effects of catalytic site size on activity of electrodes ... · effects of catalytic site size on...

28
Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Model Electrodes Prepared By MassSelected Cluster Deposition Alexander von Weber, Eric Baxter, Henry S. White and Scott Anderson Electrochemistry: Related gassurface chemistry: (Early work by Sebastian Proch, Mark Wirth, Michael Rosenfelder)

Upload: doananh

Post on 13-Sep-2018

215 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Electrodes ... · Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Model Electrodes Prepared By Mass‐Selected Cluster Deposition Alexander

Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Model Electrodes Prepared By Mass‐Selected Cluster Deposition

Alexander von Weber, Eric Baxter, Henry S. White and Scott Anderson

Electrochemistry: 

Related gas‐surface chemistry: 

(Early work by Sebastian Proch, Mark Wirth, Michael Rosenfelder)

Page 2: Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Electrodes ... · Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Model Electrodes Prepared By Mass‐Selected Cluster Deposition Alexander

In situ electrochemistry in a UHV system is hard – Why bother?

Electrochemical cleaning is fine for:• Bulk/single crystals electrodes• Large supported nanoparticles Not for small, size‐selected clusters!

Potential cycling may change the size by etching or potential‐induced diffusion

Ethanol oxidationPt4/ITO in 0.1 M HClO4in situ

Avoid complications of adventitious adsorbates

HER

OER

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

2. cycle 55. cycle

Cur

rent

den

sity

(A

cm

-2 geo)

Potential (V vs. NHE)

CV #2CV #55

Identical conditions with air exposure

HER

OER

Page 3: Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Electrodes ... · Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Model Electrodes Prepared By Mass‐Selected Cluster Deposition Alexander

Size‐Selected Electrochemistry Without Air Exposure

Electrochemistry Antechamber• Separately pumped 

UHV chamber• Can be vented 

without affecting main chamber UHV

Triple differential seal

Page 4: Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Electrodes ... · Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Model Electrodes Prepared By Mass‐Selected Cluster Deposition Alexander

Electrochemistry Setup

Fritted glassElectrolyte OutflowElectrolyte Injection

Working Electrode     

Ag/AgCl ReferenceElectrode

Pt mesh CounterElectrode     

Viton O‐rings

Working  compartment

Page 5: Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Electrodes ... · Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Model Electrodes Prepared By Mass‐Selected Cluster Deposition Alexander

Protocol• Clean/characterize electrode substrate in UHV• Deposit 1.5 x 1014 Pt atoms/cm2 as Ptn+

– Equivalent to 0.1 ML Pt• XPS characterization• Lower into antechamber, pressurize with argon• Seal to electrochemical cell• Pump in electrolytes, do series of cyclic voltammograms (CVs)

Problems• In situ requirement → sta c experiments only• Need for a dry, bakeable reference electrode

– Ag/AgCl, reproducible to ~15 meV from day to day

• Limited working time due to Cl‐ diffusion/poisoning.• Cell alignment to cluster spot

Fritted glassElectrolyte OutflowElectrolyte Injection

Cluster WorkingElectrode     

Pt mesh CounterElectrode     

Viton O‐rings

Working  compartment

Page 6: Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Electrodes ... · Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Model Electrodes Prepared By Mass‐Selected Cluster Deposition Alexander

Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR)• Limiting factor in fuel cell efficiency 

– Need better catalysts to reduce overpotential– Reduce amount of Pt required

• O2 + 4 e‐ + 4 H+ → 2 H2O  • O2 + 2 e‐ + 2 H+ → H2O2

Marković, Schmidt, Stamenković, Ross, Fuel Cells 1, 105 (2001)

Start with Ptn/glassy carbonElectrolyte = 0.1 M HClO4

O2 saturatedN2 sparged

Page 7: Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Electrodes ... · Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Model Electrodes Prepared By Mass‐Selected Cluster Deposition Alexander

Size‐selected ORR chemistryPtnano/glassy carbon

Page 8: Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Electrodes ... · Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Model Electrodes Prepared By Mass‐Selected Cluster Deposition Alexander

Size‐selected ORR chemistry

Area Inside 

cell

Pt7

Area of cluster spot

AreaOutsideCell

J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 3073−3086

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

curr

ent d

ensi

ty [

A c

m-2]

potential vs. Ag/AgCl [V]

N2-saturated O2-saturated

Pt7/glassy carbon Ptnano/glassy carbon

Page 9: Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Electrodes ... · Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Model Electrodes Prepared By Mass‐Selected Cluster Deposition Alexander

-0,1 0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,40

20

40

60

80

100

curr

ent d

ensi

ty [m

A c

m-2]

potential vs. Ag/AgCl [V]

N2-saturated O2-saturated

Pt4

Many small Ptn catalyze the reactionC + 2 H2O → CO2 + 2 H2

With essentially no overpotential and high efficiency:  J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 3073−3086Interesting result, but it prevents study of ORR or other reactions

Unexpected Chemistry 

• Huge oxidation currents• Lots of bubbles• What is oxidizing what?

