elementary

altahir@specialist.ru

Countable nouns Uncountable nouns

It is possible to use words like one/ two/ three with such nouns.

a computer two computers

It is impossible to use one, two, three etc. with uncountable nouns directly, however we use words such as {a piece of, a glass of, a cup}

a cup of tea, a bar of chocolate Countable can be singular or plural.a motherboard motherboards

Uncountable nouns have only one form.data, capacity

Countable nouns in singular form require {a, an}.

a computer, an engineer

Uncountable nouns don’t use {a, an}

We use the word some with both countable (plural) and uncountable nouns.some computers, some hard disks, some video cardssome data, some sugar, some cake, some money, some cheese

  Some words act as countable and uncountable depending on their

meaning.  a cake some cake; a chicken some chicken;

some cakes; some chickens;

a piece of cake. a piece of chicken .

  Some words are only in plural form

scissors, glasses, trousers, jeans, shorts, people, police etc.

Some words are usually uncountable:Information, advice, weather, news, bread, furniture, work 

Some plurals don’t end in –s:a man men, a woman women, a foot feet,a tooth teeth a child children, a mouse mice

  also:

one person two people Words that end with an s, sh, ch or x add es to their plural form.

glass glasses match matches dish dishes box boxes 

Words that end with a constant + o often take es for plural.tomato tomatoes potato potatoes 

Words that end with vowel + o take only s in the plural form. radio radios

Subject Pronouns:

English Russian English Russian

I я he он

we мы she она

you вы, ты it оно

they они

Object pronouns:

English Russian English Russian

me меня him его

us нас her ее

youтебя, вас

it его

them их

Possessive pronouns:

English Russian English Russian

my, mine мое his, his его

our, ours наше her, hers ее

your, yours твое, ваше its, its его

their, theirs их

computer central processorflash memory

hair

monitor main memory eyebrow eyelashes

mouse hard disc lip forehead

keyboard compact disc teeth chin

acoustic system

digital video disc ear cheek

printer video card eye nose

scanner network card mouth tea

mouse pad TV tuner tongue coffee

good bad fat thin

big small tall short

full empty young old

open closed wet dry

hot cold new old

happy sad fast slow

high low rich poor

hard softexpensive

cheap

Subject Pronoun Form of verb to BE

II AmAm

HeHe

IsIsSheShe

ItIt

WeWe

AreAreYouYou

They They

Subject Pronoun Form of verb to Have

II

HaveHaveWeWe

YouYou

They They

HeHe

HasHasSheShe

ItIt

Subject Pronoun Form of verb to Do

II

DoDoWeWe

YouYou

They They

HeHe

DoesDoesSheShe

ItIt

VERBS VERBS VERBS VERBS

study read installcalculate

teach write launch record

eat go view copy

drink come browse paste

Subject PronounForm of verb to BE

negative

II AmAm

notnot

HeHe

IsIsSheShe

ItIt

WeWe

AreAreYouYou

They They

Subject Pronoun

Form of verb to Do

negative verb

II

DoDo

notnot

studystudyread read have*have*do*do*

WeWe

YouYou

They They

HeHe

DoesDoesSheShe

ItIt

Subject Pronoun Form of verb to BE

AmAm II

IsIs

HeHe

SheShe

ItIt

AreAre

WeWe

YouYou

They They

Subject PronounForm of verb to Do

verb

DoDo

II

studystudyread read have*have*do*do*

WeWe

YouYou

They They

DoesDoes

HeHe

SheShe

ItIt

The adjective is mentioned before the noun:They use a modern computer (not ‘a computer modern’).

  The ending of the adjective is always the same:

a different monitor (not ‘differents’).  The adjectives are much used in the following form:

be (am / are / was etc.) + adjectiveYou are tall. She is bright. The car is fast.The cell phone

is small.The computer is a multitask device.

We use adjectives after the verbs look/ feel/ smell/ taste/ sound + adjectiveYou look tired. Yes, I feel tired.Don’t use that computer. It is infected with a malicious virus.

Adverbs, tell you how something is happens or how somebody does something.The file is downloaded slowly. Windows works reliably.Your English is improving quickly.

  Usually, one must add (ly) to an adjective to get a corresponding

adverb.quick quickly, slow slowly, bad badly, reliable

reliably

Some adverbs have a form different from the adjective of the similar meaning.good well

  Can you feel the difference?

I have a quick computer. My computer is operating quickly.

Study carefully the following examples:The price of her computer is 800$. The price of his computer is 900$.Her computer is cheaper. His computer is more expensive.

  It is possible to use (than) after comparison

Her computer is cheaper than his computer.His computer is more expensive than hers.Notes the difference between the two examples (his computer) and (hers).

  One should add (–er) to short words of one syllable.

old older fast faster small smallerslow slower big bigger

One should add the word (more) before words that are longer than one syllable.careful more careful polite more politeexpensive more expensivecomplicated more complicated

We use (more than) and (less than) to give a mere judgment:A: Your computer cost 500$. B: No, more than that.I have more problems than you.

For a more precise judgment we use the words (a bit / much)I am a bit taller than you. Our car is much better than their car.My computer is much more expensive than yours.

When comparing many items, the one that stands farthest is usually marked in a superlative form. Usually, it is possible to obtain this form by adding (est) or most, and a (the) article must come before the word;old the oldestcheap the cheapestnice the nicest careful the most carefulinteresting the most interesting

There are several rules regarding the word order if we follow them, our sentenced will be correct from the grammar point of view.

verb + object, study the examples:He speaks English very well. (not ‘very well English’).Did you watch TV all evening? (not ‘watch all evening

TV’).Paul often wears a black hat. (not ‘wears often’).

 If there is information regarding place and time, the

order should be first place and only than time, for example:Ann walks to school everyday. (not ‘everyday to school’).I usually go to bed early. (not ‘early to bed’).