1. 2013/1/23 @FoRAM EPAPM2.5 13124 1

2. HP( http://www.nirs.go.jp/information/qa/qa.php )13124 2

3. http://crms.u-shizuoka-ken.ac.jp/cont/kouza/120/13124 3

4. PM2.5 EPA1214 EPA http://crms.u-shizuoka-ken.ac.jp/cont/kouza/120/13124 4

5. 13124 5

6. 1. - PM2.5 - PM 2. 2012 - - 7 - 13124 6

7. 176 R. D. Brook PM2.5 Figure 1 Size, sources and composition of PM air pollution RBC, red blood cell; SVOC, semi-volatile organic carbons; UFP, ultra-ne particles; VOC, volatile organic carbons. Brook (2011) in Clinical Science 115, 175-18713124 (cardiovascular) system [13]. In the present review, CV elemental carbon). Particle sizes range from clusters of 7

8. (2011) PM2.5 13124 8

9. 2.1.1.3 PM2.5(SASS) (2004~2008 ) (2009) 13124 9

10. HP http://www.nies.go.jp/kanko/kankyogi/05/06.html13124 10

11. PRIMARY SECONDARY Aqueous phase reactions Organic Gas phase of dicarbonyls, organic acids Compounds reactions and OH, NO2, O3 of alkanes, aromatics, alkenes, olefins, etc Aerosol and OH, O3, NO2 phase Droplet reactions evaporation products products products Gas/particle partitioning Nucleation, sorption, condensation/evaporation Figure 3-4. Primary emissions and formation of SOA through gas, cloud and condensed phase reactions. It should be noted that many of the products of terpene oxidation are oxidative in nature, and US EPA merely nonreactive oxidation products. Organic peroxides represent an important class of are not (2009) Integrated Science Assessment for Particulate Matter reactive oxygen species (ROS) that have high oxidizing potential and could cause oxidative stress in13124 11

12. 60 2010PM2.513124 12

13. (2011)13124 13

14. M2.5 50 TEOM 2001 2008 2.1.1.1 2.1.1.1 PM2.5(50 TEOM)M2.5 (2009) 13124 14

15. 2.1.1.7 PM2.5(SASS) (2008 ) (2009) 2.1.1.7 PM2.5(SASS)13124 15

16. 2.1.1.2 PM2.5(50 TEOM) (2001 2008 )1.2. (2009) 13124 16

17. (2009) 13124 17

18. http://business.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/report/20120306/229497/ http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20130114/k10014790051000.html13124 18

19. http://j.people.com.cn/94475/7700074.html13124 19

20. 70 ( (SPM) ) ( (SPM) ) 60 (PM2.5) 2.5) ( (PM (PM2.5) 2.5) 50 PM (PM2.5) 2.5 (g/m3 ) 40 30 20 10 0 4.5.2.3 SPM PM2.5 SPM (2009) 4.5.3.13124 20

21. 1. - PM2.5 - PM 2. 2012 - - 7 - 13124 21

22. Clean Air Act National Ambient Air Quality Standard: NAAQS) H19 13124 22

23. PM 24 260 g/m3 (1971) TSP ( ) 75 g/m3 24 150 g/m3 1 (1987) PM10 ( ) 50 g/m3 * 24 65 g/m3 PM2.5 ( )* 15 g/m3 2 (1997) * 24 150 g/m3 PM10 ( )* 50 g/m3 * 24 35 g/m3 PM2.5 ( )* 15 g/m3 3 (2006) * 24 150 g/m3 PM10 * * 24 98 3 * 3 * 3 * 3 10% 2 24 0.9 H19 13124 23

24. PM 1987National Resources Defense Council vs EPA PM10 1997American Track Association vs EPA PM2.5EPA 2001EPAPM2.5 EPA is not permitted consider the cost of implementing NAAQS. ... NAAQS should be neither more nor less stringent than necessary. 2009American Farm Bureau Federation vs EPA PM2.5 EPA failed to adequately explain why the standard ... provided the requisite protection from both of short- and long-term exposure to ne particles, including protection for at-risk populations such as children.13124 24

25. 1. - PM2.5 - PM 2. 2012 - - 7 - 13124 25

26. 2008 [1] Integrated Review Plan for the NAAQS for PM 2009 [2] Integrated Science Assessment for PM CASAC2010 [3] Quantitative Health Risk Assessment for PM Review & Public2011 [4] Policy Assessment for the Review of the PM NAAQS Comm. 2012 [5] Responses to Signicant Comments on the 2012 Proposed Rule on the NAAQS for PM [6] NAAQS for PM [7] Regulatory Impact Analysis for the Final Revisions to the NAAQS for PM13124 26

