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Original Research ManuscriptDate of Submission: 29-03-2011Date of Acceptance: 25-04-2011
Phytochemical and Pharmacological Potential ofPlumeria rubra Linn. (Apocyanaceae): -
A Review
Jasmin Gopi *1, Mr. Pankaj Khatri
1, Navinder Singh
1, Hitesh Gaud
1and Dr. Rakesh Patel
2
1Department of Pharmacognosy, Gyan Vihar School of Pharmacy S.G.V. University Jaipur (Rajasthan)
2Department of Pharmacognosy, Ganpat University Ahmedabad (Gujrat)
ABSTRACT
Plumeria rubra Linn is an ornamental tree of the Apocynaceae or dogbane family and is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical
regions. These trees have very sweet-scented exotic flowers. The Tree has numerous usage such as- in treating ulcers, leprosy, asthma,
diabetes and act as rubefacient. According to Ayurveda; root are bitter, carminative, thermogenic, Leaves are useful in inflammation,rheumatism, antibacterial, antifungal, bronchitis, Antipyretic etc. Plumeria rubraLinn. is nowadays, is gaining interest by the scientific
reasearchers due to its folklorics and because of its therapeutic value, easy availability and degree of research work which is not done. This
paper explains the evidence-based information concerning the phytochemistry and pharmacological activity of this plant
Keywords:Plumeria rubra L, Apocynaceae or dogbane
INTRODUCTION: - Plumeria rubra L (Hindi name:
Lal champa; English: True Frangipani) belongs to the
Apocynaceae family and have laticiferous trees and
shrubs.(1)
The plants from this genus are widely
cultivated in the tropical and subtropical regions
throughout the world. (2) They are recognized as
excellent ornamental plants and often seen in the
graveyards.(3)
Plumeria plants are famous for their
attractiveness and fragrant flowers. The essential oils
from the flowers are used for perfumery and
aromatherapy purposes. The decoction of the bark and
roots of P. rubra is traditionally used to treat asthma,
ease constipation, promote menstruation and reduce
fever. The latex is used to soothe irritation. (4) The fruit is
reported to be eaten in West Indies. In India, however, it
has been used as an abortifacient.(5)
The flowers are
aromatic and bechic and widely used in pectoral
syrups.The flowers decoction ofP.rubra was reported to
use in Mexico for control of diabetes mellitus. The
Leaves of P.rubra are used in ulcers, leprosy,
inflammations and rubefacient. (6)Plumeria rubra Linn.
is a deciduous tree with thick, widely distributed in
common rather moist garden, in lawns and in open
plantation tree is unusual in appearance. Plant loses
leaves for a short time during thewinter. It grows up to
height 25 feet with 35 spread. Plant growth rate is slow.
About eight species of Plumeria rubra (L.) occurs in
India.The ascending branches are ascending leaves are
simple Alternate, spiral, petiole undissected, elliptic or
ovate shape, base tapering (narrow attenuate) or oblique,
margins entire or undulate, apex acuminate or acute or
obtuse. Pink or red color flowers, spreading cymes fruits
elongated. (7) Flowering period is August to October.
According to Ayurveda; root is bitter, carminative,
thermogenic, laxative, leprosy etc. Leaves are useful in
inflammation, rheumatism, antibacterial, bronchitis,
cholera, cold and cough, Antipyretic, antifungal,
stimulant etc. (8)
Looking to the scope of herbal drug and
increasing demand especially in disease of liver, cancer,
diabetes, hypertension, renal disease, inflammation,
infectious diseases and skin diseases etc. The selection
of the plant Plumeria rubra Linn. is made on the basis of
International Journal of Pharmaceutical SciencesINT.J.PH.SCI.,JAN-APR, 2011;3(1):1162-1168
ISSN 0975-4725
www.ijps.info
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its Easy of availability, Therapeutic value and degree of
research work which is not done. (9)
PHYTOCHEMISTRY: -(10)
The flowers contain volatile components including 1, 1
diethoxyethane, benzaldehyde, 6-methyl 5 heptan-2-ol,
tricycle [3.2.1.1.0] octane, methyl benzoate, linalool,
naphthalene, geraniol, citral, methyl 3-propenylbenzoate,
nerolidol, benzyl benzoate, methyl salicylate. .(11, 12) Most
of these volatile components are expected to be lost
during drying of the herb.
