energy security of cities in korea
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Research Workshop Interconnections of Global Problems in East Asia October 18 th – 21 st , Seoul, South Korea. Energy Security of Cities in Korea. YUN, Sun-Jin (Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University). Contents. Energy, Society and Sustainable Development - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Energy Security of Cities in Korea
YUN, Sun-Jin(Graduate School of Environmental Studies,
Seoul National University)
Research WorkshopInterconnections of Global Problems in East AsiaOctober 18th – 21st, Seoul, South Korea
Contents
1. Energy, Society and Sustainable Development
2. The Current Status of Energy P & C
3. The Current Status of GHG Emission
4. Energy P & C by Region
5. E5 in Korea
6. Energy Alternatives for Sustainable Korea
1. Energy, Society andSustainable Development
1. Energy, Society and Sustainable Development
Energy understood by Modernists
u Five Stages of Growth by Walt Rostow (1960): Traditional Society The Preconditions for Take-off The
Take-off The Drive to Maturity The Age of High Mass-Consumption
u Leslie White: C = E T§ Technology is an attempt to solve the problems of survival.§ This attempt ultimately means capturing enough energy and diverting it for human needs.§ Societies that capture more energy and use it more efficiently have an advantage over other societies§ Therefore, these different societies are more advanced in an evolutionary sense.
3
The Relationship b/w Energy & Civilization
u Tacit Social Assumption: Is this Valid?
C = k (energy) ?u Questions on Civilization
§ What is civilization?§ What are criteria to judge the level of
civilization?§ How are energy and civilization related
to each other? § The more energy, the better society?
4
1. Energy, Society and Sustainable Development
• Since energy production, consumption and distribution occur in a certain social system’ network (Winner, 1982), the energy issue has to be dealt with from a perspective on energy system not just energy sources.
• The Energy system of a society is related to “social-technological-economic system.”
• Hard energy path vs. Soft energy path by Emory Lovins
• Unsustainable energy system vs. Sustainable energy system
Energy and Energy System
5
1. Energy, Society and Sustainable Development
Energy and Sustainable Development
Social
Energy
Motor of economicactivities
Prerequisite ofHuman needs
EnvironmentalStress
Environmental
Economic Social
SustainableEnergy
Supply securityEfficiency
EquityDemocraticparticipation
Low carbonLow pollution
Environmental
Economic
6
1. Energy, Society and Sustainable Development
<Centralized System> < Decentralized System >
7
1. Energy, Society and Sustainable Development
8
<Source: Alanne and Saari, 2006, “Distributed energy generation and Sustainable development,” Renewables and Sustainable Energy, 10(6): 539-558>
1. Energy, Society and Sustainable Development
9
<Decentralized System> < Distributed System >
<Source: Alanne and Saari, 2006, “Distributed energy generation and Sustainable development,” Renewables and Sustainable Energy, 10(6): 539-558>
1. Energy, Society and Sustainable Development
<Source: Martinez 와 Ebenback, 2008, UNDP, 2005>
Basic Right for Energy & Energy Welfare
10
u Energy is necessary for maintaining the quality of human life.u Energy is directly relevant to welfare. u “Basic right for energy”: Securing access to energyu Energy supply does not need to increase continuously: HDI and En-
ergyu The amount of energy required to meet basic human needs has de-
creased.
