvlilebebis Sesaxeb informacia qselis saSualebiT
operatiulad miawodon warmoeba-dawesebulebebs.
179
buRaltruli balansis analizuri mniSvneloba1
nano samyuraSvili
Tsu bakalavri
mecn-xelm: prof. i. WilaZe
buRaltruli balansi asaxavs sawarmos qonebas da romeli wyaroebidanaa formirebuli.
ekonomikur literaturaSi buRaltrul balanss aseve ganmartaven rogorc sawarmos ekonomikuri
resursebisa da mTliani kapitalis mdgomareobis ganzogadebas mocemuli TariRisaTvis fulad sazom
erTeulSi.
buRaltruli balansis momzadeba xdeba mogeba-zaralis angariSgebis Sedgenis Semdeg, roca
ukve ganxorcielebulia Semosavlebisa da xarjebis gadaxurvis operaciebi da cnobili gaxdeba
gaunawilebeli mogebis saboloo naSTi. Pperiodis bolos, buRaltruli balansis Sedgenamde,
mewarmem SeiZleba moaxdinos aqtivebis gadafaseba. magaliTad, sasaqonlo-materialuri maragebi
balansSi aisaxeba umciresi Rirebulebis principiT, grZelvadiani aqtivebi ki gadafasebuli
RirebulebiT. moTxovnebis moculoba mcirdeba saeWvo moTxovnebis koreqtirebis angariSis kreditis
naSTiT, dagrovili cveTa gamoiqviTeba ZiriTadi saSualebebisa da aramaterialuri aqtivebis
Rirebulebidan da a.S. sazRvargareTis praqtikaSi CamoTvili koreqtirebebis Semdeg dgeba
koreqtirebuli sacdeli balansi, ris safuZvelzec Sedgeba angariSgeba
balansSi aqtivebi da maTi formirebis wyaroebi ormxrivobis principis safuZvelze aisaxeba.
aqedan gamomdinare, buRaltruli balansi Semdeg tolobas eyrdnoba:
aqtivebi = valdebulebebi + sakuTari kapitali
aqtivebi aris sawarmos gankargulebaSi arsebuli materialuri da aramaterialuri resursebi,
romlebic warsulSi ganxorcielebuli sameurneo movlenebis Sedegs warmoadgens da maTgan sawarmo
momavalSi ekonomikuri sargeblis miRebas moelis.
valdebuleba sawarmos mimdinare periodis movaleobaa, romelic warsulSi momxdari sameurneo
movlenis Sedegia da misi Sesruleba gulisxmobs ekonomikur sargebelSi ganivTebuli resurebis
gasvlas. valdebulebebi aqtivebis msgavsad iyofa grZelvadian da moklevadian valdebulebebad.
sakuTari kapitali aris valdebulebebis dafarvis Semdeg sawarmos gankargulebaSi darCenili
aqciebis nawili. sakuTari kapitali warmoadgens damfuZnebelTa mier investirebul fulad da
materialur saxsrebs da Sedgeba: saaqcio kapitalis, saemisio kapitalis, gaunawilebeli mogebisa da
gadafasebis rezervisagan.
sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi tipis sawarmoTa buRaltruli balansi erTmaneTisgan sakuTari
kapitalis struqturiT gansxvavdeba.
saaqcio sazogadoebaSi aqtivebis dafinansebis ZiriTadi wyaroebia: saaqcio kapitali, romelic
Cveulebrivi da privilegirebuli aqciebis saxiT SeiZleba arsebobdes, gadavadebuli dividendebis
mqone aqciebi, mogeba, saemisio kapitali, rezervi da valdebulebebi.
amxanagobis tipis sawarmoebSi sakuTari kapitali partniorTa kapitalis saxiT arsebobs,
romelic moicavs: 1) partniorTa ZiriTadi angariSis, romelic gamoiyeneba iseTvi cvlilebebis
1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `buRaltruli aRricxvisa da auditis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da
daimsaxura saprizo adgili.
180
dros rogoricaa axali partnioris miReba an romelimes gasvla da aqtivebis gadafaseba. 2)
partniorTa mimdinare angariS, romelic partniorebsa da sawarmos Soris mudmivi operaciebis
arsaricxavad gamoiyeneba. amxanagobis balansSi mogebis maCvenebeli saerTod naCvenebi araa, vinaidan
igi srulad nawildeba partniorebs Soris.
individualuri sawarmos balansSi sakuTari kapitalis gasaangariSeblad individualuri
kapitalis sawyis naSTs emateba wliuri wminda mogeba da wlis ganmavlobaSi biznesSi Cadebuli
kapitali, akldeba biznesidan amoRebuli kapitali.
aseve gansxvavebulia mogebaze araorientirebuli firmebis buRaltruli balansis struqtura,
sadac sakuTari kapitalis muxls saerTo fondi anu dagrovili fondi ewodeba.
buRaltruli balansis analizi iwyeba misi vertikaluri da horizontaluri analiziT,
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania is, rom balansSi informacia wlis dasawyissa da bolosTvisaa
mocemulia, rac Sedarebis saSualebas iZleva.
buRaltruli balansi analizuri TvalsazrisiT warmoadgens firmis gadaxdisunarianobis sarkes.
masSi mocemuli informaciiT SeiZleba davaskvnaT, ramdenad gadaxdisunariania sawarmo. masSi
mocemuli infomaciis safuZvelze SeiZleba sxvadasxva saintereseo koeficientebis gamoTvla,
romlebic firmis (kompaniis) finansuri mdgomareobis ama Tu im mxares axasiaTeben.
Cven SeviswavleT erT-erTi cnobili brendis kompania “Coca-Cola enterproses”-is bualtruli
balansi. mocemuli kompania mdebareobs aSSSi jorjias StatSi Windy Ridge Parkway-ze. es gaxlavT
“Coca-Cola”- s saTao ofisi, romelic Coca-Cola-s warmoebis garda gascems licenziebs sxvadasxva
qveynebSi mocemuli gamagrilebeli sasmelis Camosxmasa da gayidvaze anu aris franCaizori kompania.
TvalsaCinoebis mizniT, “Coca-Cola enterproses”- aqtivebisa da pasivebis struqturuli suraTi
SeiZleba diagramebis meSveobiT warmovadginoT.
2008w.
diagrama 1 diagrama 2
buRaltruli balansis monacemebiT ganisazRvreba sakuTari sabrunavi saxsrebis sidide, romelic
mimdinare aqtivebisa da mimdinare valdebulebebs Soris sxvaobis tolia. igi gviCvenebs maragebis im
wils romelic sakuTari saxsrebiTaa SeZenili.
20,8
46,5
32,7
valdebulebebis struqtura
1.kreditoruli davalianeba-20,82.grZelvadiani sesxi-46,53.sxva valdebulebebi-32,9
16,4
5,8
4,62,6
70,6
aqtivebis struqtura
moTxovnebi-
16,4
2.maragebi-5,8
3.fuli da
fulis
qevivalenteb
i-4,6
181
Coca-Cola enterprises”-s sakuTari sabrunavi saxsrebi tolia:
sakuTari sabrunavi saxsrebi 2006 = 3691 – 3818 = - 127
sakuTari sabrunavi saxsrebi 2007 = 4092 – 5343 = - 1251
sakuTari sabrunavi saxsrebi 2008 = 4583 - 5074 = - 491
SegviZlia davaskvnaT rom mocemul sawarmoSi samive wels maragebis SeZena xdeboda ara sakuTari
saxsrebis xarjze, aramed valdebulebebis, rac uaryofiTi faqtia.
firmis gadaxdisunarianobis daxasiaTebisaTvis balansis safuZvelze SeiZleba gamoiTvalos
likvidurobis koeficientebi, romelic gviCvenebs mocemuli momentisaTvis arsebuli fuladi
TanxebiT mimdinare valdebulebebis ra nawilis dafarvaa SesaZlebeli. arsebobs swrafi,
absoluturi da saerTo likvidurobis koeficientebi.