TABLE-1
S.No.
NAME DESCRIPTION
1.Benzaldehyde
1. chemical name :- benzoic aldehyde2. CAS:- [100-52-7]3. Molecular formula: C7H6O4. Others:-I Artificial essential oil of almond
II Used in manufacture of dyes, perfumery,cinnamic and mandelic acid, as solvents; in flavors
III Toxicity data:- LD50 in rats and guinea pigs are 1300mg/kg
2.Methyl
benzoate
1. chemical name :- benzoic acid and methyl ester2. CAS:- [93-58-3]3. Molecular formula C8H8O24. Others:-I. Used in perfumes
II. Toxicity data LD5O in rats is 3.43g/kg i.g.(13)
3. Linalool
1. chemical name:- 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien 3-ol2. CAS:- [78-70-6]3. Molecular formula C10H18O4. Others:I. It is the chief constituent of linaloe oil
II. use in perfumery instead of bergamot or French lavender oil
4. Naphthalene
1. Chemical name:- naphthalin2. CAS:- [78-70-6]3. Molecular formula:- C10H84. Others:-I. Human toxicity poisoning may occur by injection of large doses,inhalation or skin absorption. (14)
II. Therapeutically it has been used as antiseptic(topical and intestinal anthelmintic
5. Geranial
1. chemical name:- 3,7-dimethyl- 2,6-octadien-1-ol2. CAS:-[106-24-1]3. Molecular formula:- C10H18O4. Others:-I. Isomeric with linaloolII. Used in perfumery, as insect attractant
6. -citral
1. chemical name:- 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien2. CAS:- [5392-40-5]3. Molecular formula:-C10H16O4. Others:I. Citral from natural sources is a mixture of two geometric isomers geranial and neralII. Used in synthesis of vitamin A; ionone and methyl-ionone
III. As a flavor, for fortifying lemon oil, etc.
7. Nerolidol
1. Chemical name:-Cis-(+)-1,6,10-Dodecatrien-3-ol,3,7,11-trimethyl, [S-(Z)]2. CAS:-[142-50-7]3. Molecular formula:- C15H26O4. Others:- Found in essential oils from many flowers.
8.Benzyl
benzoate
1. Chemical name:- benzoic acid phenyl methyl ester2. CAS:- [120-51-4]3. Molecular formula C14H12O24. Others:-I. used as substitute for champhor in celluloid and plastic pyroxilin compounds; in perfume fixative; in confectionary andchewing gum flavors, etc
II. Therapeutically it is been used as scabicide, pediculicide
III. toxicity data:- LD50 orally in rats, mice, rabbits guinea pigs are 1.7,1.4,1.8 and 1.0 g/kg i.g, respectively. (15)
9. Methyl
salicylate
1. Chemical name:- 2-hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester2. CAS [119-36-8]3. Molecular formula:- C8H8O34. Others:-I. Used in perfumery; for flavoring candies etcII. therapeutically as counterirritant
III. Human toxicity caution ingestion of relatively of small amount may cause severe poisoning and death.(av. lethal dose 10
ml in children and 30 ml in adult).(14)
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A Review
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The bark contains sitosterol, scopoletin, plumieride and fulvoplumierin. The root contains plumericine, isoplumericin, -
dihydroplumerzicin, - dihydroplumericinic acid, fulvoplumerin and plumeride (16). Rubrinol; an antibacterial
triterpenoid, together with taraxasteryl acetate, lupeol, stigmasterol, oleanolic acid cycloart-22-ene-3, 25 diol was
isolated from the whole plant.(17)
TABLE-2
S.
