Essentials of Computer Applications

Chapter 1 Basic Knowledge E-Mail: leeyi@ustc.edu.cn

Windows Word Excel PowerPoint Internet

"New Perspectives on Conputer Concepts" 4th Edition, June Jamrich Parsons, Dan Oja "Computing Essentials" Timothy J.O'leary, Linda I. O'leary

1

1.1 1.1.1

19462ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator)3015018800805000170

ENIAC----

ENIAC ENIAC,20

ENIAC8~1010103450%1936

.

(Von Neumann) 1946

.

1946-1958 / //// ENIAC/EDVAC( Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)

1946-1957

1959-1964 () ALGOL60/FORTRAN/COBOL (/// UNIVACII/TRADIC/IBM7090/7094/7044

1957-1964

1959(IBM)1964IBM360IBM50(20)

40 Jack Kilby ,Kilby7/16 x 1/16

1965-1970 / BASIC /// IBM360/HONEYWELL6000/F230

1965-1972

1971- //// IBM4300/3080/3090/IBM9000/INTEL

1971-

1982

1971INTER4--- Inter 4004 1972INTEL8 Intel 8008 1973INTEL8 Intel 8080 1978INTEL16 Intel 8086 197916 Intel 8088 1981IBMIntel 8086IBM PC 1983IBM PC/XT 1982INTEL16Intel 80286 1984PC/ATCPU

CPU19828028619858038619898048619931996P-Pro, MMX1997P-II1999P-III2000P4

1958103195910419641971DJS19831992-II1997-III1995200019982000--I20019992000II,1117,50G1999,308450048-II-I

1.1.2 1. 2. 3.

4. (Supercomputer)/Mainframe)(Minicomputer)Microcomputer)Workstation)

1.1.3

1.1.4

CPU1.2 1.2.1

1.2.2 CPU

.

Arithmetic Unit Control Unit Memory Input Device Output Device

I/O

( MIPS)( MFPOPSCPUCPUCPUCPUCPUCPUCPUCPUCPU

8163264 CPUMMXCPU

()()ns10-9Byte

(bit) b(byte)8B(word)(KB)(MB)(GB)(TB)B1B = 8 bKB1KB = 1024 B = 210 BMB1MB = 1024 KB = 210 KBGB1GB = 1024 MB = 210 MBTB1TB = 1024 GB = 210 GB

I/OCPUCPUI/OI/O

1.2.3

CPU

= + +

Operating System OS

MS-DOS WINDOWS UNIX OS/2

DBMS DBMS. DBMS DBMS FoxproAccessOracleSQL ServerSybase

1.3 1.3.1 D 0129 10 56.28 56.28=5101 6100 2101 8102

(D)10 = dn10n-1 dn-110n-2 d2101 d1100 d-110-1 d-210-2 d-m10-m n m = di10i-1 dj10-j i=1 j=1 di dj 09nm 10i-1 10-j

B 012 2 101.01 101.01 = 122 021 120 021 122

(B)2 = bn2n-1 bn-12n-2 b221 b120 b-12-1 b-22-2 b-m2-m n m = bi2i-1 bj2-j i=1 j=1 bi bj 01nm 2i-1 2-j

0110

O 01234567 8 533.42 533.42 = 582 381 380 48-1 282

(E)8 = en8n-1 en-18n-2 e281 e180 e-18-1 e-28-2 e-m8-m n m = ei8i-1 ej8-j i=1 j=1 ei ej 07nm 8i-1 8-j

H 0123456789ABCDEF 16166B.68 6B.68 = 6161 B160 616-1 8162 = 6161 11160 616-1 8162

(H)16 = hn16n-1 + hn-116n-2 + h2161 + h1160 + h-116-1 + h-216-2 + h-m16-m n m = hi16i-1 + hj16-j i=1 j=1 hi hj 019ABCDEFnm 16i-1 16-j

:2 :2 r r 0 r :2,, : : : :

1101.01 (1101.01)2 = 123 + 122 + 021 + 120 + 021 + 122 = 8+4+0+1+0+0.25 = (13.25) 10

