saocaria, rogor axerxebs saqarTvelo mciredi amosunTqvis pirobebSic ki alRo
auRos mowinave qveynebSi mimdinare kreatiul procesebs. am TvalsazrisiT uaRre
sad nayofier, saintereso da garkveulwilad gasaocar procesebs vxedavT CvenTan
XIX sis II naxevarsa da XX sis pirvel aTwleulebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom istori
uli avbediTobiT saqarTvelo kargavs Tavis saxelmwifoebriobas da aRmoCndeba
naxevrad aziurmonRoluri imperiis ganapira provincia, vxedavT uaRresad prog
resuli msoflxedvis mqone sazogado moRvaweTa mTel pleadas, Zalze saintereso
movlenebs literaturisa Tu saxviTi xelovnebis sferoSi. amis sailustraciod
sakmarisia davasaxeloT Tundac mxolod vaJafSavela da niko firosmanaSvili.
erTi SexedviT, firosamanaSvili
TiTqos gancalkevebiT mdgomi figuraa.
garkveulad es asec aris misi Semoqmedeb
iTi potenciis, mxatvruli msoflxedvis,
unikaluri mxatv ruli samyaros Seqmnis
TvalsazrisiT. amasTan, Tu davukvirdebiT,
sakmaod naTlad Cans misi warmoCenis sruli
logikuroba.
niko firosmanaSvili daibada qiziySi
(ubatono mxareSi, rogorc vaJa), didi alba
TobiT, 1862 wels (zogierTi mkvlevris az
riT – 1864Si). adre daoblda. axalgazrdo
niko firosmanaSvili
mxatvroba
saxli mirzaanSi, sadac daibada niko firosmanaSvili
giorgi xoStaria
76
bidan imyofeba TbilisSi, vinme qalanTarovebis ojaxSi. mas axasiaTebdnen, rogorc
uaRresad sufTa, uangaro da cotaTi ucnaur pirovnebas. misi ucnauroba logiku
rad gamoiyureba rigiTi moqalaqeebis TvalTaxedvidan gamomdinare. misi potenci
is pirovneba ubralod ver Cajdeboda rigiT moqalaqeTa logikaSi, Tumca amasTan
igi Tavisianic iyo, uyvardaT kidec.
xatvisadmi interesi axalgazrdobaSive gamouvlenia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, viciT,
rom meore TviTnaswavl mxatvarTan, gigo zaziaSvilTan erTad, XIX sis 80ian wleb
Si ucdia abrebis saxelosnos gaxsna. komerciulad maTi wamowyeba ver gamarTl
da, magram CvenTvis es cnoba Zalze sainteresoa – daaxloebiT am dros, XIX sis
miwurulisTvis, unda momxdariyo misi mxatvruli samyaros Camoyalibeba, rasac
SesaZloa garkveulad xeli Seuwyo rkinigzaze gamyolad muSaobam – aman saSuale
ba misca gaemdidrebina Tavisi vizualuri STabeWdilebebi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva
kuTxeze. Semdeg erTxans rZis nawarmiT vaWrobs kompanionTan erTad, xatavs abras
duqnisTvis, magram, cxadia, rom komerciul saqmianobas igi didxans ver gahyveboda.
igi Tavs anebebs am saqmianobas da mTlianad kavdeba mxatvrobiT. xdeba moxetiale
mxatvari, romelic gadadioda duqnidan duqanSi da maT Sesamkoblad suraTebs as
rulebda. gadmocemiT, kedlebze da SuSazec ki xatavda. nikos Semoqmedebis es mxa
re (kedeli, SuSa), samwuxarod, ar SemogvrCa, daikarga, magram isic, rac Semogvr
Ca, marTlac saocaria Tavisi gamorCeulobiT da, rac mTavaria, uaRresad maRali
mxatv ruli doniT, gaazrebiTa Tu mxatvruli `logikis~ siRrmiT.
niko firosmanaSvili
77
imisTvis, rom naTlad davinaxoT niko firos
manaSvilis logikurobaca da alogikurobac
saWi roa: 1. mkafiod davinaxoT im epoqis Tavise
bureba, romelSic igi cxovrobda da moRvaweob
da da 2. SeZlebisdagvarad gavaanalizoT misi
konkretuli namuSevrebi – mxolod ramdenime ti
puri nimuSis mxatvruli wyobis ganxilvis safuZ
velze.