27. 1. - PM2.5 - PM 2. 2012 - - 7 - 13124 27

28. [1] Integrated Review Plan for the NAAQS for PM Integrated Review Plan for the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter Finalized in 2008, pp8513124 28

29. [1] IRP - - - specify13124 29

30. 3 KEYLINKS TO OF CONTENTS.................................................................................. 18 TABLE OTHER NAAQSISSUES AND OTHER RELATED AGENCY ACTIVITIES .............13 2 1.5REVIEW SCHEDULE ........................................................................................................ 16 1 POLICY-RELEVANT REVIEWS 12 3.1INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................16 REVIEW SCHEDULE ........................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................. 1 KEY ISSUES RELATED TO THE PRIMARY PM NAAQS ..........................................................................18 1 3.2INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................18 3 1.1REVIEW SCHEDULE ........................................................................................................ 16 POLICY-RELEVANT ISSUES .................................................................................. 3 3.1 1.2 [1] IRP TABLE OFREQUIREMENTS...........................................................................................................3 CONTENTS OVERVIEW OF THE NAAQS REVIEW PROCESS...............................................................................2 2 1.1INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................. 1 OVERVIEW OF THE NAAQS REVIEW PROCESS...............................................................................2 ISSUES RELATED TO THE PRIMARY PM PM NAAQS ....................................................................21 POLICY-RELEVANT SECONDARY NAAQS ..........................................................................18 1 1.1 KEYISSUES RELATED TO THEISSUES .................................................................................. 18 LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS...........................................................................................................3 OVERVIEW OF THE NAAQS REVIEW PROCESS...............................................................................2 1 1.2 LEGISLATIVE THE NAAQS REVIEW PROCESS...............................................................................2 4 1.1 SCIENCE ASSESSMENT OF PRIMARY PMPM PM .............................................................................5 3.1 3.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 OVERVIEW OF 3 1.2KEYLEGISLATIVEREVIEWS OFSECONDARYFORNAAQS ....................................................................21 HISTORY OF REVIEWS .................................................................................................. 18 POLICY-RELEVANT ISSUES .................................................................................. 23 ISSUES RELATED TO THE NAAQS ..........................................................................18 ISSUES RELATED TO THE THE NAAQS FOR PM .............................................................................5 HISTORY OF REQUIREMENTS...........................................................................................................3 THE NAAQS LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS...........................................................................................................3 3.2 ISSUESRELATED TO THE THE NAAQS FOR PM ..........................................................................18 RELATED TO THE SECONDARY PM NAAQS ....................................................................21 1 1.3 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................. 1 3.1 ISSUES AND REVIEWS SCOPE OF THE CURRENT PRIMARY PM NAAQS.............................................................................5 4.1SCIENCE ASSESSMENTOF REVIEW...................................................................................................12 1.4 1.4 4 1.3 SCOPE OF THE CURRENT REVIEW...................................................................................................12 HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION.............................................................................................................23 .................................................................................................. 23 3.2 HISTORY OFOF THE NAAQS REVIEWAND OTHER RELATED AGENCY ACTIVITIES .............13 OVERVIEW REVIEWS OF REVIEWS PROCESS...............................................................................2 THE NAAQS FOR PM .............................................................................5 1.5 1.1 4.2 1.5 4 1.4 SCOPE TO OTHER TO THE SECONDARY PM NAAQS ....................................................................21 ISSUESTO OTHER NAAQS REVIEWS AND OTHER RELATED AGENCY ACTIVITIES .............13 LINKS RELATED NAAQS ..................................................................................................................24 1.4 SCIENCE OF THEAPPROACHREVIEW...................................................................................................12 ASSESSMENT CURRENT LINKS ASSESSMENT .................................................................................................. 23 4.1 AND ORGANIZATION.............................................................................................................23 SCOPE OF THEREQUIREMENTS...........................................................................................................3 1.2 1.5 LEGISLATIVE CURRENT REVIEW...................................................................................................12 LINKS TO OTHER PUBLIC REVIEW ...................................................................................................40 SCIENTIFIC AND NAAQS REVIEWS AND OTHER RELATED AGENCY ACTIVITIES .............13 4.3SCIENCESCHEDULE ........................................................................................................ 23 4.1 2 1.3 LINKS TO OF ORGANIZATION.............................................................................................................23 SCOPE AND 4 1.5 REVIEW SCHEDULE ........................................................................................................ 16 2 4.2 REVIEW ASSESSMENT OFREVIEWS AND OTHER RELATED AGENCY ACTIVITIES .............13 REVIEWS .................................................................................................. 16 ASSESSMENT APPROACH ..................................................................................................................24 HISTORY OTHER NAAQS THE NAAQS FOR PM .............................................................................5 4.2 ASSESSMENT APPROACH ..................................................................................................................24 5 4.3REVIEW SCHEDULE ........................................................................................................ 16 SCOPE AND AND PUBLIC REVIEW ...................................................................................................40 SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATION.............................................................................................................23 2 4.1REVIEW HEALTH RISK AND EXPOSURE ASSESSMENTS ....................................... 16 1.4HUMAN SCHEDULE ........................................................................................................ 