L/O/G/O

www.themegallery.com

DM Information Technology Management

Presented to:

Dr. Jo Bitonio

Professor

Presented by:

Michael John D. SisonMaster in Development Management

(Public Management)

Development Application & E-GovernanceSeptember 14 & 21, 2013

Pangasinan State University

(Urdaneta City Campus)

Topic Outline:

I. Reinventing Government in the Information Age

II. People‘s Participation, Consensus Building, and

Transparency through ICTs: Issues and Challenges

for Governance in the Philippines

III. Shaping Organization Form Communication,

Connection and Community

IV. ICTs and Employment: the Problem of Job Quality

I. Reinventing Government in the

Information Age

• Reinventing government in

the information age‘ means

delivering of the ongoing

reform components which

are Increased efficiency,

Decentralization, Increased

accountability, Improved

resource management and

Mercerization) with a more

overt role for information and

with greater use of

information technology

(Heeks, Richard, 2001).

Reform components:

• Efficiency Improvement – Processes and procedures modification to increase quality output, application of statistical quality control, implementation of citizen‘s satisfaction surveys, etc.

• Decentralization - excellent decision assembly, knowledge in corporate and/or government directives and uniformity of policies and regulations.

• Increased Performance & Resource Management -Clear policy emphasis on development and resource availability alterations, updated employee and management training, updated government materials, equipment and facilities.

Reform components:

• Ability in Mercerization - Excellent market strategy,knowledge in e-Commerce, excellent planning andorganizational strategy.

• Accountability - Honest and true governmentservice, service-oriented and prompt provision,courtesy and ownership towards citizens concern.

Definition of Terms

• Public sector reform is generally defined as thechange within public sector organizations thatseeks to improve their performance.

• ‗Information Age,’ is synonymous with emergenceof an ‗information economy,‘ information society‘or ‗post-industrial society.‘

• Information Technology (IT) defined as computingand telecommunications technologies that provideautomatic means of handling information.

• Information Systems (IS) defined as the systems ofhuman and technology components that accept,store, process, output and transmit information.

General features of the

information age:

• the increasing importance of information, including

the increasing visibility and value of information

systems

• the increasing use of information technology

Government Reinvention

Reinventing government in

the information age should

mean two things that are

different:

• a much greater (i.e. more

overt) role for information

and information systems in

the processes of change;

and

• a much greater (i.e. more

widely employed) role for

information technology in

the processes of change.

Examples of information technology-

supported reform

IT does bring change and has three basic change potentials within reform:

• Supplant – automatic existing human-executed processes which involve accepting, storing, processing, outputting or transmitting information (e.g. automation of existing clerical function).

• Support – assist existing human-executed processes. For example, assisting existing processes of government decision making, communication and decision implementation.

• Innovate – create new IT-executed processes or support new human –executed process. For example, creating new service delivery.

IT can bring four main benefits

to the reform processes:

• Cheaper – producing the same outputs at lower total cost.

• More – producing more outputs at the same total cost.• Quicker – producing the same outputs at the same total cost

in the same time, but to a higher quality standard.

• For the first time – producing new outputs.

Proposed 2014 budget allows

solons to use pork barrel for Internet

access

Malacañang has submitted to Congress a proposed P2.268-

trillion budget for 2014 national budget which contains an option

for legislators to provide free Internet access in public placesusing their Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF).

CT Office (ICTO) is hoping to kick start the use TV White

Space technologies – unused TV channels — to reach far-flung

areas of the country. ICTO is looking at using the fund to conductthe pilot test of Cloud Top technology, which the agency isdeveloping in collaboration with the DBM and Department of

Education.

Pet Projects for 2014

worth P2.268-trillion

Proposed 2014 budget allows solons to use

pork barrel for Internet access

DOST bares P9-billion ‘Digital

Empowerment Fund’

Unknown to many in the ICT industry, the national

government has allocated P9 billion as budget for

―Digital Empowerment Fund‖ that can be tapped by

public agencies to procure digital devices for their

use.

One of targeted beneficiaries of the fund, he

said, are the public school teachers who can use their

laptops or tablets to augment their teaching.

The government is currently implementing a host

of IT projects under the iGov initiative, which is under

e-Government masterplan (EGMP). A bigger S&T

blueprint, Smarter Philippines, is also being rolled out

by the DOST (http://newsbytes.ph/2013/07/05/dost-

bares-p9b-digital-empowerment-fund/).

