Sentence () - We use language to exchange messages with others. Every language provides the usage of a collection of words to communicate. Such collection of words that communicate a complete message is known as a sentences. . . sentence() .

In a sentence we can mention any person or object and provide a description.Sentence .

Type of Sentences -

Based on the way the words are grouped and their meaning the sentences are classified into 4 sub-groups. Sentences .Declarative () Assertive ()Interrogative ()

This is a good book. .

My house is in Bilaspur. .Sentence used to describe something or express acceptance are known as declarative or assertive sentences.Declarative assertive sentences . ...Sentences of this type are used to describe something or inform about its status. .What is your name? ?

Have you done your work? ?Sentence enquire about some or ask a question are known as interrogative sentences. . Interrogative () . ...An interrogative sentence are also called a question. This type of sentences are used to make an enquiry.Interrogative Question ( ) . .

While writing questions are ended with a question mark (?). question mark ( ) - ? - .

Imperative ()Exclamatory ()

Please come home before sunset. .

Complete your work now. .Sentence used to command or request to do something imperative sentences.Imperative .

This type of sentence is used to tell some one to do something - it could be either a request or a command. Like... - . ...

The first sentence shown above is an example of a request while the second is a command. In both cases the speaker is asking someone to do something. . .Yippie! I have won!! !

Oops! I fell!! !Sentence that are spontaneous expressions of suddenly experienced emotions of happiness, sorrow etc. are known as exclamatory sentences. Exclamatory .

The group of words used to express the sentiments when you suddenly receive a good or a bad news. Such sentences are refered to as Exclamatory sentences and at the time of writing are ended with an exclamation mark (!). Exclamatory (!) .

Parts of Speech - The type of sentence depends on the role of the words used in it. . -.

Experts have classified the role of words into 8 sub-groups and these are known as theparts of speech. 8- - .Parts of Speech ( )-A words are spoken or written together in a specific manner to create meaningfulsentences. The interpretation of the message can be changed in how the words are arranged or used.

In order to get the proper sequence of words to deliver the correct message we must understand the different categories or parts of speech.Eight different parts of speech have been identified in the english language, on the basis of which one can create and deliver a sentence with the proper content and message.

. .

. 8 . English Parts of Speech - .

8 Parts of Speech (-) ...Noun () - Adjective () -

, Noun .The word used as the name to indicate a person, place or thing is called anoun.Adjective Noun , -, -, , .The word that describe the noun - that elaborate on the appearance, quality, quantity etc. - is known as anadjective.

Pronoun () - Verb () -

Pronoun Noun .Pronounis the word used in place of a noun, generally to avoid repetition of the noun.Verb Noun .Verbis the word or group of words that says something about the noun or expresses some action by the noun.

Adverb () - Preposition () - -

Adverb Verb, Adjective Adverb .Anadverbis the word that improvises or expresses some characteristics of the verb, adjective or some other adverb.Preposition Noun Pronoun Noun Pronoun Noun Pronoun .Prepositionis a word used with a noun or pronoun. It expresses the relationship of that noun or pronoun with some other noun or pronoun.

Conjunction () - Interjection () -

Conjunction .Conjunctionis the word that joins two words or sentences.Interjection .Interjectionis the word that expresses the strong sudden sentiments sometimes experienced.

Noun () - Generally, the purpose of a sentence is to provide information about or give instructions to a person, animal, place or thing.

The word or words used in the sentence that refer to the name of the person, animal, place or thing are known as Noun. It is probably the most widely used part of speech. , . , Noun . .

. (Ram), (boy), (gulab), (house) .

All words used in a sentence as a name for any person, place, animal, object etc come under the classification of noun.Noun , .

Nouns can be further sub-classified into various categories depending on the type of object they refer to. noun .

Types of nouns are..., - Noun .

Proper Noun Common Noun Collective Noun Abstract Noun Gender Noun Number Noun Case Noun Types of Noun () - Pages:123456ofNouns Common Noun Proper Noun All nouns can be classified into two major groups - Common Noun and Proper Noun. (Common Proper) .

common noun( ) .Proper noun( ) , .Common nounis a name given to every person, place, animal or thing of the same type.Proper nounis the name of a particular person, place, animal.

Let us see this example

Example :Rameshis aboy

Rameshboy Noun. Ramesh boy . Boy , .Here Ramesh and boy, both are nouns. Ramesh is the name of a particular boy.

Rameshproper noun boy common noun .Here Ramesh is proper noun while boy comes under the category of common noun.

Proper Nouns - Meena, Ram, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh proper noun . , .Meena, Ram, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarhcome under the category ofproper noun. These are names of a particular thing, person or place.

, Proper Noun capital letter , ...

Ritu, Ramesh, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, Wednesday.

Proper Noun , common noun .

Common Nouns - Common Noun . , , common noun - . ...

girl, boy, city, state common noun . , .girl, boy city, stateare all common nouns. These are names of a category of thing, person or place.

Common Noun nouns ...Collective noun,Abstract noun,Gender Noun,Number Noun,Case of NounTypes of Noun () - Pages:123456ofNounsCollective Noun ( )Special names have been assigned to some special group of things when they are refered to as one in a collective way, such nouns are called collective nouns.

eg.crowd,fleet

. Collective Noun .

...

crowdcollection of people ()

armycollection of soldiers

teamcollection of people working together for a common goal - eg.cricket team. - .

flockcollection of birds, sheep, or goats that travel, live, or feed together, , , .

herdcollection of domestic animals like cattle

fleetcollection of ships, vehicles of a single owner

familycollection of people related by birth, marriage or adoption ,

nationcollection of people under a single government

Types of Noun () - Pages:123456ofNounsAbstract Noun ( )Abstract nounis the word used as the name of a quality, action or state when that quality, action or state is considered as an object.Abstract noun .