41 3 4.3KEY SCIENTIFIC AND PUBLIC REVIEW...................................................................................................12 SCOPE OF THE CURRENTISSUES .................................................................................. 18 2 4.2 KEYASSESSMENT APPROACHISSUES .................................................................................. 18 POLICY-RELEVANT REVIEW ...................................................................................................40 3 5.1 POLICY-RELEVANT LINKS TO OTHER TO THE ..................................................................................................................24 OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................41 1.5HUMAN HEALTH NAAQS REVIEWS AND OTHER..........................................................................18 RELATED AGENCY ACTIVITIES .............13 5 4.3KEY SCIENTIFIC ANDRISK AND EXPOSURE ASSESSMENTS ....................................... 18 3 5.2 3.1 3.1 ISSUES .................................................................................. 41 POLICY-RELEVANT RISK ASSESSMENT FROM LAST REVIEW..........................................42 ISSUES RELATED TO THE PRIMARY PM NAAQS ..........................................................................18 ISSUES RELATED PRIMARY PM NAAQS 5 5.1 HUMAN HEALTH PUBLICISSUES .................................................................................. 18 3.2 OVERVIEW OF HEALTH REVIEW ...................................................................................................40 3 3.1KEYISSUES RELATEDRISK AND EXPOSURE NAAQS ....................................................................21 POLICY-RELEVANT ASSESSMENTS ....................................... 41 OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................41 ISSUES RELATED TO THE PRIMARY PM NAAQS ..........................................................................18 ISSUES RELATED TO THE SECONDARY PM NAAQS ....................................................................21 3.2REVIEW SCHEDULE ........................................................................................................ 16 TO THE SECONDARY PM 2 3.1 5 3.2HUMANQUALITY CHARACTERIZATION PM PM NAAQS LAST REVIEW..........................................42 5.3 5.1 5.2 ISSUES RELATED TO THE PRIMARY ...............................................................................................44 AIR HEALTH RISK AND ASSESSMENT FROM ISSUES RELATED TO THE SECONDARY NAAQS ..........................................................................18 OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................41 OVERVIEW OF HEALTH RISKEXPOSURE ASSESSMENTS ....................................... 41 ....................................................................21 4 3.2 SCIENCE ASSESSMENT .................................................................................................. 23 5.4SCIENCE ASSESSMENT .................................................................................................. 23 POPULATION EXPOSURERISK ASSESSMENT FROM ....................................................................21 ASSESSMENT PM NAAQS LAST REVIEW..........................................42 APPROACH ...................................................................45 3 5.1 KEYISSUES AND OF HEALTH ISSUES .................................................................................. 18 4 5.3 5.2 5.5 POLICY-RELEVANT SECONDARY .......................................................................................49 RELATED TO THE OVERVIEW AIR QUALITY CHARACTERIZATION ...............................................................................................44 OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................41 HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH 4 5.2SCIENCE ASSESSMENT .................................................................................................. 23 4.1 5.3 5.4 4.1 SCOPE ORGANIZATION.............................................................................................................23 OVERVIEW OF CHARACTERIZATIONPM APPROACH ...................................................................45 SCOPE RELATED TO THE PRIMARY ...............................................................................................44 AIR QUALITY HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT FROM LAST REVIEW..........................................42 POPULATION EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT NAAQS ..........................................................................18 ISSUES AND ORGANIZATION.............................................................................................................23 3.1SCIENCE ASSESSMENT .................................................................................................. 23 4 4.1 5.6 4.2 5.4 5.5 4.2 BROADER RISK CHARACTERIZATION............................................................................................53 HEALTH RISK APPROACH ASSESSMENT APPROACH ...................................................................45 ASSESSMENT APPROACH ..................................................................................................................24 SCOPE AND ORGANIZATION.............................................................................................................23 ASSESSMENT EXPOSURE ..................................................................................................................24 POPULATION ASSESSMENT APPROACH .......................................................................................49 5.3 3.2 4.1 AIR QUALITY CHARACTERIZATION ...............................................................................................44 ISSUES RELATED TO THE SECONDARY PM NAAQS ....................................................................21 SCOPE AND AND PUBLIC REVIEW ...................................................................................................54 5.7 4.3 4.2 SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATION.............................................................................................................23 ...................................................................................................40 ASSESSMENT EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT APPROACH ...................................................................45 5.5 4.3 5.6 5.4 POPULATION APPROACH REVIEW ...................................................................................................40 SCIENTIFIC AND PUBLIC ..................................................................................................................24 HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH .......................................................................................49 BROADER RISK CHARACTERIZATION............................................................................................53 4 4.3 VISIBILITY RISK APPROACHREVIEW ...................................................................................................40 4.2 ASSESSMENT ..................................................................................................................24 SCIENTIFICRISK CHARACTERIZATION............................................................................................53 SCIENTIFIC AND RISK .................................................................................................. 23 BROADER AND PUBLIC REVIEW ...................................................................................................54 5.7SCIENCE ASSESSMENTAND APPROACH .......................................................................................49 5.6 PUBLIC 5 5.5 HUMAN HEALTH PUBLICWELFARE-RELATED ASSESSMENTS ............................ 