yovelgvari movlena, fenomeni, maT Soris,
Semoqmedeba, mxatvroba xdeba drosa da sivrce
Si. am mxriv Zalze saintereso, koloritul su
raTs vxedavT – niko firosmanaSvilis mxatv
robis Camoyalibeba xdeba ormagi gardamavali
omis pirobebSi. istoriulad saqarTvelo, misi
kultura, rogorc sulieri, ise socialuri Tu
ekonomikuri, misi msoflxedva, misi faseuloba
Ta sistema, SemecnebiTi, eTikuri Tu esTetikuri,
yalibdeba ori didi megakulturuli samyaros
mijnaze – erTi mxriv, Zveli aRmosavleTi (rom
lis pirdapir kvals axlac vxedavT: erT magaliTad kmara Tundac `iavnana~ – ia da
vardi tradiciuli komplimenti qalisTvis, nana, igive iSTari uZvelesi nayofiere
bis qalRmerTi Sumeridan da mTlianad SuamdinareTidan da meore mxriv – antikuri
(berZnuli, elinisturi, romauli). maTma sinTezma (aleqsandre makedonelis Semd
gom) mogvca kacobriobis kulturuli evoluciis erTerTi umniSvnelovanesi eta
pi – elinizmi. aRmosavluri elinisturi samyaro, mTeli regionebi da qveynebi gaqra
jer islamuri da mere seljukuri eqspansiis Sedegad, magram misi zogadsakacobrio
monapovrebi dResac arsebobs. sakmarisia davasaxeloT erTerTi umniSvnelova
nesi msoflio religia – qristianoba, is aRmosavleT Tu dasavleT evropuli sam
yaroebi, romelTac erTad saqristiano hqvia. aRsaniSnavia agreTve, rom saqarTve
mxatvroba
qali kaTxa ludiYT
orTaWalis turfebi
78
loSi dominantur religiad damkvidrda (gansxvavebiT maxlobeli aRmosavleTis
sxva qveynebisgan, mag., somxeTisgan) qristianobis diofizituri varianti, romelic
macxovarSi adamianur sawyiss arsobrivad miiCnevs. es, cxadia, aisaxeba am samyaroSi
damkvidrebul zogad faseulobaTa sistemaSi da, kerZod, im faqtSi, rom saxviT xe
lovnebas, maT Soris, kedlis monumentur mxatvrobas, mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia
eris sulier cxovrebaSi, iseve, rogorc qvasa Tu metalSi warmodgenil reliefur
skulpturas. es uzarmazari kulturuli tradicia, cxadia, Zalian Tavisebur
transformirebas ganicdis XIX sdan. saqarTvelo kargavs saxelmwifoebriobas
(rac dResac mtkivneulad aisaxeba eris socialurpolitikur kulturaSi), magram
ar wyvets sulieri kulturis sferoSi moRvaweobas, romlis paradigmac zogadad
ganisazRvreba Semosuli, CvenTvis ukve axali evropuli mxatvruli msoflxedvi
sa da ufro tradiciuli tendenciebis sinTeziT, SejaxebiTa Tu SexamebiT. XIX sSi
kidev ixateba eklesiebi (cxadia, rusuli saeklesio mxatvrobis Zlieri gavleniT)
– bodbe –1827 w., muxrani – 60ian wlebSi.
naturmorti doqiTa da boTlebiT
niko firosmanaSvili
79
CvenTvis sainteresoa is iSviaTi, magram mainc arsebuli nimuSebi, sadac tradi
ciuli niadagis saxiT kargad Cans monumenturi kedlis mxatvrobis kvali. am
mxriv istoriuli TvalsazrisiT Zalze mniSvnelovania `muxranbatonebis ojaxu
ri portreti~, sadac mkafiod moCans gviani Suasaukuneebis kedlis mxatvrobisa
Tvis damaxasiaTebeli qtitoruli (damkveTebis) jgufuri portretebis kvali. aR
mxatvroba
giorgoba bolnisSi
muxranbatonebis ojaxuri portreti. ucnobi avtori. inaxeba saqarTvelos xelovnebis sax. muzeumSi
80
saniSnavia albaT isic, rom garkveul niSas ikavebs abra – reklama, anu mxatvrobis
swored is Zalze Taviseburi mimarTuleba, romelSic scada Tavi niko firosman
aSvilma. Cven viciT, rom vinme qarTvel mxatvars XIX sis 60ian wlebSi mouxatavs
taZari muxranSi da amave dros muxranbatonebis dakveTiT dauxatavs zeTis saRe
bavebiT jgufuri portreti – muxranbatonebis ojaxuri portreti. am portretSi
vxedavT rigs niSnebisa, romelic mniSvnelovani iqneba niko firosmanaSvilis namu
SevrebSi, es aris: e. w. negatiuri modelireba, anu formis `amoyvana~, modelireba
`muqze RiiT~, gamosaxulebis warmodgena reprezentaciul kompoziciaSi – TaviT
fexebamde, statuaruli dayenebiT da saxis nakvTebis ufro tipologiuri, vidre
konkre tulindividualuri warmodgeniT – yvela es niSani mniSvnelovnad warmoCn
deba niko firosmanis mxatvrul meTodSi. mis e. w. portrettipebSi (meTevzeebis
mTeli seria, meezove, mzareuli Salva da sxva).
