effluent utilization and nutrient management plan in...

Effluent utilization and nutrient management plan in agriculture in the North China Plain

中国华北平原地区沼肥农业应用于营养管理计划M. Roelcke, M. Widdig, K. Täubert, Y.Y. Zhou, S.Y. Xin, B.X. Tong, Z.L. Gao,

W.Q. Ma, R. Nieder Kick-off and first Workshop ChinaRes, Beijing, Nov. 14, 2017

公开讨论：如何促进中国农业废弃物在沼气领域的应用

Institute of Geoecology布伦瑞克工业大学地质生态研究所

German-Chinese Agricultural Center

March 23, 2015: Official opening ceremony by German Federal Minister Schmidt and his Chinese colleague, Mr. Han Changfu

Contents of presentation 报告内容

1. Introduction 介绍

2. Nutrient aspects 养分方面

3. Biogas digestate ammonia emissions 沼肥氨气挥发

4. Results from field measurements in Hebei Province 河北省大田试验结果

5. Nutrient management calculations 养分管理计算

6. Conclusions on use of biogas effluent as fertilizer 沼渣沼液用作肥料的结论

November 14, 2017 | Roelcke | Workshop ChinaRes |

In the peri-urban areas of Beijing livestock densities reach 10-15 livestock units (LU) ha-1 (1 LU = 500 kg)北京城郊地区的饲养密度达到每公顷 10-15 家畜单位（LU）(GVE)（1 LU=500 公斤）

Pollution from livestock raising, wastewater is often dumped into rivers or canals来自家畜养殖业的污染，废水经常被倾倒入河流和运河

Soil pollution (HM, antibiotics) 土壤污染（重金属、抗生素）

Progressive de-coupling of plant production and animal husbandry 种植业和养殖业的逐渐分离

Landless livestock farms – logistical problems due to surrounding small-scale farmers土地紧张的禽畜饲养场 – 周围小规模的农户带来的物流问题

China now faces a major nutrient management challenge中国现面临养分管理的重大挑战




1.2 Pollution from excess nutrients 来自过剩营养的污染

DER SPIEGEL (2013)


2. Nutrient aspects养分方面（一）

2.1 Nutrient effect of nitrogen 氮的养分效应

Higher pH value of digestate in comparison with raw manure 与未经处理的粪便相比，沼肥中的pH较高: Effect on ammonia losses 氨气挥发效果.

NH4+-N constitutes roughly 65% (60-70%) of total N in digestates 沼肥中全氮的大约65 (60-70%)为氨态氮

Calculations using mineral fertilizer equivalents (MFE) 以化肥当量（MFE）计算:1st year: MFE = (40-60%) 第一年：MFE= (40-60%)

Longer-term application of digestate (10-15 years): MFE (1st year) = 60-70%. 70% (mainly NH4+-N).

沼肥的长期施用（10-15年）： MFE (第一年) = 60-70%. 70% (主要为铵态氮)。

But: Ammonia losses must be extensively avoided! 但是：氨挥发必须极力避免！

Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V. (FNR), modified 德国可再生能源处，修订


2.2 Nutrient effect of phosphorus, poassium 磷、钾的养分效应

Availability of P, K, Mg for fertilizer calculations: 磷、钾、镁有效性的肥料计算:P = 100% K = 100% Mg = 100%

Amount of solids in biogas plant determines the nutrient content of the digestate after fermentation

重要：沼气发酵罐中的固体量，决定发酵后沼肥中的养分构成。

If many solids in effluent high P content cropland area limited by P requirements of field crops

若沼液中固体多磷含量高农田面积受限于作物对磷的需求

If solids removed from effluent, cropland area limited by N (or K) requirements of field crops

若固体从沼液中分离农田面积受限于作物对氮（或钾）的需求

2. Nutrient aspects养分方面（二）


3. Biogas digestate ammonia emissions 沼肥氨排放

LfL Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture; TUM Chair of Plant Nutrition (Fabian Lichti, 2012) 巴伐利亚州立农业研究中心；慕尼黑工大植物营养研究所（ Fabian Lichti, 2012 ）

3.1 Ammonium / ammonia equilibrium at 20 °C, 20 °C 时的铵-氨平衡

Rel

ativ

e pr

opor

tion

of N

H4+

/ NH

3[%

]铵

/氨相

对比

例[%

]

pH

NH4+

NH3


4. Results from field measurements in Hebei Province沼肥氨挥发 - 河北省大田试验结果

• Years: 2015-17 (2015-17 年)• Locations: Baoding, Zhengding• Climate: subhumid （半湿润区）