41 HEALTH ANDASSESSMENT 6 4.3 HUMAN HEALTH RISK AND EXPOSURE ASSESSMENTS ....................................... 55 OTHER REVIEW ...................................................................................................54 SCIENTIFIC AND PUBLICREVIEW ...................................................................................................40 5 4.1 5.7 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENTS ....................................... 41 SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATION.............................................................................................................23 SCOPE AND AND 5.6HUMAN HEALTH CHARACTERIZATION............................................................................................53 5.1 BROADER RISK RISK AND EXPOSURE ASSESSMENTS ....................................... 41 5 6.1VISIBILITY AND OTHER WELFARE-RELATED ASSESSMENTS ............................ 55 OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................41 OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................55 6 5.7HUMAN HEALTH RISK AND EXPOSURE ASSESSMENTS ....................................... 41 5.1 OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................41 5 5.1 VISIBILITY AND VISIBILITY-RELATED ASSESSMENTLAST REVIEW..........................................42 4.2 ASSESSMENT APPROACH ..................................................................................................................24 SCIENTIFIC AND PUBLICRISK ASSESSMENT FROM ASSESSMENTS ............................ 55 6 6.1 5.2 6.2 5.2 OTHER REVIEW ...................................................................................................54 OVERVIEW OF HEALTH WELFARE-RELATED FROM LAST REVIEW............................55 OVERVIEW OF HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT FROM LAST REVIEW..........................................42 OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................41 OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................55 4.3 5.1 5.3 6.3 SCIENTIFIC AND PUBLIC REVIEW ...................................................................................................40 OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................41 5.2VISIBILITY ANDCHARACTERIZATION ...............................................................................................44 AIR QUALITY VISIBILITY-RELATED ASSESSMENT FROM LAST REVIEW............................55 OVERVIEWAND OTHER WELFARE-RELATED ASSESSMENT APPROACH ...............................60 VISIBLITY OF HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT FROM LAST REVIEW..........................................42 6.1 5.3 6.2 6 5.2 OVERVIEW OF CHARACTERIZATION ...............................................................................................44 OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................55 AIR QUALITY OTHER WELFARE-RELATED ASSESSMENTS ............................ 55 6.4 6.2 5.4 OVERVIEW OFEXPOSURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................62 POPULATION HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT FROM LAST REVIEW..........................................42 5.3 HUMAN HEALTHVISIBILITY-RELATED ASSESSMENT ...................................................................45 5.4 POPULATION EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT APPROACH ...................................................................45 SCIENTIFIC ANDRISK WELFARE-RELATED ASSESSMENTLAST REVIEW............................55 OVERVIEW OF PUBLIC ASSESSMENT APPROACH FROM APPROACH ...............................60 AIR QUALITY CHARACTERIZATION ...............................................................................................44 5 5.3 6.3 6.1 VISIBLITY AND OTHERAND EXPOSURE ASSESSMENTS ....................................... 41 OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................55 AIR QUALITY CHARACTERIZATION ...............................................................................................44 5.5 5.4 SCIENTIFIC OF ASSESSMENT APPROACH .......................................................................................49 HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH .......................................................................................49 POPULATION EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT APPROACH ...................................................................45 5.1AMBIENT AIRAND OTHER WELFARE-RELATED ASSESSMENT APPROACH ...............................60 6.3 5.5 6.4 6.2 7 5.5 VISIBLITY AND PUBLIC REVIEW ...................................................................................................62 HEALTH RISK VISIBILITY-RELATED ASSESSMENT FROM LAST REVIEW............................55 OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................41 OVERVIEWRISK CHARACTERIZATION............................................................................................53 5.4 5.6 6.4 5.6 5.2 6.3 SCIENTIFICOF OTHER RISK ......................................................................................... 63 MONITORING POPULATION EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT APPROACH ...................................................................45 BROADER RISK CHARACTERIZATION............................................................................................53 HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH .......................................................................................49 OVERVIEW AND PUBLIC REVIEW ...................................................................................................62 BROADER ANDHEALTHWELFARE-RELATEDFROM LAST REVIEW..........................................42 ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT APPROACH ...............................60 VISIBLITY MONITORING ......................................................................................... 63 5.5AMBIENT AIR AND PUBLIC REVIEW ...................................................................................................54 7.1 7 5.6 5.7 5.7 HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH .......................................................................................49 OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................63 SCIENTIFIC AND PUBLIC REVIEW ...................................................................................................54 BROADER RISK CHARACTERIZATION............................................................................................53 SCIENTIFIC 5.3 6.4 AIR QUALITY CHARACTERIZATION ...............................................................................................44 SCIENTIFIC AND PUBLIC REVIEW ...................................................................................................62 7 5.7 AMBIENT AIRANDCHARACTERIZATION............................................................................................53 5.6 7.2 HISTORICALMONITORING ......................................................................................... 