swrafi likvidurobis koeficienti = fuladi Tanxebi + moklevadiani moTxovnebi
mimdinare valdebuleba
absoluturi likvidurobis koeficienti = fuladi Tanxebi
mimdinare valdebulebebi
saerTo likvidurobis koeficienti = mimdinare aqtivebi
mimdinare valdebulebebi
warmovadginoT likvidurobis koeficientebis dinamika wlebis mixedviT:
koeficientebi 2007 2008
2006 koefic. 2006% koefic. 2006%
swrafi likvidurobis 0,655 0,512 78,2 0,645 98,5
absoluturi
likvidurobis 0,048 0,032 66,7 0,142 295,8
saerTo likvidurobis 0,967 0,766 79,2 0,903 93,3
Catarebuli analizis safuZvelze SegviZlia davaskvnaT rom mocemuli firmis gadaxdisunarianoba
Zalze dabalia, rac gamowveulia mimdinare aqtivebis simciriT da mimdinare valdebulebebis sakmaod
didi maCvenebliT.
kompaniis kreditunarioanobis Sesamowmeblad gamovTvaloT alTmanis mier SemuSavebuli indeqsi (z),
romelsac Semdegi saxe aqvs:
z = 3,3k + 1,0k + 0,6k + 1,4k + 1,2k
k1 = mogeba %-is da gadasaxadis gadaxdamde / mTeli aqtivebi;
k2 = amonagebi realizaciidan / mTeli aqtivebi;
k3 = sakuTari kapitali (sabazro fasiT) / moziduli kapitali;
k4 = dagrovili gaunawilebeli mogeba / mTeli aqtivebi;
wlebi
k1
k2
k3
k4
k5
z
182
k5 =sakuTari sabrunavi saxsrebi / mTeli aqtivebi;
statistikuri SerCeviTi meTodis safuZvelze e.alTmanma daadgina, rom kreditunarianobis
kritikuli sazRvaria 2,675. igi saSualebas gvaZlevs gavakeToT prognozi momavali 2-3 wlis
ganmavlobaSi sawarmos elodeba Tu ara gakotreba. Tu ki z<2,675, maSin sawarmos finansuri
safrTxe elodeba. xolo, roca z>2,675 sawarmos uaxloes momavalSi safrTxe ar elodeba.
Catarebuli analizis ASedegebidan irkveva, rom kompanias 2006 wlidan gaaCnia krizisuli
mdgomareoba da momdevno wlebSi ar ganuxorcielebia antikrizisuli RonisZiebebi. z dasaSveb
normaze naklebi aRmoCnda, anu firma dgas finansuri problemebis winaSe. Cveni balansis Catarebuli
analizis safuZvelze SegviZlia davaskvnaT rom “Coca-Cola enterprises”-Si msgavsi mdgomareoba
Semdegma mizezebma gamoiwva:
vadagadacilebuli kreditoruli davalianebebis didi raodenoba;
moklevadiani sesxebis gadaWarbebuli gamoyeneba grZelvadiani aqtivebis dafinansebisaTvis;
likvidurobis saerTo koeficientis mudmivi dabali done;
sakuTari sabrunavi saxsrebis permanentuli ukmarisoba;
nasesxebi saxsrebis zrda dafinansebis wyaroebSi;
saintereso iqneboda analogiuri analizis Catareba qarTul kompaniebzec, magram iqidan
gamomdinare rom saqarTveloSi araa daculi finansuri angariSgebis sajarooba da kopmaniebi TavianT
saitebze ar aTavseben finansur Sedegebs, rTulia dainteresebuli pirebisaTvis qveyanaSi arsebuli
kompaniebis finansuri mdgomareobis gansazRvra da msgavsi analizebis Catareba.
2006
(1485/23225) 19804/23225 3586/18699 940/23225 (127/23225) -0,5
2007
1470/24046 20936/24046 4162/18357 1527/24046 (1251/24046) 1,236
2008 (6314/15589) 21807/15589 2998/15620 (3029/15589) (491/15589) -0,131
183
sasaqonlo maragebis TviTRirebulebis Sefasebis
meTodebis gavlena mogebis maCvenebelze1
Tamriko facia
giorgi fanjikiZe
Tsu bakalavrebi
mecn-xelm: prof. i. WilaZe
savaWro kompaniebSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs SeZenili sasaqonlo sasaqonlo maragebis
TviTRirebulebis gansazRvras. misi gamoTvla SedarebiT martivia, vidre sawyobidan gacemuli anu
realizebuli saqonlis. sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi xSiria fasebis ryeva, Sesabamisad icvleba sasaqonlo
maragebis TviTRirebuleba. saqonlis TviTRirebulebaSi CairTveba mxolod iseTi xarjebi, romlebic
uSualodaa dakavSirebuli aqtivebis SeZenasTan da romelTa gareSec isini ver iqnen moyvanili muSa
mdgomareobaSi. aucilebelia daxarjuli maragebis xSiri Sefaseba. dadgenilia TviTRirebulebis
Sefasebis Semdegi meTodebi: saSualo Sewonili TviTRirebulebis, individualuri TviTRirebulebis
meTodi, FIFO, LIFO, NIFO, normatiuli
saSualo Sewonili meTodi:
masalebis yoveli SeZenis dros gamoiangariSeba saSualo Sewonili Rirebuleba. es procesi
emyareba maragebis wina periodis ganmavlobaSi darCenil erTeulTa raodenobas da mTlian
Rirebulebas. igi gamoiTvleba Rirebulebis SefardebiT raodenobasTan:
naSTis Rirebulebas + SeZenilis saqonli Rirebuleba
naSTis raodenobas + SeZenilis saqonlis raodenoba
es meTodi gaiangariSeba materialuri faseulobebis TiToeuli elementisaTvis cal-calke.
saSualo fasis gaangariSeba unda mimdinareobdes periodulad an ganuwyvetliv.
individualuri TviTRirebulebis meTodi
es meTodi gamoiyeneba specialuri daniSnulebis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis gasaangariSeblad,
romlebic ar arian urTierTSemcvelni. es meTodi misaRebia ZviradRirebuli da individualurad
gansxvavebuli produqciis erTeulis Sesafaseblad. am meTodis gamoyenebis dros mizanSewonilia
individualuri baraTebis warmoeba, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs nebismier momentSi dadgindes maragis
Rirebuleba. mxolod am meTodis gamoyenebis dros Tanxvdeba maragis Rirebulebis moZraoba mis
fizikur moZraobas.
FIFO
TviTRirebulebis Sefasebis miznebisaTvis fifo meTodi efuZneba daSvebas, rom pirvel rigSi
gaiyideba maragSi pirvelad Semosuli sagnebi amitom maragis xarjva fasdeba maTi SeZenis
TanmimdevrobiT vidre ar iqneba daxarjuli pirvelad miRebuli maragebi. naSTad darCeba is, rac
yvelaze bolos iyo SeZenili an warmoebuli. Sesabamisad Sesafasebeli maragis TviTRirebuleba
dadgindeba Tavdapirvelad miRebuli maragebis erTeulTa fasebiT.
LIFO. es meTodi eyrdnoba koncefcias, rom pirvelad ixarjeba is sasaqonlo maragebi,
romlebic bolos iqna SeZenili an warmoebuli, amitom am faseulobebis gacema xdeba bolos
1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `buRaltruli aRricxvisa da auditis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da
daimsaxura saprizo adgili.
184
SeZenili masalebis fasiT, xolo naSTad darCenili maragi Sefasdeba yvelaze adre SeZenili
masalebis fasiT.
inflaciis periodSi maragSi axlad Semosul saqonels ufro meti TviTRirebuleba eqneba,
vidre adre Semosul saqonels. amitom, Tu SevusabamebT adre Semosuli saqonlis TviTRirebulebis
gayidvidan amonagebs, fifo meTodis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi gayiduli saqonlis TviTRirebuleba
ufro naklebi iqneba, xolo maragis saboloo naSTis TviTRirebuleba da mogeba ufro meti, vidre
LIFO meTodis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi.
LIFO meTodis gamoyeneba rekomendirebuli ar aris buRaltruli aRricxvis saerTaSoriso
standartebis mixedviT, Tumca nebadarTulia bass-2-iT. amis mizezia is, rom LIFO ar iZleva maragis
faqtobriv TviTRirebulebasTan sakmaod miaxloebul Sefasebas.
Teoriulad, TviTRirebulebisa da amonagebis Sesabamisoba unda moxdes yoveli gayidvisas.
praqtikaSi mosalodnelia garkveuli modificireba ganicados am Teoriam.