1. Energy, Society and Sustainable Development
Energy and Sustainable Development: An Evolving Agenda
11
<Source: Adil Najam and Cutler J. Cleveland, 2003, “Energy and SustainableDevelopment at Global Summits,” Environment, Development and Sustainability,Vol. 5: 117-138>
1. Energy, Society and Sustainable Development
UK Stern Review (06)IEA(09)
World GDP 5~20% decrease annually with existing econ-
omy
Global energy con-sumption 40% in-
crease by 2030 (com-pared with 07)
Resource R/P(Oil 42yrs, Gas
60yrs, Coal 122yrs)BP statistical Re-
view(09)
Increase of GHG Emissions
Increase of Energy Consumption
Depletion of Resources
2. Energy and Sustainability
Simultaneous Crises
Oil price increase, deepened polarization, climate disaster in-crease More risks to poor people
12
2. The Current Status ofEnergy Production & Consumption in Korea
<Source: IEA, 2009>
Increasing Global Energy Consumption
14
2. The Current Status of Energy P & C in Korea
<Source: BP, 2010>
R/P of Oil and Production & ConsumptionProduction(3820.5 MT)
Middle East 30.3%
Europe & Eurasia 22.4%
Africa 12.0%
Middle & South America 6.4%
North America 16.5%
Asia Pacific 10.0%
Middle East 8.7%
Europe & Eurasia 23.5%
Africa3.7%
Middle & South America 6.6%
North America 26.4%
Asia Pacific 31.0%Consumption(3882.1 MT)
(Unit: Year)
World 45.7 yrs
NorthAmerica
Middle & SouthAmerica
Europe &
Eurasia
Middle East
AfricaAsia
Pacific
15
2. The Current Status of Energy P & C in Korea
2. The Current Status of Energy P & C in Korea
Per Capita Energy Consumption & R/P (07)<Source: BP, 2010>
16
Exploitation
Import 96.5%[950Billion $]
Introduction
236.5MTOE[100%]
Primary Energy
55.0MTOE[23.3%]
Transformation•Loss
181.5M TOE[76.7%]
Final Energy
self-ex-
ploita-tion
Import line
Oil
Bituminous coal
LNG
Nuclear
AnthraciteNew& Renew-able
Industry57.6%
Transport20.4%
Residential•Commercial
19.8%
Others2.3%
Raw ma-teri-
al24.6%
Nuclear 35.5%Bituminous 37.3%LNG 19.4%Oil 4.5%Anthracite 1.1%Hydro 1.3%N& R 0.9%
4.2%
37.7%
Middle east(80.7%)
Qatar Oman In-donesia
Australia China Indonesia
Russia US Aus-tralia
China Australia Vietnam
Domestic prod. 3.5%
873MB
25.6MT
79.4MT
823T U
5.4MT
44.6%
14.7%
22.9%
13.0%
2.4%2.4%
Refining
Town gas
Heat
Elec-tricity
4,031B kWh
1.438MTOE
18.885 MTOE
2.8Mb/d
Uranium
Oil55%
Coal13%
Town gas10%
Elec.18%
Flow of E. Production & Consumption (07)
17
2. The Current Status of Energy P & C in Korea
3. Energy Production and Consumption in Korea
The Trend of GDP Energy Consumption
18
1990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620071.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
2.5
2.2
2.4
2.1
3.9
3.5
1.0
GDP1 인당 GDP1 차에너지 소비1 인당 1 차에너지 소비
최종에너지 소비1 인당 최종에너지 소비
전력 소비1 인당 전력 소비에너지원단위
GDP/CapitaPrimary energy consumptionPrimary energy consumption/capitaFinal energy consumptionFinal energy consumption/capita
3. Energy Production and Consumption in Korea
The Trend of GDP Energy Consumption
19
Electricity consumptionElectricity consumption/capitaEnergy intensity
3. Energy Production and Consumption in Korea
GDP & Energy Consumption by growth rate
20
Economic Growth, Energy, & Electricity
21
3. Energy Production and Consumption in Korea
GDP 1% Increase Energy Demand 0.98% In-crease
GDP 1 % Increase Elect. Demand 0.98% In-crease
Energy Demand g/r GDP g/r
GDP g/rElect. Demand g/r
<Source: Yong-Seok Yang, 2010>
<Source: KEMCO, 2009>
Primary Energy Consumption by Sources
22
3. Energy Production and Consumption in Korea
Coal Oil Nuclear Other
Energy Consumption and Value-added
23
3. Energy Production and Consumption in Korea
Energy Value-added Energy Value-added Energy Value-added
Others
Fabri-cated metalIron & Steel*Non-metal-lic*Petro-chemi-cal*Paper & Publica-tion*Textile ApparelFood Tabacco
Energy-inten-sive Industry*
<Source: KEMCO, 2009>
RankPrimary E.Cons.(MTOE)
Oil Cons.(MT)
Oil Import(MT)
Coal Cons.(MT)
Elect. Cons.(TWh)
1 US(2,340) US(942) US(573) China (1,314) US(4,052)
2 China(1,956) China (363) Japan(206) US(573) China (2,676)
3 Russia(672) Japan(230) China (159) India(213) Japan(1,050)4 India(595) India(129) India(122) Japan(125) Russia(872)
5 Japan(514) Russia(126) Korea(118) Russia(94) Germany(591)
6 Germany(331) Germany(113)
Germany(106)
Germany(86) India(558)
7 Canada(269) Korea(108) Italy(94) Korea(60) Canada(547)
8 France(264) Canada(103) France(81) Poland(58) France(479)
9 Brazil(236) Brazil(100) Netherlands(58)
Australia(56) Brazil(390)
10 Korea(222) Saudi(96) Taiwan(42) Korea(389)전체 12,029 3,939 2,091 3,195 17,377자료 IEA KEEI IEA KEEI IEA
Data: IEA, 2009, Key World Energy Statistics, KEEI, Yearbook of Energy Statistics, 2009 Note: Korea ranked 12th in terms of GDP in the same year, 2007.