63 BROADER RISK PUBLIC REVIEW ...................................................................................................54 7.1 SCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVE................................................................................................................63 OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................63 6 5.7 VISIBILITY ANDISSUES RELATED TO THEAPPROACH ...................................................................45 5.4 7.3 7.1 MONITORING EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT PM NAAQS...................................................................65 POPULATION 7.2AMBIENT AIR AND PUBLICWELFARE-RELATED ASSESSMENTS ............................ 63 HISTORICAL OTHER REVIEW ...................................................................................................54 SCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVE................................................................................................................63 55 OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................63 7 5.5 MONITORING ......................................................................................... 55 HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH .......................................................................................49 6 7.3VISIBILITY ANDPERSPECTIVE................................................................................................................63 6.1 6.1 7.2 MONITORING OTHER WELFARE-RELATED ASSESSMENTS ............................ OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................55 OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................55 HISTORICAL ISSUES RELATED TO THE PM NAAQS...................................................................65 6 6.1 POLICY ASSESSMENT/ RELATED TO THE ........................................................................ 71 7.1VISIBILITY AND OTHER WELFARE-RELATED ASSESSMENTS ............................ 55 8 5.6 6.2 6.2 7.3 OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................63 OVERVIEW OFISSUES RULEMAKING PM NAAQS...................................................................65 BROADER RISKVISIBILITY-RELATED ASSESSMENT FROM LAST REVIEW............................55 MONITORING CHARACTERIZATION............................................................................................53 OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................55 OVERVIEW OF VISIBILITY-RELATED ASSESSMENT FROM LAST REVIEW............................55 7.2 6.1 5.7 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE................................................................................................................63 OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................55 SCIENTIFICAND OTHER WELFARE-RELATED ASSESSMENT APPROACH ...............................60 VISIBLITY AND PUBLIC REVIEW ...................................................................................................54 8 6.2 POLICY ASSESSMENT/ RULEMAKING ........................................................................ 71 6.3 OVERVIEWAND OTHER WELFARE-RELATED ASSESSMENT APPROACH ...............................60 6.3REFERENCESOF VISIBILITY-RELATED ASSESSMENT FROM LAST REVIEW............................55 VISIBLITY .................................................................................................................... 9 6.3 POLICY ASSESSMENT/ RULEMAKINGPM NAAQS...................................................................65 7.3 8 6.2 6.4 MONITORING ISSUES RELATED TO THE ........................................................................ 72 VISIBLITY ANDVISIBILITY-RELATED ASSESSMENT FROM LAST REVIEW............................55 OVERVIEW OF OTHER WELFARE-RELATED ASSESSMENT APPROACH ...............................60 SCIENTIFIC AND PUBLIC REVIEW ...................................................................................................62 71 6.4 SCIENTIFIC AND PUBLIC REVIEW ...................................................................................................62 6 6.4 REFERENCESANDOTHER WELFARE-RELATED ASSESSMENT APPROACH ...............................60 9 6.3 VISIBILITY AND OTHER WELFARE-RELATED ASSESSMENTS ............................ 72 VISIBLITY .................................................................................................................... SCIENTIFICAND PUBLIC REVIEW ...................................................................................................62 55 APPENDIX A............................................................................................................................... 77 8 6.4POLICY ASSESSMENT/ RULEMAKING ........................................................................ 71 9 REFERENCES MONITORING ......................................................................................... 63 SCIENTIFIC .................................................................................................................... 72 7 6.1AMBIENT AIRAND PUBLIC REVIEW ...................................................................................................62 OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................55 APPENDIX A............................................................................................................................... 63 OVERVIEW MONITORING ......................................................................................... 77 7 6.2AMBIENT MATTER INTEGRATED SCIENCE ASSESSMENT - PROPOSED OUTLINE ....................77 PARTICULATEAIR OF VISIBILITY-RELATED ASSESSMENT FROM LAST REVIEW............................55 7.1 OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................63 9 PARTICULATE AIR .................................................................................................................... 63 REFERENCES MONITORING ......................................................................................... 72 APPENDIX A............................................................................................................................... 77 7 7.1AMBIENT MATTEROTHER WELFARE-RELATED ASSESSMENT APPROACH ...............................60 6.3 7.2 VISIBLITY AND INTEGRATED SCIENCE ASSESSMENT - PROPOSED OUTLINE ....................77 OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................63 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE................................................................................................................63 PARTICULATE MATTER INTEGRATED SCIENCE PM NAAQS...................................................................65 7.1 7.2 6.4 7.3 MONITORING ISSUES RELATED TO THE ASSESSMENT - PROPOSED OUTLINE ....................77 OVERVIEW.............................................................................................................................................63 HISTORICALAND PUBLIC REVIEW ...................................................................................................62 SCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVE................................................................................................................63 APPENDIX A............................................................................................................................... 77 7.2 7.3 MONITORINGPERSPECTIVE................................................................................................................63 HISTORICAL ISSUES RELATED TO THE ASSESSMENT - PROPOSED OUTLINE ....................77 PARTICULATE MATTER INTEGRATED SCIENCE PM NAAQS...................................................................65131248 7 POLICY ASSESSMENT/ RULEMAKING ........................................................................ 71 AMBIENT AIR MONITORING ......................................................................................... 63 30