NONAME DESCRIPTION
1. ScopoletinChemical name:-7-hydroxy-6-methoxy-24-1- benzopyran-2-oneCAS:-[92-61-5]
Molecular formula:- C10H8O4
2. Plumieride
Chemical name:-1-(-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-4;7-dihydro-4-(1-hydroxyethyl)-5-oxospirol
[cyclopenta[c]pyran-7(1H),2(5H)-furan]-G-carboxylic acid methyl esterCAS:-[511-89-7]
Molecular formula:- C21H26012
3. Plumericin
Chemical name:-[3as-(3E,3a,4a,7a,9aR*,9b)]-3-ethylidene-3;3a,7a,9b-tetrahydro-2-oxo-2H;4aH-1,4,5-
trioxadicyclopent indene-7-carboxylic acid methyl ester
CAS:[77-16-7]
Molecular formula:-C15H14O6
4. Fulvoplumierin
Chemical name:- (E,E)-7-(2-Buterylidene)-1-7-dihydro-1-oxocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid methyl
ester
CAS: [20867-01-0]Molecular formula: C14H12O4
5. Plumieride
Chemical name:1-(-D-Glucopyanosyloxy)-4a,7a-dihydro-4-(1-hydroxyethyl)-
5oxospirol[cyclopenta[c]pyran-7(1H),2(5H)-furan]-4-carboxylic acid methyl esterCAS:-[511-89-7]
Molecular formula:-C21H26O12
6. Lupeol
Chemical name: Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol
CAS:-[545-47-1]Molecular formula:-C30H50O
Others:- it is an abundant plant triterpene
7. Stigmasterol
Chemical name:-(3;22E)-Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol
CAS:-[83-48-7]Moleclar formula:-C29H48O
Others:-It is isolated from the pytosterol mixture
from Soy or Calabar beans
8. Oleanolic acidChemical name:- 3-Hydroxyolean-12-en-28oic acidCAS:- [508-02-1]
Molecular formula C30H48O3
FEW CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
-citral Linalool
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A Review
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Geranial Methyl salicylate
Nerolidol Naphthalene
Phytochemical studies on genus Plumeria started as far back as 1870 when Peckolt and Boorsma reported the isolation of
the main iridoid glucoside Plumieride(1) from the stem bark ofP. rubra and P. lancifolia respectively.(18)
Below are the
structures of Plumieride
(1), Plumericin(2), (3) Fulvoplumericin and scopoletin (4).
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A Review
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PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES STUDIED ON
VARIOUS SPECIES OF PLUMERIA:
1. Anti-tumor & Cytotoxic Actions:- Kardono L et.al.(19) had reported the Cytotoxicconstituents of the bark of Plumeria rubra collected in
Indonesia: Three iridoids (fulvoplumierin, allamcin and
allamandin) and 2,5-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone were
active constituents of the petroleum-ether- and CHCl3-
soluble extracts whereas the iridoid plumericin and the
lignan liriodendrin. were isolated from the aqueous
extract of the bark which showed cytotoxic effect.
Hamburger M.O et.al.(20) had reported theTraditional medicinal plants of Thailand XVII
Biologically active constituents of Plumeria rubra: The
compounds Plumericin and isoplumericin displayed
molluscicidal, cytotoxic and antibacterial activity, 4-
hydroxyacetophenone was weakly cytotoxic, whereas
the remaining glycosidic isolates (plumieride,13-O-
coumaroylplumieride,; protoplumericin A,) were
inactive in all test systems
Dobhal M.P et.al.(21) had reported theStructural Modifications of Plumieride Isolated from
Plumeria bicolorand the Effect of These Modifications
on in Vitro Anticancer Activity: Plumieride was isolated
as one of the major components from the biologically
active methanolic extract of the bark ofPlumeria bicolor
replacing the methyl ester functionality of plumieride
with alkyl amides of variable carbon units improved the
cytotoxic activity, and a correlation between overall
lipophilicity and cytotoxic activity was observed.