NIFO. es meTodi moiTxovs, rom sawyobidan gacemuli masalebi Sefasdes momavalSi SesaZeni
masalebis mosalodneli fasiT. gansxvavebis dabalanseba xdeba maragis koreqtirebis angariSidan.
roca maragebis saboloo naSTi dadgindeba Cven SegviZlia davadginoT gadaxra masalebis
RirebulebebSi rac gamoiTvleba Semdegnairad:
(sawyisi naSTis Rirebulebas + SeZenis Rirebulebebi) – (saboloo naSTis Rirebulebas +
gacemis Rirebulebebi).
normatiuli. am meTodis dros sawarmoSi dadgenilia masalebis normatiuli fasi. sawyobidan
gacemuli masalebis da naSTad darCenili masalebis Sefaseba xdeba normatiuli RirebulebiT.
faqtiur da normatiul Rirebulebas Soris gansxvaveba gadaxrebis angariSze grovdeba. aRricxvis
saerTaSoriso standartebiT rekomendirebulia saSualo Sewonili, FIFO da normatiuli meTodebis
gamoyeneba.
Sesabamisad meti TvalsaCinoebisaTvis moviyvanoT magaliTebi am sam meTodze:
ganvixiloT Sokoladis realizatori firma, romelsac sawyobSi Semoaqvs sxadasxva
dasaxelebis nawarmi:
saSualo Sewonili meTodi:
TariRi
operacia
erTeulTa
raodenoba
erTeulis fasi (lari) maragis Rirebuleba
(lari)
01.02 sawyisi naSTi 0 0 0
05.02 miReba 1500 2.75 4125
10.02 miReba 500 3.05 2440
15.02 gacema (2000) (4125+2440)/(1500+800)=2.9 (5800)
d a r C a 300 765
16.02 SeZena 500 3.35 1675
22.02 miReba (450) (765+1675)/(300+500)=3.05 (1372)
28.02 saboloo naSTi 350 3.05 1068
normatiuli
TariRi
operacia
erTeulTa
raodenoba
erTeulis
fasi (lari)
maragis
Rirebuleba (lari)
01.02 sawyisi naSTi 0 0 0
05.02 miReba 1500 2.75 4125
185
10.02 miReba 500 3.05 2440
15.02 gacema (2000) 3.25 (6500)
d a r C a 300 65
16.02 SeZena 500 3.35 1675
22.02 miReba (450) 3.25 (1463)
28.02 saboloo naSTi 350 3.05 277
meTodi FIFO
TariRi
raodenoba
erTeulis fasi
Rirebuleba
naSTi: 01.02
SeZena: 05.02
10.02
16.02
____________
sul SeZena
gacema: 15.02
0
1500
800
500
_____________
2800
2000
0
2.75
3.05
3.35
______________
_
1500*2.75+500*3.05
0
4125
2440
1675
______________
8240
5650
22.02
450
300*3.05+150*3.35
1417.5
186
_____________________________________________________________________
sul gacema: 2450 _ 7067.5
naSTi: 350 350*3.35=1172.5
daxarjuli da naSTad darCenili masalebis Sefasebis ganxiluli meTodebi
gavlenas axdenen mogebis maCvenebelze. Tu masalebis saboloo naSTi izrdeba, maSin
daxarjuli masalebis raodenoba mcirdeba da maSasadame mogeba gaizrdeba. piriqiT: Tu
masalebis saboloo naSTi Semcirdeba, maSin danaxarjebi gaizrdeba da Sesabamisad, mogeba
Semcirdeba. amrigad, masalebis saboloo naSTebis zrda mogebas zrdis da naSTebis Semcireba
mogebas amcirebs.
maragebis Sefasebis meTodebi cvlis mogebas. sawarmos xelmZRvanelobis mier
SerCeuli meTodi gamoyenebul unda iqnas periodis ganmavlobaSi. amasTan, aRricxvis
saerTaSoriso standartebiT.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. mmarTvelobiTi aRricxva – izolda WilaZe, Tbilisi 2008
2. buRaltruli aRricxva – a.xorava, n. kvataSiZe, n. sreseli, z. gogriWiani,
Tbilisi 2008
www.economy.ge
www.statistics.ge
FIFO
normatiuli
saSualo Sewonili
meTodi:
Semosavali realizaciidan 10 000 10 000 10 000
saqonlis sawyisi naSTi 0 0 0
Sesyidvebi 8240 8240 8240
saboloo naSTi 1172.5 1068 277
relizebuli saqonlis T/R 7067.5 7172 7963
mogeba realizaciidan 2932.5 2828 2037
187
turistuli gamofenebi da bazrobebi1
Tamaz deviZe
Tsu bakalavri
mecn-xelm: asist-prof. mzia baramiZe
saerTaSoriso gamofenebi da bazrobebi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben saerTa-
Soriso vaWrobis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. aseT RonisZiebebze Tavs iyris sxvadasxva qvey-
nebSi warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebebis farTo asortimenti da momxmarebels
saSualeba aqvs adgilzeve gaecnos sxvadasxva SemoTavazebebs, awarmoos mola-
parakebebi, miiRos kvalificiuri konsultacia.
gamofenebsa da bazrobebs gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba eniWeba turistul
biznesSi. specializebuli turistuli gamofenebi da bazrobebi 30 welze metia rac
imarTeba da maTi ricxvi yovelwliurad izrdeba. marto evropaSi yovelwliurad
2000-ze meti saerTaSoriso turistuli gamofena-bazroba ewyoba.
turistuli gamofena-bazrobebis ekonomikuri Sinaarsi savaWro-sareklamo ko-
munikaciis ganviTarebaSi mdgomareobs. sagamofeno RonisZiebebSi monawileoba saSua-
lebas aZlevs sxvadasxva turistul sawarmoebs droulad moaxdnon ekonomikuri,
organizaciuli, teqnikuri informaciis gavrceleba miznobrivi auditoriis farTo
speqtrze. es procesi warmoadgens erTian kompleqss iseTi mniSvnelovani elemente-
bisa rogorebicaa: reklama, propaganda piari, piradi gayidva.
turistuli firmis monawileobis procesi sagamofeno RonisZiebebSi pirobiTad
SeiZleba davyoT 6 etapad. es etapebia:
1) principuli gadawyvetilebis miReba sagamofeno saqmianobaSi monawilebis miRebis
Sesaxeb;
2) gamofenaSi firmis miznebis gansazRvra;
3) konkretuli gamofenis SerCevas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba miznebis miRwevisaTvis;
4) mosamzadebeli periodi;
5) muSaoba gamofenis mimdinareobis procesSi;
6) sagamofeno RonisZiebaSi monawileobis Sedegis analizi.
Oorganizaciuli aspeqtiT mniSvnelovania prospeqti, romelSic monawileTa sruli
sia da maT Sesaxeb mokle informaciaa ganTavsebuli. is mraval kiTxvaze iZleva
pasuxs.
gamofenis dasrulebis Semdeg saWiroa Sejamebul iqnas firmis gamofenaSi
monawileobis Sedegebi. Ggamofenis Sedegebi SeiZleba davyoT or nawilad 1) organi-
zaciuli da 2) komerciuli, maTi gaanalizeba mizanSewonilia moxdes gamofenis
damTavrebidan ramdenime Tvis Semdeg. rogorc wesi, gamofena “cocxlobs” daxurvidan
ramdenime Tvis Semdegac. amitom saWiroa gaTvaliswinebul iqnas momavali
organizaciuli da komerciuli Sedegebis analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs gavakeToT
dakvnebi investiciebis efeqtianobis Sesaxeb.
1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna Tsu `turizmis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze, daikava saprizo
adgili.