zogadad, niko firosmanaSvilis mxatvrul meTodSi arsebiTi aris tradiciuli
da axali evropuli zeTis dazguri mxatvrobis struqturuli niSnebis sinTezi.
gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom im dros ewyoboda evropel mxatvarTa gamofene
bi. pirveli qarTveli mxatvris gigo gabaSvilis gamofena ukve 1891 wels gaimar
Ta. sainte resoa erTi faqtic – saeklesiosaxalxo dResaswaulebis warmoCenas
vxedavT gigo gabaSvilTanac – `alaverdoba~, mose ToiZesTanac – `mcxeToba~ da n.
firosmanaSvil Tanac – ramdenime pano: `alaznis eposi~, `dReoba bolnisxaCinSi~,
`giorgoba~ da sxva. gansxvaveba ki isaa, rom Tavisi unikaluri mxatvruli meTo
diT, mxatvrobis ontologiuri gagebiT (misi arsis wvdomiT), niko firosmanaSvili
ganuzomlad maRla dgas rogorc profesiuli, ise xalxuri mxatvrobis sxva gamov
linebebze, iqneba es e. w. `Tfilisuri skolis~ nimuSebi – aSkara dekoratiulmini
aturuli gadaxriT, e. w. `eTnografiuli tipaJi~ – arcTu ise maRali esTetikuri
RirsebebiT Tu saflavis qvebis reliefebi – momxibvleli Tavisi `uSualobiTa da
Tan Taviseburi monumenturobiT.~…
muxranbatonebis ojaxuri portreti. ucnobi avtori. inaxeba saqarTvelos xelovnebis sax. muzeumSi
niko firosmanaSvili
81
sxva rom araferi gaekeTebina (moeazrebina) niko firosmanaSvils, Savi muSambis
(dermatinis?) SesaZleblobebis sasuraTo wyobaSi CarTvis gamo igi ukve didi mxatv
ruli intuiciis mqone pirovnebad unda CagveTvala. kerZod, Savi muSamba potenci
urad matarebelia e. w. binaruli opiziciis ormagi kodisa, anu ormagi aRniSvnisa.
visac erTxel mainc hqonia Sexeba niko firosmanaSvilis mxatvrobasTan, ar SeiZle
ba ar damaxsovreboda misi Savi (iSviaTad – muqi monacrisfro – Tunuqze) fonebi.
magaliTad, igive `wiTelperanga meTevze~, `qali kaTxa ludiT~, `didi naturmorti
doqiTa da loqoTi~, `doqiTa da boTlebiT~, romelic Tunuqze, muq monacris fro
moSavo fonzea Sesrulebuli, da mravali sxva nimuSi (xSirad muyaosac ki Savad Re
bavda).
rogor unda aRviqvaT niko firosmana Svi lis sasuraTo wyobis es Tavisebure
ba? ro gor unda Sefasdes igi? erTi SexedviT, mar tivia, primitiuli, magram Tu
davukvirde biT, mxatvari fantastikurad iyenebs materialur safuZvels, masalas –
Savi muSamba yovelgvari damuSavebis gareSe Semodis suraTis struqturaSi, rogorc
saxviTi niSani – sivrce, Crdili, muqi laqa saganze da rogorc sasuraTo sibrtyec.
es ki ukve iZleva gardasaxvis gancdas – sad dgas axalgazrda Savgvremani meTevze?
