『あなたを支配し、社会を破壊する、AI・ビッグデータの罠』注

＊文中〔　〕は、訳者による追記です

（3）（2） 注

◉はじめに AI・ビッグデータは破壊兵器になるp.10 卒業まで漕ぎつける高校生は 2 人に 1 人 : Robert Stillwell, Public School

Graduates and Dropouts from the Common Core of Data: School Year 2006 – 07, NCES 2010-313 (Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, US Department of Education, 2009), 5, http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2010313.

p.10 第 8 学年で数学の成績が学年水準に達している学生はわずか 8％ : Jihyun Lee, Wendy S. Grigg, and Gloria S. Dion, The Nation’s Report Card Mathematics 2007, NCES 2007-494 (Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, US Department of Education, 2007), 32, https://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/pdf/main2007/2007494.pdf.

p.10 教師評価ツールを考案：Bill Turque, “Rhee Dismisses 241 D.C. Teachers; Union Vows to Contest Firings,” Washington Post , July 24, 2010, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/art icle/2010/07/23/AR2010072303093.html.

p.10 教 師 を 全 員 解 雇：Steven Sawchuck, “Rhee to Dismiss Hundreds of Teachers for Poor Performance,” Education Week Blog, July 23, 2010, http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/teacherbeat/2010/07/_states_and_districts_across.html.

p.10 下 位 5 ％ に 相 当 す る 206 名：Bill Turque, “206 Low-Performing D.C. Teachers Fired,” Washington Post, July 15, 2011, www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/206-low-performing-dc-teachers-fired/2011/07/15/gIQANEj5GI_story.html.

p.10 第 5 学年の教師だったサラ・ウィソッキー：Bill Turque, “ ‘Creative . . . Motivating’ and Fired,” Washington Post , March 6, 2012, www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/creative—motivating-and-fired/2012/02/04/gIQAwzZpvR_story.html.

p.11 子供たちに対するきめ細やかな配慮は高く評価：同上p.11 ウィソッキーの IMPACT による評価スコアは散々な結果だった：同上p.11 このスコアは、アルゴリズムによって算出されるもので、評価全体の半分

を占め：同上p.12 政策数理研究所（Mathematica Policy Research：MPR）とコンサルタ

ント契約：同上p.13 「学ぶ側にも教える側にも多くの要因がかかわってくる……」：Sarah

Wysocki, e-mail interview by author, August 6, 2015.p.17 数学教師のサラ・バックスは：Guy Brandenburg, “DCPS Administrators

Won’t or Can’t Give a DCPS Teacher the IMPACT Value-Added Algorithm,” GFBrandenburg’s Blog , February 27, 2011, https://gfbrandenburg.wordpress.com/2011/02/27/dcps-administrators-wont-or-cant-give-a-dcps-teacher-the-impact-value-added-algorithm/.

p.18 学生の 29％が「上級レベルの読む力」と評価：Turque, “ ‘Creative . . . Motivating’ and Fired.”

p.18 USA ト ゥ デ イ 紙 の 記 者 が 明 ら か に し た：Jack Gillum and Marisol Bello, “When Standardized Test Scores Soared in D.C., Were the Gains Real?,” USA Today, March 30, 2011, http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/education/2011-03-28-1Aschooltesting28_CV_N.htm.

p.19 最高 8000 ドルの特別手当：同上p.20 回答用紙の消し跡は『示唆的』：Turque, “ ‘Creative . . . Motivating’ and

Fired.”p.20 失業期間はほんの数日：同上

◉第 1 章 ［モデル］p.27 ブードローは一か八かの賭けに出た：David Waldstein, “Who’s on Third?

In Baseball’s Shifting Defenses, Maybe Nobody,” New York Times, May 12, 2014, www.nytimes.com/2014/05/13/sports/baseball/whos-on-third-in-baseballs-shifting-defenses-maybe-nobody.html?_r=0.

p.27 『マネー・ボール』：Michael Lewis, Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003).　マイケル・ルイス『マネー・ボール』（中山宥訳、早川書房）

p.39 殺人犯として有罪判決を受けたアフリカ系米国人デュアン・バック：Manny Fernandez, “Texas Execution Stayed Based on Race Testimony,”New York Times, September 16, 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/09/17/us/experts-testimony-on-race-led-to-stay-of-execution-in-texas.html?page wanted=all.

p.39 バックの人種に言及：同上p.40 「わが州の刑事司法制度において、人種を判決理由の 1 つとするのは不適

切……」：Alan Berlow, “See No Racism, Hear No Racism: Despite Evidence, Perry About to Execute Another Texas Man,” National Memo, September 15, 2011, www.nationalmemo.com/perry-might-let-another-man-die/.

p.40 バック被告は再公判を受けなかった： NAACP Legal Defense Fund, “Texas Fifth Circuit Rejects Appeal in Case of Duane Buck,” NAACP LDF のウェブサイト , August 21, 2015, www.naacpldf.org/update/texas-fifth-circuit-rejects-appeal-case-duane-buck.

p.40 被告がアフリカ系米国人の場合には白人の場合の 3 倍：OpenFile, “TX: Study Finds Harris County Prosecutors Sought Death Penalty 3-4 Times More Often Against Defendants of Color,” Open File, Prosecutorial Misconduct and Accountability, March 15, 2013, www.prosecutorialaccountability.com/2013/03/15/tx-study-finds-harris-county-prosecutors-sought-death-penalty-3-4-times-more-often-against-defendants-of-color/.

p.41 黒 人 男 性 に 下 さ れ る 判 決：American Civil Liberties Union, Racial Disparities in Sentencing, Hearing on Reports of Racism in the Justice System of the United States, submitted to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 153rd Session, October 27, 2014, www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/assets/141027_iachr_racial_disparities_aclu_submission_0.pdf.

（5）（4） 注

アイオワ州：http://publications.iowa.gov/13104/カンザス州：www.doc.ks.gov/kdoc-policies/AdultIMPP/chapter-14/14-111a/viewメイン州：www.bja.gov/Funding/14SmartSup-MDOCapp.pdfメ リ ー ラ ン ド 州：www.justicepolicy.org/images/upload/09-03_rpt _mdparole_ac-md-ps-rd.pdfミ ネ ソ タ 州：www.doc.state.mn.us/DocPolicy2/html/DPW_Display_TOC.asp?Opt=203.015.htmネ ブ ラ ス カ 州：www.uc.edu/content/dam/uc/ccjr/docs/vitas/VITA10_PVV.pdfネバダ州：www.leg.state.nv.us/74th/Exhibits/Assembly/JUD/AJUD77H.pdfニューハンプシャー州：www.nh.gov/nhdoc/policies/documents/6-33.pdfノ ー ス カ ロ ラ イ ナ 州：www.ncids.org/Reports%20&%20Data/Latest%20Releases/SentencingServicesContReview3-1-10.pdfノ ー ス ダ コ タ 州：, www.nd.gov/docr/adult/docs/DOCR%20Programs%20Reference%20Guide%20(Rev.%204-14).pdfオクラホマ州：www.ok.gov/doc/documents/LSI-R%20White%20Paper.pdfペンシルベニア州：http://pacrimestats.info/PCCDReports/RelatedPublications/Publications/Publications/Pennsylvania%20Board%20of%20Probation%20and%20Parole/Ctr%20for%20Effective%20Public%20Policy.pdfロ ー ド ア イ ラ ン ド 州：www.doc.ri.gov/administration/planning/docs/LSINewsletterFINAL.pdfサ ウ ス ダ コ タ 州：https://doc.sd.gov/documents/about/policies/LSI-R%20Assessment%20and%20Case%20Planning.pdfユ タ 州：http://ucjc.utah.edu/wp-content/uploads/LSI-Implementation-Report-final.pdfワシントン州：http://static.nicic.gov/Library/019033.pdf

◉第 2 章 ［内幕］ p.65 年収 1 万 4000 ドルのアルベルト・ラミレス：Carol Lloyd, “Impossible

Loan Turns Dream Home into Nightmare,” SFGate, April 15, 2007, www.sfgate.com/business/article/Impossible-loan-turns-dream-home-into-nightmare-2601880.php.

p.65 ボルチモア当局……ウェルズ・ファーゴ銀行を連邦裁判所に告訴：Michael Powell, “Bank Accused of Pushing Mortgage Deals on Blacks,” New York Times, June 6, 2009, www.nytimes.com/2009/06/07/us/07baltimore.html.

p.65 元銀行員で貸付担当だったベス・ジェイコブソン：同上p.66 そのうち 71％はアフリカ系アメリカ人が多く住む地域の不動産：同上p.66 ウ ェ ル ズ・ フ ァ ー ゴ は 和 解：Luke Broadwater, “Wells Fargo Agrees

to Pay $175M Settlement in Pricing Discrimination Suit,” Baltimore Sun, July 12, 2012, http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2012-07-12/news/bs-md-ci-wells-fargo-20120712_1_mike-heid-wells-fargo-home-mortgage-subprime-

p.41 米国刑務所の囚人に占める割合は 40％：Federal Bureau of Prisons, Statistics web page, www.bop.gov/about/statistics/statistics_inmate_race.jsp.