188
sagamofeno RonisZiebeSi monawileobis miReba firmebs sxvadasxva formiTa da
meTodiT SeuZliaT. firma SeiZleba gamofena-bazrobebze warmodgenil iqnas, rogorc
damoukidebeli eqsponenti an rogorc jgufis wevri. gamocdilebam cxadyo rom
firmisTvis ufro xelsayreli da momgebiania gamofena-bazrobebSi monawileoba
koleqtiuri formiT. amis magaliTia erovnuli stendi. aseTi stendebi maqsimalurad
izidaven damTvaliereblebs.
gamofena-bazrobebisTvis mniSvnelovania sagamofeno stendis mowyoba. sagamofeno
stendi _ es aris firmis saxe. stendma didi vizualuri efeqti unda moaxdinos
damTvalierebelze. sagamofeno RonisZiebaSi monawileobis pirvelad miRebis
SemTxvevaSi an Tu firma SezRudulia drosa da finansebSi, mas SeuZlia airCias mza
moduli, e.w. stendis ConCxi romelic gamofenis organizatoris mier aris agebuli.
mTeli sagamofeno eqspozicia pirobiTad iyofa ramdenime zonad: ZiriTadi, samuSao
da damxmare.
stendi formdeba calkeuli sareklamo elementebis daxmarebiT, rogoricaa
warwerebi, sasaqonlo niSnebi, telefonis nomrebi, monitorebze morbenali
striqonebi da a.S.
stendis momsaxure personalis raodenoba damokidebulia stendis sidideze.
stendistebi unda iyvnen megobruli, taqtiani, diplomatiuri; damTvaliereblebs unda
egebebodnen RimiliT, mTeli RonisZiebis ganmavlobaSi imyofebodnen saubrisaTvis
mzadyofnaSi, unda SeZlon firmis yvela momsaxurebaze ganmartebebis micema.
msoflios yvelaze umsxviles turistul gamofena-bazrobebs warmoadgens
berlinis gamofena-bazroba_ITB-berlin; londonis_WTM (world tourism Market); madri-
dis_ITUR; milanis BIT-borsa internazionale del turismo (daaxl. 0.5 milioni stumari), ve-
nis (daaxl. 0.5 milioni stumari), Sarl le rues (daaxl. 400 000 stumari) da a.S.
gamofena-bazrobebi xSirad Tematuri principiT mimdinareobs-ekologiuri
turizmis, mdgradi ganviTarebis problemebis, siRaribis daZlevis sakiTxebis. bazro-
bis mimdinareobis paralelurad imarTeba prezentaciebi, seminarebi, forumebi,
mrgvali magidebi.
kavkasiis erT-erT mTavar turistul movlenas warmoadgens Tbilisis
saerTaSoriso gamofena-bazroba - CTF-Coucasus Tourism fair, romelic yoveli wlis
aprilSi sagamofeno centr `eqspo-jorjiaSi imarTeba. 2009 wels RonisZieba
gaimarTa turizmisa da kurortebis departamentis, Tbilisis meriis, saqarTvelos
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros da daculi teritoriebis saagentos
mxardaWeriT.
gamofenaze erovnul administraciebTan erTad warmodgenili iyo azerbaijanis,
somxeTis, TurqeTis turoperatorebi, saerTaSoriso aviaxazebi - Austrian Airlines,
Luftansa.
gamofenis mimdinareobis farglebSi gaimarTa seminarebi, sadac monawileebma
wamoadgines moxsenebebi Temebze - `axali turistuli atraqciebi saqarTveloSi”;
`turizmis brendingi saxelmwifo da regionul doneze~; `qalaqis mimzidvelobaTa
marketingi~. gamofenas dadebiT mxareebTan erTad gaaCnda mTeli rigi naklovanebebi:
ar iyo srulad warmodgenili saqarTvelos regionebi, dabali iyo stendistTa
moimzadebis done da a.S.
189
2009 wels saqarTvelo monawileoba miiRo msoflios mniSvnelovan sagamofeno
RonisZiebebSi.
ITB-berlin-ze warmodgenili iyo 187 qveynis 11 098 kompania. gamofenas estumra
178 971 vizitori. saqarTvelos saxeliT 60 kv. metris stendze. turizmisa da
kurortebis departamentTan da Tbilisis meriasTan erTad warmodgenili iyo 8
qarTuli kompania. qarTuli stendis stumrebs saSualeba hqondaT gaesinjaT qarTuli
Rvino. gamofenis farglebSi 13 marts gaimarTa preskonferencia, sadac saqarTvelos
turizmisa da kurortebis departamentis ufrosis moadgilem beqa jayelma germaniaSi
saqarTvelos sagangebo da sruluflebian elCTan baton levan duCaZesTan erTad
moaxdina saqarTvelos rogorc turistuli qveynis prezentacia adgilobriv bazarze.
preskonferencias eswreboda 50-mde akreditebuli Jurnalisti, madridis
saerTaSoriso gamofena-bazroba FFITUR-s yovelwliurad daaxloibiT 250 000
stumari hyavs. 2000 wels gamofenam 20 wlis iubile aRniSna. Catarda forumi,
prezentaciebi.
2009 wels FITUR-warmodgenili iyo 170 qveynis 12 312 turizmis sferos
profesionali. gamofenas stumrobda 85 283 vizitori. FFITUR-ze warmodgenili iyo
saqarTveloc 24 kv. metr stendze. qarTuli stendi gaformebuli iyo folkloruli
elementebiT: ansabl `Svidkacas” sakoncerto programiT.
yovelwliurad noembris Sua ricxvebSi turistuli industriis da msoflio
sazogadoebis yuradRebis centrSi eqceva londoni. aq am dros msoflios erT-erTi
umsxvilesi turistuli gamofena_bazroba WTM (world tourism Market) tardeba.
londonis turistul gamofena bazrobas eqsponatTa da monawileTa raodenobis
zrdis tendencia axasiaTebs.
2009 wels gamofenaze warmodgenili iyo 203 qveynis 46 945 turizmis
specialisti. gamofenaze warmodgenili iyo saqarTveloc. gamofenaze saqarTvelos
mizans warmoadgenda saqarTvelos popularizacia didi britaneTis bazarze.
WTM msoflios erT-erTi umnioSvnelovanesi turistuli gamofena-bazrobaa da
saqarTvelos monawileoba am RonisZiebaSi mniSvnelovania qveynis turistuli imijis
ganmtkicebisa da evropul bazarze poziciebis ganmtkicebis mizniT.
milanis saerTaSoriso gamofena-bazroba BIT-borsa internazionale del turismo msoflios
umsxviles sagamofeno RonisZiebaTa xuTeulSi Sedis. gansxvavebiT 2008 wlisa
saqarvelom kvlav miiRo am gamofenaSi monawileoba. qarTuli stendi warmodgenili
iyo 32 kv. metr farTobze. bevrma italielma aRniSna, rom agvistos omma xeli
SeuSala saqarTveloSi CamosvlaSi.
iseve rogorc bevr sxva gamofena-bazrobaze qarTuli sagamofeno stendi didi
interesiT sargeblobda parizis saerTaSoriso gamofena bazroba MAP-le monde a paris-
ze. qarTuli stendis stumrebi gansakuTrebul interess amJRavnebdnen agro da
saTavgadasavlo turebze.
2009 wels saqarTvelo warmodgenili iyo azerbaijanis saerTaSoriso turis-
trul gamofena-bazroba - AITF-ze, romelzec kompaniebi 28 qveynidan iyo warmod-
genili. qarTuli stendi sakmaod didi popularobiT sargeblobda. gansakuTrebuli
interesi gamoiwvia saqarTvelos sazRvao, samTo-saTxilamuro da saqalaqo turebma.
190
mimdinare wlis 12 Tebervlidan 15 Tebervlis CaTvliT stambulSi gaimarTa rigiT
me-13 `EMITT~-xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebis saerTaSoriso turistuli gamofena-bazroba.
gamofenaze saqarTvelos turizmisa da kurortebis departamenti warmodgenili iyo
vizitoris saxiT. RonisZiebis mimdinareobis procesSi Catarda gamokiTxva, romlis
mizanic iyo daedgina Tu ra miaCniaT ucxoelebs xelisSemSlel faqtorebad
saqarTveloSi vizitis dros.
