plumeria rubra l, apocynaceae or dogbane

7/15/2019 Plumeria Rubra L, Apocynaceae or Dogbane

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Original Research ManuscriptDate of Submission: 29-03-2011Date of Acceptance: 25-04-2011

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Potential ofPlumeria rubra Linn. (Apocyanaceae): -

A Review

Jasmin Gopi *1, Mr. Pankaj Khatri

1, Navinder Singh

1, Hitesh Gaud

1and Dr. Rakesh Patel

2

1Department of Pharmacognosy, Gyan Vihar School of Pharmacy S.G.V. University Jaipur (Rajasthan)

2Department of Pharmacognosy, Ganpat University Ahmedabad (Gujrat)

ABSTRACT

Plumeria rubra Linn is an ornamental tree of the Apocynaceae or dogbane family and is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical

regions. These trees have very sweet-scented exotic flowers. The Tree has numerous usage such as- in treating ulcers, leprosy, asthma,

diabetes and act as rubefacient. According to Ayurveda; root are bitter, carminative, thermogenic, Leaves are useful in inflammation,rheumatism, antibacterial, antifungal, bronchitis, Antipyretic etc. Plumeria rubraLinn. is nowadays, is gaining interest by the scientific

reasearchers due to its folklorics and because of its therapeutic value, easy availability and degree of research work which is not done. This

paper explains the evidence-based information concerning the phytochemistry and pharmacological activity of this plant

Keywords:Plumeria rubra L, Apocynaceae or dogbane

INTRODUCTION: - Plumeria rubra L (Hindi name:

Lal champa; English: True Frangipani) belongs to the

Apocynaceae family and have laticiferous trees and

shrubs.(1)

The plants from this genus are widely

cultivated in the tropical and subtropical regions

throughout the world. (2) They are recognized as

excellent ornamental plants and often seen in the

graveyards.(3)

Plumeria plants are famous for their

attractiveness and fragrant flowers. The essential oils

from the flowers are used for perfumery and

aromatherapy purposes. The decoction of the bark and

roots of P. rubra is traditionally used to treat asthma,

ease constipation, promote menstruation and reduce

fever. The latex is used to soothe irritation. (4) The fruit is

reported to be eaten in West Indies. In India, however, it

has been used as an abortifacient.(5)

The flowers are

aromatic and bechic and widely used in pectoral

syrups.The flowers decoction ofP.rubra was reported to

use in Mexico for control of diabetes mellitus. The

Leaves of P.rubra are used in ulcers, leprosy,

inflammations and rubefacient. (6)Plumeria rubra Linn.

is a deciduous tree with thick, widely distributed in

common rather moist garden, in lawns and in open

plantation tree is unusual in appearance. Plant loses

leaves for a short time during thewinter. It grows up to

height 25 feet with 35 spread. Plant growth rate is slow.

About eight species of Plumeria rubra (L.) occurs in

India.The ascending branches are ascending leaves are

simple Alternate, spiral, petiole undissected, elliptic or

ovate shape, base tapering (narrow attenuate) or oblique,

margins entire or undulate, apex acuminate or acute or

obtuse. Pink or red color flowers, spreading cymes fruits

elongated. (7) Flowering period is August to October.

According to Ayurveda; root is bitter, carminative,

thermogenic, laxative, leprosy etc. Leaves are useful in

inflammation, rheumatism, antibacterial, bronchitis,

cholera, cold and cough, Antipyretic, antifungal,

stimulant etc. (8)

Looking to the scope of herbal drug and

increasing demand especially in disease of liver, cancer,

diabetes, hypertension, renal disease, inflammation,

infectious diseases and skin diseases etc. The selection

of the plant Plumeria rubra Linn. is made on the basis of

International Journal of Pharmaceutical SciencesINT.J.PH.SCI.,JAN-APR, 2011;3(1):1162-1168

ISSN 0975-4725

www.ijps.info

nt.J.Ph.Sci.,Jan-April: 2011;3(1)1162
http://www.ijps.info/


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its Easy of availability, Therapeutic value and degree of

research work which is not done. (9)

PHYTOCHEMISTRY: -(10)

The flowers contain volatile components including 1, 1

diethoxyethane, benzaldehyde, 6-methyl 5 heptan-2-ol,

tricycle [3.2.1.1.0] octane, methyl benzoate, linalool,

naphthalene, geraniol, citral, methyl 3-propenylbenzoate,

nerolidol, benzyl benzoate, methyl salicylate. .(11, 12) Most

of these volatile components are expected to be lost

during drying of the herb.