（2016 年 1 月 8 日閲覧）p.41 米国の 24 州で、いわゆる「再犯モデル」が導入：Sonja Starr, “Sentencing,

by the Numbers,” New York Times, August 10, 2014, www.nytimes.com/2014/08/11/opinion/sentencing-by-the-numbers.html.

p.41 年 間 で 平 均 3 万 1000 ド ル：Christian Henrichson and Ruth Delaney, The Price of Prisons: What Incarceration Costs Taxpayers (New York: VERA Institute of Justice, 2012), www.vera.org/sites/default/files/resources/downloads/price-of-prisons-updated-version-021914.pdf.

p.42 米国自由人権協会の 2013 年の研究：New York Civil Liberties Union, “Stop-and-Frisk 2011,” NYCLU Briefing, May 9, 2012, www.nyclu.org/files/publications/NYCLU_2011_Stop-and-Frisk_Report.pdf.〔URL 変 更　www.nyclu.org/en/press-releases/new-nyclu-report-finds-nypd-stop-and-frisk-practices-ineffective-reveals-depth-racial〕

p.43 ロ ー ド ア イ ラ ン ド 州 な ど：Rhode Island Department of Corrections, Planning and Research Unit, “Level of Service Inventory–Revised: A Portrait of RIDOC Offenders,” April 2011, www.doc.ri.gov/administration/planning/docs/LSINewsletterFINAL.pdf.（2016 年 1 月 8 日閲覧）

p.43 ア イ ダ ホ 州：Center for Sentencing Initiatives, Research Division, National Center for State Courts, “Use of Risk and Needs Assessment Information at Sentencing: 7th Judicial District, Idaho,” December 2013, www.ncsc.org/~/media/Microsites/Files/CSI/RNA%20Brief%20-%207th%20Judicial%20District%20ID%20csi.ashx.（2016 年 1 月 8 日閲覧）

p.43 コロラド州：同上p.49 LSI-R モデルで、少なくとも 24 州で使用：LSI-R is used in the following

twenty-four states, according to these documents (mostly published by the corresponding departments of corrections); LSI-R は下記 24 州で使用されている（主に刑務所の担当部署の発表に基づく。掲載リンクはすべて 2016 年 1 月 13 日閲覧）。アラスカ州：www.correct.state.ak.us/pnp/pdf/902.03.pdfコロラド州：www.doc.state.co.us/sites/default/files/phase_ii.pdfコネティカット州：www.ct.gov/opm/lib/opm/cjppd/cjabout/mainnav/risk_assessment_strategy.pdfデ ラ ウ ェ ア 州：https://ltgov.delaware.gov/taskforces/djrtf/DJRTFVOP AppendixBFINAL.pdfハワイ州：http://ag.hawaii.gov/cpja/files/2013/01/AH-UH-Mainland-Prison-Study-2011.pdfアイダホ州：http://sentencing.isc.idaho.gov/イ リ ノ イ 州：www.illinoiscourts.gov/supremecourt/annualreport/2012/adminsumm/administrative.pdfイ ン デ ィ ア ナ 州：www.in.gov/idoc/files/CEBP_long_report(1).pdf、http://indianacourts.us/times/2011/04/risk-assessment/

（7）（6） 注

Recruitment™,” www.ruffalonl.com/enrollment-management/enrollment-marketing-services-to-target-and-recruit-students/recruitment-technologies/forecast-plus-student-recruitment-predictive-modeling.（2016 年 1 月 9 日 閲覧）

p.97 サウジアラビアのキング・アブドゥルアジーズ大学の数学科：Megan Messerly, “Citations for Sale,” Daily California, December 5, 2014, www.dailycal.org/2014/12/05/citations-sale/.

p.99 当局から不正行為を疑われるようになるほど：Malcolm Moore, “Riot after Chinese Teachers Try to Stop Pupils Cheating,” Telegraph, June 20, 2013, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/10132391/Riot-after-Chinese-teachers-try-to-stop-pupils-cheating.html.（2016 年 1 月 9 日 閲覧）

p.100 トップ・ティア・アドミションズという会社：Application Boot Camp, www.toptieradmissions.com/boot-camp/application-boot-camp/.

p.101 シンクタンク・ラーニング社の創業者であるマー：Peter Waldman, “How to Get into an Ivy League College—Guaranteed,” Bloomberg BusinessWeek , September 4, 2014, www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-09-04/how-to-get-into-an-ivy-league-college-guaranteed.

p.103 オ バ マ 大 統 領 …… 提 案 し て い た：Li Zhou, “Obama’s New College Scorecard Flips the Focus of Rankings,” Atlantic Monthly, September 15, 2015, www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2015/09/obamas-new-college-scorecard-flips-the-focus-of-rankings/405379/.

p.105 2011 年、ニューヨークタイムズ紙に：David Segal, “Is Law School a Losing Game?,” New York Times, January 8, 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/01/09/business/09law.html.

◉第 4 章 ［宣伝］ p.109 グ ー グ ル 広 告 だ け で も 5000 万 ド ル：Meghan Kelly, “96 Percent of

Google’s Revenue Is Advertising, Who Buys It?,” Venture Beat, January 29, 2012, http://venturebeat.com/2012/01/29/google-advertising/.

p.109 2004 ～ 14 年のあいだに、同様の営利教育団体の登録数は 3 倍に：David Deming, Claudia Goldin, and Lawrence Katz, “For-Profit Colleges,” Postsecondary Education in the United States 23 (Spring 2013): 137-63, http://futureofchildren.org/futureofchildren/publications/journals/article/index.xml?journalid=79&articleid=584.

p.109 11％がそのような営利大学に所属：Emily Jane Fox, “White House Crackdown on For-Profit Colleges Begins Today,” CNN, July 1, 2015, http://money.cnn.com/2015/07/01/pf/college/for-profit-colleges-debt/.

p.111 8 万 人 を 超 え る 学 生：Melody Peterson, “State Sues Corinthian Colleges, Citing ‘Predatory’ Tactics,” Orange County Register, October 10, 2013, www.ocregister.com/articles/company-530539-students-corinthian.html.

p.112 そ の 訴 状 に よ れ ば：Corinthian Colleges Inc., “California Attorney

mortgages.

◉第 3 章 ［教育］ p.81 US ニ ュ ー ズ 誌 の ス タ ッ フ：Robert Morse, “The Birth of the College

Rankings,” U.S. News, May 16, 2008, www.usnews.com/news/national/articles/2008/05/16/the-birth-of-college-rankings.

p.83 残り 4 分の 1：Julie Rawe, “A Better Way to Rank Colleges?” Time, June20, 2007, http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1635326,00.html.

p.85 ベイラー大学は入学予定の学生にお金を払って SAT を再受験させていた：Sara Rimer, “Baylor Rewards Freshmen Who Retake SAT,” New York Times, October 14, 2008, www.nytimes.com/2008/10/15/education/15baylor.html.

p.85 バ ッ ク ネ ル 大 学：Nick Anderson, “Five Colleges Misreported Data to U.S. News, Raising Concerns About Rankings, Reputation,” Washington Post, February 6, 2013, www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/five-colleges-misreported-data-to-us-news-raising-concerns-about-rankings-reputation/2013/02/06/cb437876-6b17-11e2-af53-7b2b2a7510a8_story.html.

p.85 ア イ オ ナ カ レ ッ ジ：Robert Morse, “Iona College Admits to Inflating Rankings Data for 9 Years,” U.S. News, December 1, 2011, www.usnews.com/education/blogs/college-rankings-blog/2011/12/01/iona-college-admits-to-inflating-rankings-data-for-9-years.

p.88 US ニ ュ ー ズ の ラ ン キ ン グ で 順 位 を 大 き く 落 と し た：Logan Wilson, “University Drops in Ranking for the Third Time in a Row,” TCU 360, September 4, 2008, www.tcu360.com/story/university-drops-in-ranking-for-third-time-in-a-row-12287643/.

p.88 入試事務局長のレイモンド・ブラウン：同上p.89 TCU は 2 億 5000 万ドルの資金調達活動を開始した：TCUleads, “U.S.

News & World Report Rankings Show Improvement for TCU,” Texas Christian University, September 9, 2014, http://newsevents.tcu.edu/stories/u-s-news-world-report-rankings-show-improvement-for-tcu/.（2016 年 1 月 9日閲覧）

p.90 ボストンカレッジへの入学希望者：Sean Silverthorne, “The Flutie Effect: How Athletic Success Boosts College Applications,” Forbes, April 29, 2013, www.forbes.com/sites/hbsworkingknowledge/2013/04/29/the-flutie-effect-how-athletic-success-boosts-college-applications/.

p.91 US ニューズのランキング順位も上がった：TCUleads, “U.S. News & World Report Rankings.”

p.95 高 等 教 育 に か か る 費 用：Michelle Jamrisko and Ilan Kolet, “College Costs Surge 500% in U.S. Since 1985: Chart of the Day,” Bloomberg Business, August 26, 2013, www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-08-26/college-costs-surge-500-in-u-s-since-1985-chart-of-the-day.

p.96 その他（自由に設定可）：Ruffalo Noel Levitz, “ForecastPlus for Student

（9）（8） 注

Profit Colleges: Undercover Testing Finds Colleges Encouraged Fraud and Engaged in Deceptive and Questionable Marketing Practices,” GAO -10-948T, August 4, 2010, www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-948T.

p.123 マラ・タッカーによれば：著者によるマラ・タッカーへの対面インタビュー、2015 年 6 月 15 日

p.123 大学準備カウンセラーをしているキャシー・マゲニス：著者によるキャシー・マゲニスへの電話インタビュー、2015 年 6 月 16 日

p.123 10 億 ド ル を 超 え：Howard Hotson, “Short Cuts,” London Review of Books, June 2, 2011, www.lrb.co.uk/v33/n11/howard-hotson/short-cuts.

p.124 ポ ー ト ラ ン ド・ コ ミ ュ ニ テ ィ カ レ ッ ジ：Mike Dang, “For-Profit Colleges Still Terrible,” Billfold, August 1, 2012, https://thebillfold.com/for-profit-colleges-still-terrible-7e3b5bd3442b#.4ti2e2y80.

p.124 「90 ／ 10 ルール」：Rebecca Schuman, “ ‘This Is Your Money’ Why For-Profit Colleges Are the Real Welfare Queens,” Slate, June 4, 2015, www.slate.com/articles/life/education/2015/06/for_profit_colleges_and_federal_aid_they_get_more_than_90_percent_of_their.html.p.125 同大学の学生が抱えていた未払いの借金の総額は 35 億ドル：Tamar