31. [1] IRP Ch2 Table 2-1. Proposed Schedule for Development of PM Integrated Science Assessment (ISA) and Review of PM2.5 and PM10 NAAQS Stage of Review Major Milestone Target Dates Integrated Plan Literature Search Ongoing Federal Register Call for Information June 2007 Workshops on Science/Policy Issues July 2007 Prepare Draft Integrated Review Plan October 2007 CASAC Consultation November 2007 Prepare Final Integrated Review Plan March 2008 Science Prepare First Draft ISA September 2008 Assessment CASAC/Public Review of First Draft ISA December 2008 Prepare Second Draft ISA March 2009 CASAC/Public Review of Second Draft ISA May 2009 Prepare Final ISA September 2009 Risk/Exposure Prepare Draft Scope and Methods Plan October 2008 Assessments CASAC Consultation on Scope and Methods Plan December 2008 Prepare First Draft Risk/Exposure Assessments April 2009 CASAC/Public Review of First Draft Risk/Exposure May 2009 Assessments Prepare Second Draft Risk/Exposure Assessments November 2009 CASAC/Public Review of Second Draft Risk/Exposure January 2010 Assessments Prepare Final Risk/Exposure Assessments March 2010 Policy Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPR) June 2010 Assessment/ CASAC Review/Public Comment on ANPR August 2010 Rulemaking Proposed Rulemaking January 2011 Final Rulemaking October 201113124 31