2. Antimicrobial activity:- Sulaiman S.F et. al. (22) had reported theChemical components of the essential oils from three
species of Malaysian Plumeria L. and their effects on the
growth of selected microorganism: The major
component that is found in all three species is 2-
hydroxybenzoic acid phenylmethyl ester. Those three
species also shared two alkane hydrocarbons, that is
nanodecane and heneicosane.The antimicrobial
properties of the essential oils (at 2 l per disk) were
determined using agar diffusion method. Eight different
microorganisms were used in this study, that are
Escherichia coli (Gram negative bacteria),
Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus (Gram
positive bacteria), Candida albicans and C. humicola
(yeast), and Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum
andMicrosporum
Rasool S. N et. al. (23) had reported theantimicrobial activities of Plumeria acutifolia stembark
which was tested for antimicrobial activity against
Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and
fungi by disc diffusion method. The ethanol extract
showed the strong in vitro antimicrobial activity. The
extract did not show any toxic symptoms against the
tested mice.
Kuigoua GM et.al. (24)had reported the Minorsecondary metabolic products from the stem bark of
Plumeria rubra Linn. displaying antimicrobial activities:
Four new iridoids viz., plumeridoids A, B, and C and
epiplumeridoid C were isolated from the stem bark of
Plumeria rubra Linn. compounds exhibited antifungal,
antialgal, and antibacterial activities.
3. Antioxidant / Hypolipidemic: Merina J et.al. (25)had reported the antioxidantand hypolipidemic effect ofPlumeria rubra L. in alloxan
induced hyperglycemic rats: Flavone glycoside isolated
from P rubra produced a significant reduction of serum
triglycerides in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats and
Antioxidant activity was confirmed through in vitro
studies
4. Antibacterial activity: Baghel A.S et.al. (26) had reported theAntibacterial activity of Plumeria rubra Linn. plant
extract: The in vitro antibacterial activity of ethanol,
chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous extract of leaves
of Plumeria rubra (L.) has been evaluated using disc
diffusion method against bacterial strains. The
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comparative study of extract with specific standard
(Ciprofloxacin) showed significant antibacterial activity
5. Anti-oxidative and proteolytic activities: - . Freitas Cleverson D. T. et.al. (27)had reportedthe Anti-oxidative and proteolytic activities and protein
profile of laticifer cells of Cryptostegia grandiflora,
Plumeria rubra and Euphorbia tirucalli: Strong anti-
oxidative activity of superoxide dismutase (E.C.
1.15.1.1) was detected in P. rubra and C. grandiflora
latices, and to a lesser extent ascorbate peroxidase (E.C.
1.11.1.1) and isoforms of peroxidase were seen. Catalase
(E.C. 1.11.1.6) was detected only in laticifer cells of C.
grandiflora. Chitinase (E.C. 3.2.1.14) was the sole
activity found in laticifer cells ofE. tirucalli, but was
also detected in the other latices. The strong proteolytic
activity ofC. grandiflora was shown to be shared
6. Anti-HIV activity:- Tan, G.T. (28) had reported the Evaluation ofnatural products as inhibitors of human
immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse
transcriptase. . Fulvoplumierin HIV-1 reverse
transcriptase assay which showed the inhibition of
Inhibition of HIV reverse transcriptase
Conclusion
Our pharmaceutical industry is focused towards the
expansion of new innovative/indigenous plant based
drugs through examination of leads from traditional
system of medicine. In recent years, ethno-botanical and
traditional uses of natural compounds, especially of plant
origin received much attention as they are well tested for
their efficacy and generally believed to be safe for
human use. It is best classical approach in the search of
new molecules for management of various diseases.
Thorough screening of literature available on Plumeria
rubra L depicted the fact that it is a popular remedy
among the various ethnic groups, Ayurvedic and
traditional practitioners for treatment of ailments.
Researchers are exploring the therapeutic potential of
this plant as it has more therapeutic properties which are
not known.
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