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A.DEMOCRATIC AND
REPUBLICAN STATE
Republic of the Philippines- a constitutional democracy
- also an indirect orrepresentative democracy
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Indirect Democracy
- the sovereign people elect theirgovernment officials to represent andserve them.
- the lower classes are always
represented by upper class leaders whoare more inclined to work for theirinterests.
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The ideal objective of politics and governance is theattainment of a STRONG STATE.
STRONG STATE
- kind of a republic when it has achieved
political will in safeguarding its independence inforeign policy, in maintaining peace and order, inattaining equal protection of the laws for itscitizens, and providing the best standards ofliving for majority of the people.
Nobody is above the law- the constant credo in a strongstate.
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STRONG STATE
- should not be equated with a totalitarian,
dictatorial or authoritarian government.
A strongman or dictator should not beequated to an effective leader of a strong stateneither could the latter be equated to thegeneralissimo or supreme leader of a policestate. The fundamental freedoms guaranteed bythe Bill of Rights are still enforced andrespected in strong states.
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SOFT STATE
- opposite of strong state.
- political and social instability and economic crisisare common problems of governance.
- also called banana republics due to their
vulnerability to external and internal threats,
which often were constantly the causes of their
overthrow and replacement by a new one.
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Manifestation of Republicanism
and Democracy in the 1987 Constitution
1. The principle that our government is government of laws and not
not of men.2. The observance of the rule of the majority.
3. The existence of the Bill of Rights.
4. The right of suffrage.
5. Observance of the principle of separation of powers and themechanism of checks and balances among the branches ofgovernment.
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6. The accountability of public officers.
7. The separation of Church and State.
8. Respect for human rights, social justice and humandignity.
9. Civilian authority is supreme over military at all times.10. Full disclosure by the state of all its transactionsinvolving public
interests.
11. Right of the people to revolt against an unjustgovernment.
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B. PRESIDENTIALAND CENTRALIZED SYSTEM
Like the United States government, the Philippine government is
also a presidential system since 1946. There is now a long-standingdebate among members of Congress on the pros and cons of thepresidential system.
However, there was a change to presidential-parliamentary systemduring Martial law administration of President Marcos.
a.
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Presidential Systemy The principle of the separation of powers among the
executive, legislative, and the judicial branches is practiced.y System of check and balance
- also observed by the three departments of government.Each branch is given by the Constitution specific powers withwhich to check the others.
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Philippines- opted for a unitary or centralized system of
government by tradition and practice.
Centralized or Unitary system- all powers of government are reserved to the
central government but may be delegated to the localgovernments.
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Advantages of a centralized
government the provision of uniform laws and policies.
equal representation and allocation of
government funds. clearer lines of authority
prevents the development of independent
centers ofpower.
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Federal system
-can free the national government todeal effectively and exclusively with moreimportant national issues and concerns.
Federalism- could also accommodate cultural
diversity, often ethnic and religious in nature,
within of a single political system.
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PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
JoseLeveriza(1990)
- defines Public Administration as a productivepartner of politics in bringing the affairs of government
to
the
peo
ple
. Itis a
lso a
ni
ns
tr
ume
nto
f gover
nme
nti
nserving the citizens as well as a ve hicle for spurringtheir participation in the administration of government.
Social scientists
- defines thisasa government in action.
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Max Weber
- believed that the rules of bureaucraticbehavior should be clearly set, should be impersonal (applied to all without favoritism), should be based onwritten documents and should apply only at work.
- also according to him, in an ideal bureaucracyall tasks would be assigned carefully on the basis ofspecialization and hierarchy.
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Bureaucracyy administrative system:
y an administrative system, especially in a government,
that divides work into specific categories carried out byspecial departments of nonelected officials
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Public Administration- subfield of political science which is concerned with the
study of the bureaucratic process and government institutionsand includes institutional framework of government, its socialmilieu, and the behavior of the individuals running thebureaucracy.
- covers all three branches of government the executive,legislative, and judicial their interdependence andinterrelationships.
- it also plays an important function in the formulation of
government policy as part of the political process.
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Government- embraces all institutions through which the will of the
state is carried out.
Administration- refers to the aggregate of those individuals in whose
responsibility the reins of the government are placed for the
time being.
Administrative services
- refer to the aggregate of public administrativeagencies which perform the ordinary, scientific, and technical
aspects of the machinery of government which are necessary tocarry on its regular functions.
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PHILIPPINE BUREAUCRACY
- Philippine government is a bureaucracy.
Government Bureaucracy compose of:
public organizations the quasi-government bodies
instrumentalities
subdivisions and agencies of the three branches of government
the constitutional commissions.
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Note:To ensure smooth and effective public administration, thegovernment bureaucracy must produce organizational results
with the highest degree of efficiency.
But to achieve this, the people are expected to supply the resourcesfor support of bureaucratic undertakings.