To describe any name, place or thing we will say something like this... , ...He is a good person. ( .)

if we want to describe a quality, then we need to refer to the quality as a noun, like... . ...What isgoodness? ( ?)

Good is a word used to describe that quality of a person, andgoodnessis the noun form of the word good.good person goodness () .

The noun form of any quality, action or state is known as an abstract noun. , , (noun form) Abstract Noun .

Below are some examples of the three types of abstract nouns. abstract nouns .

Quality( )goodness

whiteness

honesty

bravery

Action()pleasure

movement

judgement

State()childhood

youth

poverty

Types of Noun () - Pages:123456ofNounsGenderAll common nouns indicate the gender of the person, animal or object. common noun , .

Nouns can be categorized into 4 groups based on their gender.Gender () noun 4 ... Masculine Gender Noun used for a male.Male () noun Feminine Gender Noun used for a female.Female () Common Gender Nouns that represent both males and females.Male Female , Neuter Gender Nouns that are use of items that do not have any gender. noun masculine feminine .

Observe the words in the following table... ...

MasculineFeminineCommon

1.boygirlchild

2.manwomanperson

3.lionlionessanimal

Each line shows first a male (masculine gender), a female (feminine gender) followed by a of the common gender equivalent in the third column. line male () female () . noun common gender .

Those nouns that are used for both the genders are known as common gender, like... noun gender common gender , ...

child, adult, animal student, baby

Some nouns are neither masculine nor feminine. Such nouns are categorized as neuter gender, like... noun masculine feminine . neuter gender , ...

book, pencil, car, room, treeTypes of Noun () - Pages:123456ofNounsNumber Noun - See also:How Plurals are formedA noun that indicates a single object is asingular noun noun singular ( ) noun .

Noun indicating more than one object is recognized as aplural noun. noun plural (-) noun .

The form of the noun used, also provides information about the number of objects being described.Noun

Singular and PluralJust like in Hindi, English language too provides for two types of number nouns. , number nouns .

For example... ...Singular ( )Plural (-)

boy ()boys ()

girl ()girls ()

class ()classes ()

ox ()oxen ()

mouse ()mice ()

The noun that gives an indication of a single object is grouped as a Singular Noun, whereas, any noun that gives an indication of more than one object is grouped as a Plural Noun. (noun) Singular ( - ) .

Generally it possible to identify the singular or plural nouns from the noun words themselves, but then, there are also some words, likesheep,deer,codetc, that have the same form for both singular and plural uses. To identify whether these words are singular or plural, we have to analyze the sentences in which they are used. - -. (sheep,deer,cod) . singular plural .Types of Noun () - Pages:123456ofNounsCase Case of a noun or pronoun discusses whether the person or object in consideration is the subject of the sentence or its object.noun pronoun (subject) (object) .

A third case also elaborates on the ownership of something. .

Depending on the use of the noun orpronounin a sentence it can also be classified into one of the following cases... . Nominative Case Accusative Case Possessive CaseWhen a noun or apronounis used as a subject of averb, it is in theNominative Case. Nominative Case .

The noun is said to be in theAccusative Case, if it is used as the object of a verb in the sentence. Accusative Case .

for eg.Ram drove the car. Ram car .Ram nominative case ,car accusative case.

The car was driven by Ram Ram car .car nominative case ,Ram accusative case.

When the noun denotes ownership or possession it said to be in thePossessive Case. Possessive Case .for eg.This is Ram's car. car Ram .Ram's possessive case .

Types of Noun () - Pages:123456ofNounsHow plural is formed - See also:Noun of NumbersDepending on the type of singular noun different rules apply for determining the plural form.Singular - plural .

Below are some rules for formation of plurals. Keep in mind that there are exceptions to every rule and they must also be understood.Plural . .

1. Add an S - s The most common way to form a plural is to add an "s" at the end of the word.Plural "s" .singularplural

penpens

girlgirls

shopshops

friendfriends

2. Add "es" - "es" Singular s, sh x es . ch "es" plural . o Singular plural es .singularplural

classclasses

matchmatches

brushbrushes

boxboxes

buffalobuffaloes

.singularplural

oxoxen

bamboobamboos

pianopianos

3. replace f and fe with ves - "f" "fe" "ves" Singular y ves Plural .singularplural

thiefthieves

knifeknives

wifewives

.singularplural

chiefchiefs

safesafes

roofroofs

4. replace y with ies - "y" "ies" Singular y ies .singularplural

armyarmies

citycities

partyparties

5. change vowels inside the word - (vowel) . ...singularplural

manmen

toothteeth

mousemice

6. singular and plural are the same - . singular plural .singularplural

swineswine

sheepsheep

deerdeer

7. used in plural form - Some nouns are always used their plural forms only. words

scissors

trousers

billiards

alms

proceeds

8. plural forms used in singular - Then, there are some nouns whose plural forms are used as singular., words

mathematics

politics

news

9. singular forms that represent many - . Some nouns appear to be singular but represent a group of persons, animals or things. Such nouns are known ascollective nouns. , . (collective nouns) .collective nouns

crowdmob

armycattle

poultry

Adjective () - Adjective is a word used to describe, point out or specify the number of the person, animal, place or thing specified in anoun.

An adjective is used to incorporate additional meaning to any noun - to describe the object.

, , , .

Adjective noun . Adjective noun , , .He is a lazy boy.

lazy boy . .

Here the wordlazydescribes the boy.

