加速器物理的歷史與演進 - nsrrc-indico (indico)...physics department of taipei imperial...

加速器物理的歷史與演進(Introduction to Accelerators History and Evolution)

presenter: 陳家祥2019.01.14 (updated 2019.01.15)

• 粒子(電子)加速器是甚麼?– 已在你的生活周遭，只是大家都沒發覺?– 用你手邊可以取得的材料，其實就可以做一個電子加速器

2

加速器題材的科幻電影(1)魔鬼終結者3

Terminator 3：Rise of the Machines

[Ref]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5wMgQcZ8qgchttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5CLIWyKuHiQ

3

4

加速器題材的科幻電影(2)鋼鐵人2

Iron Man 2

[Ref]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U4Kp59UCfFA

5

加速器題材的科幻電影(3)詭絲 Silk

[Ref]: http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNjY0NDc5NDgw.html?spm=a2h0j.8191423.module_basic_relation.5~5!2~5~5!5~5!2~1~3~A

!?

6

加速器題材的科幻電影(4)綠巨人浩克 Hulk

[Ref]: http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2015/05/20/defects‐are‐not‐necessarily‐bad‐for‐materials/https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200308/hulk.https://www.energy.gov/articles/cool‐roof‐iconic‐cyclotron

7

• 映像管電視(CRT)

日常生活中的加速器(1)

Ref: http://tvhstry.weebly.com/39023310342521634899.htmlhttp://faculty.stust.edu.tw/~liusir/Ch05/05‐01‐TVLighting.htm

電子能量: keV

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube

陰極陽極

8

日常生活中的加速器(2)

國安漏洞桃機買中國製X光機20150507

電源供應器

熱陰極電子束

冷卻水進

冷卻水出

金屬靶

Be視窗

Be視窗

Ref: http://news.ltn.com.tw/photo/politics/paper/561039

電子能量: keV

DC 直流電場:（高壓電子設備）

電池(DC 直流電源供應)

+V ‐V

AC 交流電場:（射頻或微波電子技術）

)sin(0

tVVeVW

rf

運用週期性振盪的正弦波電場來給帶電粒子加速

9

帶電粒子加速的機制

1.5 伏特電池

質子:17 公里/秒

電子:730 公里/秒

音速:0.34 公里/秒

光速:300,000 公里/秒

0 公里/秒

隨手可得的電子加速器

10

駐波加速器:餅乾盒行波加速器:品客罐

如果你做得再精緻一些，材料再用好一點

DC voltage acceleration (developed in 1930s)• Voltage multiplier cascade (Cascade accelerators, Cockcroft and Walton)• Electrostatic generator (Van de Graaff accelerators) Electron microscope, ion implanter

Resonance acceleration (Gustaf Ising, Sweden, first proposed it in 1924)• Radio‐frequency (RF) Linear accelerators

(Rolf Wideröe, Norway, built the first linac using an RF accelerating field)• Radio‐frequency quadrupole (RFQ)

(first proposed by I.M. Kapchinski and V.A. Teplyakov in 1970)• Cyclic accelerators

Cyclotron (first one built in 1931)Microtron (first proposed in 1944 by V. Veksler and J. Schwinger)Synchrocyclotron (first proposed in 1945 by E. McMillan and V. Veksler)Synchrotron (used by most high energy accelerators)

Magnetic induction acceleration• Betatron (reinvented & built in 1940 by Donald Kerst, but the concept was formulated by

R. Wideröe in 1928)• Induction linac (invented by N.C. Christofilos in 1950s)

國家同步輻射研究中心增能環（新竹科學園區）

Synchrotron (higher energy electron)when e‐ travels at 0.98c the beam energy is only at 2 MeVe‐ travels at a constant speed above few MeV

The operation principles of e‐ synchrotron combine:• cyclotron method of acceleration: use of rf cavities• Strength of magnetic guiding field increases as the e‐ energy increases

Synchrotron must be pulsed.

The 300 MeV electron synchrotron built at General Electric Co. in 1940s. The photograph shows the synchrotron radiation emitted from the accelerator.