Comparison among Countries (2007)
24
3. Energy Production and Consumption in Korea
Sites
: under operation : under construction : under planning
Ulchin
Wolsung
KoriYoungk-wang
• Total 20 reactors under operation 28 reactors in 2016• Nuclear-generated electricity accounted for 35%• 22 more reactors are planed to be constructed by 2022
Transmission
The Status of Nuclear In Korea
25
3. Energy Production and Consumption in Korea
Capital areas con-sume 38%
Note: World total nuclear capacity was 372GW in 2007 (total top 10 country’s was 324GW, total of others’ was 48GW).
OECD accounted for 84.3% electricity-generated by nuclear. Nuclear-generated electricity accounted for 13.8% of total electricity generation.Data IEA, 2009, Key World Energy Statistics; National Statistical Office, 2010.
rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Installa-tion ca-pacity
US France Japan Rus-sia
Ger-many Korea Ukrain
eCana
da UK Swe-den
(GW) 106 63 49 22 20 18 13 13 11 9(TWh, %) 29.9 16.7 9.1 6.3 5.7 4.9 3.4 3.1 2.8 2.5Genera-
tion share
France
Ukraine
Swe-den
Ko-rea Japan Ger-
many US UK Rus-sia
Canada
(%) 77.9 47.2 45.0 33.6 23.5 22.3 19.4 16.1 15.8 14.6
Density Ko-rea Japan France Ger-
many UK Ukraine Swe-den US Rus-
siaCanad
a(kW/km2) 1.70 1.27 1.14 0.56 0.41 0.22 0.20 0.10 0.01 0.01
4. Energy Crises
World Top 10 Nuclear Countries (2007)
26
3. The Current Status ofGHG Emissions in Korea
<Source : Won-Tae Kwon, 2007>
Global Mean Temperature Change (since 1906): +0.74℃
Global Mean Temperature Change (since 1912): +1.5℃
Proceeding of Climate Change in Korea4. Energy Crises
29
Korea Mean Temperature (deg C)
<Source, Ministry of Economy and Knowledge, 2009> 30
4. Energy Crises
Waste
Agri.Indus-trial Process
Transforma-tion (35.5%)
Industry (31.3%)Transportation (19.8%)Res./Com. (11.3%)Pub./Others (0.9%)Leakage (1.2%)
CO2CH4
N2O
HFCsPFCs
SF6
(Unit: MTCO2)
GHG Emissions by Gas & by Sector (2006)
TotalEnergy
Industrial Process
Agri-culture Waste
Total Transf. Industry Transp. Res./Com.
Pub./Others
Leak-age
599.5 505.4 179.6 158.3 99.8 57.2 4.3 6.2 63.7 2.5 2.6
Total CO2 CH4 N2O HFCs PFCs SF6
599.5 505.4 179.6 158.3 99.8 57.2 4.3
Energy
year Primary Energy(1000TOE)Primary Final
1970 19,678 17,882
1980 43,911 37,597
1990 93,192 75,107
2000 192,887 149,852
2003 215,067 163,995
2005 228,622 170,854
2006 233,372 173,584
2030 300,400 207,500
4. Energy Crises
Basic National Plans for Energy & Elec.