Lewin, “Government to Forgive Student Loans at Corinthian Colleges,” New York Times, June 8, 2015, www.nytimes.com/2015/06/09/education/us-to-forgive-federal-loans-of-corinthian-college-students.html.

p.125 CALDER ／ 米 国 研 究 所 の 研 究 員 ら：Rajeev Darolia, Cory Koedel, Paco Martorell, Katie Wilson, and Francisco Perez-Arce, “Do Employers Prefer Workers Who Attend For-Profit Colleges? Evidence from a Field Experiment,” RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, 2014, www.rand.org/pubs/working_papers/WR1054.html.（2016 年 1 月 9 日閲覧）

p.126 上 位 20 ％ の 人 々：William Domhoff, “Wealth, Income, and Power,” Who Rules America?, http://whorulesamerica.net/power/wealth.html.（2005年 9 月投稿、2013 年 2 月更新、2016 年 1 月 9 日閲覧）

p.127 グレゴリー・W・カッペリ：Josh Harkinson, “The Nation’s 10 Most Overpaid CEOs,” Mother Jones, July 12, 2012, www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/07/executive-pay-america-top-10-overpaid-ceo.

p.127 平 均 で 574％ と い う 法 外 な 金 利：Gwen Ifill and Andrew Schmertz, “Fighting the Debt Trap of Triple-Digit Interest Rate Payday Loads,” PBS Newshour, January 6, 2016, www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/fighting-the-debt-trap-of-triple-digit-interest-rate-payday-loans/.

p.128 2015 年、連邦取引委員会：Lindsay Wise, “Feds Charge Data Broker with Selling Consumer Info to Scammers,” McClatchyDC, August 12, 2015, www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/national/article30862680.html.

◉第 5 章 ［正義］p.130 レ デ ィ ン グ と い う 小 都 市：Rob Engle, “The Guilded [sic] Age in

Reading Pennsylvania,” Historical Review of Berks County, Summer 2005, www.berkshistory.org/multimedia/articles/the-guilded-age-in-reading-

General Complaint Allegations vs. Facts,” http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/COCO/3283532602x0x709108/11BC55FD-B86F-45DB-B082-5C6AEB6D8D30/CCi_Response_to_California_Attorney_General_Lawsuit.pdf.（2016 年 1 月 9 日閲覧）

p.112 連邦学資ローンの利用を差し控える措置：Review & Outlook, “Obama’sCorinthian Kill, Review and Outlook,” Wall Street Journal, July 15 2014, www.wsj.com/articles/obamas-corinthian-kill-1406327662.

p.112 2015 年 半 ば：Shahien Nasiripour, “Corinthian Colleges Files for Bankruptcy,” Huffington Post, May 4, 2015, www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/05/04/corinthian-colleges-bankruptcy_n_7205344.html.

p.112 「 違 法 で 不 当 な 詐 欺 行 為 」：Megan Woolhouse, “For-Profit Colleges Get Harsh Grades by Former Students,” Boston Globe, October 20, 2014, www.bostonglobe.com/business/2014/10/19/high-debt-unfulfilled-dreams/KuDKIWiyRO5E5HDpRpSLRO/story.html.

p.112 2012 年、上院委員会は営利大学に関する報告書のなかで：Sheryl Harris, “For-Profit Colleges Provide Lesson in Strong-Arm Sales: Plain Dealing,” cleveland .com, August 4, 2012, www.cleveland.com/consumeraffairs/index.ssf/2012/08/for-profit_colleges_provide_le.html.

p.114 「その瞬間を刹那的に生きる人々を相手にするように」：David Halperin, “What College Was Michael Brown About to Attend?,” Huffington Post, August 26, 2014, www.huffingtonpost.com/davidhalperin/what-college-was-michael_b_5719731.html.

p.114 ITT 技術研究所のリクルートチーム：Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, “For-Profit Higher Education: The Failure to Safeguard the Federal Investment and Ensure Student Success,” Senate Committee Print, S. Prt. 112-37, vol. 1, July 30, 2012, p. 60, www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/CPRT-112SPRT74931/CPRT-112SPRT74931/content-detail.html.

p.115 年間予算 1 億 2000 万ドル：リンクトインに掲載されたオンラインマーケティング職の広告のスクリーンショットを著者が取得。

p.121 「オバマ大統領からのお願いです。母親のみなさん……」：Sharona Coutts, “Bogus ‘Obama Mom’ Grants Lure Students,” ProPublica, July 23, 2010, www.propublica.org/article/bogus-obama-mom-grants-lure-students.

p.122 販売額は１人 150 ドルになることもある：Jenna Leventoff, “For-Profit Colleges Under Scrutiny for Targeting Vulnerable Students,” Equal Future, May 6, 2015, www.equalfuture.us/2015/05/06/for-profit-colleges-targeting-vulnerable-students/.

p.122 ソルトレイクシティに拠点を置くリード・ジェネレーション請負会社のニュートロン・インターラクティブ：David Halperin, “More Scam Websites to Lure the Poor to For-Profit Colleges,” Huffington Post, November 13, 2014, www.huffingtonpost.com/davidhalperin/more-scam-websites-to-lur_b_6151650.html.

p.122 1 件につき 85 ドルで購入：Coutts, “Bogus ‘Obama Mom.’ ”p.122 米国会計検査院の報告：US Government Accountability Office, “For-

（11）（10） 注

‘Stop-and-Frisk’ Searches Hit Record High,” Guardian, February 14, 2012, www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/14/nypd-stop-frisk-record-high.

p.142 殺人の件数は、1990 年には 2245 件：David Goodman and Al Baker, “Murders in New York Drop to a Record Low, but Officers Aren’tCelebrating,” New York Times, December 31, 2014, www.nytimes.com/2015/01/01/nyregion/new-york-city-murders-fall-but-the-police-arent-celebrating.html.

p.142 呼び止められた人の圧倒的大多数―約 85％：Jason Oberholtzer, “Stop-and-Frisk by the Numbers,” Forbes, July 17, 2012, www.forbes.com/sites/jasonoberholtzer/2012/07/17/stop-and-frisk-by-the-numbers/.

p.143 わ ず か 0.1 ％、1000 件 に 1 件：Eric T. Schneiderman, “A Report on Arrests Arising from the New York City Police Department’s Stop-and-Frisk Practices,” New York State Office of the Attorney General, Civil Rights Bureau, November 2013, www.ag.ny.gov/pdfs/OAG_REPORT_ON_SQF_PRACTICES_NOV_2013.pdf.

p.143 ニューヨーク自由人権協会（NYCLU）は、「ストップ・アンド・フリスク」は人種差別政策であるとしてブルームバーグ市長らを訴えた：“The Bronx Defenders Hails Today’s ‘Stop and Frisk’ Decision by Federal Judge Scheindlin,” Bronx Defenders, August 12, 2013, www.bronxdefenders.org/the-bronx-defenders-hails-todays-stop-and-frisk-decision-by-federal-judge-scheindlin/.

p.145 連邦裁判所のシーラ・A・シェインドリン判事は、この政策に違憲判決を下した：同上

p.152 『不 公 平： 刑 事 的 不 正 義 の 新 し い 科 学（Unfair: The New Science of Criminal Injustice）』：Adam Benforado, Unfair: The New Science of Criminal Injustice (New York: Crown, 2015).

p.153 民 間 が 運 営 す る 刑 務 所：Peter Kerwin, “Study Finds Private Prisons Keep Inmates Longer, Without Reducing Future Crime,” University of Wisconsin-Madison News, June 10, 2015, http://news.wisc.edu/study-finds-private-prisons-keep-inmates-longer-without-reducing-future-crime/.

p.153 民営の刑務所が利益を生むのは満員の状態で運営されている場合だけ：Julia Bowling, “Do Private Prison Contracts Fuel Mass Incarceration?,” Brennan Center for Justice Blog, September 20, 2013, www.brennancenter.org/blog/do-private-prison-contracts-fuel-mass-incarceration.

p.154 ミシガン大学のマイケル・ミュラー = スミス経済学教授：Allison Schrager, “In America, Mass Incarceration Has Caused More Crime Than It’s Prevented,” Quartz, July 22, 2015, http://qz.com/458675/in-america-mass-incarceration-has-caused-more-crime-than-its-prevented/.

p.155 サ ン デ ィ エ ゴ 警 察 は …… こ の 顔 認 証 プ ロ グ ラ ム を 使 用：Timothy Williams, “Facial Recognition Software Moves from Overseas Wars to Local Police,” New York Times, August 12, 2015, www.nytimes.com/2015/08/13/us/facial-recognition-software-moves-from-overseas-wars-to-local-police.html.

pennsylvania/.p.130 貧 困 率 が 国 内 最 高：Sabrina Tavernise, “Reading, Pa., Knew It Was

Poor. Now It Knows Just How Poor,” New York Times, September 26, 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/09/27/us/reading-pa-tops-list-poverty-list-census-shows.html.

p.131 プレドポル社の犯罪予測システム：Steven Henshaw, “Homicides in Reading Rise, Other Crimes Down, Police Say,” Reading Eagle, August 30, 2015, www.readingeagle.com/news/article/homicides-in-reading-rise-other-crimes-down-police-say.

p.131 フィラデルフィア警察が導入した地元のハンチラボ社の製品：Juliana Reyes, “Philly Police Will Be First Big City Cops to Use Azavea’s Crime Predicting Software,” Technically Philly , November 7, 2013, http://technical.ly/philly/2013/11/07/azavea-philly-police-crime-prediction-software/.

p.132 地 震 予 測 シ ス テ ム を ベ ー ス と し て：Nate Berg, “Predicting Crime, LAPD-Style,” Guardian, June 25, 2014, www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/jun/25/predicting-crime-lapd-los-angeles-police-data-analysis-algorithm-minority-report.