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Note:y In the Philippines, the word bureaucracy had the negative
meaning of inefficiencyand red tapein public service; whichshould not be case.
y This was due to the seeming resistance of bureaucrats to change.They prefer the easy path of routine and the preservation of thestatus quo.
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Characteristics of the Philippine Bureaucracy
according to Dr. Onofre D. Corpuz (1957)
o Vulnerability to nepotism
o Perpetuation of the spoils systemso Apathetic public reaction to bureaucratic misconduct
o Availability of external peaceful means of correcting
bureaucratic weaknesseso Lack of independence from politics
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Note:Part of politics and governance is to reform the bureaucracy.The preference of Filipino bureaucrats for routine and continuity
closes the door for innovations or new ideas that would have
encouraged fresh initiatives to emerge in their workplaces.The Philippine bureaucracy should be nonpartisan.
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Public Service
- covers every branch, territorialand political subdivisions,
instrumentalities and agencies of the
government, including government owned or controlled corporations with
original charter.
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Section I, Article XI of the 1987
Constitution states that: Public office is a public trust.
Public officers and employees must at
all times must be accountable to thepeople, serve them with utmostresponsibility, integrity and loyalty, and
efficiency, act with patriotism andjustice, and lead modest lives.
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Public Office- the right, authority, and duty created and
conferred by law, which, for a given period of time(either fixed by law or at the pleasure of the appointingpower such as the tenure of cabinet secretaries) a personis invested with specified functions of government to beexercised by him for the benefit of the people.
Public officer- the person conferred.
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Public office is a public trust
- means that any government office is
a trust for the sole objective of effectingthe common good and not for profit, honor,or private interest of one man, family, orclass of men.
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Scope and Composition of the Civil
Service CommissionIt covers every branch, subdivisions,
instrumentalities and agencies of thegovernment, including government-owned orcontrolled corporations with original charter.
Composition
Chairman two (2) Commissioners
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IMPEACHMENT
- an extra-judicial process
of removing from office forbetrayal of public trust
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SECTION 2, ARTICLE 11 of the
Constitution- states that the President, Vice-President,
members of the Supreme Court, Members of theConstitutional Commissions and the Ombudsman
may be removed from office on impeachmentfor, and conviction of, culpable violation of the
constitution, treason, bribery, graft andcorruption, other high crimes, or betrayal of
public trusts.
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PD No. 1606
- through this the Justices of the Sandiganbayanmay also be removed from office through impeachment.
House of Representatives
- shall have the exclusive power to initiate allcases of impeachment.
Philippine Senate
- shall have the sole power to try and decide all
cases of impeachment.
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SECTION 27, ARTICLE 11 ON HONESTY AND
INTEGRITY, GRAFT AND CORRUPTION
The state shall maintain honesty
and integrity in the public serviceand take positive measures againstgraft and corruption.
An indispensable part of governance is PUBLICSERVICE.
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Graft and C
orrupti
on
Anathema to good governance.
The twin evils of graft and corruptionand abuse of power often plague thePhilippine bureaucracy.
Corruption in the government drainsmillions of pesos from the publiccoffers.
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Grafty Acquisition of money, position, etc
by dishonest or questionable means,by taking advantage of public officerto obtain fees, perquisites, profits on
contracts or legislation, or pay forwork not done, or service notperformed.
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CorruptionyAn improper consideration to
commit a violation of duty,impairment of integrity, virtue or
moral principle. It is done in
collusion with others.
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OMBUDSMANOMBUDSMANyAs protectors of the people shall act
promptly on compliance filed in any form ormanner against public officials or employeesof the government, or any subdivisionagency or instrumentality, thereof,including government owned or controlled
corporations (Section 12. Art 11).
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TANODBAYANTANODBAYANyTransformed as the office of Special
Prosecutor, which continues to
function and exercise its powers asprovided by law, except those conferredon the Office of the Ombudsman
created under the Constitution.
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SANDIGANBAYANSANDIGANBAYANyThe Anti graft Court known as
Sandiganbayan was retained in the 1987Constitution and continues to function andexercise its jurisdiction over civil andcriminal cases involving graft and corruptpractices committed by public officers and
employees including those in governmentowned and in controlled corporations inrelation to their office as may be provided bylaw.
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CODE OF ETHICS FOR PUBLIC SERVICECODE OF ETHICS FOR PUBLIC SERVICE
Executive Order No. 217 issued by the PresidentManuel L. Quezon on August 1939 provides:
yHave faith in Divine Providence that guidesthe destinies of men and nations.yLove your country for it is the home of your
people, the seat of your affections, and the
source of your happiness and well being.yRespect the constitution, which is the
expression of your sovereign will. Thegovernment is your government.
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CODE OF ETHICS FOR PUBLIC SERVICECODE OF ETHICS FOR PUBLIC SERVICE
ySafeguard the purity of suffrage andabide by the decisions of the majority.
y
Value your honor as you value your life.yLead a clean and frugal life.yLive up to the noble traditions of our
people.yContribute to the welfare of your
community and promote social justice.