• Mean annual temperature 13.4°C (年平均温度)

• Mean annual precipitation: 680 mm (年平均降雨量)

• Soil type: 潮褐土

Eutric Cambisol（饱和始成土）

• Soil pH (H2O): 6.9 – 8.0 (0-20 cm)• CaCO3: 0.1 – 3.7% (0-20 cm)


4. Biogas digestate ammonia emissions 沼肥氨挥发Calibrated Draeger-Tube Method (DTM)

Kevin Täubert, 2017 布伦瑞克工业大学

Dräger AG, Lübeck

氨管氨挥发测定装置：捕获装置、手泵等多功能气象站November 14, 2017 | Roelcke | Workshop ChinaRes |

4. Biogas digestate ammonia emissions沼肥氨挥发

Meike Widdig, 2016

October 19, 2016 | Roelcke | Manure Management Tianjin |

4.1 Zhengding, pak choi (Brassica rapa chinensis), May 2016 正定，小白菜

Biogas digestate沼液

Urea top-dressed尿素表施

Cow manure 牛粪

NH3 fluxes [mg N m-2 h-1] 氨挥发速率

4. Cumulative ammonia emissions沼肥氨挥发

Meike Widdig, 2016 布伦瑞克工业大学

Mean cumulative NH3 loss [kg N ha-1]平均累积氨挥发损失量

4.1 Zhengding, pak choi, May 2016正定，小白菜

Biogas digestate沼液表施肥Cow manure 牛粪表施肥Urea top-dressed尿素表施肥

测定小区示意图


4. Biogas digestate ammonia emissions沼肥氨挥发


0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.50

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

time since start [d]

Total flux [m

g N m

‐2h‐

1 ]

TD11

TD12

TD13

Top-dressed 表施 4 mm

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.50

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

time since start [d]

Total flux [m

g N m

‐2h‐

1 ]

DD11DD12DD13

4 mmFurrow application沟施

NH3 fluxes [mg N m-2 h-1]氨挥发速率

Starting date: Sept. 15, 2016

4.2 Zhengding, Chinese cabbage正定，大白菜


5. Biogas digestate ammonia emissions 沼肥氨挥发


Replication处理重复

Type of application施肥方式

Amount of applied NH4

+-N [kg N ha-1]铵态氮施用量

Absolute NH3 loss [kg N ha-1]

绝对氨挥发损失量

Relative NH3 loss [%]相对氨挥发损失比例

1 Top-dressed表施 49.81 1.76 ± 0.52 3.5 ± 1.0Furrow appl. 开沟混施 49.17 1.84 ± 0.45 3.8 ± 0.9

2 Top-dressed 48.97 4.72 ± 0.73 9.6 ± 1.4Furrow application 47.61 2.59 ± 0.33 5.4 ± 0.7



Mean absolute and relative NH3 losses

Zhengding, Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa chinensis), September 2016

表施沼液

沟施沼液

October 13, 2017 | Roelcke | Manure Management Dingzhou |

5. Nutrient management calculations 养分管理计算5.1 German scheme for determining fertilizer requirement (example)

德国计算肥料需求的体制（举例）

Landwirtschaftliches Technologiezentrum (LTZ) Augustenberg (modified) 农业工程中心(LTZ)奥古斯腾堡（修订）

Green maize 青饲玉米 N P2O5 K2O

Expected yield 预计产量:50 t FM per ha 每公顷50吨鲜物质 x 0.004 x 0.0017 x 0.0048

Crop removal 作物收割 [kg/ha]+ Unharvested parts 未收获 [kg/ha]= Nutrient requirement 养分需求 [kg/ha]

20420

224

86

86

241

241

Recommended fertilization 建议施肥量[kg/ha]

incl. soil N, deposition: 104包括土壤中的氮和大气氮素沉积

86 241

Fertilization plan 肥料计划[kg/ha]

50% mineral N, 50% digestate: 5250%无机氮肥，50%沼肥: 52

Biogas digestate contents [kg/m3] 沼肥组分全氮4.4 (x 60% NH4+-N铵氮) = 2.7 1.9 5.0

50% of N from digestate [kg/ha] 50%的氮由沼肥提供

52 / 2.7 kg NH4+-N/m³ = 19 m3 36 96

Additional mineral fertilization [kg nutrients/ha]另需化肥 [公斤养分/公顷]