Page 10: Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Electrodes ... · Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Model Electrodes Prepared By Mass‐Selected Cluster Deposition Alexander

Anti‐correlations between Pt 4f binding energy and ORR catalysis

Glassy carbon oxidation by water, catalyzed by Ptn

High Pt 4f BE is associated with no carbon oxidation“normal ORR”

2 4 6 8 10

71,3

71,4

71,5

71,6

71,7

71,8

71,9pe

ak p

ositi

on o

f Pt 4

f 7/2 [

eV]

cluster size [atoms]

Bulk Pt = 71.2 eV

Only “normal”behavior “near‐

Normal”

Page 11: Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Electrodes ... · Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Model Electrodes Prepared By Mass‐Selected Cluster Deposition Alexander

Switch to an electrode support than can’t be oxidized:Indium Tin Oxide (ITO).

Polycrystalline with 15 – 20 nm domain size• AFM Ra = 1.1 nm• Roughness may be good

• Help stabilize clusters?1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0

0.0

50.0k

100.0k

150.0k

200.0k

C 1s

In 4s

In 3p

Sn 3d

In 3d

In 4p

O 1s

CP

S

Binding energy (eV)

Pristine UHV cleaned

In 4d

Adventitious carbonaceous adsorbates• Cannot be eliminated by heating in 

UHV or in O2• Do affect chemistrySputter/anneal in O2

Page 12: Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Electrodes ... · Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Model Electrodes Prepared By Mass‐Selected Cluster Deposition Alexander

Avoid carbon oxidation:ITO electrode substrates

Most important point:  UHV‐cleaned ITO is quite inert in the potential range of interest 

‐0.1 to 1.5 V vs. NHE

-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

Cur

rent

den

sity

(A

cm

-2 geo)

Potential (V vs. NHE)

Potential Range impt forORR and EOR chemistry

Double layer charging/Capacitive current

Slow onset of hydrogen evolution (HER)

Polycrystalline with 15 – 20 nm domain size• AFM Ra = 1.1 nm• Roughness may be good

• Help stabilize clusters?

Page 13: Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Electrodes ... · Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Model Electrodes Prepared By Mass‐Selected Cluster Deposition Alexander

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

Pt1 - N2

Pt1 - O2-15

-10

-5

0

5

Pt2 - N2

Pt2 - O2

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

Pt5 - N2

Pt5 - O2Cur

rent

den

sity

(A

cm-2 ge

o)

-60

-40

-20

0

Pt7 - N2

Pt7 - O2

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6-140

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

Pt10 - N2

Pt10 - O2

Potential (V vs. NHE)0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

-40

-20

0

ITO - N2

ITO - O2

Pt14 - N2

Pt14 - O2

Pt1/ITO Pt2/ITO

Pt5/ITO Pt7/ITO

Pt10/ITO Pt14/ITO

ORR is clearly seen even for Pt1

NOTE  alignment problemCurrents are lower limits

Mass activity is at least ~10 times higher than for Ptnano/ITO under same conditions.

ORR over Ptn/ITO 

electrodesStart with narrow range CVs to avoid Pt redox chem

Page 14: Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Electrodes ... · Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Model Electrodes Prepared By Mass‐Selected Cluster Deposition Alexander

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

Lin. fit Pt1 - N2

Pt1 - O2 -40

-20

0

Pt2 - N2

Pt2 - O2

-60

-40

-20

0

20

Pt5 - N2

Pt5 - O2Cur

rent

den

sity

(A

cm

-2 geo)

-60

-40

-20

0

20

Pt7 - N2

Pt7 - O2

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4-140-120-100-80-60-40-20

02040

Pt10 - N2

Pt10 - O2

Potential (V vs. NHE)0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

-60

-40

-20

0

20

Pt14 - N2

Pt14 - O2

Pt1/ITO Pt2/ITO

Pt5/ITO Pt7/ITO

Pt10/ITO Pt14/ITO

Cluster –containing electrodesFull range CVsAll sizes active for HER and ORR

• ~1.2 V Oxidation peak cannot be Pt oxidation‐ too large

• Only seen after sweeping through the ORR wave ‐ oxidation of 

ORR products‐ H2O2 oxidation 

(HPOR)

