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BiodiversityTYPES OF DIVERSITY
1. ecosystem different habitats toaccommodate different species andprovide for continued potential forevolution
2. species number of different species3. genetic genetic diversity within an
individual or population
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Why Does DiversityMatter ?
Phytochemicals are often the basis for newpharmaceuticals
Agriculture may need wild plant genes toenhance current crop plants
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Ecosystem Services
Clean air & water Soil fertility Pollination Flood control.
Lack a formal market valueand are taken for granted
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http://agbiodiversity.com/Home/tabid/36/Default.aspx
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How much species diversity?
1.5 million speciesidentified on theplanet actual number of
species may be5 100 million ?
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Genetic
Diversity
Pile ofBuffalo skulls
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Genetic Diversity
60 100 million pre-settlement Currently about 350,000
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Species Extinction
Extinction is a natural phenomenon
About 90% of all species that ever evolved
are now extinct The baseline rate of extinction is about one
species globally per hundred years
Currently the rate of extinction is about1,000 times greater
This is due to human activity
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Four Main Causes of
Species Extinction1. Habitat loss
2. Invasive species3. Pollution
4. Over-exploitation
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Habitat Loss
The primary reason for loss of biodiversityis habitat loss due to human development
Las Vegas
LA Freeway
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Habitat Loss in Wisconsin
The Tension Zone
Prairie SW Forest NE
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Habitat Lossin Wisconsin
There is onetenth of 1% ofthe prairiehabitat remainingin Wisconsin
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The second most significantreason for loss of biodiversity
Invasive Species
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Chemical Pollution
point source non-point source
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Approx. 80,000 synthetic chemicals are
produced They are on food that we eat, in water
that we drink and attach to dust
particles in the air we breath Several hundred have been isolated in
human blood samples
Chemical Pollution:
The Body Burden
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32 million acres of lawn More than any other single crop
Lawns: An American Obsession
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Runoff from farms and lawns Fertilizers alter nutrient cycles and case
populations explosions of some organisms
Lawns: Fertilizers
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Pesticides and herbicides are used onlawns
Several pesticides have been associatedwith a 70% increased risk of Parkinsons
disease Pesticides have been linked to bladder
cancer in dogs
Lawns: Herbicides
and Pesticides
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Produced from petrochemicals
Plastic
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Most plastic accumulates in the oceans About 80% of all plastic garbage comes from
the land
Plastic
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Light Pollution
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Causes problems for nocturnal & migratoryanimals that use the sky to orient themselves
Light
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Caused by condensation of jet engine exhaust
Contrails
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Alters the amount of solar energy getting toEarths surface
Contrails
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Overexploitation
clear cutting forests
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Overexploitation
clear cutting forests
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Overexploitation
Bottom trawling
after
before
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Invasive Species
May be plant or animal
An alien (foreign) species that is introducedinto a new habitat
Since the alien did not evolve in its newhabitat there are not checks and balances
Invasive species invade and dominate the newhabitat
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1. Garlic mustard Herbaceous woodlandbiennial, in Wisconsin, blooms in spring, likespartial shade
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2. Buckthorn woody shrub/small tree, veryshade tolerant, replaces other woody species
in Wisconsin
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3. Purple loosestrife major problem inwetlands. Threeinsects have beenintroduced asbiological control
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4. Eurasian WaterMilfoil introduced
from aquariums,reproduces fromfragments, movedform lake to lake byrecreational boaters
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1. Zebra/QuaggaMussels introduced fromwater ballast,ocean shipping tothe Great Lakes
Some examples of invasive animals
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2. Emerald Ash Borer larvae feed on woodin trees, often killing the tree
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3. European Starling 100 released in Central Park in 1890 by someone who
wished to establish all the birds mentioned inShakespeares works in the New World
There is now a population of 140 million to 200 millionin the US
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