52 49 145



5.2 Properties of digestate of biogas plant in a Pilot Pig Farm near Beijing 京郊试点猪场的沼肥属性

Item 指标 Stamm GuoDM 干物质 [% of FM] 0.81oDM 有机干物质 [% of DM] 54.0Total Kjeldahl N 全氮 [kg/m3 FM] 0.84-1.54 0.83 Total P 全磷 (Total P2O5) [kg/m3 FM] 0.18 (0.41) 0.06 (0.14)Total K 全钾 (Total K2O) [kg/m3 FM] 0.47 (0.57) 0.49 (0.59)NH4

+-N 铵态氮 [kg/m3] 0.895-1.608EC 电导率 [mS/cm] 12.3pH 7.6-7.8

Stamm (2013) Bonn University; Guo (2012) 中国农业大学



5.3 Crop nutrient requirements (Beijing region) (example)作物营养要求（北京地区）（举例）

Heimann et al., 2013 布伦瑞克工业大学

Crop type作物类型

Grain/fruit yield level[jin/mu][kg/ha]粮食/果子产量[斤/亩]

Mean N uptake

[jin N/mu][kg N/ha]平均氮需求量[斤氮/亩]

Mean P uptake

[jin P2O5/mu][kg P2O5/ha]平均磷需求量[斤磷/亩]

Mean K uptake

[jin K2O/mu][kg K2O/ha]平均钾需求量[斤钾/亩]

winter wheat冬小麦

6404,800

19145

646

16117

summer maize夏玉米

8966,720

26193

1182

27200

Orchards果园

3,15023,625

15113

1077.9

21160

jin/mu * 7.5 = kg/ha



5.4 Fertilization plan winter wheat-summer maize double-crop rotation (Beijing region) (example) 为冬小麦-夏玉米两季轮作制定肥料计划（北京地区为例）

Heimann et al., 2013 布伦瑞克工业大学; Luo et al., 2014 中国农业大学

Per 1 ha and year 每年每公顷 N P2O5 K2O

winter wheat/summer maizeMean nutrient requirements[kg /(ha*yr)]冬小麦/夏玉米平均养分需求

Winter wheat 冬小麦: 145 Summer maize夏玉米: 193

Total 共计: 338

Winter wheat冬小麦: 46Summer maize夏玉米: 82

Total: 128

WW: 117SM: 200

Total: 317Fertilization plan 肥料计划: 100% digestate 沼肥

Biogas digestate contents [kg/m3] 沼肥组分

1.57 全氮 x 70% (NH4+-N铵氮)

=1.10 0.899 0.990

100% of P from digestate[kg/ha] 所有磷由沼肥提供 157 (NH4

+-N铵氮) 128.3 / 0.899=143 m3/ha= 9.5 m3/mu(立方米/亩) 141

Additional mineral fertilization [kg nutrients/ha] 另需化肥 [公斤养分/公顷] 181 0 176


5. Nutrient management calculations 养分管理计算5.5 Prices of most commonly applied mineral fertilizers in China (average purchasing price for farmers in 2013) and their nutrient contents 中国最普遍施用的化肥价格（农民平均购买价）和其养分含量

Source: Fertilizer company in Hefei City, Anhui Province, June 2013

Fertilizer type肥料类型

Chinese name中文名

Price per kg bulk fertilizer

[RMB Yuan]每公斤价格[元]

pure nutrients

纯养分[% N]

pure nutrients

纯养分[% P2O5]

pure nutrients

纯养分[% K2O]

Urea 尿素 2.00 46 0 0

DAP (diammo-nium phosphate)

磷酸二铵 3.80 18 46 0

SSP (single superphosphate)

过磷酸钙 0.80 0 18 0

TSP (triple superphosphate)

重过磷酸钙 2.50 0 46 0

NPK fertilizer (15/15/15, Cl)

三个15复合肥 Cl 3.00 15 15 15

NPK fertilizer (15/15/15, S)

三个15复合肥 S 3.30 15 15 15

KCl 氯化钾 3.20 0 0 60


5. Nutrient management calculations 养分管理计算5.6 Saving mineral fertilizer costs winter wheat-summer maize double-crop rotation (Beijing region) (cost calculation example)节约化肥成本冬小麦-夏玉米两季轮作（以北京地区为例计算成本）

Heimann et al., 2013 布伦瑞克工业大学; Luo et al., 2014 中国农业大学

Per 1 mu and year 每亩每年 N P2O5 K2O

winter wheat/summer maizeMean nutrient requirements[jin N, P2O5, K2O/(mu*yr)]冬小麦/夏玉米平均养分需求[斤氮、磷、钾/亩*年]