32. oracic coarse particles in the ambient air. This evaluation of the available scientific evidence [1] IRPpolicy-relevant issues by addressing a series of questions including thell focus on key Ch3policy-relevant issuellowing: 3 KEY POLICY-RELEVANT ISSUES Has new information policy-relevant issues to be addressed in this review are presented below as occurrence of health The key altered the body of scientific support for the a series of policy-relevant questions that will frame our approach to determining whether the effects following short- secondary NAAQS for PM should be retainedtorevised. The ISA and and thoracic coarse current primary and and/or long-term exposure or levels of fine risk/exposure assessments to be conducted in this review will provide the basis for addressing particles found questions. ambienttoair? questions, and the resulting conclusions regarding the these in the The answers these corresponding policy-relevant issues, will inform the policy assessment/rulemaking that will lead Has new information altered conclusions from previous reviews regarding the plausibility to the decision of whether to retain or revise the current 24-hour and annual primary and of adverse health effects associated with exposures to PM2.5, PM10,10PM10-2.5, or secondary standards for PM2.5 and the 24-hour primary and secondary standards for PM . alternative PM indicators thatcategories of particle18 In the last PM NAAQS review, EPA focused on particle mass and primarily distinguished between two might be considered? on size (i.e., fine- and coarse- pollution based What evidence is particles), and conductedrecentevaluations offocused on specific size fractions, fraction available from parallel studies the available scientific evidence relating to each category. The importance of specific PM components and sources was evaluated within chemical components, sources, or environments (e.g., urban andextent to the context of this basic size differentiation. In this review, EPA will consider the non-urban areas) of PM to inform our understanding of the available toof PM exposures particle are linked to various which new information has become nature assess and determine how that pollution is defined. Specific characteristics to consider will include particle size/mass, composition, and health outcomes? sources/environments (e.g., urban and rural areas). This information will inform decisions related to whether sufficient evidence exists to warrant consideration of alternative indicators for To what extent and,key scientific evidence becoming available to improve our PM, is if appropriate, the development of new NAAQS. understanding of the health effects THE PRIMARY PMvarious time periods of PM exposures, 3.1 ISSUES RELATED TO associated with NAAQS The first step in reviewing the adequacy of the current primary PM standards is to including not onlywhether the available body ofor multi-day)assessedchronicand addressed in years) consider short-term (daily scientific evidence, and in the ISA (months to exposures, but air quality and risk/exposure assessments, supports or calls into question the scientific extent is critical the also peak PM exposures (less than 24-hour)? To what 13124 conclusions reached in the last review regarding health effects related to exposure to fine and 32