p.134 プレドポル社の創設者でもあるジェフリー・ブランティンガム：著者によるプレドポル社研究開発主任ジェフリー・ブランティンガムへの電話インタビュー、2015 年 2 月 3 日

p.134 犯罪学者のジョージ・ケリング：George Kelling and James Wilson, “Broken Windows: The Police and Neighborhood Safety,” Atlantic Monthly, March 1982, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1982/03/broken-windows/304465/.

p.135 「ゼロ・トレランス（不寛容）」政策：Judith Greene, “Zero Tolerance: A Case Study of Police Policies and Practices in New York City,” Crime and Delinquency 45 (April 1999): 171–87, doi:10.1177/0011128799045002001.

p.135 『ヤバい経済学』：Steven Levitt and Stephen Dubner, Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything (New York: William Morrow, 2005). スティーヴン・レヴィット、スティーヴン・ダブナー『ヤバい経済学』（望月衛訳、東洋経済新報社）

p.137 英国ケント州の市警：Berg, “Predicting Crime, LAPD-Style.”p.137 プレドポルの画面表示に従うことで、効率は、ランダムにパトロールし

て い た 頃 の 10 倍 に：Kent Police, “PredPol Operational Review,” 2014, www.statewatch.org/docbin/uk-2014-kent-police-predpol-op-review.pdf.

p.141 この政策は、実際には「ストップ・アンド・フリスク（呼び止め＆ボディチェック）」として知られ：Jeffrey Bellin, “The Inverse Relationship between the Constitutionality and Effectiveness of New York City ‘Stop and Frisk,’ ” Boston University Law Review 94 (May 6, 2014): 1495, William and Mary Law School Research Paper No. 09-274, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2413935.

p.142 実施件数は 600％増加：Ryan Devereaux, “Scrutiny Mounts as NYPD

（13）（12） 注

hiring.p.165 「適性検査の主な使用目的は……」：著者によるローランド・ベームへの電

話インタビュー、2015 年 4 月 1 日p.166 ロードアイランド州規制当局：Weber and Dwoskin, “Are Workplace

Personality Tests Fair?”p.167 ウォール・ストリート・ジャーナル紙の取材を受け：Lauren Weber,

“Better to Be Artistic or Responsible? Decoding Workplace Personality Tests,” Wall Street Journal, September 29, 2014, http://blogs.wsj.com/atwork/2014/09/29/better-to-be-artistic-or-responsible-decoding-workplace-personality-tests/.

p.172 シカゴ大学……の研究者ら：Marianne Bertrand, “Racial Bias in Hiring: Are Emily and Brendan More Employable Than Lakisha and Jamal?,” Research Highlights from the Chicago Graduate School of Business 4, no. 4 (2003), www.chicagobooth.edu/capideas/spring03/racialbias.html.

p.172 演奏者の姿が見えないように薄いカーテンを隔てて行うブラインド・オーディション：Curt Rice, “How Blind Auditions Help Orchestras to Eliminate Gender Bias,” Guardian, October 14, 2013, www.theguardian.com/women-in-leadership/2013/oct/14/blind-auditions-orchestras-gender-bias.

p.173 履歴書の 72％は人の目に触れずに終わる：Mona Abdel-Halim, “12 Ways to Optimize Your Resume for Applicant Tracking Systems,” Mashable, May 27, 2012, http://mashable.com/2012/05/27/resume-tracking-systems/.

p.173 募集されている職に合わせて、選別で拾ってもらえそうな用語：同上p.175 セントジョージ医科大学：Stella Lowry and Gordon MacPherson, “A

Blot on the Profession,” British Medical Journal 296 (March 5, 1988): 657–58.

p.179 年 収 5 万 ド ル の 社 員 1 人 の 離 職 に 伴 う 企 業 の 出 費：Heather Boushey and Sarah Jane Glynn, “There Are Significant Business Costs to Replacing Employees,” American Progress, November 16, 2012, www.americanprogress.org/issues/labor/report/2012/11/16/44464/there-are-significant-business-costs-to-replacing-employees/.

p.180 エ ボ ル ブ 社：Jessica Leber, “The Machine-Readable Workforce: Companies Are Analyzing More Data to Guide How They Hire, Recruit, and Promote Their Employees,” MIT Technology Review, May 27, 2013, www.technologyreview.com/news/514901/the-machine-readable-workforce/.

p.181 サンフランシスコを拠点とするスタートアップ企業のギルド社：Jeanne Meister, “The Future Of Work: Why Social HR Is Still Important” Forbes, January 5, 2015, www.forbes.com/sites/jeannemeister/2015/01/05/2015-social-hr-becomes-a-reality/.

p.183 同社チーフ・サイエンティストのビビアン・ミン：Don Peck, “They’re Watching You at Work,” Atlantic Monthly , December 2013, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/12/theyre-watching-you-at-work/354681/.

p.155 たとえば、ボストン当局：Anthony Rivas, “Boston Police Used Facial Recognition Software on Concertgoers; Will It Really Stop Suspicious Activity or Just Encroach upon Our Rights?,” Medical Daily, August 18, 2014, www.medicaldaily.com/boston-police-used-facial-recognition-software-concertgoers-will-it-really-stop-suspicious-298540.

p.156 2009 年、シカゴ市警：Matt Stroud, “The Minority Report: Chicago’s New Police Computer Predicts Crimes, but Is It Racist?,” Verge, February 19, 2014, www.theverge.com/2014/2/19/5419854/the-minority-report-this-computer-predicts-crime-but-is-it-racist.

p.156 約 400 人を選び出してリスト化：同上p.157 高校を中退した 22 歳：同上

◉第 6 章 ［就職］p.160 カ イ ル・ ベ ー ム と い う 名 の 若 者：Lauren Weber and Elizabeth

Dwoskin, “Are Workplace Personality Tests Fair?,” Wall Street Journal, September 29, 2014, www.wsj.com/articles/are-workplace-personality-tests-fair-1412044257.

p.161 「性格特性 5 因子モデル」の検査：著者によるローランド・ベームへの電話インタビュー、2015 年 4 月 1 日

p.162 集 団 訴 訟 を 起 こ す つ も り だ と 知 ら せ る 通 告 書 を 送 付：Weber and Dwoskin, “Are Workplace Personality Tests Fair?”

p.162 適性検査を健康診断とみなすかどうか：ADA National Network, “What Limitations Does the ADA Impose on Medical Examinations and Inquiries About Disability?,” https://adata.org/faq/what-limitations-does-ada-impose-medical-examinations-and-inquiries-about-disability.（2016 年 1 月 9 日閲覧）

p.163 1970 年代に MIT の卒業生らによって創業：“Kronos History: The Early Years,” Kronos のウェブサイト , www.kronos.com/about/history.aspx.（2016年 1 月 9 日 閲 覧 ）〔URL 変 更　https://www.kronos.com/about-us/kronos-history〕

p.164 ワ ー ク フ ォ ー ス・ レ デ ィ ー・HR：“Workforce Ready HR,” Kronos のウェブサイト , www.kronos.com/products/smb-solutions/workforce-ready/products/hr.aspx.（2016 年 1 月 9 日 閲 覧 ）〔URL 変 更 https://www.kronos.com/products/workforce-ready-suite/workforce-ready-hr〕

p.164 年 商 は 5 億 ド ル：Weber and Dwoskin, “Are Workplace Personality Tests Fair?”

p.164 求職者の 60 ～ 70％：同上p.165 グリッグス対デューク・パワー社事件：NAACP Legal Defense Fund,

“Case: Listen to Jack Greenberg Make History Arguing Griggs v Duke Power at SCOTUS” NAACP LDF のウェブサイト , www.naacpldf.org/case/griggs-v-duke-power-co.（2016 年 1 月 9 日閲覧）

p.165 フランク・シュミット経営学教授：Whitney Martin, “The Problem with Using Personality Tests for Hiring,” Harvard Business Review, August 27, 2014, https://hbr.org/2014/08/the-problem-with-using-personality-tests-for-

（15）（14） 注

行動を解析：Joshua Rothman, “Big Data Comes to the Office,” New Yorker, June 3, 2014, www.newyorker.com/books/joshua-rothman/big-data-comes-to-the-office

p.202 『危 機 に 立 つ 国 家（A Nation at Risk）』：National Commission on Excellence in Education, A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform (Washington, DC: National Commission on Excellence in Education, 1983), www2.ed.gov/pubs/NatAtRisk/index.html.

p.203 テ ィ ム・ ク リ フ ォ ー ド の 例：Tim Clifford, “Charting the Stages of Teacher Data Report Grief,” WNYC-FM, March 9, 2012, www.wnyc.org/story/302123-charting-the-stages-of-teacher-data-report-grief/.

p.203 のちに私に語っている：著者によるティム・クリフォードへのメールインタビュー、2014 年 5 月 13 日

p.205 サンディア国立研究所の研究者ら：Tamim Ansary, “Education at Risk: Fallout from a Flawed Report,” Edutopia, March 9, 2007, www.edutopia.org/landmark-education-report-nation-risk.

p.205 「シンプソンのパラドックス」：Clifford Wagner, “Simpson’s Paradox in Real Life,” American Statistician 36, no. 1 (1982): 46–48.

p.208 教 育 者 で も あ る ゲ ー リ ー・ ル ー ビ ン ス タ イ ン：Gary Rubinstein, “Analyzing Released NYC Value-Added Data Part 2,” Gary Rubinstein’sBlog, February 28, 2012, https://garyrubinstein.wordpress.com/2012/02/28/analyzing-released-nyc-value-added-data-part-2/.

p.209 議会とホワイトハウスが NCLB 法の撤回に同意：Julie Hirschfeld Davis, “President Obama Signs into Law a Rewrite of No Child Left Behind,” New York Times, December 10, 2015, www.nytimes.com/2015/12/11/us/politics/president-obama-signs-into-law-a-rewrite-of-no-child-left-behind.html.

p.210 クオモの教育特別委員会：Yoav Gonen and Carl Campanile, “Cuomo Backtracks on Common Core, Wants 4-Year Moratorium,” New York Post, December 10, 2015, http://nypost.com/2015/12/10/cuomo-backtracks-on-common-core-wants-4-year-moratorium/.

p.210 学生の 20％が試験をボイコット：Elizabeth Harris, “20% of New York State Students Opted Out of Standardized Tests This Year,” New York Times, August 12, 2015, www.nytimes.com/2015/08/13/nyregion/new-york-state-students-standardized-tests.html.

p.210 ティム・クリフォードは、この知らせを聞いて喜んだ：Tim Clifford, e-mail interview by author, December 15, 2015.　著者によるティム・クリフォードへのメールインタビュー、2015 年 12 月 15 日

p.210 教 員 労 働 組 合 に 対 抗 す る 手 段 と し て 実 績 を 上 げ て い る：Emma Brown, “Education Researchers Caution Against Using Students’ Test Scores to Evaluate Teachers,” Washington Post, November 12, 2015, www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/education-researchers-caution-against-using-value-added-models—ie-test-scores—to-evaluate-teachers/2015/11/12/72b6b45c-8950-11e5-be39-0034bb576eee_story.html.