(1) 2 253 (253)10=(11111101)2

2 0.45 4 (0.45)10=(0.0111)2 4

44004101101011.01101 0001 0110 1011 . 0110 1000 1 6 B . 6 8

40101101011.01101

1 6 B . 6 8 0001 0110 1011 . 0110 1000

42N=2111011

PS

01101011

7 00000111 7 10000111 00 00000000 0 10000000 56 56 00111000 56 10111000 56 11000111 00 00000000 0 11111111

56 56 56 00111000 56 10111000 56 11000111 5611000111 1 11001000 0 11111111 1 1 00000000

1.3.2 ASCIIAmerican Standard Code for Information Interchange128959533

ASCII

6

1GB2312-80744537553008682GB2312-809494949494019494019416011601

GB2312-80

3755

3008

()

1

9

()

10

15

16

55

56

87

94

94

1

=()+00100000B =()+00100000B 463601001110 010001004E44H =00101110B(46)+00100000B=01001110B =00100100B(36)+00100000B=01000100BASCII1ASCII1100111011000100CEC4H

GBKGB18030 GB2312GB2312GBKGB231220902GBKGB18030GB18030GBK27484150

UnicodeUnicodeUnicode65536128UnicodeASCII128ASCIIV3.0200010236277861117264002024965UnicodeASCIIASCII

10646464864864=512

161624241616216=32EPROMMASK-ROM

PC1.4 IBM-PC

123 RAM 45CPUCPUMODEM

1.4.1

1.4.2 ATATX

CPUCacheAGPI/OIDECPUCPUCPUCPUCPUCPU

PCI PCIPCI PCI AGP1996IntelPCIAGPAGPAGP3266.6MHz

I/OI/O

PS/2 PS/2PS/2PS/2PS/2 LPTCOM MODEMRS232 DD

USBUSBUniversal Serial BusUSB1.112Mb/sUSB2.0480Mb/sUSBUSB

BIOSBIOSBIOSBasic Input Output SystemROMBIOS32BIOSBIOSAwardAMIPhoenixMR

BIOS

CMOSCMOSCMOSBIOSBIOSCMOSCMOSBIOSBIOSCMOS

1.4.3 CPUCPUCPUCPUCPUCPUCPUALUCPUCPUCPU

CPU CPU

CPU CPU CPU Cache Cache

CPU CPU1-40CPUCPU486CPUCPUPCCPUCPU = CPUCPU

Cache CacheCPUCPU CPUCPUCache CacheCPUCacheCacheCPUCPUCacheCPUCPU CacheCPUCPUCPUD-CacheI-Cache

CPUCPUCPUCPUCPUCPUCPUCPUCPU

CPUCPUCPUCPUCPU

1.4.4 CPUCPUCPU

ROMRAMSDRAMSynchronous Dynamic RAMDDR SDRAMDouble Data Rate SDRAMRDRAMRambus DRAMRambus

ROM-Read Only MemoryROM ROM-BIOSROM,

SDRAMSynchronous DRAMPCSDRAMRAMCPURAMCPUSDRAM3.3168PinDIMM64SDRAM

DDR SDRAMDouble Data Rate SDRAMDDRSDRAM DDRSDRAMDDRDDRSDRAM DDRSDRAMDDR184SDRAM16DDR2.5VSSTL2SDRAM3.3VLVTTL DDR

RDRAMRDRAMRambus DRAMRAMBUSDDRSDRAMRDRAM16DDRSDRAM64400MHz1.6Gb/sRDRAMRDRAMRDRAMRDRAMRDRAM

SIMMSingle Inline Memory ModuleDIMMDual Inline Memory ModuleRIMMRDRAM Inline Memory ModuleSIMMDIMMSIMMSDRAMDIMMRIMMRDRAMDIMMDIMMSDRAM DDRSDRAM DIMM168Pin84PinDDR DIMM184Pin DIMM92Pin