33. [2] Integrated Science Assessment for PM December 2009 EPA/600/R-08/139F Integrated Science Assessment for Particulate Matter Includes Errata Sheet created on 2/10/2010 Finalized in 2009 1071pp + Annex1157pp National Center for Environmental Assessment-RTP Division Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, NC13124 33

34. [2] ISA PM2.5 - - 13124 34

35. 7.5. Cancer,Composition andDamage _______________________________________________5-89 7.6.2. Pulmonary DNA Source-Oriented Analyses of PM ___________________________ 7-10 2.4.4. PM ADVISORY CGenotoxicityLinkedP ____________________________________-160 1.5.6. Second Measurement Techniques ______________________________________32-68 Mutagenicity,and Constituents ___________________________________________ 1-26 Sources 10and OMMITTEE FOR to Health Effects ________________________ -22 5.1.10. 6.5.2.1. StepEvaluation of ResponseARTICULATE MATTER NAAQS ______-185 3.9.1.2. CLEAN AIR SCIENTIFIC.5.1. Epidemiologic Studies Variability and Correlations ___________________________65-10 1.5.6.1. PM _______________________________________________________ 31-69 426H 1734H LII 42H 20H 17390H 1698H Ambient of __________________________________________________ -22 150H 17098H 7.6.3. Within-City ChangesHuman Populations ____________________________________7-90 Epigenetic Effects PM___________________________________________________ 2-27 3.9.1.3. Effects on PM Exposure________________________________________ -186 59H 170H 20H 1768H 5.1.11. 6.5.2.2. ______________________________________________________________-174 36H 17284H 2.5. WelfareEffects of PM2.5 Cancer Mortality and Incidence_______________________________7-92 7.6.4. 7.5.1.1. Lung _______________________________________________________6 1-70 [2] ISA 427H 1735H Effects Different Public Welfare 43H 21H 1739H 169H 15H 1709H Lung DevelopmentLong-term Exposure 10-2.5)_______________________________6 5-24 Windows ____________________________ 5.1.12. 6.5.2.3. Thoracic Coarse Particles ________________________________________-184 1.5.6.2. Effects on Variability ___________________________________________3-187 3.9.1.4. Temporal ____________________________________________________ -11 21H 1769H 37H 17285H (PM Effects____________________________7-95 60H 1708H 428H 1736H ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONSCancersVisibilityCopollutants _______________________________6-190 2.5.1. 7.5.1.2. Correlations Determinations______________________________________ 2-73 1.5.7. Summary and Causal between __________________________________________ -188 3.5.2.4. Ultrafine Particles _____________________________________________ 3 -27 .9.1.5. of Effects on ________________________________________________ -24 4H 2H 17392H 16970H 7.6.5. SummaryOther ____________________________________________1LIV 152H 170H Concepts in Evaluating Adversity of Health 2H 170H 38H 17286H 2.5.2. 6 .5.1.3. MarkersContributions or Susceptibility ______________________________7-12 61H 429H 173H 1709H 45H 1739H 7 .9.1.6. Source of on Climate to PM _____________________________________32-73 Summary of Effects Exposure ___________________________________________ -188 -28 23H 1697H 5.2. Systemic.6.5.1. PM2.5 ________________________________________________________5-95 Inflammation 153H 170H 3.5.2.5. Chemical Components of PM____________________________________6-191 39H 1728H 1.6. Summary __________________________________________________________________7-97 2.5.3. ToxicologicalEcological Effects of PM ____________________________________31-29 Summary of Studies ___________________________________________________ -24 5.2.1. 6 .9.1.7. Policy-Relevant Background______________________________________2-75 23H 62H 430H 17H 38 170H 46H 17394H 7.5.2. 7.6.5.2. PM10-2.5 ______________________________________________________ 5-13 Endothelial Dysfunction and Altered Vasoreactivity ___________________________ -189 154H 1702H 3.5.2.6. _______________________________________________ CHAPTER Chapter 1 ReferencesSource-Apportioned Acute Phase Response _________________________-196 1. INTRODUCTIONExposure_____________________________________________________651-2 24H 16972H 340H 1728H 6.6.5.3. UFPs________________________________________________________ 7-97 Coagulation and PM Analyses ________________________________ 3 -30 431H 24H 63H 172H 39 170H 47H 17395H 5.2.2. 7.5.2.1. Mutagenesis and Genotoxicity ____________________________________ 2-14 2.5.4. Activation ____________________________________________________________1-76 Summary of Effects on Materials__________________________________________ -189 15H 1703H 3.9.2. 6.5.2.7. Investigation of Concentration-Response Relationship ________________6-197 Human -26 25H 64H 48H 341H 432H 17289H 17396H 173H 80 1702H 1.1. Legislativeof Health Effects Determinations_____________________________________ 35-15 5.2.3. 7.5.2.2. Carcinogenesis________________________________________________7-79 Atherosclerosis _______________________________________________________ -189 25H 16973H 156H 1704H Requirements _______________________________________________________-31 2 hapter 7 ReferencesCharacterizing Human Exposure _________________________________6-200 3.9.2.1. and Causal C.6. Summary.5.2.3. Summary and Welfare Effects Causal Determinations__________________7-98 2 1-4 342H 17290H 6.5.3. Summary ____________________________________________________________ 7-80 26H 43H 174H 38 2. Activation.5.3.1. EALTH AND ToxicologicalEFFECTS OVERVIEW _______________6-200 7 .9.2.2. Spatial Scales of PM Exposure Assessment ________________________3-190 of Studies _________________________________ 157H 1705H 16958H CHAPTER 5.3.INTEGRATIVE HAutonomicandWELFARE__________________________________________-16 3 of the PM _______________________________________________________ 5 -1 Other Multipollutant PM Exposures ___________________ 2 -5 65H 1703H 49H 1739H Epigenetic of the NAAQS for Heritable Pulmonary Reflexes___________________3-191 Nervous System by DNA mutations ________________________ 7-80 34H 1729H 7.5.3. 6 Reviews Studies 43H 17382H C.2. History of.9.2.3. Multicomponent andPM 1 hapter 2 References ____________________________________________________________2-34 1 158H 1706H 2.5 3.5.3.2. PM 26H 27H 175H 16974H 34H 1729H 1H 1695H CHAPTER 8. PTranslocation ofSPhysicalSolubleTO PM-RELATED HEALTH EFFECTS ___________6-201 7.5.4. 6 .4.2.2. USCEPTIBLE PM Components__________________________________ 8-28 4.9.2.4. _____________________________________________________________ -1 Summary and or _____________________________________________________ 4 1-9 435H 1738H OPULATIONS UFPs Causal Determinations______________________________________7 2-2 6H 1704H 2.1. ISA DevelopmentImplications for Epidemiologic Studies_____________________________35-81 5.4. Concentrations and Sources of Atmospheric PM_____________________________________-17 159H 170H 10-2.5 Activity _______________________________________________ 1.3. 3.5.3.3. UFPs_______________________________________________________6-202 -191 345H 17293H 6 .5.4.1. PM 2.5 ________________________________________________________7-81 450H 436H 17384H 17398H 28H 176H CHAPTER 8.1.SDisease7of Susceptible E_______________________________________________________58-1 3.hapter 3 ReferencesPM10-2.5 ______________________________________________________7-18 27H 201H 1749H 16975H OURCE .5.4.2.Cardiovascular and Other Organ _____________________________________-82 2.1.1. Ambient Disease______________________________________________________42-2 4TO HUMAN Populations Correlations Systems ____________________________ -28 the PM Variability and ___________________________________3-193 160H 1708H .4.2.3. 5.5. Potentially Organization XPOSURE_______________________________________________3 -3 12H 1690H 346H 17294H 437H 17385H C.4. Document 1 ___________________________________________________________ 1-13 7 .1.1.1. Spatial Health Effects to Specific __________________________________2-2 28H 20H 1750H 1697H 6.6. Attribution of Ambient PMVariability across the U.S. Constituents or Sources ____________6-202 2.4.2.4. Concurrent Exposures __________________________________________4-29 4 67H 1705H 451H 29H