◉第 7 章 ［仕事］ p.189 ニューヨーク・タイムズ紙は、働きづめのシングルマザーに関する

記事を掲載した：Jodi Kantor, “Working Anything but 9 to 5: Scheduling Technology Leaves Low-Income Parents with Hours of Chaos,” New York Times, August 13, 2014, www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/08/13/us/starbucks-workers-scheduling-hours.html?_r=0.

p.190 この記事の掲載から 1 週間以内に：Jodi Kantor, “Starbucks to Revise Policies to End Irregular Schedules for Its 130,000 Baristas,” New York Times, August 14, 2014, www.nytimes.com/2014/08/15/us/starbucks-to-revise-work-scheduling-policies.html.

p.190 スターバックスはこの目標を達成できず：Justine Hofherr, “Starbucks Employees Still Face ‘Clopening,’ Understaffing, and Irregular Workweeks,” Boston.com, September 24, 2015, www.boston.com/jobs/news/2015/09/24/starbucks-employees-still-face-clopening-understaffing-and-irregular-workweeks/FgdhbalfQqC2p1WLaQm2SK/story.html.

p.191 同盟国はさまざまな形で「交換比率」の記録をつけていた：William Ferguson Story, “A Short History of Operations Research in the United States Navy,” Naval Postgraduate School の 修 士 論 文 , December 1968, https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofop00stor.

p.192 第 2 次世界大戦後：US Congress, Offices of Technology Assessment, A History of the Department of Defense Federally Funded Research and Development Centers, OTA-BP-ISS-157 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, June 1995), www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk1/1995/9501/9501.PDF.

p.192 1960 年代に入ると、日本の自動車会社が：John Holusha, “ ‘Just-In -Time’ System Cuts Japan’s Auto Costs,” New York Times, March 25, 1983, www.nytimes.com/1983/03/25/business/just-in-time-system-cuts-japan-s-auto-costs.html.

p.195 経済政策研究所（EPI）：Leila Morsy and Richard Rothstein, “Parents’ Non-standard Work Schedules Make Adequate Childrearing Difficult,” Economic Policy Institute, August 6, 2015, www.epi.org/publication/parents-non-standard-work-schedules-make-adequate-childrearing-difficult-reforming-labor-market-practices-can-improve-childrens-cognitive-and-behavioral-outcomes/.

p.196 法 律 は 葬 ら れ た：H.R. 5159―Schedules That Work Act, 113th Congress (2013–14), www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/5159.

（2016 年 1 月 10 日閲覧）p.196 サ ン フ ラ ン シ ス コ の カ タ フ ォ ラ 社：Stephen Baker, “Data Mining

Moves to Human Resources,” Bloomberg BusinessWeek, March 11, 2009, www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/2009-03-11/data-mining-moves-to-human-resources.

p.198 MIT の研究者らは、バンク・オブ・アメリカのコールセンター勤務者の

（17）（16） 注

Whites, Blacks, Hispanics: Twenty-to-One,” Pew Research Center, July 26, 2011, www.pewsocialtrends.org/2011/07/26/wealth-gaps-rise-to-record-highs-between-whites-blacks-hispanics/.

p.224 10 州が雇用時のクレジットスコアの使用を禁止する法律を成立：National Conference of State Legislatures, “Use of Credit Information in Employment 2013 Legislation,” NCSL の ウ ェ ブ サ イ ト , www.ncsl.org/research/financial-services-and-commerce/use-of-credit-info-in-employ-2013-legis.aspx.（2014 年 9 月 29 日更新）

p.226 連邦取引委員会の 2013 年の報告：Federal Trade Commission, “In FTC Study, Five Percent of Consumers Had Errors on Their Credit Reports That Could Result in Less Favorable Terms for Loans,” FTC の ウ ェ ブ サ イ ト , February 11, 2013, www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2013/02/ftc-study-five-percent-consumers-had-errors-their-credit-reports.

p.227 フ ィ ラ デ ル フ ィ ア 在 住 の ヘ レ ン・ ス ト ー ク ス：Joe Palazzolo and Gary Fields, “Fight Grows to Stop Expunged Criminal Records Living On in Background Checks,” Wall Street Journal, May 7, 2015, www.wsj.com/articles/fight-grows-to-stop-expunged-criminal-records-living-on-in-background-checks-1430991002.

p.227 ミシシッピ州検事総長：Gretchen Morgenson, “Held Captive by Flawed Credit Reports,” New York Times, June 21, 2014, www.nytimes.com/2014/06/22/business/held-captive-by-flawed-credit-reports.html.

p.228 バケットに指定されている：Office of Oversight and Investigations, “A Review of the Data Broker Industry: Collection, Use, and Sale of Consumer Data for Marketing Purposes,” Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, December 18, 2013, http://educationnewyork.com/files/rockefeller_databroker.pdf.

p.229 アーカンソー州在住のキャサリン・テイラー：Ylan Q. Mui, “Little-Known Firms Tracking Data Used in Credit Scores,” Washington Post, July 16, 2011, www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/little-known-firms-tracking-data-used-in-credit-scores/2011/05/24/gIQAXHcWII_story.html.

p.231 「バタフライ・ダイエット」のことを、ユダヤ教の戒律に従って調理された食事である「コーシャー」と勘違い：Stephen Baker, “After ‘Jeopardy,’ ” Boston Globe, February 15, 2011, www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2011/02/15/after_jeopardy/.

p.232 画像データに「ゴリラ」というタグ：Alistair Barr, “Google Mistakenly Tags Black People as ‘Gorillas,’ Showing Limits of Algorithms,” Wall Street Journal, July 1, 2015, http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2015/07/01/google-mistakenly-tags-black-people-as-gorillas-showing-limits-of-algorithms/.

p.234 フェイスブックはソーシャルネットワークに基づく新しい種類のクレジット格付け機能で特許を取得：Robinson Meyer, “Could a Bank Deny Your Loan Based on Your Facebook Friends?,” Atlantic Monthly, September 25, 2015, www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/09/facebooks-new-patent-and-digital-redlining/407287/.

◉第 8 章 ［信用］ p.212 銀 行 家 は …… あ な た の 生 活 に つ い て、 か な り 詳 し く 知 っ て い る：

Dubravka Ritter, “Do We Still Need the Equal Credit Opportunity Act?,” Discussion Paper, Payment Cards Center, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, September 2012, https://ideas.repec.org/p/fip/fedpdp/12-03.html.

p.213 「部外者」は日常的に締め出されていた：同上p.213 モ デ ル を 考 案 し、FICO と 名 付 け た：Martha Poon, “Scorecards

as Devices for Consumer Credit: The Case of Fair, Isaac & Company Incorporated,” Sociological Review 55 (October 2007): 284–306, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-954X.2007.00740.x.

p.214 FICO の ウ ェ ブ サ イ ト：FICO の ウ ェ ブ サ イ ト , www.myfico.com/CreditEducation/ImproveYourScore.aspx.（2016 年 1 月 10 日閲覧）

p.214 信用情報の開示を要求する法的権利：Free Credit Reports, Federal Trade Commission, Consumer Information,www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0155-free-credit-reports.（2016 年 1 月 10 日閲覧）

p.215 ニ ュ ー ス タ ー と い う 会 社：Natasha Singer, “Secret E-Scores Chart Consumers’ Buying Power,” New York Times, August 18, 2012, www.nytimes.com/2012/08/19/business/electronic-scores-rank-consumers-by-potential-value.html.

p.215 キャピタル・ワンのようなクレジットカード会社：Emily Steel and Julia Angwin, “On the Web’s Cutting Edge, Anonymity in Name Only,” Wall Street Journal, August 4, 2010, www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748703294904575385532109190198.

p.221 「 ク レ ジ ッ ト ス コ ア が 高 い 人 は、 セ ク シ ー だ 」：CreditScoreDating.com のウェブサイト , http://creditscoredating.com/.（2016 年 1 月 10 日閲覧）

p.222 米国人材マネジメント協会（SHRM）：Gary Rivlin, “The Long Shadow of Bad Credit in a Job Search,” New York Times, May 11, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/05/12/business/employers-pull-applicants-credit-reports.html.

p.222 ク レ ジ ッ ト カ ー ド 負 債 に 関 す る 2012 年 の 調 査：Amy Traub, “Discredited: How Employment Credit Checks Keep Qualified Workers Out of a Job,” Demos, February 2013, www.demos.org/sites/default/files/publications/Discredited-Demos.pdf.

p.223 最 大 の 破 産 原 因：Christina LaMontagne, “NerdWallet Health Finds Medical Bankruptcy Accounts for Majority of Personal Bankruptcies,” NerdWallet, March 26, 2014, www.nerdwallet.com/blog/health/medical-costs/medical-bankruptcy/.