• The 4th Electricity Demand & Supply Plan - Elect. Demand increase 2.1% in average ('08: 3,686→‘22: 500.1billion kWh) - 12 Nuclear reactors, 7 Coal-fired, 11 LNG 11 are planned to be constructed
more during ‘09~’22. - The share of nuclear capacity 33%, the share of generation 48% by 2022 31
<Energy Mix>
Unit: MTOE
CoalLNG
OilNew & Oth.Nuk
e
DSM
Government The National AssemblyThe 1st Comprehensive Counter Plan for the Framework Convention on Climate Change(1999~2001)Act on Countermeasures Against Global warming (draft)
1999
2000
2001Act on Countermeasures for Prevention of Global Warm-ing (draft)Act on Countermeasures to reduce GHGs Emissions (draft)
The 2nd Comprehensive Counter Plan (2002~2004) 2002
2003
2004 Act on Countermeasures for Prevention of Global Warm-ing (draft)
The 3rd Comprehensive Counter Plan (2005~2007) 2005
2006
The 4th Comprehensive Counter Plan (a five-year plan) 2007
The Basic Act on Climate Change Countermea-sures (draft)The Comprehensive Plan on Combating Climate Change (08~12)
2008The Basic Act on Climate Change Countermeasures (draft)The Basic Act on Climate Change Response and GHGs Reduction Support (draft)
The Framework Act on Low-carbon, Green-growth (draft)Announcement of National mid-term reduction target
2009The Framework Act on Climate Change Countermea-sures (draft)Framework Act on Low Carbon Green Growth
2. GHG Emissions and Climate Actions in Korea
Climate Change-related Responses: Plans & Acts(2)
32
Plans Sector/
project
Detail Note
The 1st Comprehen-sive Counter Plan(1999)
4 /36
1. Decreasing GHG Emissions (27)2. Applying the Flexibility Mechanism(1)3. Decreasing PFC, HFC, SF6 Emissions (1)4. Creating Infrastructure of Reducing GHG Emis-
sions (7)
• Korea’s first national plan on climate change• A Three-year plan
The 2nd Comprehen-sive Counter Plan (2002)
5 /84
1. Building Negotiation Capacity (6)2. Exploiting technologies for GHG Emissions Re-
duction (20)3. Enhancing GHG Reduction Measures (40)4. Kyoto Mechanism & Building Statistical Data-
base (8)5. Scaling up citizens' Participation and Coopera-
tion (1)
• Establishing Basic Frame-work
The 3rd Comprehen-sive Counter Plan (2005)
3 /91
1. Establishing foundation of the Implementation of Agreements(30)
2. Reducing Sectoral GHG emissions (45)3. Building Infrastructure for Adapting CC (16)
• Adding Adap-tation Measures
The 4th Comprehen-sive Counter Plan (2007)
5 /19
1. GHG Emissions Reduction (6)2. Climate Change Adaptation (3)3. Research and Development (4)4. Building Infrastructure (4)5. International Cooperation (2)
• Presidential transition pe-riod• A Five-year plan
The Compre-hensive Plan on Combat-ing Climate Change (2008)
4 /176
1. Developing Climate industry as a new economic driving force (48)
2. Improving the Quality of Life and the Environ-ment (106)
3. Contributing to the Global Efforts to Combat CC (12)
4. Key Policy Tools (10)
• “Low Car-bon, Green Growth” Vi-sion• A Five-year plan
Def
ensi
ve p
osit
ion
Rela
tive
ly
Proa
ctiv
e
33
G20 in Toyako, Japan (July 2008) : The President, Lee Myung-bak announced a plan to build Korea’s national mid-term reduction targetby the end of 2009
International DimensionDomestic Dimension SignificanceTarget Setting
•Early Mover• Upgrading brand value of Nation
and Business
• Acting as a Mediator b/w Developed and Developing Countries
• Past 60 yrs:‘Export target’•Future 60 yrs:‘Reduction Target’• Sharing Signal of People &
Business
Upgrading the image of Korea
Key Indicator ofLow Carbon Green Growth
3. Korea’s GHG Emissions Reduction Target
Background of Establishing Mid-Term Target in Korea
G20 in L’Aquila, Italy (July 2009) : The President, Lee Myung-bak reannounced its’ plan for mid-term reduction target
August 2009: The Presidential Committee on Green Growth announcedthree scenarios of Korea’s reduction target
Inducing Transition of Development paradigm
Playing a Leading Role in Int’l Nego.
34
3. Korea’s GHG Emissions Reduction Target
Three Scenarios of Mid-Term Target in Korea
S.