II. People’s participation, consensus building

and transparency through ICTs: Issues and

challenges for governance in the Philippines

• Questions remain on whether Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) can enable citizens to be better informed, more involved and participative in local governance. At the heart of every problem is the question of access. The idea of access refers to one‘s ability to reach or obtain something and it applies to both the physical and the virtual kind of access(Alampay, Erwin 2002).

ICT as a Basic Need, Basic ServiceThe meaning of basic needs, range from the

―minimum physiological needs‖ (Carino as cited by Alampay, 2002) to a set of package identified by Misra and Plantilla (1983, Carino as cited by Alampay, 2002) which cover the following:

• three basic necessities of life – food, water, clothing, etc.

• needs which enhance the general welfare of the people

• needs which improve access to the means of production and economic opportunities

• needs which give a sense of security and freedom for decision making, such as human rights, political participation, social security, social defense and rule of law.

Access to ICTsAt present, access to ICTs is seen

as a means for promoting good

governance (1) by increasing

transparency, information and

accountability; (2) by facilitating

accurate decision-making and

public participation; and (3) by

enhancing the efficient delivery of

goods and services (2001, Magno

and Serafica as cited by Alampay

in 2002).

The Information Chain (Heeks, 2000)

DATA INFORMATION

GOVERNMENT CITIZENS

ACCESS ASSESS APPLY ACT

The Participation Cycle

Data

Action/Plans/Services

Information

Data

GOVERNMENT

Information

CITIZENS

Feedback/Mobilization

Access Assess Apply Act

Act Apply Assess Access

Number of e-Government

infrastructures in local government

A study conducted by Llago in 2001 (cited byAlampay in 2002) shows that last July 2001, only 14%of provinces, 25% of cities and 1% of municipalitieshad an online presence in the Internet (refer toTable 1).

Table 1: Philippine Local Government

Unit Official Websites

Level Total # of

LGUs

LGUs w/

websites %

Inaccessible/und

er construction

Province 79 11 13.9 5

City 113 28 24.8 10

Municipality 1, 496 14 0.93 3

Barangay 42, 000+ 0 0 3

TOTAL 53

It has been said that access remains one of the factors in slowadoption of Internet, however, availability of skilled personnel whocould put the information on the web may be another issue toconsider.

In terms of automation, however, some local

governments were found to have achieved progress

in real property tax administration, personnel

management, administrative services, and even

geographic information services.

By 2004, however, only three years after the

implementation of the E-commerce Act, almost all

local governments had an online presence (e-LGU

project in 2004 as cited by Siar). Specifically, 97.5

percent of provinces (77 out of 79), 99 percent of

cities (114 out of 115), and 99.7 percent of

municipalities (1,496 out of 1,500) had websites. A

major part of this development could be attributed to

the enactment of the E-commerce Act and the

implementation of subsequent programs to support

the law‘s adoption by government agencies and

LGUs.

Table 2: Distribution of City Government

Websites by Region Region City websites

(Total)

Accessible

(No.)

Inaccessible

(No.)

Under construction

(No.)

Region 1 8 7 1

Region 2 3 3 0

Region 3 11 10 0 1

Region 4 12 9 2 1

Region 5 7 7 0

Region 6 16 13 3

Region 7 12 12 0

Region 8 4 3 1

Region 9 5 4 1

Region 10 8 8 0

Region 11 5 5 0

Region 12 5 5 0

Region 13 3 3 0

Table 2: Distribution of city government

websites by region

Region

City

websites

(Total)

Accessible

(No.)

Inaccessible

(No.)

Under

construction

(No.)

ARMM 1 1 0

CAR 1 0 1

NCR 13 12 1

Total 114a 102 (89.47%) 10 (8.77%) 2 (1.75%)

A The total number of Philippine city governments is 115 but one city

(i.e. Palayan City) still had no website at the time of study (E-

governance at the Local Government Level in the Philippines: An

Assessment of City Government Websites by Siar, Sheila, Published in

2005).

EDSA I

EDSA II

Analyzing ICT during EDSA I &

EDSA II

EDSA I

EDSA II

OLD FORM OF ICT

NEW FORM OF ICT

ICT during Pres. Estrada’s time

Websites such as www.halalan.com helped people

understand the Philippine electoral process and

inculcate in them the true meaning of suffrage. A mock

election was also conducted online that simulated the

electoral process including the giving the online voters

an ―electronic‖ indelible ink on their ―virtual‖ right

forefinger. Email and short message texting over mobile

phones also became new mediums for educating and

campaigning for (and against) candidates and

programs. SMART telecom during the last national

elections, developed an application wherein voters

were able to determine their precinct numbers by

texting through their cellular phones.