2009 wels saqarTvelom monawileoba miiRo helsinkis saerTaSoriso gamofena-
bazrobaSi `MATKA”. turizmisa da kurortebis departamentis ufrosis miovaleobis
Semsrulebelma beqa jayelma gamarTa preskonferencia saqarTvelos turistuli
potencialis Sesaxeb. gamofenis mimdinareobis periopdSi didi interesiT
sargeblobda qarTuli sagamofeno stendi.
wels saqarTvelo warmodgenili iyo Telavivis saerTaSoriso gamofena-bazroba
IMTM-ze. turizmisa da kurortebis departamentis mier Catarebuli kvlevebis mixed-
viT israeli bazari erT-erTi mzardia da aq dagegmil RonisZiebebSi monawileobis
miReba saqarTvelosTvis strategiulad momgebiania.
rogorc FITUR-ze, aqac qarTuli stendi folkloruli elementebiT iyo
gaformebuli, mReroda ansabli `Svidkaca~. qarTul stends ewvia israelis turizmis
ministri.
qarTuli stendis mimarT didi iyo interesi rigis saerTaSoriso turistul
gamofena-bazroba “BALTTOUR-2009”-zec. es erT-erTi mniSvnelovani gamofenaa
baltiispireTis qveynebSi. “BALTTOUR 2009”-ze saqarTvelo oTxi stendiT iyo
warmodgenili. gamoiTqva didi survilebi qarTul tur-operatorebTan
TanamSromlobaze.
bolos unda aRvniSno rom mimdinare msoflio ekonomikurma krizisma mniSvnelovnad
Seamcira msoflios turistul gamofena-bazrobebis masStabebi. es tendencia
pirvelad 2008 wlis noemberSi londonis saerTaSoriso turistul gamofena-
bazrobaze SeiniSna. es RonisZieba wlebis manZilze masStabis zrdis tempiT
xasiaTdeboda. gasul wels ki monawileTa da vizitorTa raodenobam mniSvnelovnad
daiklo. ase moxda msoflios yvela mniSvnelovan gamofenaze. bunebrivia, krizisma
gavlena moaxdina qarTul turizmze Tumca krizisze meti ziani ruseT-saqarTvelos
2008 wlis omma mogvitana. am faqtma saqarTvelos rogorc usafrTxo qveynis imiji
Zalian Searyia.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1) Дурович А.П Маркетинг в туризме. Минск 2006
2) Александрова А.Ю. Международный туризм. Москва 2003
3) Котлер Ф. Меикенс Д.Ж. Маркетинг. Гостеприимство. Туризм. Москва 2008
4) `marketingis aqtualuri sakiTxebi” (samecniero Sromebis krebuli) Tsu. gamoSveba VI 2005
5) www.dotr.gov.ge
6) www.internet.ge
7) www.nplg.gov.ge
191
internet-teqnologiebi turizmSi1 giorgi burduli
Tsu bakalavri
mecn-xelm: asist. prof. m. melaZe
interneti, romelic arc Tu didi xnis win Semovida Cvens cxovrebaSi,
ukve Cveni yoveldRiurobis ganuyofeli nawili gaxda. dRevandel dRes
interneti msoflioSi yvelaze Zlier informaciul-teqnologiur sistemad
gvevlineba. igi gamoiyeneba adamianTa saqmianobis mraval sferoSi.
saerTaSoriso kompiuteruli qseli interneti imdenad mizanswafulad
viTardeba, rom misi momxmareblebis da informaciuli resursebis ricxvi
praqtikulad ormagdeba. am bumma gavlena iqonia turistul bizneszec. mxolod
1996 wlidan internetSi gamoCndnen aTasobiT damoukidebeli ganyofilebebi –
turistuli saagentoebi, sastumroebi da turistuli momxaxurebis dajavSnis
aTobiT sistema. eqspertebis azriT 2010 wlisaTvis internetiT gaiyideba $ 300
miliardi turistuli momsaxureba. amitom turistuli saagentoebis interesSi
namdvilad ar Sedis internetis ugulebelyofa.
internetis gamoyenebis plusebi turizmis sferoSi sul ufro da ufro
gamokveTili xdeba. eleqtronuli fostis, da sxva sistemebis saSualebiT
SesaZlebeli gaxda ufro swrafi da efeqtiani kavSiri adamianebsa da firmebs
Soris. amasTan erTad komunikaciebis droc SeuzRudavia – 24 saaTi dReSi, 7
dRe kviraSi.
evropis mravalma turistulma saagentom Seamcira Tavisi reklamebis
raodenoba presasa da televiziaSi da ZiriTadi aqcenti internetze gadaitana.
bevri turistuli centri da kompania aTavsebs internetSi did informaciul
masivebs teqstebiT, fotoebiT da aseve filmebiT, romelic momxmarebels
saSualebas aZleven gaecnon turistul resursebs, ganrigebs, marSrutebs,
informacias sastumroebis Sesaxeb, gaagzavnon moTxovna an dajavSnon
turistuli momsaxureba da gadaixadon maTi safasuri internetis saSualebiT.
popularuli saZiebo sistemebi Yahoo da Google warmoadgenen msoflioSi
saukeTeso saZiebo sistemebs. yvela metnaklebad cnobilma gamofenebma ukve
gaxsnen TavianTi internet-gverdebi, sadac mocemulia statistika, monawileobis
miRebis pirobebi, akreditaciebi da sxv.
internet resursebi onlainSi warmodgenilia Semdegi saxiT:
_ saerTo daniSnulebis saitebi, sadac aris turistuli ganxrebi,
_ specializirebuli turistuli saitebi da portalebi,
_ saerTaSoriso dajavSnis sistemebi,
_ turoperatorebis saitebi,
_ turistuli saagentoebis saitebi,
_ sastumroebis saitebi,
_ mogzaurebis piradi saitebi,
globaluri kompiuteruli qselis momxmarebelTa SesaZleblobebia:
_ giganturi informaciuli sivrcis xelmisawvdomoba, romelic Seicavs
adamianTa saqmianobis yvela struqturas;
1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `turizmis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da daimsaxura saprizo
adgili.
192
_ swrafi da efeqtuianikavSiri sxvadasxva masalebTan, cnobarebTan,
enciklopediebTan da sxv;
_ iafi da mosaxerxebeli komunikaciis sistemebis xelmisawvdomoba;
_ saqonlisa da momsaxurebis formirebis da realizaciis axali
SesaZleblobebi;
_ marketingisa da reklamis axali mosaxerxebeli strategia;
_ eleqtronuli prezentaciebis SesaZlebloba;
_ monawileobis SesaZlebloba eleqtronul gamofenebze, vaWrobebze da sxva;
_ momsaxurebisa da dajavSnis mosaxerxebeli saZiebo sistema;
_ gasarTobi funqcia;
_ kapitalis transferi;
_ virtualuri ofisis sistema;
_ muSaoba operatiul reJimSi;
zemoT CamoTvlili SesaZleblobebis umetesoba gamoiyeneba turistul
sferoSi. turistuli saagentoebis gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs globaluri
qselis Semdegi SesaZleblobebi:
_ komunikaciebi da efeqtiani kavSiri;
_ reklama da turistuli produqtis ganviTareba;
_ marketinguli kvlevebi;
_ firmebisa da maTi produqtis eleqtronuli prezentacia;
_ eleqtronuli, saeTaSoriso da regionuli turistuli gamofenebis
gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba;
_ dajavSnis sistemis gamoyeneba;
_ turis damoukidebeli formireba da turistuli mosawvevis SeZenis
SesaZlebloba;
_ turistuli produqtis eleqtronuli cxrilebis gamoyeneba qveynebis da
mimarTulebebis mixedviT;
_ amindis prognozis, qveynis Sesaxeb informaciis da misi mimarTulebiT
marSrutebis mimosvlis Sesaxeb informaciis mopovebis SesaZlebloba;
_ sastumroebis fasebis da sxva turistuli momsaxurebebis tarifebis Sesaxeb
informaciis mopovebis SesaZlebloba;
_ virtualuri ofisis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba da sxv.
internet-momxmareblebis raodenoba msoflioSi regionebis mixedviT
mocemulia cxrilSi 1. mosaxleobis internetizaciiT liderobs CrdiloeTi
amerika, avstralia da evropa. aziis mosaxleobis didi raodenobis gamo ki
msoflios internet-momxmareblebis yvelaze didi raodenoba _ 37,6% cxovrobs
aziaSi.
internet-momxmareblebis raodenoba msoflioSi regionebis mixedviT 2008
wlisTvis
msoflio regionebi mosaxleoba
msofl
ios
mosaxl
eoba
(%)
internet-
momxmareble
bi
interneti
T mocva
(%)
interneti
T mocva
msof. (%)
momx.