Reduction TargetSelection Criteria
Examples of Major Tools & MeasuresBased
on BAUBased on 2005
Vs. 1990
I -21% +8% +115%
Cost-effec-tive tech. & policy
• Expansion of green home & building• Distribution of highly efficient prod-ucts (eg. LED)• Redesign of transportation system• Innovation of industrial processes• Expansion of Nuclear & Renewables & partial Introduction of mart grid
II -27% Freeze +99%Sharing similar re-duction costs
• Elimination of F-gases• Dissemination of hybrid cars• Expansion of mixing rates of biofuel• Partial Introduction of CCS
III -30% -4% +91%
Developing countries’ maximum target re-quired
• Dissemination of next generation green cars (eg. Electric cars & fuel cell cars)• Dissemination of the most highly ef -ficient products• Strengthening introduction of CCS
35
Gradual decrease of annual growth rate of total emis-sions Decreasing trend of CO2 intensity (tCO2/million Won) Increasing trend of per capita emissions resulting from
income increase and population decrease
3. Korea’s GHG Emissions Reduction Target
Prospect of Korea’s Mid-term GHG Emissions
(Source: PCGG)
Total emissions (MtCO2)CO2 Intensity (tCO2/Mwon)Per capita emission(tCO2)
36
(Source: PCGG)
3. Korea’s GHG Emissions Reduction Target
Comparison of Three Targets
BAU
0%
Vs. 2000
Vs. BAU
(Unit: MtCO2)
Mid-term Target was determined in November 2011, and submitted to the UN in Jan. 2010
99%
37%
37
Building Sector Transportation Sector• 31% reduction by ’20 compared
with BAU• Strengthening energy perfor-
mance standards: 50% reduction in heat and cooling from ‘12, pas-sive house level from ’17, manda-tory zero energy from ’25
• Energy consumption cap from ‘10• Energy management in energy in-
tensive building from ’11• Certificate of energy consumption
from ’12 in case of purchasing & rent
• 33~37% reduction from BAU by ‘20
• Designating green transportation zone; green vechicle first; sid-count point for mass transit
• Expansion of rail road in the share of total SOC (29% in ’09 50% in ’20)
• Over 65% sharing of mass transit
Industrial Sector Transformation Sector• Energy target setting program
from ’10 (for energy intensive in-dustries with more than 0.5 MTOE )
• Expansion of nuclear (41% of in-stallation by ’30, 59% of genera-tion)
• Introduction of RPS in ’12• building Smart grid
3. Korea’s GHG Emissions Reduction Target
GHG Emission Mitigation Policies
(Source: PCGG)
38
39
Korea’s GHG Management SystemSubmission to UNFCCC
Ministry of Env’t as a dele-gator
National GHG inven-tory
National Center for GHGInventory & Research
(ME)Inventory by sector
Energy/industrial pro-cesses (MKE) Waste (ME) Building & Transportation
(MLTM)Agriculture & forestry (MIFAFF)
Compa-nies to be managed
Min-istries in charge of
each sector
Submission of state-ments
Specified manage-
ment
Target Setting Pro-gram
3. Korea’s GHG Emissions Reduction Target
Non-industrial sector reduc-tion
Residen-tial
Transpor-tation Public
4. Energy Production &Consumption by Region& by Class in Korea
4. Energy Crises
Public Awareness of Nuclear in Korea (09)
Where will nuclear planted be sited?41
Acceptance of nuclear plantsin my community
Unit: %
Ne-ces-sityNu-clear safety
Waste safety Addi-tionalSame capac-ity
Acceptance in communi-ties Agree: 26.9% Disagree: 61.4%
Income and Energy Poverty (1)
Income level 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
The 1st Quarter 15.7 14.9 15.1 14.5 14.0 15.0
The 2nd Quarter 6.9 6.6 7.0 6.8 6.6 7.0
The 3rd Quarter 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 4.9 5.4
The 4th Quarter 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.1 4.4
<Source: National Statistical Office, 2010 Modified> 42
4. Energy Crises
(Unit: million Won) Under 100
100~Under 200
200~Under300
300~Under 400
400~Under500
500~Under 600
More than 600
E. Cons.(1000 ㎉ )