TABLE-1

S.No.

NAME DESCRIPTION

1.Benzaldehyde

1. chemical name :- benzoic aldehyde2. CAS:- [100-52-7]3. Molecular formula: C7H6O4. Others:-I Artificial essential oil of almond

II Used in manufacture of dyes, perfumery,cinnamic and mandelic acid, as solvents; in flavors

III Toxicity data:- LD50 in rats and guinea pigs are 1300mg/kg

2.Methyl

benzoate

1. chemical name :- benzoic acid and methyl ester2. CAS:- [93-58-3]3. Molecular formula C8H8O24. Others:-I. Used in perfumes

II. Toxicity data LD5O in rats is 3.43g/kg i.g.(13)

3. Linalool

1. chemical name:- 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien 3-ol2. CAS:- [78-70-6]3. Molecular formula C10H18O4. Others:I. It is the chief constituent of linaloe oil

II. use in perfumery instead of bergamot or French lavender oil

4. Naphthalene

1. Chemical name:- naphthalin2. CAS:- [78-70-6]3. Molecular formula:- C10H84. Others:-I. Human toxicity poisoning may occur by injection of large doses,inhalation or skin absorption. (14)

II. Therapeutically it has been used as antiseptic(topical and intestinal anthelmintic

5. Geranial

1. chemical name:- 3,7-dimethyl- 2,6-octadien-1-ol2. CAS:-[106-24-1]3. Molecular formula:- C10H18O4. Others:-I. Isomeric with linaloolII. Used in perfumery, as insect attractant

6. -citral

1. chemical name:- 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien2. CAS:- [5392-40-5]3. Molecular formula:-C10H16O4. Others:I. Citral from natural sources is a mixture of two geometric isomers geranial and neralII. Used in synthesis of vitamin A; ionone and methyl-ionone

III. As a flavor, for fortifying lemon oil, etc.

7. Nerolidol

1. Chemical name:-Cis-(+)-1,6,10-Dodecatrien-3-ol,3,7,11-trimethyl, [S-(Z)]2. CAS:-[142-50-7]3. Molecular formula:- C15H26O4. Others:- Found in essential oils from many flowers.

8.Benzyl

benzoate

1. Chemical name:- benzoic acid phenyl methyl ester2. CAS:- [120-51-4]3. Molecular formula C14H12O24. Others:-I. used as substitute for champhor in celluloid and plastic pyroxilin compounds; in perfume fixative; in confectionary andchewing gum flavors, etc

II. Therapeutically it is been used as scabicide, pediculicide

III. toxicity data:- LD50 orally in rats, mice, rabbits guinea pigs are 1.7,1.4,1.8 and 1.0 g/kg i.g, respectively. (15)

9. Methyl

salicylate

1. Chemical name:- 2-hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester2. CAS [119-36-8]3. Molecular formula:- C8H8O34. Others:-I. Used in perfumery; for flavoring candies etcII. therapeutically as counterirritant

III. Human toxicity caution ingestion of relatively of small amount may cause severe poisoning and death.(av. lethal dose 10

ml in children and 30 ml in adult).(14)


Jasmin Gopi et al: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Potential of Plumeria rubra Linn. (Apocyanaceae): -

A Review


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The bark contains sitosterol, scopoletin, plumieride and fulvoplumierin. The root contains plumericine, isoplumericin, -

dihydroplumerzicin, - dihydroplumericinic acid, fulvoplumerin and plumeride (16). Rubrinol; an antibacterial

triterpenoid, together with taraxasteryl acetate, lupeol, stigmasterol, oleanolic acid cycloart-22-ene-3, 25 diol was

isolated from the whole plant.(17)

TABLE-2

S.