zrda
(2000-
2008)
afrika 955206348 14.3 % 51022400 5.3 % 3.6 % 1030.2 %
azia 3776181949 56.6 % 529701704 14.0 % 37.6 % 363.4 %
evropa 800401065 12.0 % 382005271 47.7 % 27.1 % 263.5 %
193
axlo
aRmosavleTi 19709443 3.0 % 41939200 21.3 % 3.0 % 1176.8 %
Crd. amerika 337167248 5.1 % 246402574 73.1 % 17.5 % 127.9 %
samxreT amerika 576091673 8.6 % 137300309 23.8 % 9.8 % 659.9 %
avstralia/okeane
Ti 33981562 0.5 % 19353462 57.0 % 1.4 % 154.0 %
mTliani
msoflio 6676120288 100 % 1407724920 21.1 % 100.0 % 290.0 %
cxrilSi 2 mocemulia 2008 wlis monacemebiT msoflios 10 mTavari qveyana
internet-momxmarebelTa raodenobis mixedviT, romlis mixedviTac liderobs
aSS, CineTi da iaponia.
cxrili 2. msoflios 10 mTavari qveyana internet-momxmarebelTa raodenobis
mixedviT 2008 wlisTvis
# qveyana internet-
momxmarebeli
internetiT
mocva (%)
internetiT
mocva
msoflio(%)
1 a.S.S 210575287 69.7 % 18.0 %
2 CineTi 162000000 12.3 % 13.8 %
3 iaponia 86300000 67.1 % 7.4 %
4 germania 50426117 61.1 % 4.3 %
5 indoeTi 42000000 3.7 % 3.6 %
6 brazilia 39140000 21.0 % 3.3 %
7 didi britaneTi 37600000 62.3 % 3.2 %
8 samxreT korea 34120000 66.5 % 2.9 %
9 safrangeTi 32925953 53.7 % 2.8 %
10 italia 31481928 52.9 % 2.7 %
cnobili faqtia, rom turistuli momsaxurebis pirdapiri reklamireba
saerTaSoriso informaciis saSualebebis meSveobiT TandaTanobiT klebulobs.
erTis mxriv internet-samyaroSi warmatebuli CarTva yovelTvis miRwevadi araa
da zog SemTxvevaSi danaxarji SeiZleba meti iyos mogebaze. aris firmebi,
romlebmac uamravi dro da Tanxebi daxarjes saitis SesaniSnavi dizainis
Sesaqmnelad, magram amiT mogeba ver naxes.
turistuli saitis ZiriTad moTxovnilebad, ra Tqma unda, gvevlineba
operatiuloba. rodesac momxmarebeli internetiT gadawyvets sagzuris moZiebas,
is arafers elodeba, garda abzacebs turizmze da dasvenebaze, gamoqveynebuls
eleqtronuli saxiT. aseTi abzacebi kargia turistul portalebSi, romlebic
iTvlebian mTavar wertilebad turis moZiebaSi. turistuli portalidan
turistuli saagentos saitze gadasvlisas, momxmarebeli uflebamosilia
moipovos ufro meti aqtualuri informacia.
turistuli momsaxurebis reklamis Seqmna sasurvelia turistuli
saagentos SeqmnisTanave. internetiT reklamis erT-erTi ZiriTadi saxe iyo da
194
aris sareklamo baneri. banerebis standartuli gafarToeba aris 468X60 da
100X100 wertilebi.
sareklamo baneri SesaZlebelia ganTavsdes aramarto konkretul tu-
ristul saitebze, aramed sareklamo banerebis qselSic, romlebic Tavis TavSi
aerTianebs uamrav sxvadasxva saxis saitebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi sareklamo baneris
fasic gacilebiT naklebia.
rogorc cnobilia, turistul saitebze aramarto sareklamo banerebis
ganTavsebaa SesaZlebeli, aramed saswrafo informaciis turebis Sesaxeb. amasTan
erTad momxmarebels SeuZlia miuTiTos kriteriumebi da maqsimalurad airCios
konkretuli turebis gafiltvris SesaZlebloba. survilis mixedviT ki momxma-
rebels SeuZlia turistul saagentos gaugzavnos informacia turiT misi dain-
teresebis Sesaxeb.
arsebobs ramdenime xerxi, imisaTvis rom gamorCeuli viyoT konkurente-
bisagan. aucilebelia turis saTauri rac SeiZleba mimzidveli iyos, radgan tu-
ris saTauri da fasi es is pirveli cnebebia rasac momxmarebeli pirvel rigSi
uyurebs. araa aucilebeli saTaurebSi daiweros konkretuli informacia, meore
rigSi yuradReba unda mieqces, Tu rogor xarisxdeba SemoTavazeba. bevr por-
talze yvelaze maRla naCvenebia SemoTavazebebi, romlebic arc Tu didi xnis
win Seicvala. aseT SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia saitze xSiri Sesvla da infor-
maciis ganaxleba.
turistuli portalebi, gansxvavebiT Jurnalebisagan, SezRudulebi ar
arian da nebismier dros SeuZliaT miawodon momxmarebels originaluri rklama
internetSi reklamis SesaZleblobebi ar Semoifargleba mxolod
turistuli saitebiT. turistuli saagentoebisaTvis internetiT reklamis kidev
erT saSualebad iTvleba saZiebo sistemebi.
bolos sagulisxmoa aRvniSnoT, rom dRevandel dRes turizmis reklama
internetis saSualebiT Zalze efeqtiania.. saWiroa mxolod avirCioT kargi
strategia da gaviTvaliswinoT is faqtori, rom turistuli da Tundac
nebismieri reklama internetiT aris kompleqsuri procedura da ara erTjeradi
aqcia.
dResdReobiT turoperatorebi aqtiurad aviTareben online – dajavSnis
sistemas. amgvari sistemebi saSualebas gvaZleven avirCioT saWiro turi da
daijavSnos is realur reJimSi. amisaTvis saWiroa mxolod turistis
monacemebis Seyvana da Semdeg ok Rilakis daWera. online – dajavSnis sistemebi
saSualebas gvaZleven, rom:
_ ganvaxorcieloT momentaluri dajavSna;
_ vakontroloT SekveTebi;
_ realuri drois reJimSi vakontroloT adgilebis raodenoba, gayidvebis
SeCereba da a.S. ;
_ ramdenime wuTis ganmavlobaSi gavigoT TviTmfrinavis gafrenis dro,
aeroporti da sxv. ;
_ gamoviTvaloT damatebiTi momsaxurebis gadasaxadi;
_ davzogoT turistuli saagentos menejeris dro.
rodesac turoperatorisgan miviRebT dasturs, saagento valdebulia
umokles vadebSi gadauxados turoperators turis safasuri da miawodos
turisaTvis aucilebeli yvela dokumenti. aseTi sistemebi TiTqmis msoflios
yvela wamyvani turoperatoris saitzea ganTavsebuli.
195
erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli qarTuli turistuli saitia
www.davisvenot.ge. misi ganaxleba yoveldRiurad xdeba da moicavs operatiul da
katalogizirebul informacias turizmis Sesaxeb. ganTavsebulia informacia
qarTuli turebis Sesaxeb. aseve SesaZlebelia qarTuli kurortebis Sesaxeb
informaciis mopoveba. ganxraSi mocemulia damsvenebelTa istoriebi,
turistebis STabeWdilebebi, rCevebi da sxva sadac SeiZleba CvenTvis saWiro
informaciis mopoveba.
saitebi www.geres.ge, www.qartuli.com, www.interes.ge ZiriTadad saZiebo
xasiaTisaa. ganxrebSi `turizmi~ Cven SegviZlia movipovoT saWiro informacia
turizmis Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi.
turizmi dRes aris globaluri kompiuterizirebuli biznesi, sadac
monawileobas iReben umsxvilesi aviakompaniebi, sastumroTa qselebi da mTeli
msoflios turistuli korporaciebi. Tanamedrove turproduqti xdeba ufro
elastikuri da individualuri, ufro mimzidveli da moxmarebisaTvis
xelmisawvdomi.
kompiuteri da interneti dResdReobiT gvevlineba uaxles informaciul
teqnologiad, xolo turizmi da informacia xom ganuyofeli cnebebia:
gadawyvetilebis miReba gamgzavrebis Sesaxeb swored informaciis safuZvelze
xdeba. TviT turi gayidvis momentSi – esec informaciaa. amitom internetis
ganviTareba turizmis sferoSi erT-erTi prioritetuli amocanaa. saerTaSoriso
qselis daxmarebiT, Tanamedrove turistuli kompaniebi, Tavdajerebulad da
warmatebiT muSaoben.
axal teqnologiebs (internets) SeuZliaT Zirfesvianad Secvalon turis-
tuli saagentoebis muSaoba. interneti ar cvlis agents, piriqiT, mis muSaobas
ufro efeqtians xdis. internetiT aseve Zalze mosaxerxebelia turistul
sferoSi partniorebis moZieba, rac nebismieri biznesisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSv-
nelobisaa.
turizmis sferoc, iseve rogorc globaluri qseli, mzardi industriebia,
amitom maTi kavSiri mxolod da mxolod mogebas moitans. interneti xom
uswrafesi gzaa nebismieri informaciis mosapoveblad, rasac turizmis sferoSi
udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. Marketing Tourism Destinations Online: Strategies for Information Age, WTO, Madrid, 1999
2. Гаджиева А.А - Использование информационных технологий в туризме
3. Сухорукова Н. - Влияние Интернета на развитие гостеприимства
4. Гуляев В. Г. Нолидж, М. - Организация туристской деятельности.