Tu Ramea, ra anaTebs mas? Tu dRea, ratom dgas igi ukuneT sibneleSi?
mxatvroba
82
amrigad, ubralo gadawyveta iZleva harmoniul dapirispirebas – harmonia sxva
araferia, Tu ara dapirispirebul nawilTa Soris winaaaRmdegobis moxsna mTel-
Si. garda amisa, firosmani muSambas iyenebs sagnobrivi formis modelirebisTvis,
anu formis gamosaZerwad. magaliTad, perangze, sadRac wiTeli saRebavis fena odnav
ufro sqelia, sadRac – Txeli, viRebT msubuq, magram zust gradacias, rac gviqmnis
msubuqi perangis faqturis, misi zedapiris gancdas. garda amisa, Savi feri kargad
`iWers~ nebismieri intensivobis qromatul fers, anu Zlier wiTel laqas Tavisi
JReradobiT. aseTi modelireba, sxvaTa Soris, did ostatobas moiTxovs da sulac
ar aris martivi, rogorc erTi SexedviT moCans. amitom aris niko firosmanaSvilis
kopi reba Zalian Zneli, SeuZlebeli Tu ara. aseTi ostaturi lakonuri Zerwva sabo
loo jamSi gvaZlevs mxatvruli saxis mdidar daxasiaTebas. mayureblis winaSe dgas,
erTi mxriv, Zalian zustad mocemul xasiaTSi meTevze, meezove, orTaWalis turfa,
ZiZa, an doSi, loqo, boTli, tiki da a. S., anu ubralo, adamianuri da saxasiaTo piri
Tu sagani da amasTan am lakonizmis Sedegad viRebT did, ganzogadebul formebs,
ganzogadeba ki mniSvnelobas sZens mxatvrul saxeebs. saboloo jamSi ubralo ada
miani, sagani, garemosivrce, inarCunebs ra Tavis damaxasiaTeblobas, adamianuro
bas Tu ubraloebas, amave dros warmogvidgeba monumenturad, anu mniSvnelovnad,
warmosadegad. viRebT Zalze metyvel harmoniul mTlianobas, sadac aRniSvnaTa da
pirispireba Zalze mZafria, metyveli, efeqturi.
firosmanis midgoma amdenad gamomdinareobs TviT suraTis bunebidan: nebis
mieri suraTi aris suraTgareSe realobidan SerCeuli asaxvis sagnebis integri
meezove wiTelperanga meTevze
niko firosmanaSvili
83
reba mxat vrul enaSi, enas ki qmnis materialuri safuZveli da misi organizaciis
wesebi. anu enis safuZvelia sasuraTo organzomilebiani sibrtye da es moiT
xovs gamovlenagamoyenebas, magram am organzomilebian masalaSi unda aRiniSnos
samganzomilebiani asaxvis sagnis moculoba, wona, faqtura, agebuleba, individu
aluroba da a. S. Tan aRniSvna unda moxdes garkveul formatSi, anu sasuraTo
zedapirs aqvs Tavisi centri, zeda da qveda, marcxena da marjvena kideebi, aTensa
da radikaluri demokratiis ramdenime sxva qalaqsaxelmwifoSi
cxadia, es did ostatobas moiTxovs, miT umetes, rodesac asaxvis saganTa dia
pazoni didia, anu rodesac saxezea Janruli mravalferovneba. niko firosmana
Svili am mxrivac gamorCeulia – igi xatavs naturmortsac da portrettipsac,
cxovrebiseul scenas – magaliTad, qeifis scenebs, soflis cxovrebis amsaxvel
scenebs, cxovelebs, istoriul pirovnebebs da yovelTvis misi saxeebi arian dama
jereblad saxasiaTo da Tan gardasaxulni, warmosadegni, didebulni, e. i. firos
mani mSvenivrad grZnobs imasac, rasac xatavs da imasac, ra enaSic muSaobs, anu
formats, funjs, monasms, tonTa Tu ferTa kontrasts Tu erTianobas – e. i. sura-
Ti Tavisi arsiT aris gansxvavebul niSanTa erTianobis safuZvelze miRebuli
erTi didi niSani. igi aerTianebs asaxvis sagnis, masalis, maorganizaciebeli prin
cipebis (taqti, ritmi, simetriis da wonasworobis mravali saxe, harmonia) niSnebs
– erTaderT da ganumeorebel niSnebs da amaSi aRniSnavs Tavis Tavsac. maga liTad,
mxatvroba
aqtrisa margarita kaci kasriT
84
Cven winaSea moqeife kintoebis
scenac, saocrad organizebuli
sasuraTo zedapiric da TviT
mxat varic, am SemTxvevaSi –
firosmanaSvili – misi ganzoga
deba, misi gama, misi monasmi, misi
kompozicia da a. S.