I like that painting.

that painting .

In this sentencethatpoints to the painting (thing)

The basket has some brinjals.

some nounbrinjal , .

Someis used before brinjal to give an indication of the number (quantity) of brinjals.

adjective lazy,thatsome.Lazy,thatandsomeused in the sentences above are examples of adjectives.Adjective noun (adjective ) - .Depending on the type of description it provides for a noun, the adjective can be classified into different categories. adjective ...Adjectives can be divided into the following categories, depending on their use... Adjective of Quality - Adjective of Quantity - Adjective of Number - Adjective of Comparison - Demonstrative Adjective Articles (a / an / the) Adjectives from Nouns, Verbs and other AdjectivesAdjective noun . .Adjectives are used at specific location in relation to the nouns that they describe.Click here for more information on this.Adjective of Quality Pages:12345678ofAdjectivesNoun adjective of quality .The word or words describing the quality of a noun are classified as Adjective of Quality.1.Calcutta is alargecity.

2.He is anhonestman.

3.India is agreatcountry.

Adjective of quality " " "" . Adjective Noun .When the adjective answers questions like what type or how, it is known as adjective of quality. An adjective in this category elaborates on the some quality of the noun.

...In the examples above... large - .Largedescribes the size of the city. -honest.The answer of what type of person ishonest. India -great.What type of country is India -great. Adjective of Quantity Pages:12345678ofAdjectives noun , , adjective adjective of quantity( ) .The word or words describing the quantity of nouns that are not actually be counted fall under the category - Adjective of Quantity.1.I atesomerice.

2.We have hadenoughexperience.

3.You havenoshame.

some,enough,no . (rice), (experience) (shame) . some,enough,no- each of the adjectives used in the examples above tell about the quantity of rice, experience and shame, respectively. These do not express quantity in terms of actual countable numbers. Adjective of quantity "" .Adjective of quantity is used in response to the question "how much". Adjective of Number Pages:12345678ofAdjectives Adjective of number "" . . .Adjective of number is used to answer the question how much, wherever it can be counted. Definite Numeral Adjective Definite numeral adjective .Definite numeral adjective gives information in terms of the exact number. One, two, three. cardinals (how many) .These are cardinals, they inform about the number. First, second, third. ordinals " " .these are ordinals and they describe the position in a series. Indefinite Numeral Adjective adjective indefinite numeral adjective , ...Adjectives that do not give a definite number are known as indefinite numeral adjective, like...all, no, many, few, some any, certain, several

Adjective of Quantity . noun . noun Adjective of number , Adjective of Quantity .These adjectives are same as those used in theAdjective of Quantity. The classification depends on the noun that they describe - if the noun is countable then it is Adjective of Number otherwise it isAdjective of Quantity. Distributive Numeral Adjective Distributive numeral adjective adjective .1.Eachboy must pass the exam.

2.Everyman should do his duty.

3.I want to meeteverymember of the team.

each every adjective boy, man word.Adjectives for Comparison Pages:12345678ofAdjectives nouns Adjectives . English 3 .Adjectives used to compare nouns of the same category are Adjectives of Comparison. There are three levels of comparison in the English language.1. Positive Degree - 2. Comparative Degree - 3. Superlative Degree - - Positive Degree ()The first level of comparison is the positive degree. adjective , ...>Raju isstrong.

Raju .

. adjective positive degree . - Comparative Degree ()The second level of comparison is the comparative degree. This type of compares between two things or persons. adjective , ...>Raju isstrongerthan Mahesh.

Raju Mahesh Raju .

stronger strong comparative degree . - Superlative Degree ()The superlative degreee of comparison is used when comparing between more than two objects or persons adjective , ...>Raju is thestrongestamongst his friends.

Raju .

strongest strong superlative degree .Formation of Adjectives for Comparison ?Pages:12345678ofAdjectives

Click here forWhat is Adjective of Comparison?

Rule 1:In most cases, comparative form is made by addingerto the positive form, while the superlative form is made by addingestto the positive form. adjectives positive er comparative positive est superlative .PositiveComparativeSuperlative

strongstrongerstrongest

sweetsweetersweetest

smallsmallersmallest

talltallertallest

boldbolderboldest

Rule 2:When the positve for of the word ends with e, then on r and st are added to form the comparative and superlative forms respectively. positive e comparative r superlative st .

PositiveComparativeSuperlative

finefinerfinest

largelargerlargest

wisewiserwisest

Rule 2:When the positve form of the word ends with y, then the y is replaced with an i before adding er and est to form the comparative and superlative forms respectively. positive y y consonant y i er est .PositiveComparativeSuperlative

happyhappierhappiest

easyeasiereasiest

wealthywealthierwealthiest

Rule 3:When the positve form of the word is a mono-syllable that ends with a consonant and has a short vowel as the second last letter, then the consonant is doubled before adding er and est to form the comparative and superlative forms respectively. positive syllable consonant ; consonant short vowel , er est consonant double .PositiveComparativeSuperlative

redredderreddest

bigbiggerbiggest

fatfatterfattest

Rule 4:There are also some irregular adjectives, whose comparative and superlative forms completely different from the positive form, like... adjectives . comparative superlative positive , ...PositiveComparativeSuperlative

goodbetterbest

badworseworst

much, manymoremost

farfartherfarthest

latelater, latterlatest, last

oldolder, elderoldest, eldest

farfartherfarthest

Rule 5:For adjectives that are of more than 2 syllables, the comparative degree is formed by preceding it withmore, while its superlative is formed by preceding it withmost.2 syllables adjectives comparative more , superlative most , ...PositiveComparativeSuperlative

beautifulmore beautifulmost beautiful

courageousmore courageousmost courageous

propermore propermost proper

Rule 6:The er form of comparative is not used when two adjectives for the same noun are compared. comparative er , ...Same nounRamesh ismore bigthan strong.