The first dedicated synchrotron light source, became operational for users on August 7, 1968. The circulating beam current was 1.4 mA.240 MeV e‐ storage ring (Tantalus), U. of Wisconsin‐Madison.

Ednor M. Rowe

50 MHz rf cavity

[Ref.] http://www.src.wisc.edu/about/erowe.htm[Ref.] G. Margaritondo, “The evolution of a dedicated synchrotron light source”, Physics Today (May 2008), p.37.

The 750 keV Cockcroft‐Walton accelerator at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), Batavia, USA

The original Cockcroft‐Walton generator developed by J. Cockcroft and E. Walton at Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, U.K.

Cockcroft‐Walton Voltage Multiplier(cascade accelerator)

•The Cockcroft‐Walton generator can convert AC or raise a low DC voltage to a muchhigher DC voltage level. It is used to provide higher DC electric fields for particleacceleration.•It is based on the principles of voltage multiplying circuit. A voltage multiplier can step upa relatively low voltage to an extremely high value. This technique is different from thetransformer. It does not require the heavy core and use only capacitors and rectifiers(diodes).•The voltage potential achieved by the first Cockcroft‐Walton voltage multiplier is 700 kVwith a voltage variation within few percent. Positive ions of hydrogen with a beam currentof the order of 10 A being obtained (protons of 710 keV).•This is the first accelerator to demonstrate disintegration of atomic nuclei by artificiallyaccelerated particles! They induced the nucear reaction:

Li+ p 2He

Ernest T.S. Walton Ernest Rutherford(founding father of nuclear physics)

John D. Cockcroft

Early History of Accelerator Development in Taiwan

The development of first particle accelerator was led by Prof. B. Arakatsu （荒勝文策）in thephysics department of Taipei Imperial University （台北帝國大學）, now the National TaiwanUniversity （國立台灣大學） . It was an electrostatic accelerator, a modified design ofCockcroft‐Walton accelerator. Prof. Arakatsu’s team had successfully achieved the nuclear fissionexperiment in 1934. That is the first nuclear fission experiment carried out in Asia. After WorldWar II Prof. 戴運軌、許雲基 in National Taiwan University rebuilt and continued the previousresearch efforts.http://www.museums.ntu.edu.tw/english/museums_physics.jsp

B. Arakatsu[Ref.] 台大物理文物廳（原子核物理）http://museum.phys.ntu.edu.tw/

1. 物理雙月刊（二十九卷四期）2007年8月，竹腰秀邦（鄭伯昆譯）“在台北帝國大學的加速器開發及原子核物理學的研究＂2. 物理雙月刊（三十卷五期）2008年10月，鄭伯昆“台大核子物理實驗室（四）有關的日本科學家＂

[Ref.] http://sec.ncu.edu.tw/ncuhis/history/president.php

戴運軌

A

B

+++++

++

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

++ +

+

Ion source

High‐voltage terminal

beam

Charge is sprayed from a sharp tip at A ona moving belt (insulating material). Thebelt carries the charge to the high‐voltageterminal, where it is removed from thebelt at B (a sharp tip connected to theouter conductor of terminal) and transfersto the outer conductor of terminal.

Mechanical energy (motor) Electrical potential energy

The limiting factors: leakage of charge through the insulating supports, breakdown of air due to the moisture (corona discharge: near sharp points or edges)

Belt‐charged Electrostatic Generator (invented by Robert J. Van de Graaff)

Phys. Rev., 38: 1919 (1931), R.J. Van de GraaffPhys. Rev., 48: 315 (1935), M.A. Tuve, L.R. Hafstad, and O. Dahl

insulating belt

driving motor

PJ18

投影片 18

PJ18 D. Halliday, R. Resnick, K. Krane, PHYSICS, 4th ed., vol.2, Chap.30Ping J. Chou, 2007/7/13

Diameter of the aluminum sphere: 15 ft.Diameter of the supporting column: 6 ft.

The machine was used as a research accelerator at MIToperating at potentials up to 2.75 MV. The effect ofpigeons’ droppings on the sphere is very dramatic asshown by those sparks.