p.224 白 人 家 庭 の 貯 金 と 資 産：Tami Luhby, “The Black-White Economic Divide in 5 Charts,” CNN Money, November 25, 2015, http://money.cnn.com/2015/11/24/news/economy/blacks-whites-inequality/.

p.224 貯 金 が ゼ ロ ま た は マ イ ナ ス の 白 人 は 15 ％ の み：Rakesh Kochhar, Richard Fry, and Paul Taylor, “Wealth Gaps Rise to Record Highs Between

（19）（18） 注

◉第 9 章 ［身体］p.241 ドイツ人統計学者フレデリック・ホフマン：Megan Wolff, “The Myth

of the Actuary: Life Insurance and Frederick L. Hoffman’s ‘Race Traits and Tendencies of the American Negro,’ ” Public Health Reports 121, no. 1 (January/February 2006): 84–91, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1497788/.

p.243 保険会社にも銀行家にも：Gregory Squires, “Insurance Redlining: Still Fact, Not Fiction,” Shelterforce 79 (January/February 1995), www.nhi.org/online/issues/79/isurred.html.〔URL 変 更 https://shelterforce.org/1995/01/01/insurance-redlining-still-fact-not-fiction/〕

p.243 1968 年の公正住宅法：Fair Housing Laws and Presidential Executive Orders, US Department of Housing and Urban Development,http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/program_offices/fair_housing_equal_opp/FHLaws.（2016 年 1 月 9 日閲覧）

p.243 保 険 は、 保 険 数 理 か ら 生 ま れ た：Chris Lewin, “The Creation of Actuarial Science,” Zentralblatt fur Didaktik der Mathematik 33, no. 2 (April 2001): 61-66, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02652740.

p.244 ジ ョ ン・ グ ラ ン ト：Margaret De Valois, “Who Was Captain John Graunt?,” Actuary, September 2000, 38-39, www.theactuary.com/archive/old-articles/part-3/who-was-captain-john-graunt-3F/.

p.244 死亡率に関する最初の研究：John Graunt, Bills of Mortality (1662), www.neonatology.org/pdf/graunt.pdf.

p.244 6％の死亡リスク：De Valois, “Who Was Captain John Graunt?”p.246 コ ン シ ュ ー マ ー レ ポ ー ト の 調 査 員 ら：“The Truth About Car

Insurance,” Consumer Reports, Special Report, www.consumerreports.org/cro/car-insurance/auto-insurance-special-report/index.htm.（2016 年 1 月 10日閲覧）

p.246 フロリダ州では、運転記録に減点はまったくないがクレジットスコアが低い成人ドライバーのほうが：Jeff Blyskal, “Secrets of Car Insurance Prices,” Consumer Reports, July 30, 2015, www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine/2015/07/car-insurance-prices/index.htm.

p.248 米国消費者連盟（CFA）：Don Jergler, “Price Optimization Allegations Challenged, NAIC Investigating Practice,” Insurance Journal, December 18, 2014, www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2014/12/18/350630.htm.

p.248 ウ ィ ス コ ン シ ン 州 保 険 局：“CFA Rips Allstate’s Auto Insurance Pricing,” Corporate Crime Reporter , December 16, 2014, www.corporatecrimereporter.com/news/200/cfa-rips-allstates-auto-insurance-pricing-policy/.

p.248 「オールステートの保険料は……」：Ellen Jean Hirst, “Allstate, Other Insurers Accused of Unfairly Pricing Premiums,” Chicago Tribune, December 16, 2014, www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-allstate-insurance-risk-premiums-1217-biz-20141216-story.html.

p.249 「 業 界 の 慣 習 と し て ……」：Mitch Lipka, “Watchdog: Allstate Auto

p.234 アメリカンエキスプレス（アメックス）社は、そのことを手痛い経験を 通 し て 学 ん だ：Ron Lieber, “American Express Kept a (Very) Watchful Eye on Charges,” New York Times, January 30, 2009, www.nytimes.com/2009/01/31/your-money/credit-and-debit-cards/31money.html.

p.237 ダ グ ラ ス・ メ リ ル の ア イ デ ア：Steve Lohr, “Big Data Underwriting for Payday Loans,” New York Times, January 19, 2015, http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/01/19/big-data-underwriting-for-payday-loans/.

p.237 同 社 の ウ ェ ブ サ イ ト：ZestFinance.com の ウ ェ ブ サ イ ト , www.zestfinance.com/.（2016 年 1 月 9 日閲覧）

p.237 500 ドルの融資：Lohr, “Big Data Underwriting.”p.237 1 万件のデータポイント：Michael Carney, “Flush with $20M from

Peter Thiel, ZestFinance Is Measuring Credit Risk Through Non-traditional Big Data,” Pando, July 31, 2013, https://pando.com/2013/07/31/flush-with-20m-from-peter-thiel-zestfinance-is-measuring-credit-risk-through-non-traditional-big-data/.

p.238 P2P 仲介サービスの 1 つ、レンディング・クラブ：Richard MacManus, “Facebook App, Lending Club, Passes Half a Million Dollars in Loans,” Readwrite, July 29, 2007, http://readwrite.com/2007/07/29/facebook_app_lending_club_passes_half_a_million_in_loans.

p.238 1 年後には、新しい種類の銀行になるために資金調達を行った：Lending Club, “Lending Club Completes $600 Million SEC Registration and Offers New Alternative for Consumer Credit,” Lending Club, October 14, 2008, http://blog.lendingclub.com/lending-club-sec-registration/.

p.239 ローンの総額は 100 億ドルにも満たず：Peter Renton, “Five Predictions for 2015,” Lend Academy, January 5, 2015, www.lendacademy.com/five-predictions-2015/.

p.239 シティグループ……の重役を P2P プレイヤーの責任者として迎え：Nav Athwal, “The Disappearance of Peer -to-Peer Lending,” Forbes, October 14, 2014, www.forbes.com/sites/groupthink/2014/10/14/the-disappearance-of-peer-to-peer-lending/.

p.239 ウェルズ・ファーゴの投資ファンド：Maureen Farrell, “Wells Fargo Is a Big Winner in Lending Club IPO,” Wall Street Journal, December 12, 2014, http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2014/12/12/wells-fargo-is-a-big-winner-in-lending-club-ipo/.

p.239 最大の新規上場（IPO）テクノロジー株：Jeremy Quittner, “The 10 Biggest IPOs of 2014,” Inc. , December 19, 2014, www.inc.com/jeremy-quittner/biggest-ipos-of-2014.html.

p.239 8 億 7000 万ドルの資金調達：Neha Dimri, “Update 1—Online Lender LendingClub Profit Beats Street as Fees Jump,” Reuters, May 5, 2015, www.reuters.com/article/lendingclub-results-idUSL4N0XW4HO20150505.

p.239 フォーブス誌に掲載された報告：Athwal, “Disappearance of Peer-To-Peer Lending.”

（21）（20） 注

p.259 米国人の 65％：同上p.260 年間 3 兆ドル：Chad Terhune, “U.S. Health Spending Hits $3 Trillion

as Obamacare and Rising Drug Costs Kick In,” Los Angeles Times, December 2, 2015, www.latimes.com/business/healthcare/la-fi-health-spending-increase-20151202-story.html.

p.260 私たちが稼ぐ 5 ドルのうち約 1 ドル：Scott Thomas, “Nation’s Total Personal Income Approaches $13 Trillion,” Business Journals, December 4, 2012, www.bizjournals.com/bizjournals/on-numbers/scott-thomas/2012/12/nations-total-personal-income.html.

p.260 「オバマケア」として知られる医療費負担適正化法：US Department of Labor, “The Affordable Care Act and Wellness Programs,” ファクトシート, www.dol.gov/ebsa/newsroom/fswellnessprogram.html.（2016年1月9日閲覧）

p.260 保険適用にかかる費用の 50％の額まで：US Department of Labor, “Affordable Care Act.”

p.260 全 体 の 半 数 以 上：Soeren Mattke, Hangsheng Liu, John Caloyeras, Christina Huang, Kristin Van Busum, Dmitry Khodyakov, and Victoria Shier, “Workplace Wellness Programs Study,” Rand Corporation Research Report, 2013, www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR200/RR254/RAND_RR254.sum.pdf.

p.260 アーロン・エイブラムスの例：著者によるアーロン・エイブラムスへのメールインタビュー、2015 年 2 月 28 日

p.261 アンセム保険会社はウェルネス・プログラムも実施：Washington and Lee Wellness Program, www.wlu.edu/human-resources/wellness/evolve-wellness-program.（2016 年 1 月 9 日閲覧）〔アクセス不可：代替 URL 候補　https://wlu.edu/human-resources/wellness/〕

p.262 タイヤメーカーのミシュラン：Leslie Kwoh, “When Your Boss Makes You Pay for Being Fat,” Wall Street Journal, April 5, 2013, www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324600704578402784123334550.

p.262 CVS は、2013 年に：同上p.263 「みなさん、ご注意ください」：Alissa Fleck, “CVS Drugstore Chain

Unveils New Employee Diet Plan: Fat-Shaming and a $600 Fine,” Bitch Media, March 21, 2013, https://bitchmedia.org/post/cvs-drugstore-chain-unveils-new-employee-diet-plan-fat-shaming-and-a-600-fine.

p.263 ランベール = アドルフ = ジャック・ケトレー：Lily Dayton, “BMI May Not Be the Last Word on Health Risks, Some Experts Say,” Los Angeles Times, December 19, 2014, www.latimes.com/health/la-he-bmi-20141220-story.html.

p.263 数学者であり科学書の著者でもあるキース・デブリン：Keith Devlin, “Top 10 Reasons Why The BMI Is Bogus,” NPR, July 4, 2009, www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106268439.

p.265 60 億ドル規模のウェルネス産業：Rand Corporation, “Do Workplace Wellness Programs Save Employers Money?,” Rand Corporation Research Brief, 2013, www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_briefs/