Different nounsRamesh isbiggerthan Jayesh.

Rule 7:Care has to be taken to ensure when comparing two objects, that the latter excludes the former, i.e. the two objects should not end up comparing each other. , ...RightThis boy, Ramesh, isbiggerthan other boys.

WrongThis boy, Ramesh, isbiggerthan boys.

Ramesh is also a boy, so it would be wrong to say that he is bigger than all boys. We can certainly say, that he is bigger than the other boys.Ramesh , . , .

Demonstrative Adjective Pages:12345678ofAdjectivesDemonstrative adjecitves are used to point or indicate the noun that is being discussed...Demonstrative adjective . ...

1.Thisboy is strong.

2.Thesemangoes are sour.

3.I likesuchthings.

4.This isaboy.

5.What isthename ofthisplace?

Demonstrative adjectives are generally used to answer the "which" questions.Demonstrative adjective "" .

Articles Thearticles(a, an and the) are a special sub-category of the demonstrative adjective. (a, an the).

Interrogative Adjectives When words likewhat,whichandwhoseplaced before a noun raise a query or form questions they are classified as interrogative adjectives.what,whichwhose .

Emphasizing Adjectives Adjectives likeownandveryare used to put greater emphasis on the noun, and are hence referred to as Emphasizing Adjectives. .

Exclamatory Adjectives Sometimes,whatis used as an adjective to raise an exclamation, this type of usage makes it an exlamatory adjective.- what - .

NoteJust note that this or that is used when refering to a singular noun, while these or those is used to refer to plural nouns. singular noun this that plural noun these those .Position of Adjectives Pages:12345678ofAdjectives adjective . noun . noun .The location of the adjective in a sentence is important. Generally it is used just before or just after the noun. adjectives noun , ...prettygirl,strongboy,kindman,ferociouslionThe examples above show the use of adjectives just before the noun. This the most common way of positioning an adjective. adjective noun noun .When multiple adjectives are used to describe a noun, then they are often placed after the noun as shown below...The prince,tallandhandsome, walked down the road. adjective word phrase adjective sentence noun .A soldier,tallerthan his comrades, came forward.The Article (a, an, the)Pages:12345678ofAdjectivesThe three words -a,anandthe- are also referred to as Articles. These three are part of a special category of theDemonstrative Adjectives.a,anthe- . .

The articles precede thenounand are generally the first adjective for that noun. ie if more than oneadjectiveis used describe a noun, the article is used before any of other. , article . article .

There are two type of articles -a(oran) andthe. A(oran) is called Indefinite Article whiletheis the Definite Article.Article -a(an) the. a(an) indefinite article thedefinite article .

As a general rule - An article is used before everysingularcommon nounexcept when the noun is used in a general sense. article . - .

for eg. She is a girl.I saw an aeroplane in the sky.girl a, aeroplace an sky the, .

Man is mortal. mortal .

Definite Article Indefinite Article Omission of the Article Repetition of the ArticlePronoun () - The word that is used in place of anounis called a pronoun.It is often better to use a pronoun for indicate an object, thing or place. It gives a better meaning and improves the impact to the message that you want to deliver.

Pronoun Noun . .

sentences ...1.Raju is absent because Raju is ill.

2.Raju is absent becauseheis ill.

- Raju Raju he .Pronoun . . .1. Personal Pronouns2. Impersonal Pronouns3. Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns4. Personal Pronouns5. Words like I, me, mine, we, you, he, she, it, they, etc. - that directly represent some person or thing are Personal Pronouns.I, me, mine, we, you, he, she, it, they Personal Pronoun , - .These are classified into 3 groups 3 6. First Person7. I and we are the pronouns in this group. The pronouns in this group refer to self - the person who is making this sentence. .Iwe .1.Iam a boy.

2.Weare girls.

8. Second Person9. You is the pronoun in this group. This refers to the person who is being talked to in the sentence. .You .1.Youare young.

10. Third Person11. The pronouns in this category are used to refer to the third person or thing who is being discussed. He, she, it and they are personal pronouns in this category. .He,she,itthey personal pronoun.1.Heis a boy.

2.Sheis a girl.

3.Itis a book.

4.Theyare children.

12. Back to Pronoun Page13. Forms of the Personal Pronouns14. personal pronouns nominative . possessiveaccusativeFirst Person

SingularAll GendersPluralAll Genders

NominativeIwe

Possessivemy, mineour, ours

Accusativemeus

Second Person

SingularAll GendersPluralAll Genders

Nominativeyouyou

Possessiveyour, yoursyour, yours

Accusativeyouyou

Third Person

SingularPlural

MasculineFeminineNeuterAll Genders

Nominativehesheitthey

Possessivehisher, hersitstheir, theirs

Accusativehimheritthem

Impersonal PronounConsider the use of it in the following sentences...It is raining.It is winter.Here thepronoun- it - does not indicate any specific person or object. Used in this form ofitis called animpersonal pronoun

...

It is raining.It is winter. it (pronoun) .

pronounImpersonal Pronoun , verb impersonal verb .Complex Personal PronounsComplex personal pronouns are formed by adding self / selves to a personal pronoun. self selves

for.eg.=>myself.ourselves.

=>yourself.yourselves.

=>himself.herself.itself.themselves.

Reflexive PronounsA complex personal pronoun is referred to as a reflexive pronoun when it indicates that the action performed by the subject is on the subject itself. reflexive pronoun subject , ...=>I have hurtmyself.We have hurtourselves.