Usage of ICT to oust Pres. Estrada

• Mass actions initiated via the Internet included the collection of one million signatures in 21 days through sites like www.eLAGDA.com.ph, which took advantage of the E-Commerce Act of Philippines allowing the electronic documents such as e-mails to be considered legal documents. Simultaneous to this, TV, radio and print media also kept close watch on impeachment trials.

EDSA III

Analyzing ICT during EDSA II &

EDSA III (Based on Alampay, 2002)

EDSA II EDSA III

OLD, TRIED AND TESTED FORM OF ICT

THAT HAVE BEEN USED IN EDSA I & IINEWEST FORM OF ICT

COMPOSED PRIMARILY

OF THE MIDDLE CLASS

COMPOSED PRIMARILY

THE ‘MASA’ OR POORER

SEGMENTS OF THE

SOCIETY

GENERATION GAP

(e.g. differences in attitudes,

opinions, way of life, etc.)

DIGITAL DIVIDE

(i.e. ‘Have’ versus

‘Have not's

SOCIAL DIVIDE

(i.e. rich and poor,

powerful and weak,

etc.)

Members of the middle

class always can afford it,

they have ways for

connection and access.

Result: SUCCESS

Can the ‘MASA’ afford it?

Do they have the

technical know-how to

access these? Result:

FAILURE

Addressing Access to

InformationTo bridge the digital divide and make

participation broader, universal access to ICTs must be provided. There are four means in accessing the Internet:

• Organizational access or LAN• Individual access such as connection to ISPs• Community access in public institutions and private

internet cafes (Mansell and Steinmueller, as cited by Alampay in 2002)

• Sustainable connections thru Private Organizations

Government’s access strategiese-Government efforts began in the late 1960s that resulted in the creation of the

National Computer Center (NCC) in 1971 through Executive Order 322.

In 1994, the government adopted the National Information Plan 2000 or NITP 2000

and created the National Information Technology Council as the central policy

body or ICT matters in the country. This was done in 1994 through EO 190. In its

Government Information Systems Plan (GISP), it stressed the need to address issues

that continue hamper the more rapid growth and wider application of ICTs in the

country.

The Philippines‘ National Computer Center (NCC) considered low-cost, low-end

technology solutions in order to provide poorer people with access to online data

even through DOS-based browsers.

Another option that the government looked in the past was to lease out its existingnetwork of 672 public calling offices (PCOs) to existing carriers and transform theminto multipurpose telecenters with Internet facilities.

An example of local public access places is the public library in Naga City whichwas the first local government-owned library in the country to provide Internetaccess to its clients. The city of Naga (www.naga.gov.ph) , has also had an onlinepresence as early as March 1996 (Robredo, as cited by Alamapay in 2002).

Government’s Access StrategiesA more recent undertaking was initiated in 2000 with the Government Information

System Plan or GISP, which adopted the slogan “Philippine government online.” It was followed by the establishment of the e-Government Fund of Php 1 billion

annually through the General Appropriations Act of 2003.

A five-year Philippine Digital Strategy (PDS) was launched in 2011 to employ ICT in the campaign to attain the government agenda and objectives contained in the

―social contract‖ with the people and the Philippine Development Plan for 2011-

2016.

The 470-million-peso iGovPhil Project, launched on 28 June 2012, is one of the latest projects that seek to achieve a higher level of e-governance or the

application of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) to rationalize

government operations and improve the delivery of goods and services to the

people.

The Integrated Government Philippines (iGovPhil) Project is an essential element in

the implementation of the e-Government Master Plan of 2013-2016, which aims to improve processes in government to provide better services to both citizens and

businesses, as well as promote public participation.

'Smarter Philippines,' a new umbrella program maximizes the effect of Information Communications Technology (ICT) to improve the Filipinos' quality of life and spur

economic growth, with its six core areas of Smarter Government, Smarter

Economy, Smarter Environment, Smarter Mobility, Smarter Living and Smarter

People that will address the nation's pressing needs.

Government’s Access Strategies

• Alampay citing the work of Carino in 1983, said that: ―The access strategy is primarily the task of government but it cannot work without its public and private organizations‖.

• The role of private and non-governmental organizations will go beyond the provision of physical needs to ICTs. They also have a role to play in processing the data, organizing the public and providing a platform from which consultations could be made. They could also serve as filters that make sure the right information goes to the right person.