8,964 10,806 12,163 13,403 14,247 15,323 16,804
E. Costs (1000W) 815 982 1,104 1,248 1,341 1,473 1,630
Total (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0)
briquette 5.6 3.4 0.9 0.2 - - -
Oil 26.5 14.1 12.2 7.6 4.6 5.8 3.4
Gas 38.4 53.5 56.5 58.9 58.1 51.6 46.3
Electricity 25.1 25.2 24.6 24.5 24.6 24.5 24.3
Heat 3.4 3.0 5.5 8.7 12.7 18.1 25.9
Firewood 0.9 0.8 0.3 0.0 - - -Note: 1. LPG included in gas, Hot water included in heat, Energy costs exclude hot water and firewood. 2. Figures by energy source means expenditures for energy per 10 thousand won of income. Source: Ministry of Economy and Knowledge, 2008 43
4. Energy Crises
Income and Energy Poverty (2)
Income and Energy Poverty (3)year Briquette
(W/1 briq.)Kerosene
(W/ℓ)Town gas(W/ ㎥ )
Electricity(W/kWh)
1990 185 191 285 69 1995 185 262 297 86 2000 185 545 461 95
2005 202 874 486 91 2008 283 1,239 526 98
Average an-nual price in-
crease rate(%)34.6 84.6 45.8 29.6
44
Expansion of energy welfare required Not just more supply of energy, but energy price system restructured, policy target group needs to be extended, energy efficiency im-provement required
4. Energy Crises
4. Energy Crises
Separation of Producing sites and Consuming Sites and Transmission
45
• Environmental Pollution: Air, Water, Noise
• Pleasant• Comfortable
Consuming Sites
Power PlantsLong distance trans-
mission required
• Transmission and distribu-tion loss in Korea is 2%, re-spectively, in average,
• Long distance transmission cause high electricity loss High voltage transmission lines are preferred Result-ing in high installation costs
• High costs required for maintenance and repair
• Health threat to local residents along with transmission facilities: Increasing concerns about mi-croelectronic waves
• Invasion of property rights by compulsory purchase and land price down
• Deforestation and damage on landscape because of installation of transmission facilities.
Socio-Environmental Costs
Economic Costs
HouseholdsCommercial, In-dustrial, Educa-
tionalAgricultural, Street
lights
By Use
- Differential basic rates- Progressive rates be-
yond basic level (High Voltage: 6 stages 10 times; Low voltage: 6 stages 11.7times)
- Differential rates by voltage
- Differential rates by voltage
- Differential rates by sea-son
- Differential rates by time- Selective rates by loads
- Differential rates by kinds of crops
Gap (grain production)Eul (raising seedling)Byung (crop production)
- Single charge for street lights
<Source: Korea Electricity Association, Yearbook of Electricity 2009>
No charges to general consumers by transmission distances
4. Energy Crises
The Current Electricity Price System
46
4. Energy Crises
47
(GWh) Electricity consumption (A) Electricity production (B) A/B (times) B/A*100(%)
Seoul 44,096 1,165 37.9 2.6
Busan 18,709 37,657 0.5 201.3
Daegu 13,265 114 116.4 0.9
Incheon 19,915 49,316 0.4 247.6
Gwangju 7,045 8 880.6 0.1
Daejeon 8,088 203 39.8 2.5
Ulsan 24,132 8,103 3.0 33.6
Gyeonggi 81,849 17,731 4.6 21.7
Gangwon 13,896 6,823 2.0 49.1
Chungbuk 17,375 917 18.9 5.3
Chungnam 30,428 107,216 0.3 352.4
Jeonbuk 15,928 1,023 15.6 6.4
Jeonnam 21,868 61,137 0.4 279.6
Gyeongbuk 37,165 76,122 0.5 204.8
Gyeongbuk 28,075 52,455 0.5 186.8
Jeju 3,183 2,363 1.3 74.2
4. Energy Crises
48
Production & Consumption by Primary Energy Source
Seou
lBusa
nDae
gu
Inche
on
Gwangju
Daejeo
nUlsa
n
Gyeong
gi
Gangw
on
Chung
buk
Chung
nam
Jeonb
uk
Jeonn
am
Gyeong
buk
Gyeong
nam Jeju
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000Production Consumption
(Uni
t: 1
,000
TO
E)
4. Energy Crises
49
Electricity Consumption by Sector
Seou
lBusa
nDae
gu
Inche
on
Gwangju
Daejeo
nUlsa
n
Gyeong
gi
Gangw
on
Chung
buk
Chung
nam
Jeonb
uk
Jeonn
am
Gyeong
buk
Gyeong
nam Jeju
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
Industry Transportation Res./Com Public/Oth.