NONAME DESCRIPTION

1. ScopoletinChemical name:-7-hydroxy-6-methoxy-24-1- benzopyran-2-oneCAS:-[92-61-5]

Molecular formula:- C10H8O4

2. Plumieride

Chemical name:-1-(-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-4;7-dihydro-4-(1-hydroxyethyl)-5-oxospirol

[cyclopenta[c]pyran-7(1H),2(5H)-furan]-G-carboxylic acid methyl esterCAS:-[511-89-7]

Molecular formula:- C21H26012

3. Plumericin

Chemical name:-[3as-(3E,3a,4a,7a,9aR*,9b)]-3-ethylidene-3;3a,7a,9b-tetrahydro-2-oxo-2H;4aH-1,4,5-

trioxadicyclopent indene-7-carboxylic acid methyl ester

CAS:[77-16-7]

Molecular formula:-C15H14O6

4. Fulvoplumierin

Chemical name:- (E,E)-7-(2-Buterylidene)-1-7-dihydro-1-oxocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid methyl

ester

CAS: [20867-01-0]Molecular formula: C14H12O4

5. Plumieride

Chemical name:1-(-D-Glucopyanosyloxy)-4a,7a-dihydro-4-(1-hydroxyethyl)-

5oxospirol[cyclopenta[c]pyran-7(1H),2(5H)-furan]-4-carboxylic acid methyl esterCAS:-[511-89-7]

Molecular formula:-C21H26O12

6. Lupeol

Chemical name: Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol

CAS:-[545-47-1]Molecular formula:-C30H50O

Others:- it is an abundant plant triterpene

7. Stigmasterol

Chemical name:-(3;22E)-Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol

CAS:-[83-48-7]Moleclar formula:-C29H48O

Others:-It is isolated from the pytosterol mixture

from Soy or Calabar beans

8. Oleanolic acidChemical name:- 3-Hydroxyolean-12-en-28oic acidCAS:- [508-02-1]

Molecular formula C30H48O3

FEW CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

-citral Linalool



A Review


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Geranial Methyl salicylate

Nerolidol Naphthalene

Phytochemical studies on genus Plumeria started as far back as 1870 when Peckolt and Boorsma reported the isolation of

the main iridoid glucoside Plumieride(1) from the stem bark ofP. rubra and P. lancifolia respectively.(18)

Below are the

structures of Plumieride

(1), Plumericin(2), (3) Fulvoplumericin and scopoletin (4).



A Review


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PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES STUDIED ON

VARIOUS SPECIES OF PLUMERIA:

1. Anti-tumor & Cytotoxic Actions:- Kardono L et.al.(19) had reported the Cytotoxicconstituents of the bark of Plumeria rubra collected in

Indonesia: Three iridoids (fulvoplumierin, allamcin and

allamandin) and 2,5-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone were

active constituents of the petroleum-ether- and CHCl3-

soluble extracts whereas the iridoid plumericin and the

lignan liriodendrin. were isolated from the aqueous

extract of the bark which showed cytotoxic effect.

Hamburger M.O et.al.(20) had reported theTraditional medicinal plants of Thailand XVII

Biologically active constituents of Plumeria rubra: The

compounds Plumericin and isoplumericin displayed

molluscicidal, cytotoxic and antibacterial activity, 4-

hydroxyacetophenone was weakly cytotoxic, whereas

the remaining glycosidic isolates (plumieride,13-O-

coumaroylplumieride,; protoplumericin A,) were

inactive in all test systems

Dobhal M.P et.al.(21) had reported theStructural Modifications of Plumieride Isolated from

Plumeria bicolorand the Effect of These Modifications

on in Vitro Anticancer Activity: Plumieride was isolated

as one of the major components from the biologically

active methanolic extract of the bark ofPlumeria bicolor

replacing the methyl ester functionality of plumieride

with alkyl amides of variable carbon units improved the

cytotoxic activity, and a correlation between overall

lipophilicity and cytotoxic activity was observed.