=>You have hurtyourself.You have hurtyourselves.

=>He has hurthimself.She has hurtherself.The horse hurtitself.They have hurtthemselves.

Emphatic PronounsA complex personal pronoun is referred to as a emphatic pronoun when it used to add emphasis to the subject of the sentence.Complex Personal pronoun emphatic pronouns subject . emphatic pronoun .

1.I will do itmyself.

2.The teacherherselftaught me this.

3.The peoplethemselvesare not very rich.

Verb () - Verb is that word or group of words in thesentencethat specifies the action taken or the state of the subject.

Verb is probably the most importantpart of speechin the english language.

It is so important that no sentence can be complete without a verb.

Verb .

Verb sentence .

verb sentence , parts of speech - sentence .

: laughs,was driven,isverb .

1. Noun (Rinku) .Rinkulaughs

2.Noun (car) .The carwas driven..

3.Noun (cat) .The catisgood.

.

1. Transitive and Intransitive Verbs2. Active and Passive Voices3. Moods4. Tenses5. Person and Number6. Auxiliary Verbs7. Transitive and Intransitive Verbs8. Verb - Transitive Verb Intransitive Verb.

9. Transitive Verb10. 11. A verb that denotes an action occurs, occured or will occur between the subject and the object in a sentence is called atransitive verb.12. Transitive Verb verb . .Hekickedthe ball.

Shecutsthe vegetable.

13. Intransitive Verb14. 15. A verb that denotes a state of the noun it describes in the sentence is called anintransitive verb.16. Intransitive Verb verb .

Sheisa girl.

The babysleeps.

Active and Passive VoiceLet us compare the two sentences shown below... ...Active voiceRajuhelpsHari.

Passive voiceHariis helpedby Raju.

The content of both the sentences is same. But, the first statement the form of the verb shows that Raju - the subject of the sentence - is doing something, is active, whereas the second sentence is showing that Hari - the subject of the sentence is inactive (passive). . , verb Raju Hari . Raju (active) Hari (passive) .When form of the verb indicates that the sentence is active then it is said to be in Active Voice, similarly when the form indicates that the subject is passive it is referred to as Passive Voice. verb , active voice . verb , passive voice .Mood ()The most common use of the verb is to describe an event or ask a question. Besides this the verb is used to issue an order or express the possibility. These different situations that a verb describes are known asmoods. . verb verb . - moods .

English languages has three moods...English moods ... Indicative, Imperative Subjunctive.Indicative MoodIndicative mood is used to...Indicative mood ... Describe a fact, like...- , ...1.Rama goes to a school daily.

2.He writes neatly.

3.The child is alive.

Ask a question... ...1.Will you play with me?

2.Are you going home?

Imperative MoodImperative mood is exhibited when we ask somebody to do something. This mood is of three types -Imperative mood . () - -Order or command -Training or Advice -Request or prayer ...

Command ()This mood is exhibit when a command is issued - somebody is ordered to do something. - .1.Waitthere.

2.Comehere.

3.Openyour book at page 10.

Training and Advice ( )This mood is displayed when you advice somebody or give instructions to train or educate. .1.Besteady.

2.Takecare of your health.

3.Tryto do better.

Prayer or request ()When you request somebody do something, imperative mood in play, that too in the prayer or request mode. .1.Havemercy on us.

Subjunctive MoodThe third mood is known as subjunctive mood. Verbs used to express a wish, purpose or contrary to truth, to express a condition are said to express the subjunctive mood. mood subjunctive mood. , , , verbs subjunctive mood .Wish or Desire ()1.I wish Iwerethere.

2.Godsavemy friend.

Purpose ()1.We eat so wemaylive.

2.Take care that no mistakesaremade.

Contrary to fact ( ), Condition (), Supposition ()1.He would go if hewerehere.

2.If Iweresick, I would go to the doctor.

Tenses ()Tenses Another important role of the verb is to given an indication of the relation of an action in relation to the time-frame. It should be clear whether the action is current, occured in the past is expected to occur in the future.Verb . Verb , .Present TenseThe verb that indicates the current time is in thePresent Tense.Verb Present Tense .Past TenseThe verb that points to an previous time-frame, time that has already passed is said to be in thePast Tense.Verb Past Tense .Future TenseSimilarly, if the time-frame indicated by the verb is yet to come, ie is in the future, the verb is said to be in theFuture Tense. Verb Future Tense .Present TensePast TenseFuture

Iwalkto schoolIwalkedto school.Ishall walkto school.

Sahibrunsfast.Sahibranfast.Sahibwill runfast.

The childrenplayfootball.The childrenplayedfootball.The childrenwill playfootball.

tenses - sub-class . verb - "walk" 12 tense .Tenses Forms of Tense ( )Jump to:Present TensePast TenseFuture Tense

Verb .A verb is used in a sentence to describe an action or status.

- . To complete this description it is important that it be described in relation to time - past, present or future.

tense .Tense is used to provide this information

English tense () 12 .English language has 12 forms to elaborate the tense of the verb.

walk 12 .Below are the twelve forms of the verbwalk.

Present Tense1.Present Indefinite TenseIwalk. .

2.Present Continuous TenseIam walking. .

3.Present Perfect TenseI have walked. .

4.Present Perfect Continuous TenseIhave been walking. .

For more information on Present Tenseclick here. .Past Tense1.Past Indefinite TenseIwalked. .

2.Past Continuous TenseIwas walking. .

3.Past Perfect TenseIhad walked. .

4.Past Perfect Continous TenseIhad been walking. .