Winter wheat冬小麦: 19.33 Summer maize夏玉米: 25.73

Total共计: 45.06

Winter wheat: 6.11冬小麦：6.11

Summer maize: 11.00夏玉米：11.0Total: 17.11

WW: 15.58SM: 26.82

Total: 42.40

Biogas digestate contents [kg/m3]沼肥组分 [kg/m3]

1.57 x 70% (NH4+-N铵氮)=1.10 0.899 0.990

Nutrients saved by digestate[jin N, P2O5, K2O/(mu*yr)]沼肥提供的纯养分

20.93 (NH4+-N) 17.11 (P2O5) 18.79 (K2O)

Costs saved [Yuan/(mu*yr)]节约的成本 [元/亩*年]

45.51 Yuan元 urea 尿素220.96 Yuan元 DAP 磷酸二铵209.33 Yuan元三个15复合肥

38.02 Yuan 元SSP 过磷酸钙70.67 Yuan元DAP 磷酸二铵

171.09 Yuan 元三个15复合肥

50.11 Yuan元KCl 氯化钾

187.92 Yuan元三个15复合肥


Yuan/mu * 2 ≈ EUR/ha


5.7 Calculation of area demand (example) 土地面积需求计算（举例）

Luo et al., 2014 中国农业大学

Per 1 ha and year 每公顷每年(Nutrient requirements calculated on basis of P 以磷为基准计算养分需求)Total volume 总体积(Annual amount of effluent) [m3] （每年沼肥需求量）[m3]

33,950

Calculated volume per ha 每公顷得出体积(100% of P from digestate 所有磷由沼肥提供) 143 m3/haCalculated volume per mu每亩得出体积(100% of P from digestate 所有磷由沼肥提供) 9.5 m3/muAnnual area demand [ha/yr] 每年土地面积需求 [公顷/年] 33,950 m3/yr : 143 m3/ha = 238 ha/yrAnnual area demand [mu/yr]每年土地面积需求 [亩/年] 33,950 m3/yr : 9.5 m3/mu ≈3,570 mu/yr


Only C is reduced: high loads of N, P, K still remain in the digested effluent只有碳减少了：高含量的氮磷钾仍在沼液中

Digestate very suitable for maize with its high N demand; if loss-reducing techniques used can help save high amounts of mineral N fertilizers 适用于玉米，因为玉米对氮需求量高；如果采取防止养分流失的措施则可以节省大量氮肥

Mineral N fertilization has to be reduced since the available biogas effluent N makes up at least 60% (-70%) of the total N化肥氮肥必须减少，因为沼肥中的可用氮占到全氮的最少60%（至70%）

If continuous application over several years: High balance surpluses for P and K若连续几年施肥：磷和钾含量会过剩

Frequently P is limiting factor for cropland demand (besides N)磷通常是农田养分需求的限制因素（除了氮）

Digestates should also be targeted on crops with high P and K requirements 沼肥应当也着眼于磷和钾需求高的作物

Double-cropping systems, as frequent in China, are very positive. Nutrients taken up all year round双季轮作在国内很普遍，对养分利用有积极作用。养分可以被全年利用

Application of digestate to cereals and orchards is recommended; but viewed as critical to leafy vegetables, which are mostly shallow-rooting and for direct human consumption 建议对谷物和果园施肥；对根浅的和用于人类食用的叶菜施肥不被推荐

Möller et al., (2009), Institute of Plant Nutrition, Hohenheim Uni 霍恩海姆大学植物营养研究所; Thüringen Ministry of Agriculture Report (2013)

6. Conclusions on use of biogas effluent as fertilizer 沼渣沼液做肥料的结论


Please feel free to ask questions!欢迎提问 [email protected] or [email protected]

Supported by: Photo: Täubert, 2016BMBF-MOST: „Recycling of organic residues from agricultural and municipal origin in China“ (2008-2012)GIZ 德国国际合作机构 Sino-German Project of Optimization Biomass Utilization 中德生物质能优化利用项目(2009-2013)Heinrich-Böll Foundation 海因里希·伯尔基金会 (2015)DAAD-CSC PPP project „Quantifying ammonia emissions from cropland after application of different organic fertilizers including biogas digestate from intensive animal husbandry operations in the North China Plain” (2016-2017) 国家留学基金管理委员会 (CSC) 和德意志学术交流中心 (DAAD) 2015年中德合作科研项目 (PPP)


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