Insurance Pricing Scheme Is Unfair,” Daily Finance, December 16, 2014, www.dailyfinance.com/2014/12/16/allstate-auto-insurance-pricing-scheme-unfair/.

p.250 このキャンペーンはツイッター上でも展開：“Consumer Reports Digs into Car Insurance Quote Secrecy, Prices Are Rife with Inequities and Unfair Practices,” Clarksville Online, August 6, 2015, www.clarksvilleonline.com/2015/08/06/consumer-reports-digs-into-car-insurance-quote-secrecy-prices-are-rife-with-inequities-and-unfair-practices/.

p.250 スウィフト運輸：David Morris, “There’s Pressure in the Industry to Monitor Truck Drivers—and Drivers Aren’t Happy,” Fortune, May 26, 2015, http://fortune.com/2015/05/26/driver-facing-truck-cameras/.

p.250 毎年約 700 人のトラック運転手が交通事故で亡くなっている：Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Crashes Are the Leading Cause of on-the-Job Death for Truck Drivers in the US,” プレスリリース , March 3, 2015, www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2015/p0303-truck-driver-safety.html.

p.251 衝突事故で死者が出た場合、平均で 350 万ドルの費用がかかる：Morris, “There’s Pressure.”

p.251 こうしたデータに基づき……輸送パターンを割り出す：Karen Levy, “To Fight Trucker Fatigue, Focus on Economics, Not Electronics,” Los Angeles Times, July 15, 2014, www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-levy-trucker-fatigue-20140716-story.html.

p.251 プログレッシブ社、ステートファーム社、トラベラーズ社など：Mark Chalon Smith, “State Farm’s In-Drive Discount: What’s the Catch?,” CarInsurance, June 12, 2015, www.carinsurance.com/Articles/state-farm-in-drive-discount.aspx.

p.254 見返りとして 5 ～ 50％の割引：同上p.256 データ会社センス・ネットワークス：Stephen Baker, “Mapping a New,

Mobile Internet,” Bloomberg, February 25, 2009, www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/2009-02-25/mapping-a-new-mobile-internet.

p.257 「この人々の共通点が何なのか、それを私たちが認識する必要はありません」：スティーヴン・ベイカーによるグレッグ・スキビスキとトニー・ジェバラへの対面インタビュー、2009 年 2 月

p.258 2014 年、センス・ネットラークスは、AT&T から分社化したモバイル広告会社 YP に売却された：Anthony Ha, “In Its First Acquisition, YP Buys Mobile Ad Company Sense Networks,” TechCrunch, January 6, 2014, http://techcrunch.com/2014/01/06/yp-acquires-sense-networks/.

p.259 米国税庁（IRS）は税法を微調整：Congressional Budget Office, “The Tax Treatment of Employment-Based Health Insurance,” March 1994, www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/103rd-congress-1993-1994/reports/1994_03_taxtreatmentofinsurance.pdf.

p.259 米 国 人 労 働 者 の 約 9 ％：Alex Blumberg and Adam Davidson, “Accidents of History Created U.S. Health System,” NPR, October 22, 2009, www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=114045132.

（23）（22） 注

David Barstow and Don Van Natta Jr., “Examining the Vote; How Bush Took Florida: Mining the Overseas Absentee Vote,” New York Times, July 15, 2001, www.nytimes.com/2001/07/15/us/examining-the-vote-how-bush-took-florida-mining-the-overseas-absentee-vote.html.

p.273 ニュースフィードのアルゴリズムに変更を加えた：Eytan Bakshy, Solomon Messing, and Lada Adamic, “Exposure to Ideologically Diverse News and Opinion on Facebook” Science 348, no. 6239 (May 7, 2015): 1130–32, doi:10.1126/science.aaa1160.

p.273 計算社会科学者ラダ・アダミック：Lada Adamic, O’ Reilly の Foo Camp で 提 供 さ れ た 講 演。 “When Friends Deliver the Newspaper,” のYouTube 動画 , November 25, 2013, www.youtube.com/watch?v=v2wv-oVC9sE&list=UU0XEyA5oRIKnp7jkGrYw8ZQ—I.（2016 年 1 月 10 日閲覧）

p.274 カリー・カラハリオス：Luckerson, “Here’s How.”p.274 フ ェ イ ス ブ ッ ク 利 用 者 68 万 人 を 対 象 に：Adam Kramer, Jamie

Guillory, and Jeffrey Hancock, “Experimental Evidence of Massive-Scale Emotional Contagion through Social Networks,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111, no. 24 (June 2, 2014): 8788–90, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1320040111.

p.276 2 人 の 研 究 者：Robert Epstein and Ronald Robertson, “The Search Engine Manipulation Effect (SEME) and Its Possible Impact on the Outcomes of Elections,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112, no. 33 (August 18, 2015): E4512–E4521, doi:10.1073/pnas.1419828112.

p.276 米 国 人 の 73 ％：Kristin Purcell, Joanna Brenner, and Lee Rainie, “Search Engine Use 2012,” Pew Research Center, March 9, 2012, www.pewinternet.org/2012/03/09/search-engine-use-2012/.

p.277 ボ ー カ ラ ト ー ン に 移 動：Dave Gilson, “Who Was at Romney’s ‘47 Percent’ Fundraiser?,” Mother Jones, September 18, 2012, www.motherjones.com/mojo/2012/09/romney-47-percent-fundraiser-florida.

p.279 バーテンダーによって撮影：David Corn, “Meet Scott Prouty, the 47 Percent Video Source,” Mother Jones, March 13, 2013, www.motherjones.com/politics/2013/03/scott-prouty-47-percent-video.

p.279 ロ ム ニ ー に と っ て 大 き な 痛 手：Henry Blodget, “Bloomberg: Mitt Romney Just Lost the Election,” Business Insider, September 17, 2012, www.businessinsider.com/mitt-romney-just-lost-the-election-2012-9.

p.280 『大統領の売り込み（The Selling of the President）』：Joe McGinniss, The Selling of the President 1968 (New York: Trident Press, 1969).

p.282 ライード・ガニは、……次のようなアナウンスを投稿：Straight Dope Message Board に投稿された抜粋部 , http://boards.straightdope.com/sdmb/archive/index.php/t-617517.html.（2016 年 1 月 9 日 閲 覧 ）〔http://boards.straightdope.com/sdmb/showthread.php?t=617517 も参照）

p.282 オバマ陣営のデータチームを率いることになっていた：Alexis Madrigal, “What the Obama Campaign’s Chief Data Scientist Is Up to Now,” Atlantic

RB9700/RB9744/RAND_RB9744.pdf.p.265 「これは確かな事実です……」：Joshua Love, “4 Steps to Implement

a Successful Employee Wellness Program,” Forbes , November 28, 2012, www.forbes.com/sites/theyec/2012/11/28/4-steps-to-implement-a-successful-employee-wellness-program/.

p.265 カリフォルニア州の医療保障に関するレビュープログラム：California Health Benefits Review Program, “Analysis of Senate Bill 189: Health Care Coverage: Wellness Programs,” report to the 2013–14 California Legislature, April 25, 2013, http://chbrp.ucop.edu/index.php?action=read&bill_id=149&doc_type=3.

p.265 ジ ル・ ホ ロ ウ ィ ッ ツ が 率 い た 2013 年 の 研 究：Jill Horwitz, Brenna Kelly, and John Dinardo, “Wellness Incentives in the Workplace: Cost Savings Through Cost Shifting to Unhealthy Workers,” Health Aff airs 32, no. 3 (March 2013): 468–76, doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2012.0683.

◉第 10 章 ［政治］ p.269 米 国 人 成 人 の 約 3 分 の 2：Andrew Perrin, “Social Media Usage:

2005–2015,” Pew Research Center, October 8, 2015, www.pewinternet.org/2015/10/08/social-networking-usage-2005-2015/.

p.269 1 日あたりの平均閲覧時間は 39 分：Victor Luckerson, “Here’s How Facebook’s News Feed Actually Works,” Time, July 9, 2015, http://time.com/3950525/facebook-news-feed-algorithm/.

p.269 利 用 者 の 約 半 数：Michael Barthel, Elisa Shearer, Jeffrey Gottfried, and Amy Mitchell, “The Evolving Role of News on Twitter and Facebook,” Pew Research Center, July 14, 2015, www.journalism.org/2015/07/14/the-evolving-role-of-news-on-twitter-and-facebook/.

p.269 フェイスブックは……実験を行った：Robert Bond, Christopher Fariss, Jason Jones, Adam Kramer, Cameron Marlow, Jaime Settle, and James Fowler, “A 61-Million-Person Experiment in Social Influence and Political Mobilization,” Nature 489 (September 13, 2012): 295–98, doi:10.1038/nature11421.

p.270 市民としての義務を果たしたことによって生まれる静かな達成感：Alan Gerber, Donald Green, and Christopher Larimer, “Social Pressure and Voter Turnout: Evidence from a Large-Scale Field Experiment,” American Political Science Review 102, no. 1 (February 2008): 33–48, doi:10.1017/S000305540808009X.

p.271 ワシントンに殺到してロビー活動を盛んに：Derek Willis and Claire Cain Miller, “Tech Firms and Lobbyists: Now Intertwined, but Not Eager to Reveal It,” New York Times, September 24, 2014, www.nytimes.com/2014/09/25/upshot/tech-firms-and-lobbyists-now-intertwined-but-not-eager-to-reveal-it.html?_r=0.

p.271 投票者数は 34 万人増加：Bond et al., “61-Million -Person Experiment.”p.271 2000 年の大統領選でも、ジョージ・W・ブッシュが勝利できたのは：

（25）（24） 注

p.292 メディア買収の大半はいまだにテレビに向けられており、平均で 75％を 占 め る：Elizabeth Wilner, “Romney and Republicans Outspent Obama, but Couldn’t Out-advertise Him,” Advertising Age, November 9, 2012, http://adage.com/article/campaign-trail/romney-outspent-obama-advertise/238241/.

p.292 ニューヨーク拠点のシミュールメディア社：Steven Perlberg, “Targeted Ads? TV Can Do That Now Too,” Wall Street Journal, November 20, 2014, www.wsj.com/articles/targeted-ads-tv-can-do-that-now-too-1416506504.