[Ref.] Museum of Science, Boston; http://www.mos.org/sln/toe/construction.html

Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator

Advantage over the cascade accelerator: the terminal voltage is extremely stable and lacks the AC ripple of the cascade accelerator (very low energy spread of ions); relative voltage stability~ 10‐4Disadvantage: low current output compared with the cascade accelerator

+ + + + + + + + + + +

High‐voltage terminal

Stripper foil (e.g. carbon foil)Charging belt

Ion source for negative ions

Pressure tankNegative ion sources were developed in 1950s

[Ref.] J. Takacs, Energy Stabilization of Electrostatic Accelerators (Wiley, 1997)

A 25URC NEC Pelletron at Oak Ridge Nat’l Lab built by National Electrostatic Corp. (NEC). It holds the record of the highest achieved DC voltage about 30 MV.[Ref.] A. Sessler (LBNL), private communication.

[Ref.] J. Adney, “Notes on the Oak Ridge Pelletron”, Physics Today, (Dec. 2010), p. 10.

Ray Herb at the control console

國立清華大學加速器實驗室http://acc.web.nthu.edu.tw/bin/home.php

Electron Linac (disk loaded structure)

[Ref.] http://www.slac.stanford.edu

Drift tube linac (a proton linac developed by Luis. W. Alvarez)

[Ref.]: http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/Exhibits/physics/additional06.html

[Ref.] Visual Media Service, Fermilab

[ref.] http://www‐bd.fnal.gov/ops/images/main/DCP08667.JPG

Source: Visual Media Service, Fermilab

Linac gallery at Fermilab

/2 mode, Side‐coupled Linac

[Ref.] http://www.physics.uiuc.edu/history/Timeline/1940s.html

Donald Kerst and the first betatron (2.3 MeV electrons) he built in Univ. of Illinois in 1940. The betatron had been used by the Manhattan Project to determine basic properties of thorium, uranium, and plutonium.

[Ref.] http://www.globalxray.com/betatron_photo.html

A modern compact betatron,commercially available. The compactbetatron is used as a portable x‐raysource for the detection of flaws inmetal, such as steel beams, ship hulls,pressure vessels, bridges, etc.

Betatron

Vacuum chamber electron beam

Main coil Iron yokeCorrection coil

OrbitBB

簡介台灣光子源 (TPS)

27

Milestones of NSRRC Development

1983 July Approval of the NSRRC project (TLS)

1986 Aug. Ground breaking of civil construction in Hsinchu

1993 Apr. First beam stored

1993 Oct. SRRC dedication ceremony

1994 Apr. Three photon beamlines open to users

1995 Jan. W200 wiggler installed

1995 Oct. U100 undulator installed

1996 Sep. Ring energy raised from 1.3 GeV to 1.5 GeV

1997 Mar. U50 undulator installed

1998 Dec. SRRC & Spring‐8 signed cooperation agreement

2004 Dec. Doris cavities replaced by Cornell‐type SRF cavity in ring

2005 Oct. Top‐up injection implemented

(TPS)

2006 June TPS proposal submitted to NSC

2007 Dec. TPS project & budget approved by Legislative Yuan

2010 Feb. Ground breaking of TPS civil construction

2014 Dec. First beam stored (SR emission)

2015 Apr. The phase‐I insertion devices installation

2015 Nov. The first light transferred to the experimental station (port 5A)

2016~ now Phase I IDs commissioning Phase II IDs installation

37A PXM/TXM

台灣光子源建置規畫第一期 (已完成)第二期 (規畫2020年)第三期 (規畫2023年)

線型加速器裝設於儲存環區

線型加速器的高頻發射台rf stationsDiagnostics tools of linac

增能環

儲存環

二極磁鐵

插件磁鐵

同步輻射原理示意圖同步輻射=同步加速器光源

電子在9萬伏特電子槍(1)內產生，經過直線加速器(2)加速至能量為1億5千萬電子伏特。

電子束進入增能環(3)後，會透過高頻腔(4)繼續增加能量至30億電子伏特，速度非常接近光速(0.999999986倍)。

電子束經由傳輸線(5)進入儲存環(6)。

當儲存環累積足夠的電子束後，經由各個磁鐵的導引與聚焦，電子束在偏轉磁鐵(7)及插件磁鐵(8)發出同步輻射光，經由光束線(9)將光引導至實驗站(10)進行實驗。

電子束在發出同步加速器光源後，要靠超導高頻腔(11)來補充失去的能量。

六極磁鐵四極磁鐵

(6)儲存環

(3)增能環

(7)偏轉磁鐵(9)光束線

(2)直線加速器

(10)實驗站

(1)電子槍

(5)傳輸線

(4)高頻腔(BR)