5. Гуляев В. Г. Мультимедийные технологии в туризме. Туризм. Практика, проблемы, перспективы
6. www.travel.net
7. www.cnnhotels.com
8. www.tourism.com
196
umuSevroba saqarTveloSi da misi
daZlevis gzebi1
nino gogoberiZe
Tsu bakalavri mec-xelm: asoc. prof. n. paiWaZe
dRevandeli ekonomikuri viTarebis pirobebSi saqarTveloSi samuSao Zalis
bazari uaRresad rTuli da araorganizebulia, rac ganpirobebulia mimdinare
struqturuli cvlilebebiT, gardamavali periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sirTu-
leebiTa da misi saxelmwifo regulirebis meqanizmis arasrulfasovnebiT. marTa-
lia, registrirebulTa ricxvi realurad ver asaxavs umuSevrTa raodenobas da,
aqedan gamomdinare, umuSevrobis dones, magram garkveul warmodgenas mainc iZ -
leva umuSevrobis mizezebis Sesaxeb.
umuSevroba qveyanaSi erT-erTi yvelaze didi problemaa. oficialuri sta-
tistikuri monacemebiT, qveyanaSi daaxloebiT qveyanaSi daaxloebiT 280 aTasi
adamiani samsaxuris gareSea darCenili. es pirobiTi cifrebia, realurad ki umu-
SevarTa ricxvi gacilebiT didia, radgan soflad kerZo meurneobaSi TviTdasaqme-
bulebi da bazrobebze movaWreebi statistikis uwyebas dasaqmebulebad hyavs
aRricxuli.
cxrili 1. umuSevroba saqarTveloSi 2001-2005 wlebSi
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
sul aqtiuri mosaxleoba
aTasi kaci 2113.3 2104.2 2050.8 2041.0 2023.9
dasaqmebuli /aTasi kaci 1877.7 1839.2 1814.9 1783.3 1744.6
umuSevai /aTasi kaci 235.6 265.0 235.9 257.6 279.3
umuSevrobis done procenti 11.1 12.6 11.5 12.6 13.8
rogorc cxrilidan 1. Cans 2005 wels aRricxuli umuSevarTa ricxvi
2001 wlidan SedarebiT gaizarda 2,7 procentuli punqtiT.
2006 wels bevri ram gakeTda samuSao adgilebis gaCenisa da dasaq -
mebisaTvis, aRniSnul wels qveyanaSi dafuZnda ramdenime axali kom pania.
2006 wels daarsebul kompaniebidan aRsaniSnavia `tkbili qveyana~ sawar-
mom umokles droSi SeZlo saqarTvelos bazarze gamorCeuli adgilis damkvidre-
1 moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna `menejmentis~ sakaTedro studentur konferenciaze da daimsaxura saprizo
adgili.
197
ba, misi warmateba ganapiroba aramarto maRalkvalificiurma personalma, aramed
uaxlesma teqnologiebmac. `dReisaTvis sawarmoSi `tkbili qveyana” 400-mde ada-
miania dasaqmebuli. momavalSi warmoebis gafarToebas vapirebT da Sesabamisad ki -
dev meti samuSao adgili gaCndeba~, - dasZina sawarmos warmomadgenelma daviT
Cxenkelma.
2005 wels, axali ekonomikuri pilitikis farglebSi, amuSavda dasaqmebis
umniSvnelovanesi programa. Sedegad, _ samuSao adgilebze profesiuli momzade-
bis saxelmwifo programis farglebSi profesiuli momzadeba gaiara 42000
adamianze metma, rac 2006 wels dasaqmebulTa 2,4% Seadgina programam gamoiRo
dadebiTi Sedegi, erTi mxriv, xeli Seuwyo aTasze meti adamianis kvalifikaciis
amaRlebas da maT droebiT dasaqmebas. xolo meore mxriv, rac ufro mniSvne -
lovania programis Sedegad Seiqmna axali grZelvadiani samuSao adgilebi.
winaswari SefasebiT 10 aTasamde programis monawilem miiRo grZelvadiani
samsaxuri. yovelive aman ki ganapiroba 2006 wlis umuSevrTa ricxvis Semcireba.
2006 wels umuSevrobis donem saqarTveloSi 13,6% Seadgina, rac 0,2%-iT
naklebia, vidre 2005 wels. informacias imis Sesaxeb sainformacio saagento
`axali ambebi _ saqarTvelo~ statistikis departamentis monacemebze dayrdnobiT
avrcelebs. gavrcelebuli monacemebis Tanaxmad, 2006 wels qveyanaSi umuSevarTa
ricxvma 274,5 adamiani Seadgina, rac 4,8 aTasiT naklebia, vidre 2005 wels.
2006 wels daqiravebulTa ricxvi 603,9 aTas kacs Seadgenda, xolo
TviTdasaqmebulTa _ 1 milion 141,6 aTas kacs.
Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis `mkacri~ meTodologiiT gaangariSe-
buli umuSevroba 2008 wlis pirvel naxevarSi wina wlis an alogiur periodTan
SedarebiT 1,5 %-iT Semcirda da 6 TveSi saSualod 13,6 % Seadgina. 2008 wlis
meore naxevarSi es maCvenebeli 1,1 %-iT naklebi iyo pirveli kvartlis Sesabamis
maCvenebelze, rac SeiZleba sezonuri dasaqmebis SasaZleblobebis amsaxveli iyos.
cxrili 2. umuSevroba saqarTveloSi 2007-2008 wlebSi
sul 15 wlis
da
ufrosi
asakis
mosaxleoba
umuSevroba umuSevrobis done araaqtiuri
mosaxleoba15-20 wlis
asakSi
sul umuS.done(%) Sromisunariani
asakis
mosaxleoba
Sromisunariani
asakis zemoT
mosaxleoba
sul dasaqmebuli
SinameurneobaSi
2007 3350.8 261.0 13.3 15.8 1.5 924.8 252.9
Q1 3397.4 305.6 15.3 19.2 2.9 948.7 265.5
Q2 3389.4 308.3 14.9 18.8 0.8 968.8 244.0
Q3 3345.6 294.7 14.4 17.9 1.4 947.6 233.9
198
Q4 3270.9 297.4 14.6 18.9 0.9 875.7 249.2
2008
Q1 3062.6 268.5 14.1 18.6 0.9 955.9 280.3
Q2 3094.5 268.9 13.0 17.6 2.1 846.2 232.1
msoflio bankis egidiT Catarebul saWiroebaTa Sefasebis angariSis
Tanaxmad, romelic briuselSi oqtomberSi gamarTul donorTa konferenciisTvis
momzadda, umuSevrobis done saqarTveloSi moklevadian periodSi 100,000-iT
gaizrdeba da 350,000-s miaRwevs, rac amave dokumentis Tanaxmad, mTeli
Sromisunariani mosaxleobis erT-mexuTeds warmoedgens.
amave angariSis Tanaxmad, winaswari Sefasebebi cxadyofs, rom umuSevrobis
done gaizrdeba 2007 wels arsebuli 13.3%-dan 15.1%-mde 2010 wlisTvis, xolo
siRaribis done gaizrdeba arsebuli 23,6%-dan 25,9%-me momdevno ori wlis
manZilze.
angariSis Tanaxmad, agvistos omma da globalurma finansebma krizisma
gansakuTrebuli dartyma miayena mSeneblobis, uZravi qonebis, sacalo vaWrobisa
da turistul seqtorebs. omis Sedegebi da 15 seqtembers dawyebuli msoflio
ekonomikuri krizisi saqarTvelos ekonomikazec seriozul zegavlenas axdens.
marto bankebSi ramdenime aTas adamians karisken miuTiTes. rTuli viTarebaa sxva
kompaniebSic. umuSevroba saqarTveloSi bolo wlebis rekords aumjobesebs.