(Uni
t: G
Wh)
4. Energy Crises
50
Electricity Consumption by Sector
Seou
lBusa
nDae
gu
Inche
on
Gwangju
Daejeo
nUlsa
n
Gyeon
ggi
Gangw
on
Chung
buk
Chung
nam
Jeonb
uk
Jeonn
am
Gyeon
gbuk
Gyeon
gnam Jej
u0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500 4057.3
3594.6 3614.5 3673.1 3691.4 3824.5
3567.8 3857.1
2013.2 2024.4 2040.9 2173.7
1772.4 1815.6
2393.1
2033.2
National average: 3051.0
4. Energy Crises
Transmission Facility Extension Plans
<Source: The 4th Electricity Demand & Supply Plan, 2008>
* The length of transmission circuit by 2022: 1.34times vs. 2007
* ( ) shows the number of transformer stations in each year.** The number of transformer substation in 2022: 1.37times vs. 2007.
(Unit: C-km (No.))
51
Voltage 2007(real) 2012 2017 2022
765kV 755(5) 1,004(7) 1,004(8) 1,004(8)
345kV 8,284(81) 9,585(98) 9,988(107) 9,998(107)
154kV 19,917(591) 24,401(699) 26,336(768) 27,715(811)
Total 28,956(677) 34,990(804) 37,328(883) 38,717(926)
4. Energy Crises
Conflicts among Locals Contrast of interests between capital areas and non-capital - Large scale power plants and transmission lines for capital areas - Single electricity prices for household residents
2007 Whole country (A) Capital areas (B) Rate (B/A*100)
Elect. Cons. (GWh) 368,605 140,516 38.1
Capacity (MW) 67,246 14,765 22.0
52
Whole coun-tryCapital areas
Nu-clear
Bitu-mi-nous
An-thracite
LNG Petro HydroNew & re-new
Col-lec-tive
5. Energy Alternatives forSustainable Korea
<Source: The basic plan for national energy (2008)>
§ To improve energy intensity to the level of developed countries
Energy intensity
(toe/Thousand $)
0.335*
0.185Korea
OECD 0.183
§ To avoid energy supply system based on fossil fuel
The share ofNew &
Renewables
2.4%
11%
Level of energy tech : 60% → best
§ To accomplish the best level of energy technologies by 2030§ To promote green energy industry by developing essential technology development
Self exploitation4.2%
33%
The share ofenergy poor
7.8%
0%
2007
2030
2007
2007
2030
2007
2030
2006
2016
The share ofNuclear capacity
2007
2030
Low E consumption/Low carbon soci-ety Fossil fuel free society
Green energy industry as growth en-gine
Energy independence and energy wel-fare
41%
26%
• Based on domestic consumption statistics • OECD is based on IEA statistics)
54
5. Energy Alternatives for Sustainable Society
Lee Government’s Energy Vision 2030
Energy efficiency ImprovementRenewable Energy
Decentralized systemResidents’ participation
u Change in land useu Balance used of national landu Local food and food mileu Transformation of life style
5. Energy Alternatives for Sustainable Society
Sustainable Energy System and Society
55
Social
EnergyMotor of economicactivities
Prerequisite ofHuman needs
EnvironmentalStress
Environmental
Economic Social
SustainableEnergy
Supply securityEfficiency
EquityDemocraticparticipation
Low carbonLow pollution
Environmental
Economic
Soft path energy:From centralized supply-ori-ented to decentralized demand management-oriented, Expansion of renewables
Energy democracy: Local residents participation in prod. & cons. decision
Energy justice:Local communities are respon-sible for costs and benefits of energy production
Revitalizing local econ-omy: Money required for energy production and consumption is circulating within a community
Securing energy secu-rity:Responding to peak oil and en-ergy resource depletion
5. Energy Alternatives for Sustainable Society
Expansion of Local Energy
56
Life Style
Technol-ogyEn-ergy infra
LawsInsti-tutionBud-get
Partici-pation of
stake-holders
So-cial
capi-tal
Ex-peri-ence
5. Energy Alternatives for Sustainable Society
Factors Necessary to Be Considered
57
생태적 조건climate, ground
ecological 생태적 조건
maturity
technological
생태적 조건
law, policy
institutional 생태적 조건awareness, participation
human
생태적
climate, ground
ecologicalawareness, participation
human
technological
institutional
ecology
technology institution
human
(A) (B) (C)
Hard energytechnology
Hard social impact
Hard social context
Soft energytechnology
Soft social impact
Soft social context
Substitution of social impact
Easing hard social context:Economic competitiveness
& social power of SET
Substitution of energy technology
from hard to soft
5. Energy Alternatives for Sustainable Society
Path of Energy System Transformation
58