For more information on Past Tenseclick here. .Future Tense1.Future Indefinite TenseIshall walk. .

2.Future Continuous Tense.Ishall be walking. .

3.Future Perfect TenseIshall have walked. .

4.Future Perfect Continuous TenseIshall have been walking. .

For more information on Future Tenseclick here. .Present Tense ( )See also:Forms of TensesPast TenseFuture TenseWhen the timeframe of the action under discussion is current, then it is said to be in the Present Tense.

In this section we shall dwell on the 4 different forms of the present tense. Use of the proper form is very important in correctly and successfully explaining any action. 4 . .

See the sentences below - Each one of them in the present tense - but the message they convey are different. I walk- . I am walking- . I have walked- . I have been walking- . , .Present Indefinite ( )Present Indefinite is used to present general truths and habitual actions.Present Indefinite ( ) .Iwalk. - . .This is an indefinite statement - it talks of a general truth that I walk, something of a habit. It does not clarify on the current status of my walking.

Thereareseven days in a week.are . - .This is also a general truth - A week has 7 days.

Present Continous ( )Present Continous is used to describe actions in the current time that have not been completed.Present Continous ( ) .Iam walking. - . am walking .Here the tense is formed by two word -am walking. It indicates that even as the statement is made I continue to walk.

The trainis coming. is coming - - .Here also,is comingindicates that the process of the coming is still underway. It has not yet come.

Present Perfect ( )Present Perfect is used to describe actions in the current time that have been completed.Present Continous ( ) .Ihave walked. - . have walked .The process of walking has been completed.

The trainhas come. has come - - .Here also,has comeindicates that the process of the coming is complete.

Present Perfect Continous ( )Present Perfect Continous is used to indicate that some action in the current time has been going on for some time and is not yet over.Present Perfect Continous ( ) .Ihave been walking. - . has been walking .Here the tense is formed by three words -have been walking. It states an action that has been happening for some time and still continues to happen.

The trainhas been cominglate for the last ten days. has been coming - - .This describes an coming of the train, which has been happening for some time and still continues.

Past Tense ( )See also:Forms of TensesPresent TenseFuture TenseWhen the timeframe of the action being described is in the past, then it is said to be in the Past Tense. () , .

In this section we shall dwell on the 4 different forms of the past tense. Use of the proper form is very important in correctly and successfully explaining any action. 4 . .

See the sentences below - Each one of them in the past tense - but the status of the action they convey are different. I walked- . I was walking- . I had walked- . I had been walking- . , .Past Indefinite ( )Past Indefinite is used to express past general truths and habitual actions.Past Indefinite ( ) .Iwalked. - . .

Therewerefew schools earlier.were . - .

Past Continous ( )Past Continous is used to describe actions in the current time that have not been completed.Past Continous ( ) .Iwas walking. - . was walking .

The trainwas standingat the platform when I reached. was standing - - .

Past Perfect ( )Past Perfect is used to describe actions in the current time that have been completed.Past Continous ( ) .Ihad walkedthat day. - . had walked .

The trainhad arrivedwhen I reached the station. had arrived - - .

Past Perfect Continous ( )Past Perfect Continous is used to indicate that some action in the past time has been going on for some time and is not yet over in reference to that timeframe.Past Perfect Continous ( ) .Ihad been walking. - . had been walking .

The trainhad been cominglate regularly upto last week. had been coming - - .

Future Tense ( )See also:Forms of TensesPresent TensePast TenseWhen the timeframe of the action under discussion is current, then it is said to be in the Future Tense.

In this section we shall dwell on the 4 different forms of the present tense. Use of the proper form is very important in correctly and successfully explaining any action. 4 .

See the sentences below - Each one of them in the future tense - but the message they convey are different. I shall walk- . I shall be walking- . I shall have walked- . I shall have been walking- . , .Future Indefinite ( )Future Indefinite is used to present general truths and habitual actions.Future Indefinite ( ) .Ishall walk. - .

Youwill reachBilaspur in the evening.will reach . - .

Future Continous ( )Future Continous is used to describe actions in the current time that have not been completed.Future Continous ( ) .Ishall be walkingwhen you reach the ground. - . shall be walking .

The trainwill be standingwhen you arrive at the station. will be standing - .

Future Perfect ( )Future Perfect is used to describe actions in the future that have been completed.Future Perfect ( ) .Ishall have walked. - . shall have walked .

The trainwill have arrivedby the time you reach. will have come - - .

Future Perfect Continous ( )Future Perfect Continous is used to indicate that some action in the future time will be going on for some time and will be not yet over (with reference to that timeframe).Future Perfect Continous ( ) .Ishall have been walking. - . shall have been walking .

The trainwill have been comingon time by next month.will have been coming - - .

Verb: Person and Number

Personal pronouns verbs first, second third person .

verb person verb person subject () .

....

1st PersonI am.

2nd PersonYou are.

3rd PersonHe is.

- subject Noun pronoun - - singular ( ), - plural (-)

SingularPlural

I am.We are.

She has.They have.

The girl comes.The girls come.

Sentence verb person subject . Verb person number subject person number .Auxiliary VerbsOften to complete themood,tenseor other information in a sentence a supporting verb is (or verbs are) used along with the main verb of sentence. These supporting or assiting verbs are known as Auxiliary verbs. (mood), (Tense), (Person) (Number) verb auxiliary () verbs .