◉おわりに 人間だけが未来を創造できるp.301 ビル・クリントン大統領は、……結婚防衛法に署名：Richard Socarides,

“Why Bill Clinton Signed the Defense of Marriage Act,” New Yorker, March 8, 2013, www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/why-bill-clinton-signed-the-defense-of-marriage-act.

p.301 巨大テクノロジー企業 IBM は、同社従業員の同性パートナーに医療給付を支給すると公表：Nick Gillespie, “What’s Good for IBM . . . ,” Chicago Tribune, November 5, 1996, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1996-11-05/news/9611050018_1_gay-marriage-defense-of-marriage-act-same-sex.

p.301 「ビジネス競争力の観点で考えれば……」：Businessweek Archives, “Same Sex Benefits: Where IBM Goes, Others May Follow,” Bloomberg Business, October 6, 1996, www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/1996-10-06/same-sex-benefits-where-ibm-goes-others-may-follow.

p.302 ゲイであることを公表しているティム・クック：Timothy Donald Cook, “Tim Cook Speaks Up,” Bloomberg Business, October 30, 2014, www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-10-30/tim-cook-speaks-up.

p.302 「世界で最も企業価値の高い」アップル：Verne Kopytoff, “Apple: The First $700 Billion Company,” Fortune, February 10, 2015, http://fortune.com/2015/02/10/apple-the-first-700-billion-company/.

p.307 1907 年だけで、3242 人の炭鉱夫が亡くなっている：MSHA, “Coal Fatalities for 1900 Through 2014,” US Department of Labor, www.msha.gov/stats/centurystats/coalstats.asp.（2016 年 1 月 9 日閲覧）

p.308 倫 理 規 範 の 草 案 を 作 成：Emanuel Derman and Paul Wilmott, “The Financial Modeler’s Manifesto,” January 7, 2009, www.uio.no/studier/emner/sv/oekonomi/ECON4135/h09/undervisningsmateriale/FinancialModelersManifesto.pdf.

p.309 フ ァ イ ン ド・ フ ァ ミ リ ー・ リ ソ ー シ ー ズ：FindFamilyResourcesのウェブサイト , http://findfamilyresources.com/.（2016 年 1 月 9 日閲覧）〔URL変更 https://findfamilyresources.info/〕

p.313 毎年の評価スコアをグラフに記録すれば：Gary Rubinstein, “Analyzing Released NYC Value-Added Data Part 2,” Gary Rubinstein’s Blog, February 28, 2012, http://garyrubinstein.teachforus.org/2012/02/28/analyzing-released-nyc-value-added-data-part-2/.

p.316 「ウェブの透明性と説明責任プロジェクト」：Elizabeth Dwoskin, “How Social Bias Creeps into Web Technology,” Wall Street Journal, August 21, 2015, www.wsj.com/articles/computers-are-showing-their-biases-and-tech-

Monthly, May 8, 2013, www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/05/what-the-obama-campaigns-chief-data-scientist-is-up-to-now/275676/.

p.283 ガ ニ が ア ク セ ン チ ュ ア で 担 当 し た プ ロ ジ ェ ク ト の 1 つ：Chad Cumby, Andrew Fano, Rayid Ghani, and Marko Krema, “Predicting Customer Shopping Lists from Point-of-Sale Purchase Data,” the Proceedings of the Tenth ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, Seattle, 2004 で 発 表 さ れ た 論 , doi:10.1145/1014052.1014098.

p.286 立候補者を擁する各陣営は、それぞれに米国人有権者のプロフィールを作成：Sasha Issenberg, “How President Obama’s Campaign Used Big Data to Rally Individual Voters,” Technology Review, December 19, 2012, www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/509026/how-obamas-team-used-big-data-to-rally-voters/.

p.287 その 4 年後、今度はヒラリー・クリントンが：Adam Pasick and Tim FernHolz, “The Stealthy, Eric Schmidt-Backed Startup That’s Working to Put Hillary Clinton in the White House,” Quartz, October 9, 2015, http://qz.com/520652/groundwork-eric-schmidt-startup-working-for-hillary-clinton-campaign/.

p.287 2015 年 後 半 に ガ ー デ ィ ア ン 紙 が 伝 え た：Harry Davies, “Ted Cruz Using Firm That Harvested Data on Millions of Unwitting Facebook Users,” Guardian, December 11, 2015, www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/dec/11/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data.

p.288 共和党ユダヤ人連盟がラスベガスのカジノホテル「ベネチアン」で集会を開いた際：Tom Hamburger, “Cruz Campaign Credits Psychological Data and Analytics for Its Rising Success,” Washington Post, December 13, 2015, www.washingtonpost.com/politics/cruz-campaign-credits-psychological-data-and-analytics-for-its-rising-success/2015/12/13/4cb0baf8-9dc5-11e5-bce4-708fe33e3288_story.html.

p.291 医 療 進 歩 セ ン タ ー（Center for Medical Progress）：Eugene Scott, “Anti-abortion Group Releases Fifth Planned Parenthood Video,” CNN, August 5, 2015, www.cnn.com/2015/08/04/politics/planned-parenthood-fifth-video-houston/.

p.291 そ の 後 の 調 べ：Jackie Calmes, “Planned Parenthood Videos Were Altered, Analysis Finds,” New York Times, August 27, 2015, www.nytimes.com/2015/08/28/us/abortion-planned-parenthood-videos.html. www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/nov/29/suspect-in-planned-parenthood-attack-said-no-more-baby-parts-after-arrest.

p.292 ジーナップ・トゥフェックチーによれば：著者によるジーナップ・トゥフェックチーへの電話インタビュー、2015 年 4 月 3 日

p.292 共和党員の 43％を超える人々：Peter Schroeder, “Poll: 43 Percent of Republicans Believe Obama Is a Muslim,” Hill, September 13, 2015, http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/253515-poll-43-percent-of-republicans-believe-obama-is-a-muslim.

（26） 注

featured/who-will-seize-the-child-abuse-prediction-market/10861.p.327 ボストン・グローブ紙によれば……児童虐待によって死亡した子供は、

１人もいなかった：Michael Levenson, “Can Analytics Help Fix the DCF?,” Boston Globe, November 7, 2015, www.bostonglobe.com/2015/11/07/childwelfare-bostonglobe-com/AZ2kZ7ziiP8cBMOite2KKP/story.html.

firms-are-concerned-1440102894.p.317 「 メ ッ セ ー ジ・ マ シ ン 」：Jeff Larson, “Message Machine Starts

Providing Answers,” Pro Publica, October 18, 2012, www.propublica.org/article/message-machine-starts-providing-answers.

p.317 コンピューターサイエンティストのシンシア・ドワークが指摘したとお り：Claire Cain Miller, “Algorithms and Bias: Q. and A. with Cynthia Dwork,” New York Times, August 10, 2015, www.nytimes.com/2015/08/11pshot/algorithms-and-bias-q-and-a-with-cynthia-dwork.html.

p.319 公 正 信 用 報 告 法（FCRA）：Federal Trade Commission, “Fair Credit Reporting Act,” 15 USC § 1681 et seq., FTC のウェブサイト , www.ftc.gov/enforcement/rules/rulemaking-regulatory-reform-proceedings/fair-credit-reporting-act.

p.319 信 用 機 会 平 等 法（ECOA）：Federal Trade Commission, “Your Equal Credit Opportunity Rights,” FTC のウェブサイト , www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0347-your-equal-credit-opportunity-rights.

p.321 米国障害者法（ADA）：US Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, “Information and Technical Assistance on the Americans with Disabilities Act,” Americans with Disabilities Act のウェブサイト , www.ada.gov/.

p.321 HIPAA 法（医 療 保 険 の 相 互 運 用 性 と 説 明 責 任 に 関 す る 法 律）：US Department of Labor, “The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act,” November 2015, www.dol.gov/ebsa/newsroom/fshipaa.html.

p.321 欧州型モデル：L-Soft, “Opt-In and Privacy Laws in North America and Europe” Lsoft.com, www.lsoft.com/resources/optinlaws.asp.

p.322 ユーザーデータの転売が違法になる：Elizabeth Dwoskin, “EU Data-Privacy Law Raises Daunting Prospects for U.S. Companies,” Wall Street Journal, December 16, 2015, www.wsj.com/articles/eu-data-privacy-law-raises-daunting-prospects-for-us-companies-1450306033.

p.323 ニ ュ ー ヨ ー ク 市 内 の ホ ー ム レ ス 人 口：Meghan Henry, Alvaro Cortes, Azim Shivji, and Katherine Buck, “The 2014 Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress,” US Department of Housing and Urban Development, October 2014, www.hudexchange.info/resources/documents/2014-AHAR-Part1.pdf.

p.324 セクション 8 からの方向転換：Giselle Routhier, “Mayor Bloomberg’s Revolving Door of Homelessness,” Safety Net , Spring 2012, www.coalitionforthehomeless.org/mayor-bloombergs-revolving-door-of-homelessness/.

p.326 「メイド・イン・ア・フリーワールド」：Issie Lapowsky, “The Next Big Thing You Missed: Software That Helps Businesses Rid Their Supply Chains of Slave Labor,” Wired, February 3, 2015, www.wired.com/2015/02/frdm/.

p.327 子供と家庭のための福祉事業を行う非営利団体「エカード」：Darian Woods, “Who Will Seize the Child Abuse Prediction Market?,” Chronicle for Social Change, May 28, 2015, https://chronicleofsocialchange.org/