(8)插件磁鐵

(9)光束線(10)實驗站

(11)超導高頻腔(SR)

Iris coupler

beam port

HOM port

water inletpick-up port

beam axis

tuner port

nose- cone

電子槍

injector

Basic Configuration of a High Energy Accelerator Facility

Electron source: electron gunElectron linear accelerator (linac)Booster synchrotronTransport lineStorage ringInsertion devicesBeamlines & end stations

•Particle source•Beam guiding & focusing•Beam acceleration•Beam transfer & delivery•Beam storage•Beam quality•System control•Beam diagnostics

kinetic electron beam 0.511 MeV from thecathode be accelerated by linear accelerator to150 MeV

ramp up the beam energy to 3 GeV graduallyduring few msec in the booster ring

kick the 3 GeV beam into the storage ring

recruit charge for the loosed beam sometimes150 MeV 3 GeVbooster

e‐

3 GeV storage ring

SRF

beam propagation in TPS

3

Field emission in high electric fieldLimited by DC breakdown 2~3 MV/m thermionic DC gunDC breakdown limit could be increased using high pressure insulating gas, e.g. SF6RF accelerating field has a much higher breakdown limit RF gunPhotoelectric emission (laser beam)+ RF gun low beam emittanceThermionic DC gun+ single crystal cathode CeB6 (Japan X‐FEL) low beam emittanceSuperconducting photocathode RF gun low emittance, high beam currentWhat’s the advantage of using RF superconducting technology? low wall loss

•Particle source

•Beam guiding & focusing

Accelerator lattice design Beam dynamics (emittance)(transfer matrix)

Ray optics (matrix) Gaussian beam optics (diffraction limited)

)( BEqFdtpd

Lorentz force:Prisms Dipole magnetsFocusing lens Quadrupole magnetsAberration Sextupole magnets

•Beam acceleration

beam

RF generator

drift tubes made of good conductors1

2 3

1 2 3

‐ + ‐ +

A chain of drift tube been folded over

+V(t) ‐V(t)

e‐

Example: the 500 MHz normal conducting Doris cavities used at NSRRC (Taiwan).

Cut‐away view of a Doris cavity

e‐

Low‐temperature Superconducting RF Cavity

SRF cavity at Taiwan Light Source

0

24 67.17

5.1102 RefT

R TNb

where T is in unit of Kelvin, f is in unit of [GHz], and R0 is the residual resistance which depends on the impurity of superconductor only.

BCS theory

0 10 20 30 40 500

1

2

3

4

5 x 10-9

temperature (K)

resi

stan

ce (

)

CESR‐III type niobium cavity (SRF lab at NSRRC)

x

y

e-

RF cavity

sampleBeamline (vacuum < 10-8 Torr)

e-

magnetsPower supply

klystron

LLRF

insertion device

•Intensity constancy

Photon beam fluctuation caused by:•Orbit instability (transverse)•Beam size instability (transverse)•Timing instability (longitudinal)

Longitudinal collective instability

s

time

leading bunch trailing bunch

1

2

3

0

0

1

2

3

0

longitudinal

s

Transverse collective instability

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

snapshot of coherent oscillation

•Coupled bunch instability •Head‐tail instability

m=0, =0 m=0, ≠ 0

m=1 m=2

[References]: Frontiers of Particle Beams: Intensity Limitation, M. Dienes et al (eds.), Springer‐Verlag LNP 400 (1992)

Impacts due to Fluctuations of Utility Systems (water, electricity)

[Ref.] Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams, 6, 052803 (2003), P.J. Chou et al.