rogorc yvela didi Semoqme
disa, firosmanis produqciac,
misi memkvidreobac araerTg
varovania – gvaqvs srulyofili,
genialuri qmnilebanic, saSualo
(misTvis) donisac da garkveuli
raodenoba nakleb warmatebuli
(aseve misTvis) suraTebic. ase,
maga liTad, pirovnuli gamosaxu
lebebidan gamoirCeva: `wiTelpe
ranga meTevze~, `meezove~, `aqt
risa margarita~, `qali kaTxa
ludiT~, ̀ qarTveli qali~, natur
mortebSi – `didi naturmorti~
da `naturmorti doqiTa da boT
lebiT~. cxovrebiseuli scenebi
suraTebidan – `qeifi mearRne
daTiko zemelTan~, `ma la k nebis
qeifi~, `xuTi Tavadis qeifi~,
xuTi Tavadis qeifi, 1906
Jirafi
niko firosmanaSvili
85
`glexis qali SvilebiT wyaroze midis~,
calke unda gamoirCes mravalsceniani
kompoziciebi, rodesac erT did suraT
Si gaerTianebulia ramdenime scena: `Ra
mis qeifi~, `viris xili~ da gansakuTre
biT misi panoebi, sadac, rogorc wesi,
did formatSi mocemulia Taviseburi
samyaros modeli, magaliTad, kaxeTis
eposi, `giorgoba~ da sxva. erT suraTSi
Tavs iyrian sikeTec da borotebac, maga
liTad, Zarcva da locva, yaCaRebi da Ta
vadebi, kintoebi, yaraCoxelebi da a. S.
animalisturi suraTebidan me calke
Janrad gamovyofdi nimuSebs, sadac cxo
veli, mTeli Tavisi damaxasiaTeblobiT,
warmodgenilia adamianTan, patronTan
erTad – magaliTad, `soflis eqimi~, sa
dac erTnairad simpaTiuri da adamianu
ria eqimica da saxedaric.
gamomdinare sasuraTo harmoniis
specifikidan, niko firosmans ufro
exerxeba asaxvis im sagnis gadmocema,
romelsac icnobs – adamianis, sagnis,
mxatvroba
glexis qali SvilebiT wyaroze midis
qeiFfi daTiko zemelTan
86
bunebis, cxovelis. am Tvalsaz
risiT misi konkretuli tipaJi –
ubralo kintoebi, yaraCoxelebi,
`orTaWalis turfebi~ – ufro
warmatebulad aris Sesrule
buli, vidre istoriuli perso
naJebi Tu wmindanebi, Tumca mis
SedarebiT `sust~ namuSevrebSic
aris didi xibli.
xSirad momismenia kiTxva: ki, firosmani uSualoa, gulsac agiCuyebs, magram icis ki man `swori~ xatva, ukeTesi iqneboda Tu ara firosmanaSvils akademiaSi rom eswavla?
yvela am kiTxvaze SemiZlia
kategoriulad ganvacxado: niko
firosmanma icis yvelaferi is, rac sWirdeba, rom miaRwios umaRlesi donis mxat
vrul mTlianobas. mravali SemTxvevis moyvana SegviZlia, rodesac firosmanaSvili
SegnebiT midis pirobiT gadawyvetaze. magaliTad, qeifSi daTiko zemelTan ori xe
lis mtevani Savad aris warmodgenili. ra Tqma unda, firosmanma icis, rom sxeuli
Savi araa, magram saWiro iyo am ori aqcentis `Caqroba~ da isic amisTvis Sav muSambas
tovebs; anda ̀ viris xilSi~ vxedavT aweul xelebs, romelTac xelis mtevnebi ar aqvT
– aqac, cxadia, Segnebul lakonizmTan gvaqvs saqme. mravali aseTi magaliTis moyva
na SeiZleba, rac migviTiTebs erT rameze – Cven gvyavs didi mxatvari, romelsac,
rogorc yvela did mxatvars, asaxvis sagnebSi aqvs Tavisi diapazoni (e. i. ar xatavs
yvelas da yvelafers) da aqvs Tavisi mxatvruli meTodi, anu xerxebis is erToblio
ba, romelic aucileblobiTi xarisxiT gulisxmobs erTmaneTs.
soflis eqimi
kaxeTis matarebeli
niko firosmanaSvili
87