The Role of Intermediaries

• Intermediaries, are ―go-betweens‖ that will helpbridge the so-called information divide. They maybe real, and they may be also virtual. Their task willbe to push and retrieve information originating fromgovernment and citizens and vice versa.Intermediaries such as NGOs, community groupsand religious societies are potential links toinformation which government may want to push.

Traditional Intermediaries

CBCP World, was launched as an Internet Service Provider (ISP) by the Church in the Philippines to maximize the opportunities of the Net to ―offer opportunities for evangelization, provide information dissemination and make possible an initial encounter with the Christian message especially among the youth‖ (Jimenez as cited by Alampay in 2002).

The Social Intermediaries

The use of radio in Quezon (Lucas as cited by Alampay in 2002) was utilized to educate communities on agriculture. Distance education is made interactive by having facilitators available to answer their queries.

• For any medium or ICT to be successful in encouraging people‘s participation, it must be able to reach its target audience, send messages rapidly and provide venues for discussions. As such, applications in cellular phones seem closer to approaching this, as compare to email and Internet.

• Linking the use of ICTs with traditional methods of participation and organizing is important in order to prevent what Heeks (2001) refers to as ‗design-actuality gaps‘.

Crowdsourcing Act of 2013, soon in PH?

Infographic courtesy of http://www.rappler.com/nation/32869-tg-guingona-crowdsourcing-bill-refiled

• The bill allows social media users to participate inthe lawmaking process, from the filing of the bill,through the initial public consultations, thedebates, and before the bill‘s approval.

• The Crowdsourcing Act lets netizens comment onpending bills through e-mail and the Internet, andgives them access to copies of bills pending beforethe Senate and the House of Representatives.

• It also lets people reach lawmakers during theperiod of interpellations and debates. Senator TGGuingona, who, first filed the bill in October 2012,soliciting suggestions via e-mail and social media toimprove the measure.

While the Crowdsourcing Act is still a proposed

measure, Sen Miriam Defensor Santiago has said

that her Magna Carta for Philippine Internet

Freedom (MCPIF) will become the first law to be

created through crowdsourcing if passed.

The MCPIF aims to establish a framework for

information and communication technology (ICT) in

the Philippines, and to repeal the anti-cybercrime

law.

What is ‘Internet meme’?

An Internet meme is an idea, style or action which spreads, often as

mimicry, from person to person via the Internet , as with imitating the

concept. Some notable examples include: replying to a joke by

writing "LOL!", or posting a photo of people in public places lying

down planking, or uploading a short video of people dancing to the

Harlem Shake.

A meme can be considered a mimicked theme, including simple

phrases or gestures. An Internet meme may take the form of

an image, hyperlink, video, picture, website, or hash tag. It may be

just a word or phrase, including an intentional misspelling . These

small movements tend to spread from person to person via social

networks, blogs, etc. They may relate to various existing Internet

cultures or subcultures. Fads and sensations tend to grow rapidly on

the Internet, because the instant communication facilitates word-of-

mouth transmission.

What is ‘Internet meme’?

The word ―meme" was coined by Richard Dawkins in his 1976

book The Selfish Gene, as an attempt to explain the way

cultural information spreads; Internet memes are a subset of this

general meme concept specific to the culture and

environment of the Internet. In 2013 Dawkins characterized

an Internet meme as being a meme deliberately altered by

human creativity.

‘Internet meme’

Million People March

Currently the biggest street rally created and organized

thru the usage of social media, last August 26.

ConclusionBecause of the digital divide, disparity

between those who will have access to the

information and services that can be delivered

and provided through the Internet will remain.

The experience in EDSA shows the potential

pitfalls of relying solely form of ICT that has not

been fully diffused in society, especially one

where the division between the social classes is

evident.

Conclusion

LGUs can learn from what the church and

universities are doing. There must be strategies to

push the information to people to start the

communication process. Intermediaries that can

relay or broadcast the same information to

citizens will remain crucial, especially if a true

consensus is to be achieved.

Conclusion

• The role of NGOs, religion and other areas where

people converge, be it virtual or real, and the use

of electronic (Anderson, et al, as cited by Alampay

in 2002) and non-electronic media and process,

have a role to play in models for improving

consensus building and transparency.

• Two important things to consider are:

1. Sustainability

2. Real Interactivity

Shaping Organization Form,

Communication, Connection &

Community

Research as proposed that changes in

communication technologies are tightly linked with

changes in organizations. Three perspectives have

arisen to explain the dynamic relationship of

communication technology and organizational

form.