Fermilab, Main Control Room

[Ref.] Visual Media Service, Fermilab

CERN Control Center

[Ref.] http://www.cern.ch

Courtesy of SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory[Ref.] http://slac.stanford.edu

SLAC Main Control Center (MCC)

20132010

TLSTLS

TPS

2014

2015

TLS

Taiwan Photon Source (TPS)

台灣光子源

科學Science

News, 2015/01/30

物理世界Physics WorldNews, 2015/03

CERN科學通訊CERN Courier

4月號封面故事

亞太物理學會聯合會刋AAPPS

4月號封面故事

自然光子學Nature Photonics

5月號専文

台灣光子源已成為世界光年的國際焦點!

聯合國訂定2015年為國際光與光科技之年，台灣最新的同步加速器—「台灣光子源」—剛好在此時落成，可說躬逢其盛。今年一月，台灣的國家同步輻射研究中心舉辦了台灣光子源(圖一)的落成典禮，在不久的將來，台灣光子源將躋身於世界上最亮的X光光源之列。

國家同步輻射研究中心果尚志主任向Nature Photonics 期刊表示，隨著超導高頻共振腔和插件磁鐵的陸續安裝，我們期望在去年年底刷新世界同步輻射光源的紀錄，成為全球最亮的光源。

一起跟著電子束的腳步來發光

先進電子加速器-

以直線電子加速器為主體的自由電子雷射

53

Hard X‐ray FELs around the world

slides from weza1 IPAC’17

slides from tuoca01 IPAC’14

European X-ray laser project XFEL(Start up will begin in 2013)

Wavelength 6~ 0.085 nm

[Ref.] http://www.xfel.net €986 M (as of 2005)DESY, Germany

260 m, 1 GeV, 6.5 nm (Oct. 14, 2007)

PJ1

投影片 54

PJ1 * detailed info., CERN Courier July 2007.Ping J. Chou, 2007/8/3

Undulator Sections for Self Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE) FEL

VUV FEL: Lasing has been observed at 30 nm

European XFEL site (copyright: DESY, Hamburg)

European X-ray laser project XFELe-: 17.5 GeV, 80 fs, 3.4 km (Start up will begin in 2014)

Wavelength 6~ 0.085 nm

€986 M (year 2005 price)

Review of FEL facilities in the world (1) –European XFEL, Germany

2017/05/04

6000.5 nC90 fs

5 kW1

total length: 3.3 km

slides from moxaa1 IPAC’17

SXHX

HX

X-ray FEL in USA

http://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/lcls/

FEL: Free Electron Laser

Electron bunch length: 0.023 mm, 15 GeV electron beamX-ray wavelength: 0.15 – 1.5 nmX-ray pulse duration: 100 femtosecond – 100 attosecond

the LCLS Undulator Hall

World’s first hard x-ray laser achieves first light at LCLS

[Ref.] http://home.slac.stanford.edu/pressreleases/2009/20090421.htm

The first 1.5-Å FEL light was observed on 10April, 2009. The photon energy was 1.1 mJper x-ray pulse (15 GW of peak power with anestimated 75 fs full-width pulse length). Theelectron beam energy was 13.6 GeV.

[Ref.] P. Emma, PAC2009. TH3PBI01

•Ultra-short pulse< 10? fs at low charge mode

61

Review of FEL facilities in the world (2) –LCLS‐II, USA


• Adds a new, 4 GeV superconducting linac in an existing SLAC tunnel, avoiding the needfor excavation.

• Increases the repetition rate from 120 pulses per second to 1 million per second.It will be the world’s only X‐ray free‐electron laser capable of supplying a uniformly‐spacedtrain of pulses with programmable repetition rate.

> 20 W average X‐ray power > 200 W at high rep. rate

data from tuoca01 IPAC’14 and https://portal.slac.stanford.edu/sites/lcls_public/lcls_ii/Pages/default.aspx

[Ref.] From Spring-8, T. Shintake

0.1 nm, X-ray pulse length 200 fs~ 20 fs, peak power 20 GW

XFEL in Japan

BD, weekly meeting

63

Review of FEL facilities in the world (5) –SACLA, Japan

(BL5) soft X‐ray:1 – 4 keV

(BL1) soft X‐ray: 2012 operation, phase I upgrade: 2015, 500 MeV, 40 eV. phase II upgrade: 2016, 800 MeV, >100 eV (