...hadwalked had, will, was is . auxiliary () verbs . main verb . main verb - tense .

willrun

wascalling

has beentalking

Someverbsthat are generaly used as auxiliary verbs are given below verbs auxiliary verbs ...The VerbIts forms

1.beam, is, are, was, were, been, being

2.havehave, has, had

3.shallshall, should

4.willwill, would

5.dodo, does, done, did

6.cancan, could

7.maymay, might

Adverb () - Adverb- verb,adjective adverb .Adverb is thepart of speechthat provide additional information about someverb,adjectiveor some other adverb.

adjective noun pronoun , adverb verb, adjective adverb .Just like an adjective describes some noun or pronoun, an adverb describes someverb,adjectiveor some other adverb.Raju runsquickly.

This is averysweet mango.

Sahib readsquiteclearly.

adverb - modify modify .Adverbs used at the beginning of asentencesometimes modify the meaning of the entire sentence.Evidentlythe facts are correct.

Luckilyno one was hurt in the accident.

Probablyhe is mistaken.

Adverbs are also categorised into several sub-categories depending on the nature of modification or description they provide to their parent words.Click hereto read about the kind of adverbs. - .

Care must be taken to decide where the adverb is placed in a sentence, as it can effect the meaning of the sentence.Click herefor the discussion on how to use adverbs Adverb , . .Kind of Adverbs ( )Adverbs can be classified into different categories depending on their use. adverb - .

Adverbs of Time Adverbs of Frequency Adverbs of Place Adverbs of Manner Adverbs of Degree or Quanity Adverbs of Affirmation or Negation Adverbs of Reason

Adverbs of Time adverb .The adverb of time elaborates on the time of an activity.1.I am going to schoolnow."now" "late" verb .

2.He arrivedlatefor work

before, after, daily, never, yesterday adverbs verb adverbs of time .Adverbs of FrequencyAdverb of number .The adverb of frequency elaborates on how many times (the frequency) of any activity. Adverb of frequency is also sometimes referred to the adverb of number.1.I have read the booktwice."twice" "often" verb .

2.Heoftencomes here.

often, twice, seldom, once adverbs verb adverbs of numberadverb of frequency .

Adverbs of Place Adverb ( ) .When an adverb describes where an activity was done, it is known as the adverb of place.1.Comehere. "here" "there" come go . .

2.Gothere.

in, out, here, there, under, above (adverb of place) .Adverbs of MannerAdverb of manner , .When an adverb describes the quality of an activity being done, it is known as the adverb of manner.1.Writeclearly. "clearly" "hard" write work . .

2.Ram workshard.

Adverbs of Degree or QuanityThe adverb of degree elaborates on the quantity.Adverb of degree quantity .1.I amfullyprepared for the exam.Herefullydescribes the verb prepared, whileverydescribes another adverb hard.fully verb prepared very adverb hard .

2.Ram worksveryhard.

Adverbs of Affirmation or NegationThe adverb that describes acceptance or rejection is known as the Adverb of Affirmation or Negation. Adverb .1.I donotknow him.Notnegates the verb know, whilecertainlyaccepts it. "not" verb know , certainly .

2.Icertainlyknow him.

Adverbs of ReasonAdverb of reason describes the reason or cause of the action.Adverb of reason .1.There was a huge protest. The governmentthereforepassed the bill.Here "therefore" points to a reason for the action passed. "therefore" pass .

Some words are such that you can be used asadverbs,adjectives,conjunctionsand / ornouns. Thepart of speechof such words is determined by the way are used in thesentence. adverb adjective noun.Use an Adverb ( )How to use an Adverb? Adverb ?

In a sentence, the adverb is placed near the verb or adjective that it is describing. The meaning of the sentence is effected by the position of the adverb, for eg.Adverb adverb adverb , ...I haveoftenthought of going to my grandparent's house. often thought . Often .

I have thought of goingoftento my grandparent's house. often going . .

When describing an intransitive verb, the adverb is generally placed after the verb.Intransitive verb adverb verb .My friend liveshere.

She speaksfluently.

The adverbs of time like always, never, ever, often, seldom, sometimes and irregularly are placed before the verbs they modify.Adverbs of time, always, never, ever, often, seldom, sometimes irregularly verbs .Ialwaysgo to school on time.

Sheneverspeaks a lie.

but, adverbs to be verb .He isalwayscheerful.

transitive verb adverb .He performed his dutycarefully.

verb auxiliary verb verb adverb auxiliary verb main verb .I havealwaystold him to work hard.

Hedoesnot know my address.

Preposition () -Preposition NounPronoun . Preposition Noun Pronoun .The word or group of words that are used with a noun or pronoun to express its relation with some other word in the sentence is known as a Preposition.

in, of into ...Observe the use ofin,ofandintoin the sentences below.

The farmer isinthe field. nounfarmerfield in .Here the wordinspecifies the relationship between the twonounsfarmerandfield.

She is fondofmilk. of adjectivefond milk .Ofdescribes the relationship between theadjectivefondandnounmilk.

The mouse jumpedintothe pot. into verbjumped pot .Theverbjumpedand thenounpotis related by the wordinto.

Types of Preposition - Relations indicated by PrepositionsPrepositions Preposition 9 .Prepositions can be classified into 9 categories depending on the type of description they provide.Place ()1.He ranacrossthe road.

2.He stoodbehindthe curtain.

3.The shoes are keptunderthe table.

4.She satbesideme.

Time ()1.Everybody was happyafterhis graduation

2.He arrivedbeforeme.

3.The train wasbehindtime.

4.He will not comeuntiltomorrow.

Agency - instrumentality ( )1.She sent the parcelbypost .

2.She cut the vegetableswitha knife.

3.I heard the newsthroughmy friend.

Manner ()1.He foughtwithcourage.