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NATURE OF PUBLIC OPINIONNATURE OF PUBLIC OPINION
y Ademocratic and republican polity is basically agovernment by public opinion; after all, publicinterests are the paramount ends of state.
yOne of the most powerful forces at work in anysociety.
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NATURE OF PUBLIC OPINIONNATURE OF PUBLIC OPINION
y Lawson states that, public opinion can onlybe the sum of private opinions, and further,that in any polity, on any issue, private
opinions will surely be found, onexamination, to be varied and conflicting,held with different degrees of intensity bypersons with very different degrees of access
to the political decision making processes.
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PUBLICPUBLIC
yThe modern public as Kierkegaard hadnoted is not a real community made up ofreal persons.
yShould refer to those citizens who reallytake active interest in politics and whotake steps to make that interest known
and felt.
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PUBLICPUBLIC
y In public opinion polls, public means arepresentative sample of the entirepopulation, including those who have no
opinion.
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OPINIONOPINIONyConviction that a certain thing is
probably true often combined with an
evaluation.yPublic opinion as the collective nature
of a body of individual opinions
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WHO SHAPE PUBLIC OPINION?WHO SHAPE PUBLIC OPINION?
yMedia it includes not only press, radio andtelevision, but also the telephone, mobilephones, the Internet and
telecommunication satellite broadcasts(CNN, BBC, etc.)
yGovernment also through the use andcontrol of government media, government
administration could popularize itsstandpoint on certain issues concerningpublic interests.
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WHO SHAPE PUBLIC OPINION?WHO SHAPE PUBLIC OPINION?
yAcademe School administrators, teachers,students and employees can help in shaping thequality of public opinion or perceptions of publicissues and concerns.
y
Church and other religious institutions In thePhilippines, the doctrine of the separation of
Church and State did not hinder the Church andother religious groups from their involvement inpublic concerns.
y Others the family, the work place, andassociational groups influence on the individualsopinion can also initially contribute to the shapingof public opinion
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CITIZENS PARTICIPATION IN POLITICS:CITIZENS PARTICIPATION IN POLITICS:
BEHAVIORBEHAVIORy Besides responding to questions asked by opinion pollsters,
media reporters and or in some special cases, to talk showhosts, citizens engage in politics when they campaign
political candidates, cast their votes, write letters to theeditor on current public issues and concerns, donate fundsto groups working for causes or doing relief andrehabilitation projects, demonstrate, or simply join massmovement.
y Milbrath and Goel classify seven modes of individualpolitical participation: Apathetic Inactives; PassiveSupporters; Contact Specialists; Communicators; Party andCampaign Workers; CommunityActivists; and Protesers
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Quiz # 2 - Midterm12/11/2009
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1yThe Anti graft Court that was
retained in the 1987 Constitution and
continues to function and exercise itsjurisdiction over civil and criminal
cases involving graft and corrupt
practices committed by public officersand employees
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2yAct as the protector of the
people who shall act promptlyon compliance filed in any formor manner against public
officials or employees of thegovernment
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3The central personnel agency of
the government.
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4It includes not only press, radio and
television, but also the telephone,mobile phones, the Internet and
telecommunication satellite
broadcasts
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5yThe collective nature of a
body of individual opinions
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6yIn the Philippines, the word
bureaucracy had the negativemeaning of__________and________in public service.
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7Anathema to good
governance.
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8yThere is a separation of powers
among the executive,legislative, and the judicialbranches in this type of
government system.
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9yThe right, authority, and duty
created and conferred by law,which, for a given period oftime
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10yTransformed as the office of Special
Prosecutor, which continues to
function and exercise its powers asprovided by law, except those conferred
on the Office of the Ombudsman
created under the Constitution.
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11yAproductive partner of
politics in bringing theaffairs of government to the
people.
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12What Presidential Decree that the
Justices of the Sandiganbayanmay also be removed from officethrough impeachment?
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13States that the President, Vice-President,
members of the Supreme Court,
Members of the ConstitutionalCommissions and the Ombudsman maybe removed from office on impeachment
for, and conviction of, culpable violationof the constitution, treason, bribery, graft
and corruption, other high crimes, or
betrayal of public trusts.
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14Favoritism shown by somebody
in power to relatives andfriends, especially inappointing them to good
positions
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15Kind of a republic when it has achieved
political will in safeguarding its
independence in foreign policy, inmaintaining peace and order, in attaining
equal protection of the laws for its
citizens, and providing the best standardsof living for majority of the people.
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16Another term for soft
state
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17yAcquisition of money, position, etc
by dishonest or questionable means,by taking advantage of public officerto obtain fees, perquisites, profits oncontracts or legislation, or pay for
work not done, or service notperformed.
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18yA political practice in which a
winning political party givesgovernment jobs and publicappointments to its supporters
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19yNo participatory activity,
not even voting
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20yJoin in public street
demonstrations, riot ifnecessary, protest vigorously ifgovernment does something
morally wrong