2. Antimicrobial activity:- Sulaiman S.F et. al. (22) had reported theChemical components of the essential oils from three

species of Malaysian Plumeria L. and their effects on the

growth of selected microorganism: The major

component that is found in all three species is 2-

hydroxybenzoic acid phenylmethyl ester. Those three

species also shared two alkane hydrocarbons, that is

nanodecane and heneicosane.The antimicrobial

properties of the essential oils (at 2 l per disk) were

determined using agar diffusion method. Eight different

microorganisms were used in this study, that are

Escherichia coli (Gram negative bacteria),

Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus (Gram

positive bacteria), Candida albicans and C. humicola

(yeast), and Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum

andMicrosporum

Rasool S. N et. al. (23) had reported theantimicrobial activities of Plumeria acutifolia stembark

which was tested for antimicrobial activity against

Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and

fungi by disc diffusion method. The ethanol extract

showed the strong in vitro antimicrobial activity. The

extract did not show any toxic symptoms against the

tested mice.

Kuigoua GM et.al. (24)had reported the Minorsecondary metabolic products from the stem bark of

Plumeria rubra Linn. displaying antimicrobial activities:

Four new iridoids viz., plumeridoids A, B, and C and

epiplumeridoid C were isolated from the stem bark of

Plumeria rubra Linn. compounds exhibited antifungal,

antialgal, and antibacterial activities.

3. Antioxidant / Hypolipidemic: Merina J et.al. (25)had reported the antioxidantand hypolipidemic effect ofPlumeria rubra L. in alloxan

induced hyperglycemic rats: Flavone glycoside isolated

from P rubra produced a significant reduction of serum

triglycerides in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats and

Antioxidant activity was confirmed through in vitro

studies

4. Antibacterial activity: Baghel A.S et.al. (26) had reported theAntibacterial activity of Plumeria rubra Linn. plant

extract: The in vitro antibacterial activity of ethanol,

chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous extract of leaves

of Plumeria rubra (L.) has been evaluated using disc

diffusion method against bacterial strains. The



A Review


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comparative study of extract with specific standard

(Ciprofloxacin) showed significant antibacterial activity

5. Anti-oxidative and proteolytic activities: - . Freitas Cleverson D. T. et.al. (27)had reportedthe Anti-oxidative and proteolytic activities and protein

profile of laticifer cells of Cryptostegia grandiflora,

Plumeria rubra and Euphorbia tirucalli: Strong anti-

oxidative activity of superoxide dismutase (E.C.

1.15.1.1) was detected in P. rubra and C. grandiflora

latices, and to a lesser extent ascorbate peroxidase (E.C.

1.11.1.1) and isoforms of peroxidase were seen. Catalase

(E.C. 1.11.1.6) was detected only in laticifer cells of C.

grandiflora. Chitinase (E.C. 3.2.1.14) was the sole

activity found in laticifer cells ofE. tirucalli, but was

also detected in the other latices. The strong proteolytic

activity ofC. grandiflora was shown to be shared

6. Anti-HIV activity:- Tan, G.T. (28) had reported the Evaluation ofnatural products as inhibitors of human

immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse

transcriptase. . Fulvoplumierin HIV-1 reverse

transcriptase assay which showed the inhibition of

Inhibition of HIV reverse transcriptase

Conclusion

Our pharmaceutical industry is focused towards the

expansion of new innovative/indigenous plant based

drugs through examination of leads from traditional

system of medicine. In recent years, ethno-botanical and

traditional uses of natural compounds, especially of plant

origin received much attention as they are well tested for

their efficacy and generally believed to be safe for

human use. It is best classical approach in the search of

new molecules for management of various diseases.

Thorough screening of literature available on Plumeria

rubra L depicted the fact that it is a popular remedy

among the various ethnic groups, Ayurvedic and

traditional practitioners for treatment of ailments.

Researchers are exploring the therapeutic potential of

this plant as it has more therapeutic properties which are

not known.

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A Review
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