`saqarTvelos bankma~ erTbaSad 830 adamiani datova samsaxuris gareSe.
rogorc `saqarTvelos bankis~ xelmZRvaneloba acxadebs Statebi Semcirda
arsebuli ekonomikuri krizisis gamo . vidre `saqarTvelos banki~ informacias
sajaros gaxdida, TanamSromelTa Semcirebebi sabanko seqtorSi didi xnis
dawyebuli iyo. magaliTad, `saxalxo bankma~ umuSevrad datova 300 adamiani.
`Ti bi si~-m igive `perspeqtiva~ dausaxa 1000 TanamSromels. daaxloebiT
500 kacs karisken miuTiTa `taoprivatmankma~. mokled sabanko seqtorebidan,
samSeneblo sferosTan erTad, samuSao adgilebis Semcirebis lideri Seiqmna.
saSualod TbilisSi 40-50 aTasi muSa xeli, romlebic, pirdapir aris
dakavSirebuli samSeneblo procesebTan, arqiteqtori, mZRoli, kalatozi, muSa,
amwe aris gaCerebuli. saerTo jamSi am TanamSromelTa ojaxis wevrebis CaTvliT
Semosavlis gareSe darCa daaxloebiT 180 aTasi adamiani.
saqarTveloSi umuSevrobis arsebuli donidan gamomdinare SeiZleba
davaskvnaT, rom qveyanaSi qronikuli umuSevrobaa.
amJamad, saqarTveloSi Camoyalibebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamo,
ekonomikuri dacemis Sedegad gamowveuli umuSevrobis winaaRmdeg brZolis
199
efeqtianoba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad SevZlebT misi gamomwvevi
mizezebis daZlevas.
msoflio finansuri krizisisa da agvistoSi gadatanili omis Semdeg, mTav-
robas opozicia da qarTveli eqspertebi saqarTveloSi arsebul rTul eko -
nomikur mdgomareobas erTxmad adastureben. saqarTvelos xelisuflebaSi movle-
nebis ufro pozitiur ganviTarebas elian da miuxedavad imisa, rom qveyanaSi
kerZo seqtorSi momuSaveTa Semcirebebis procesi ukve daiwyo, 2009 wlis
biujetSi mTavrobis mxridan Cadebuli infrastruqturuli proeqtebi damatebiTi
samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis alternativad ganixileba. rogorc prezidenti acxa -
debs 2009 wels mTavrobis prioriteti `samuSao adgilebis gadarCena da Senar-
Cunebaa~.
rogorc cnobilia, 2009 wlis biujetiT dafinansebuli infrastruqtu-
ruli proeqtebi Zalian bevr adamians daasaqmebs. biujetSi gzebis mS eneblobaze
500 mln. larze metia gaTvaliswinebuli. es aris uamravi ada mianisTvis dasaqme-
bis erT-erTi wyaro. ase rom, 2009 wlis biujetSi gzebis mSeneblobaze gaTva-
liswineuli 5 mln. lari umuSevari adamianebis ricxvs Seamcirebs.
msoflio banki apirebs saqarTvelos gamouyos damatebiTi dafinanseba `si-
Raribis daZlevis daxmarebis programis~ (PRSO) proeqtis farglebSi, romel-
Sic umniSvnelovanesi adgili ukavia umuSevrobis Semcirebas.
finansuri mxardaWera, romelic wamova donori qeynebidan saqarTvelos-
Tvis, gaivlis sabanko seqtors. daaxloebiT 900 mln. dolaramde ganawildeba
sabanko seqtorebze. am daxmarebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebia: soflis meurneobis,
gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis, mcire biznesisa da ipoTekuri bazris mxardaWera
da satransporto infrastruqturis ganviTareba. am mimarTulebebis daxmareba
ganapirobebs maT ganviTarebas, rac Tavis mxriv Seqmnis damatebiT samuSao
adgilebs.
aqedan gamomdinare, donori qveynebidan finansuri mxardaWera saqarTvelo-
saTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania. igi erT-erTi gzaa umuSevarTa ricxvis Sesamcireb-
lad. rogorc ukve avRniSne, igi daexmareba soflis meurneobis ganviTarebas.
dReisaTvis, soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulTa Sromis mwarmoebloba uaRresad
dabalia. soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebuli adamianebis didi nawili faqtobrivad
umuSevrebi arian. amitom am daxmarebas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs, m isi meSveobiT
Seiqmneba realuri samuSao adgilebi.
2009 wlidan daiwyo axali saprezidento programa `saqarTvelo siRaribis
gareSe~, romelSic Semdgom ganxorcielda cvlilebebi da aseTi saxe miiRo: `sa-
muSao adgilebis gadarCena da SenarCuneba~. dagegmilia 200 000 samuSao adgi-
200
lis Seqmna ucxouri investiciebis daxmarebiT. 2012 wlisTvis varaudoben umu-
Sevrobis mkveTr Semcirebas.
ukve damtkicebul programaSi naTqvamia, rom saqarTvelo daubrundeba di -
namikuri ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gzas da 50%-ini gegma warmatebulad ganxor-
cieldeba, axal programaSi ukve xazgasmulia, rom `msoflio finansuri krizisi-
sagan dacvis strategiam~ saqarTvelos ekonomika 50%_iani gegmis Sesrulebis
gzaze unda daabrunos.
saqarTveloSi amJamad umuSevrobis done sakmaod maRalia. saxelmw ifo sta-
tistikis mier umuSevarTa aRricxvis xarisxi aradamakmayofilebelia, xSirad
umuSevroba ar aRiricxeba an faqtobrivad umuSevrebi CaTvlili arian momuSave-
ebad, gansakuTrebiT soflis meurneobaSi. aRricxul umuSevarTa done 2005 wels
2001 welTan SedarebiT gaizarda 2,7%-uli punqtiT, xolo 2008 wels wina
wlis analogiur periodTan SedarebiT 1,5 %-uli punqtiT Semcirda da 6 TveSi
saSualod 13,6 %-uli punqti Seadgina. 2008 wlis meore kvartalSi es maCve-
nebeli 1,1 %-uli punqtiT naklebi iyo pirveli kvartlis Sesabamis maCvenebelze.
umuSevrobis Sesamcireblad saWiroa ganxorcieldes Semdegi RonisZiebebi:
1) movizidoT iseTi tipis investiciebi, romlebic gazrdis samuSao
adgilebs, aseTi Sedegebis motana ki mxolod eqsportze orientire buli
warmoebis waxalisebas SeuZlia;
2) SevimuSavoT investiciebis waxalisebis specialuri sistema, romelic
sagadasaxado SeRavaTebTan erTad, saxelmwifos mier specialuri funqciis
ganxorcielebas gulisxmobs;
3) dagegmilia 200 000 saSualo adgilis Seqmna ucxouri investorebis
daxmarebiT;
4) biujetSi gzebis mSeneblobisTvis gamoyofilia 500 mln. larze meti,
rac uamravi adamianisaTvis dasaqmebis erTerTi wyaro gaxdeba;
5) dagegmilia msoflio bankis daxmarebiT, soflebsa da parata qalaqebSi,
specialuri jgufebis Camoyalibeba da treningebia Catareba, raTa adamianebma
winaswar Seiswavlon xeloba da Semdeg SeZlon miiRon monawileoba ama Tu im
saqmianobaSi;
6) gansazRvrulia soflis meurneobis, gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis,
mcire biznesis da ipoTekuri bazris mxardaWera da satransporto infrastruq-
turis ganviTareba;
7) gadasaxedia umuSevrobis statusi da umuSevrobis aRricxvis problema;
8) saWiroa dawesdes individualur mewarmeTa SeRavaTebi;
9) saxelmwifom unda izrunos bazris dacvaze.
201
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. ekonomikuri politikisa da samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis qarTul-evropuli
sakonsultacio centri, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri tenderebi, 2008
2. Toria m., carciZe m., umuSevrobis problemebi da misi daZlevis gzebi, Tb.,
1998.
3. paiWaZe n., personalis marTva Tb., 2003
4. paiWaZe n., Sromis ekonomika, saxelmZRvanelo, Tb., 2000
5. www.statistics.ge
6. www.worldbank.ge