2.He escaped deathbyinches

Cause, reason, purpose ( )1.He shiverswithfever.

2.The doctor gave medicinefora cold

3.She lost her pursethroughnegligence

Possession ()1.The boywithred hair is handsome.

2.The PresidentofIndia visited Raipur.

Measure (), standard (), rate (), value ( )1.The bank pays interestatsix percent

2.Cloth is soldbythe metre.

3.I am taller than youbytwo inches.

Contrast (, ), concession ( )1.Withall his faults I admire him.

2.Forone enemy he has a hundred friends.

Inference (), motive ( ), source ( ) or origin ( )1.His skill comesfrompractice.

2.Fromwhat I know, he is a good man.

Conjunction () Conjunction .Conjunction is the word that joins two words or sentences.1.Twoandtwo make four

2.I like to studybuthe likes to play.

Conjunctions relative pronouns, relative adverbs prepositions .Relativepronouns, relativeadverbsandprepositionsalso join words and sentences, hence care has to be taken while classifying them into the differentparts of speech.Correlative Conjunctions conjunctions , ...Some conjunctions are used in pairs, like this... Either....or Neither....nor Both....and Between....and Though....yet Whether....or Not only .... but also pairs conjunctions correlative conjunctions .Conjunctions used in such pairs are referred to ascorrelative conjunctions.Compound Conjunctions compound expressions conjunctions ; compound conjunctions .Often we use compound expressions as conjunctions; such expressions as called compound conjunctions. even if so that on condition that as well as as soon as TopConjunctions -co-ordinatingsubordinating.Type of Conjunctions ( )Co-ordinating Conjunctions

The conjunction that connects two independent clauses is known as acoordinating conjunction. The connected statements are of the same level. statements conjunctions co-ordinating conjunctions . co-ordinating conjunctions ...

and, but, for, or, nor, also, either...or, neither...nor

Co-ordinating conjunctions are of 4 types.Co-ordinating conjunctions Cumulative or Copulative - :These join two sentences, phrases or words. , ...1.Birds flyandfish swim.

2.I like to studyandhe likes to play.

Adversative - :This is the type of conjunction that exhibits opposition. conjunction .1.He is slowbuthe is sure.

2.I was annoyedstillI kept quiet.

Disjunctive - or Alternative - :The type of conjunction that gives the sense of selecting from two options. conjunction , ...1.Run quicklyelseyou will lose the race.

2.She must take the medicineorshe will die.

Illative - :The conjunction that shows the result of some action. .1.Something fell in the waterforI heard a splash.

Types of Conjunctions ( )Subordinating Conjunction

A subordinating conjunction connects two clauses that depend on each other.Subordinating conjunction clauses . subordinating conjunctions ...

After, because, if, that, though, although, till, before, unless, as, when, where, while, than.

Depending on the way the two clauses connect the conjunction can be classified into the following 7 categories. subordinate conjunctions 7 .Time - : .That gives the indication of time.1.I would diebeforeI lie.

2.I returned home onlyafterhe had left.

Cause or Reason - : .That express the cause.1.My teeth are strongerbecauseI clean them regularly.

2.Sinceyou wish it, it will be done.

Purpose - : .The indicates the purpose.1.We eatthatwe may live.

2.I held her handlestshe should fall.

Result or Consequence - : .That indicates the result or the outcome.1.He was so tiredthathe could hardly stand.

Condition - : .Expresses a condition or criteria.1.I will goifRaju comes.

2.Your problems cannot be solvedunlessyou discuss them.

Concession - : clause .That conects a clause that gives concession.1.I will trust himalthoughhe betrayed me.

Comparison - : conjunction .The conjunction that compares.1.She is smarterthanI am.

Interjection () ...See the examples below...Hurrah!We have won.

Alas!I miss him.

Hurrah! Alas! interjections . . Grammar . Interjections .The words like Hurrah! Alas! etc are called interjections. These words are used to express very strong, sudden sentiments. Grammatically these words have no connection with the sentences they are used with.Interjection ...Below are some sentiments that are expressed with interjections...Joy / Hurrah! Wow!

Grief / Alas! On No!

Surprise / Oh! Ah! What!

Approval / Bravo!

interjection , ...Sometimes some group of words are also used together to express strong sentinments, like... Ah me! For shame! Well done! Good gracious! , Interjection ( ) .While writing, the exclamation mark (!) is used to mark the end of an InterjectionPunctuations - Punctuation () . . . - .

Punctuations are deployed at the time of writing. They indicate the type ofsentencesand the places where of the pauses and stops are intended by the writer and their nature. The punctuation also indicates what type of pause is intended - the pause is different for questions and different for exclamations.

Punctuations commonly used punctuations are... Full Stop . ( ) - Question Mark ? ( ) - Exclamation Mark ! ( ) - Comma , () - Semi Colon ; ( ) - Colon : () - .Some other used punctuations are... Inverted Comma ' ( ) - Hyphen - () Parentheses () () Apostrophe ' ()Comma () - The comma (,) is the short pause and is always used within sentences. It is used in cases wherever the writer wants to indicate a small separation, like...

To separate words or elements of the samepart of speechin a series...This is Ram, Sahib, Kiran and Mahesh.Get up, freshen up, have breakfast and rush off to school.

To separate two pair of words using "and".

Semi Colon ( ) - The semi colon (;) is used to connect two loosely connected clauses.

Colon () - The colon (:) is optionally used to mark the beginning of a quotation or at the beginning of an enumeration.

Question Mark ( ) - The question mark (?) is used to mark the end of a directquestion.

Exclamation Mark ( ) - The exclamation mark (!) is used to mark the end of anInterjection.