• Technological perspective – emphasizes ways in which

communication have been shown to enable changes in forms

(e.g. telephones, telegraph and mail systems enabled

distributed forms of organization and interorganizational

communication

• Organizational perspective – emphasizes how new

communication technologies are designed or customized the

match organizational forms.

• Emergent perspective – combines technological and

organizational views to focus on communication technologies

as ―occasions‖ for structuring, because technology causes

new options for organization design.

Trends in Communication Technology

and in Organizational Form

Communication Technology

Features of new communication technologies offer important

advancements for organizations.

(i.e. main benefits of ICT as it‘s cheaper, quicker and canproduce new outputs).

FROM ‘PAPER’ TO ‘PAPERLESS’

Many organizations actively design and

implement unique electronic communication

systems rather than simply absorb available

technology from their internal and external

coordination needs, organizational form influences

electronic communication technology.

FROM SNAIL MAIL TO EMAIL

Organizational Form

PCARIThe ICTO appears to be taking the same successful tack

taken by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) last year

when it was able to convince Congress to approve a massive

P1.7-billion funding for the Philippine-California Advanced

Research Institutes (PCARI), which was classified under CHED‘s

locally-funded projects.

The project is said to be patterned after many partnerships

seen in neighboring countries such as those between the

National University of Singapore and Duke University; or Hong

Kong University of Science and Technology with University of

California, Berkeley and Stanford University.

PCARI‘s vision is to develop and create a critical pool of

scientists and research, address pressing issues and market

technologies to other countries.

Under the program, two institutions will be formed: the Institute

for Information Infrastructure Development which will focus on

e-government and e-learning and the Institute for Health,

Innovation and Translational Medicine which will focus on

advancing health care in the Philippines

(http://newsbytes.ph/2013/08/11/2014-budget-to-allow-solons-

to-use-pork-barrel-for-net-access/).

Cloud provider Data One Asia has urgedlocal businesses to tap cloud technology to

address the challenge of high IT staff

turnover, particularly an off-site IT

infrastructure that can be managed

remotely.

Local recruiters agree that companies lose

highly-skilled IT employees from time to time

to bigger competitors both here and abroad,

which offer more attractive pay packagesand better growth opportunities.

Cloud outsourcing seen as answer

to high IT staff turnover

Data One Asia Philippines said companies are becoming

dependent on their IT employees now that most operational

procedures require the use of computers and various technologies for efficiency and heightened productivity.

However, a single IT staff‘s resignation spells disruption within the

company.

In a cloud computing environment, the lack of an IT staff due to turnover wouldn‘t be a headache for a company. IT

applications such as email, desktop office applications, and data

storage can be easily outsourced to a third-party provider like

Data One. All the client company needs is an Internet

connection so they can access the applications they need. The server hardware are all stored and maintained by the IT

infrastructure provider.

Such cloud computing services also save the company from

obsolescence. Cloud service providers which employ bestpractices such as Data One will entirely be responsible for the

upkeep and the upgrade of the hardware and software being

used by their clients.

CloudSecure, DataOne‘s cloud offering for Enterprises, has

been helping numerous customers manage their high ITturnover with its cloud-based off-site IT infrastructure(http://newsbytes.ph/2013/08/16/cloud-outsourcing-seen-as-answer-

to-high-it-staff-turnover/).

ICTs and Employment: The

problem of job quality

‘Job Quality’ in ICT

Before the impact of ICTs on job quality is

discussed, the term ―job quality‖ must first be

defined. Job quality can only be achieved if the

four strategic objectives of the decent work

program are pursued: it must be supported by

labor standards, employment opportunities,

social protection and social dialogues.

‘Next Wave Cities’ Road show in

Naga

Naga City, the Bicol region‘s foremost city,

launched this year‘s version of the ―Next Wave

Cities‖ (NWCs) road show last August 15 and 16.

The NWCs are alternative outsourcing

destinations outside Metro Manila and Cebu. Naga

City is one of the top 10 NWCs in 2012.

Speakers from various IT-BPM organizations such

as the Animation Council of the Philippines (ACPI),

Contact Center Association of the Philippines (CCAP),

Game Developers Association of the Philippines

(GDAP), Philippine Software Industry Association of the

Philippines (PSIA) and the Healthcare Information

Management Outsourcing Association of the

Philippines (HIMOAP), addressed an audience

composed of different stakeholders and influencers

and mostly of college students on the career

opportunities available to them in the IT-BPM industry,

particularly in their own locality.

