uwm 104 lec 25 - biodiversity-invasivesv3

8/3/2019 UWM 104 Lec 25 - Biodiversity-InvasivesV3

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BiodiversityTYPES OF DIVERSITY

1. ecosystem different habitats toaccommodate different species andprovide for continued potential forevolution

2. species number of different species3. genetic genetic diversity within an

individual or population


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Why Does DiversityMatter ?

Phytochemicals are often the basis for newpharmaceuticals

Agriculture may need wild plant genes toenhance current crop plants


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Ecosystem Services

Clean air & water Soil fertility Pollination Flood control.

Lack a formal market valueand are taken for granted


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http://agbiodiversity.com/Home/tabid/36/Default.aspx


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How much species diversity?

1.5 million speciesidentified on theplanet actual number of

species may be5 100 million ?


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Genetic

Diversity

Pile ofBuffalo skulls


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Genetic Diversity

60 100 million pre-settlement Currently about 350,000


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Species Extinction

Extinction is a natural phenomenon

About 90% of all species that ever evolved

are now extinct The baseline rate of extinction is about one

species globally per hundred years

Currently the rate of extinction is about1,000 times greater

This is due to human activity


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Four Main Causes of

Species Extinction1. Habitat loss

2. Invasive species3. Pollution

4. Over-exploitation


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Habitat Loss

The primary reason for loss of biodiversityis habitat loss due to human development

Las Vegas

LA Freeway


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Habitat Loss in Wisconsin

The Tension Zone

Prairie SW Forest NE


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Habitat Lossin Wisconsin

There is onetenth of 1% ofthe prairiehabitat remainingin Wisconsin


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The second most significantreason for loss of biodiversity

Invasive Species


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Chemical Pollution

point source non-point source


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Approx. 80,000 synthetic chemicals are

produced They are on food that we eat, in water

that we drink and attach to dust

particles in the air we breath Several hundred have been isolated in

human blood samples

Chemical Pollution:

The Body Burden


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32 million acres of lawn More than any other single crop

Lawns: An American Obsession


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Runoff from farms and lawns Fertilizers alter nutrient cycles and case

populations explosions of some organisms

Lawns: Fertilizers


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Pesticides and herbicides are used onlawns

Several pesticides have been associatedwith a 70% increased risk of Parkinsons

disease Pesticides have been linked to bladder

cancer in dogs

Lawns: Herbicides

and Pesticides


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Produced from petrochemicals

Plastic


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Most plastic accumulates in the oceans About 80% of all plastic garbage comes from

the land

Plastic


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Light Pollution


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Causes problems for nocturnal & migratoryanimals that use the sky to orient themselves

Light


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Caused by condensation of jet engine exhaust

Contrails


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Alters the amount of solar energy getting toEarths surface

Contrails


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Overexploitation

clear cutting forests


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Overexploitation

clear cutting forests


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Overexploitation

Bottom trawling

after

before


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Invasive Species

May be plant or animal

An alien (foreign) species that is introducedinto a new habitat

Since the alien did not evolve in its newhabitat there are not checks and balances

Invasive species invade and dominate the newhabitat


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1. Garlic mustard Herbaceous woodlandbiennial, in Wisconsin, blooms in spring, likespartial shade


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2. Buckthorn woody shrub/small tree, veryshade tolerant, replaces other woody species

in Wisconsin


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3. Purple loosestrife major problem inwetlands. Threeinsects have beenintroduced asbiological control


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4. Eurasian WaterMilfoil introduced

from aquariums,reproduces fromfragments, movedform lake to lake byrecreational boaters


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1. Zebra/QuaggaMussels introduced fromwater ballast,ocean shipping tothe Great Lakes

Some examples of invasive animals


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2. Emerald Ash Borer larvae feed on woodin trees, often killing the tree


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3. European Starling 100 released in Central Park in 1890 by someone who

wished to establish all the birds mentioned inShakespeares works in the New World

There is now a population of 140 million to 200 millionin the US


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uwm 104 lec 25 - biodiversity-invasivesv3

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