64

Review of FEL facilities in the world (3) –PAL XFEL, Korea


slides from tuoaa1 IPAC’17

65

Review of FEL facilities in the world (4) –Swiss FEL, Switzerland

total length: 740 m

slides from weza1 IPAC’17

[Ref.] http://erl.chess.cornell.edu/

Energy Recovery Linear Accelerator @ Cornell University

[Ref.] http://www.lepp.cornell.edu/Research/AP/ERL/

Layout of Cornell ERL

加速器的過去到現在

Spectral Brightness

先進科學與技術打造的未來光源— A White Paper (SLAC-R-917)

[Ref.] http://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/aboutssrl/documents/future-x-rays-09.pdf

感謝大家的聆聽Thanks for your listening

70

綠色能源奈米科技應用

開發新穎磁性半導體材料，研究相關磁特性、自旋注射、電子極化率，藉以操縱電子自旋自由度。協助新興產業發展低耗能、具非揮發性特性的自旋電子元件。

同步輻射研究技術協助開發高效能的鋰電池及超級電容，克服電動車的技術瓶頸，可以大幅降低台灣城市的空汙排放量。

同步輻射X光可以作為微影光源，藉由曝光顯影的方式製造高精度、高深寬比的奈微米尺度的功能性結構，可以普遍應用在微機械、流體、光學、微波等奈微系統應用。

發展綠色能源材料與技術是解決能源問題與環境維護的雙贏方法。台灣光子源所提供的實驗技術，將是研發新穎綠能材料的一大利器。

可運用多種的X光實驗技術來協助開發高性能的石化工業用的觸媒，提升化學物質轉換效率，降低污染物的排放。

高產值特用化學材料產業不斷地開發高效能官能性有機材料。同步輻射可以協助分析此類軟物質材料的形態、堆積結構、電子組態等重要特性。

產能

儲能

節能極紫外光微影

材料檢測

元件開發

生物技術與製藥產業生醫影像

解開石斑魚神經壞死病毒的結構，深入瞭解病毒的組成，以及感染魚類細胞的機制。提出對抗病毒感染的防疫措施，維繫「台灣—石斑魚養殖王國」的美名。

阿茲海默症是腦細胞內異常的蛋白質堆積造成神經纖維糾結，因而影響神經傳導。同步加速器光源影像可解析出腦神經細胞內蛋白質堆積造成的三維神經纖維結構，揭開阿茲海默症之謎。

解出與大腸癌直腸癌細胞訊息傳導過程相關的蛋白質複合體分子結構，據以設計標靶藥物,提升癌症治療效果，以對抗發生率不斷上升的大腸直腸癌。

在結構藥物設計的過程中，可運用X光晶體繞射技術來解析出先導化合物與分子標的複合體的三度空間結構，以瞭解藥物與分子標的之間的作用。此項技術能大幅降低新藥開發的成本與時間。

同步輻射X光生醫影像術具有奈米空間解析、化學解析的三維斷層掃描影像，提供病理組織訊息，有利於早期癌症與疾病之疹斷與治療。

透過紅外光譜顯微術檢視了近兩億年歷史的恐龍胚胎化石標本，發現其中含有極為罕見、保存良好的類似膠原蛋白的有機物質。從超高解析的影像，研究人員推斷出恐龍蛋孵化及胚胎生長的狀況。

古生物研究

腦科學研究

早期疾病疹斷

加速新藥開發

水產養殖疫苗

癌症標靶治療

Appendix.1: 電子束團的轉彎與聚焦

)( BEqF

勞倫茲力 Lorentz force:

x

y

z

電場

E

速度 v

磁場所造成的受力方向

電場所造成的受力方向

73

Be‐

二極磁鐵（轉彎用的）

74

四極磁鐵（聚焦用的）

N S

S N

By

y

xBx

磁極的橫剖面必須是雙曲線, xy＝常數

北

北

南

南

75

超導磁鐵 (美國費米國家加速器實驗室，Fermilab)

cos cos2

return

二極磁鐵四極磁鐵

76

加速器物理的歷史與演進 - nsrrc-indico (indico)...physics department of taipei imperial...

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