Page 15: Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Electrodes ... · Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Model Electrodes Prepared By Mass‐Selected Cluster Deposition Alexander

Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation Rxn (HPOR)

0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

Cur

rent

den

sity

(A

cm

-2 geo)

Potential (V vs. NHE)

Lower potential limit (V vs. NHE): 0.55 0.15 0.45 0.05 0.35 - 0.05 0.25

Pt14/ITO

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

-60

-40

-20

0

20

-60

-40

-20

0

20

Pt14 - N2

Pt14 - O2Cur

rent

den

sity

(A

cm

-2 geo)

Potential (V vs. NHE)

We can vary the amount of H2O2produced by changing the lower potential limit.  HPOR peak should increase as we go further into the ORR wave.

Page 16: Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Electrodes ... · Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Model Electrodes Prepared By Mass‐Selected Cluster Deposition Alexander

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

Cur

rent

den

sity

(A

cm

-2 geo)

Lin. fit Pt1 - N2

Pt1 - O2

ORR

HPOR

H2O2 is created during ORR at low potentials 

O2 + 4 e‐ + 4 H+ → 2 H2OO2 + 2 e‐ + 2 H+ → H2O2

React catalytically on the oxidized Pt surface at high potentials

2 Pt(OH) + H2O2 →  2 Pt(H2O) + O2,2 Pt(H2O) → 2 Pt(OH) + 2 H+ + 2 e‐

H2O2 → 2 H+ + O2 + 2 e‐

HPOR = hydrogen peroxide oxidation reaction

Pt oxidized

Katsounaros, I.; Schneider, W. B.; Meier, J. C.; Benedikt, U.; Biedermann, P. U.; Auer, A. A.; Mayrhofer, K. J. J. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2012, 14, 7384−7391.

Page 17: Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Electrodes ... · Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Model Electrodes Prepared By Mass‐Selected Cluster Deposition Alexander

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

Cur

rent

den

sity

(A

cm

-2 geo)

Lin. fit Pt1 - N2

Pt1 - O2

ORR

HPOR

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4-150

-100

-50

0

Potential (V vs. NHE)

Ptnano/ITO - N2

Ptnano/ITO - O2

C.Pt5/ITO Ptnano/ITO

ORR

HPOR

MUCH more HPOR for small clusters than for Ptnano or Ptpoly

Page 18: Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Electrodes ... · Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Model Electrodes Prepared By Mass‐Selected Cluster Deposition Alexander

Cluster size dependence of HPOR branchingand ORR onset potential

Much more H2O2formed for smallclusters.  Why?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 160.60

0.65

0.70

0.75

0.80

0.85

0.90

ORR onset Ampl. ratio

Platinum cluster (atoms)

OR

R o

nset

(V v

s. N

HE

)

Ptnano

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0

Am

plitu

de ra

tio H

PO

R/O

RR

High H2O2 branching for small clusters is not attributable to electronic effects (see below)Small clusters lack sites for O2dissociation – leads to H2O2rather than H2O

Page 19: Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Electrodes ... · Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Model Electrodes Prepared By Mass‐Selected Cluster Deposition Alexander

Ethanol Oxidation• Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells

– Would like to produce CO2 but it is hard to break the C‐C bond

– Mostly produce acetaldehyde and acetic acid• Very complex chemistry

– DEMS– Vibrational spectroscopy– And all kinds of electrochemical tricks– Mechanism is still not completely understood

• We will focus on effects of Pt site size

Page 20: Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Electrodes ... · Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Model Electrodes Prepared By Mass‐Selected Cluster Deposition Alexander

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Cur

rent

den

sity

(µA c

m-2 ge

o)

Potential (V vs. NHE)

Ethanol oxidation on Ptnano/ITOPtnano 1 vol% EtOH in 0.1 M HClO4

H2OOxid. 

1stOxidation

2ndOxidation

PtOxreduction

ReactivationPeak

HER

Surface Oxidized

Page 21: Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Electrodes ... · Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Model Electrodes Prepared By Mass‐Selected Cluster Deposition Alexander

CVs for EOR on 0.1 ML Ptn/ITO in 0.1 M HClO4 + 1 % EtOH; scan rate: 0.1 V/s.Strong oscillations of activity with size.

Ptnano/ITO

Size dependence of EOR activity

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

-10

0

10

20

-10

0

10

20

30

-10

0

10

20

30

40

Potential (V vs. NHE)

Pt 8 Pt 10 Pt 9 Pt 14

Cur

rent

den

sity

(A

cm

-2 geo) Pt 4 Pt 7

Pt 5 Pt 8 Pt 6

A.