MB256MB512MB CL CLCAS LatencyCLCLCLSDRAMCL23DDR SDRAM22.5CL

PC SDRAMPC100PC133100133100MHz133MHzDDR SDRAMPC1600PC4300PC43004300Mb/sRDRAMPC600PC800PC1066RDRAM300 MHzRDRAM600MHzPC600PC100PC133

1.4.5 RAM

1.44MB3.53.53.5

=

GBGB

3

GB40GB200GB40GB38GB (Rotational Speed)rpmrevolutions per minuterpm5400rpm7200rpm10000rpm15000rpm

IDESATASCSIIDE Integrated Device ElectronicsIDEATAUltra ATADMAUltra DMAIDEIDE133Mb/s SATASerial ATAPCSATA150Mb/s600 Mb/s

SCSIATA133133Mb/s

ms9ms

PCCDROMCDR

CDCDROMCD150Kb/s4040150K6Mb/sIDEE-IDESCSIE-IDE

CD-R CD-RCDCDR

CDRWCD-RCDRWCD-RCDRWCD-RCDRCDRWCDCDCD

DVDDigital Versatile Disk5 DVD-ROMDVD DVD-Video DVD-AudioDVD-RDVD-Write-OnceDVDCD-R DVD-RAMDVD-ReWritableDVDCD-RWDVDCD12cmDVDDVD

DVDDVD-ROMDVDDVD-ROMDVDDVD DVDCD/VCDDVD-ROMCDDVDCD

USBWindows 2000Windows XPWindows 2003

32MB512MB2GB20GB80GBZipMP3

1.4.6 CPU

I2CI2CInter-ICSPISPI(Serial Peripheral Interface)MotorolaSPISPICPUSCISCISerial Communication InterfaceMotorolaUARTMCS-51

:

IBM PCIBM PC/XT8088 CPU628088 820IBM PC /XTI/OI/O ISAISAindustrial standard architectureIBM 1984PC/ATATXT8/168028680486ISAISA98ISA1688MB/s

EISAExtended Industrial Standard Architecture1988Compaq9ISAISA9898ISAEISAEISAISA 3233MB/sDMADirect Memory AccessCPU

VESAvideo electronics standard association 199260VL(VESA local bus)CPUCache CPUVLCPUVL3264 33MHz132MB/sCPU386SX386DX486SX486DX PCIperipheral component interconnectIntel3264PCIISAVESAISA132MB/sCPU

PCI33MHzCPU3264132~264MB/scachePCICPUPCIPCI3264BIOSPCIPCIPCI

RS-232-CEIAElectronic Industry AssociationRS232CRS-232-C25RS-232-C5075 100150300600120024004800960019200RS-232-C2500pF150pF/m15mRS-23220m

USBUSBuniversal serial busIntel CompaqDigitalIBMMicrosoftNECNorthern Telecom7PCUSBUSB12Mbps10010USB

1.5 Keyboard,PC101103104105PS/2USB

4.Capslock EscCtrlAltF1F12,InsertDeletePageUpPageDown HomeEnd

1 , 2 (Shift) 3 (Caps Lock), 4 (Num Lock), 5 () 6 (Enter)

WindowsPhotoshopFlashRS232PS/2USBdpidot per inch/

CCDChange Coupled DeviceCCD3D

600*1200182430364248

Digital CameraDC

4001000

CCDCMOSCMOSCMOSCCD

CRT CRT CRTCathode Ray Tube

CRTmm0.28mm(Hz)85Hz85

10247681024768CRTCRT

LCDLCDLiquid Crystal DisplayCRTLCDLCDLCDLCDCRT

CPUNVIDIAATI CGA(320*200)EGA(640*350)VGA(640*480)SVGATVGA800*6001024*768

PC

(Charging)(Exposure)(development)(Transferring)(Fusing)(Cleaning)(Erasing)

dpi300360dpi720dpi300dpi400dpi1200dpi

PPMPages Per MinutePPM4PPM35PPM

CADCAM

1.6 8163264Byte

1.7 -------ROM------RAM------

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