DOST-ICT Office executive director Louis

Casambre said the NWCs program is a key

component of DOST‘s inclusive development

agenda called Smarter Philippines.

This lets ICT‘s to enable the Filipinos to work

abroad without leaving home either as workers in

the IT-BPM industry or doing work from home

through micro sourcing. The Next Wave Cities

Road show helps bring about awareness about

the IT-BPM industry, especially the non-voice

sector where the Filipino can stand out‖. The road

show also aims to promote IT preneurship to

participants at the event.

The nine other cities included

in this year‘s NWC Road Show

are Baguio, Laoag, Tacloban,

Butuan, Puerto Princessa,

Cagayan De Oro, Tarlac, Iloilo

and Rizal and will run from

August to November this year(http://newsbytes.ph/2013/08/13/

next-wave-cities-roadshow-to-

kick-off-in-naga/).

ICT, Job generation or job loss?

The use of ICTs are associated with new patterns

of job creation and job loss. Indications to put

forward jobs could be lost through:

1. Automation

2. Obsolescence

3. Disintermediation

ICT replaces old tasks and occupations through automation,

such as the telephone switchboard operator. But thetechnologies also create new tasks and occupations, such as

Webpage designers or call-centre workers or a variety of new

intermediaries .Source: http://www.slideshare.net/afcab/e-governance-presentation

The creation of entirely new industries such as the

1. Application software

2. Computer Systems

3. Micro-electronic products

4. GSM industries etc. has brought about new employment

opportunities, which employ a substantial number of people.

Others include:

BPO ( Business Processing Outsource ) - Call Center - Virtual

Assistance

SEO (Search Engine Optimization) - Remote Assistance

Corporate and Business Analyst, Programmers, Web Designers,

Graphic Artists, Application Software creators, Health Technicians,

Surveillance Administrator, High-end Climatologist and Weather

observers, Factory & Food Production Technician, Networks andCommunications Engineers.

Source: http://www.slideshare.net/afcab/e-governance-presentation

Concluding Remarks

The pessimistic scenarios concerning ICTs tend to

obscure the many benefits which can be

derived from the application of new

technologies, the literature associated with the

more optimistic scenarios often makes the

assumption that the beneficial effects will arise

automatically, provided that ICTs are embraced

enthusiastically and without barriers.

References:

• DeSanctis, Geraldine & Fulk, Janet: Shaping Organization Form

(Communication, Connection and Community)

• Grimshaw, Damian & Rubbery, Jill: ICTs and employment (The

problem of job quality) 2001

• Heeks, Richard: Reinventing government in the information age

• Heeks, Richard: Understanding e-Government for Development

2001

• Alampay, Erwin A.: People‘s participation, consensus building and

transparency through the ICTs (issues and challenges for

governance in the Philippines 2002

References:Online:

• http://www.slideshare.net/afcab/e-governance-presentation

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pment+and+Application+of+E-Governance&fr2=sb-top&fr=yfp-t-711-

s&type_param=&rd=r1

• http://i.gov.ph/?page_id=2113

• http://balita.ph/2013/06/10/dost-launches-igovphil-a-new-ict-application-

program/

• http://ph.news.yahoo.com/smarter-philippines-program-comes-094617576--

finance.html

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_meme

• http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/ispeak/38594-millionpeoplemarch-from-

candy-crush-land-to-luneta

• http://www.rappler.com/nation/32869-tg-guingona-crowdsourcing-bill-refiled

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Government

•http://ph.search.yahoo.com/search;_ylt=A2oKmKbtMQhStkgALiCzRwx.?p=Develo

pment+and+Application+of+E-Governance&fr2=sb-top&fr=yfp-t-711-

s&type_param=&rd=r1

PDF:

•http://unpan.org/publications/featured_titles/e-gov_survey_2012.html

•e-Governance Insights for Policy Making

http://www.journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/kasarinlan/article/view/707/799

•E-governance at the Local Government Level in the Philippines: An Assessment of City Government

Websites

Author: Sheila V. Siar

© Philippine Institute for Development

Studies, 2005 http://www.journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/kasarinlan/article/view/707/799

• e-Governance in the Philippines http://www.slideshare.net/afcab/e-governance-presentation

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8471076

•Governance Initiatives Governance – e in the Philippine http://gepcset.dof.gov.ph/media/docs/E-

GOV%20Initiatives.pdf

Disclaimer:

The author claims no copyright ownership of all the photos or graphics used in this presentation.