C.

Pt 1 Pt 2 Pt 4

B.

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Cur

rent

den

sity

(µA c

m-2 ge

o)

Potential (V vs. NHE)

Page 22: Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Electrodes ... · Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Model Electrodes Prepared By Mass‐Selected Cluster Deposition Alexander

Activity vs. Size in CV #13 on each sample

1. Relative intensity of the 3 EOR peaks varies with cycling2. Size dependence is preserved for at least 30 CVs, implying that the 

clusters remain intact.

Efficiency Amps/gram PtPtnano Ptn Max Ptn Min

1st Oxidation 46 130 ~02nd Oxidation 72.5 650 300Reactivation 75 450 30

Page 23: Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Electrodes ... · Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Model Electrodes Prepared By Mass‐Selected Cluster Deposition Alexander

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 140

25

50

75

100

125

150

1. O

x. p

eak

(A/g

Pt)

1. Ox. 2. Ox. Reac. Pt 4d3/2

Platinum cluster (atoms)

200

300

400

500

600

7002.

Ox.

pea

k (A

/gP

t)

0

100

200

300

400

500

Rea

c. p

eak

(A/g

Pt)

334.0

333.5

333.0

332.5

Bin

ding

ene

rgy

Pt 4

d 3/2 (

eV)

Activity vs. Size in CV #13 on each sample

1. Strong fluctuations show that the clusters remain intact.2. Anti‐correlation with Pt 4d core level binding energy 3. No sign of covergence toward bulk‐like properties

331.8 eV for bulk Pt

Page 24: Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Electrodes ... · Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Model Electrodes Prepared By Mass‐Selected Cluster Deposition Alexander

Anti‐correlations between Pt 4f binding energy and ORR catalysis

Glassy carbon oxidation by water, catalyzed by Ptn

High Pt 4f BE is associated with no carbon oxidation“normal ORR”

2 4 6 8 10

71,3

71,4

71,5

71,6

71,7

71,8

71,9pe

ak p

ositi

on o

f Pt 4

f 7/2 [

eV]

cluster size [atoms]

Bulk Pt = 71.2 eV

Only “normal”behavior “near‐

Normal”

Page 25: Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Electrodes ... · Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Model Electrodes Prepared By Mass‐Selected Cluster Deposition Alexander

Other examples of anticorrelationsbetween XPS BEs and Oxidation catalysis

Cluster Size (Number of Atoms)0 5 10 15 20 25 D

evia

tion

from

N-S

Cha

rge

Sca

ling

(eV

)

-0.4

-0.2

0.0

0.2

Act

ivity

(CO

2 pe

r TP

R x

109 )

0

2

4

6

8

10 ActivityPd 3d XPS Shift

Single Layer Islands

Growth of 2nd Layer

CO oxidation over Pdn/TiO2(110) under gas‐surface conditions

Page 26: Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Electrodes ... · Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Model Electrodes Prepared By Mass‐Selected Cluster Deposition Alexander

Other examples of anticorrelationsbetween XPS BEs and Oxidation catalysis

CO oxidation under gas‐surface conditionsAnticorrelationwith Valence band onset and with a particular type of binding site.

Ptn/alumina/Re(0001) 

Page 27: Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Electrodes ... · Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Model Electrodes Prepared By Mass‐Selected Cluster Deposition Alexander

What causes the Anticorrelations?Two perspectives on core level shifts:Initial State Final StateHigh BE means that Pt or Pdis in an electron‐poor (positively charged) state which stabilizes all the electronic orbitals.

Low BE means that Pt or Pdis electron rich, which increases electronic energy due to e‐‐e‐ repulsion

High BEs result from poor screening of the final state core hole.  Means that Pt or Pd are electron poor.

Low BE means that core hole is well screened and delocalized.  Pt or Pd must have electron rich and polarizable valence shells

Page 28: Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Electrodes ... · Effects of Catalytic Site Size on Activity of Model Electrodes Prepared By Mass‐Selected Cluster Deposition Alexander

Conclusions• Small, monodisperse clusters can have strongly size‐dependent 

chemistry– Activities (currents) are strongly size dependent– Peak or onset potentials are weakly size dependent

• Oxidation catalysis activity is dependent on electron rich clusters – rate limiting step is bond activation in water, EtOH

• H2O2/H2O branching in ORR may be controlled by the size of the available sites for O2 binding/dissociation

• Can see ORR, OER, HER, EOR, HPOR even on very small clusters –one to two atoms!

• For small clusters – need to avoid adventitous adsorbates to see inherent size dependence

• Mass activities are substantially higher than for Ptnano