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1
vasil xizaniSvili
eTikuri ekonomika
(saxelmZRvanelo)
gamomcemloba `loi~
Tbilisi-2016
2
v. xizaniSvili, 2016
naSromSi Tanmimdevrulad aris ganxiluli ,,eTi-
kuri ekonomikis“, rogorc saqarTveloSi sruliad ax-
ali, interdisciplinaruli sagnis arsebiTi mxareebi.
saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia yvela Sesabamisi spe-
cialobis bakalavriatis, magistraturis, doqtoran-
turis studentebisa da profesor-maswavlbelTaTvis.
is aseve saTanado daxmarebas gauwevs am sakiTxebiT
dainteresebul sxva mkiTxvelsac.
redaqtori:
elguja meqvabiSvili
ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
profesori
recenzentebi:
loid qarCava
biznesis administrirebis doqtori,
asocirebuli profesori
giorgi sibaSvili
filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
asocirebuli profesori
uak (UDC) 330.826
x - 531
ISBN 978-9941-9268-6-0
vasil xizaniSvili, `eTikuri ekonomika~, gamom-cemloba `loi~, Tbilisi, 2016 weli, gv. 404.
saxelmZRvanelo gamoica KAAD-is dafinansebiT.
3
Sinaarsi
Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
nawili I ekonomikis eTika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Tavi 1. ra aris ekonomikis eTika? . . . . . . . . . . 12
$1.1. ekonomikisa da eTikis
urTierTdamokidebuleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
$1.2. ekonomikis eTikis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
$1.3. bazris sakiTxebi eTikur konteqstSi . . . . 28
$1.4. ekonomikuri anTropologiis eTikuri da
politikuri aspeqtebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Tavi 2. zneobriv faseulobaTa eTikuri
gaazreba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
$2.1. samarlianoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
$2.2. Tanasworoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
$2.3. Tavisufleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
$2.4. pasuxismgebloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Tavi 3. sabazro ekonomika VS socialuri
sabazro ekonomika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
$3.1. sabazro ekonomika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
$3.2. socialuri sabazro ekonomika . . . . . . . . . 82
Tavi 4. eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomika . . . . 95
Tavi 5. globalizacia, misi formebi, msoflio
finansur-ekonomikuri krizisebi da
eTikuri mocemuloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
$5.1. ra aris globalizacia? . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
$5.2. ekonomikuri globalizacia . . . . . . . . . . 120
$5.3. finansuri globalizacia . . . . . . . . . . . 128
4
$5.4. finansur-ekonomikuri krizisebis
retrospeqcia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Tavi 6. religia da ekonomika . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
$6.1. religiis socialur-ekonomikuri gaazreba..148
$6.2. religiis calkeuli saxeebi ekonomikur
prizmaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Tavi 7. kultura da ekonomika . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
nawili II. biznesis eTika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Tavi 1. ra aris biznesis eTika? . . . . . . . . . . . 195
$1.1. biznesis eTika da misi mniSvneloba . . . . 195
$1.2. biznesis eTikis ganviTarebis etapebi . . . 201
Tavi 2. biznesis eTikis doneebi . . . . . . . . . . . 215
$2.1. mikro done . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
$2.2. mezo done . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
$2.3. makro done . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Tavi 3. biznesis eTikis Teoriebi . . . . . . . . . . 246
$3.1. normatiuli eTikuri Teoria . . . . . . . . . . 246
$3.2. deskripciuli eTikuri Teoria . . . . . . . . 268
Tavi 4. globalizacia da biznesis eTika . . . 294
$4.1. globalizacia biznesis eTikis
konteqstSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
$4.2. globalizaciis gavlena
biznes-urTierTobebze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
$4.3. biznesis eTikis analizuri midgoma
kompaniaTa gadawyvetilebebis
problematikaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Tavi 5. menejmentis sakiTxebi biznesis eTikaSi 312
5
$5.1. bizneseTikis menejmenti . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
$5.2. bizneseTikis menejmentis organizeba . . . . 317
$5.3. riskebisa da Sansebis menejmenti sawarmos
mdgradi ganviTarebis konteqstSi . . . . . . 323
Tavi 6. korporaciis pasuxismgeblobis saxeebi 330
$6.1. korporaciuli socialuri
pasuxismgebloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
$6.2. korporaciuli moqalaqeoba . . . . . . . . . . 344
Tavi 7. steikholderebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
$7.1. firmis steikholderis Teoria . . . . . . . . 357
$7.2. aqcionerebi da menejerebi . . . . . . . . . . . 364
$7.3. kompaniis TanamSromlebi . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
$7.4. mimwodeblebi da konkurentebi . . . . . . . . 375
$7.5. momxmareblebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
$7.6. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciebi... 384
$7.7. xelisufleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
boloTqma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
6
Sesavali
eTikuri ekonomika aris ekonomikisa da eTikis
TeoriaTa, eTikur da ekonomikur SexedulebaTa
gaerTianeba da politikuri ekonomiis Sevseba.1
eTikuri ekonomikis da politikuri ekonomiis
safuZvelia racionalur qmedebaTa formalur–
ekonomikuri Teoria.
politikuri ekonomia politikuri normebiT
ikvlevs da gansazRvravs saxalxo meurneobis
samarTlebriv da politikur safuZvlebs, eTikuri
ekonomikis sagans warmoadgens eTikuri da kultu-
ruli normebi.
saxalxo meurneobis moZRvreba, rogorc ekono-
mikis yovlismomcveli Teoria, mikro da makro
ekonomikuri Teoriebis pozitiuri ekonomikis
gverdiT moicavs politikur ekonomias da eTikur
ekonomikas.2
ekonomikuri Teoria aanalizebs socialur in-
stituciebsa da moqmedebaTaA wesrigs, romelic
kerZo interesebzea dafuZnebuli. eTikuri Teoria
ki ayalibebs instituciebsa da normebs, romelic
adamianis saukeTeso unarebis ganviTarebis Sesa-
Zleblobas warmoSobs.
eTikuri ekonomika aseve aris ekonomikis kul-
turis sferos eTikuri wanamZRvrebis Teoria, eTi-
kuri wesebisa da qcevebis Teoria, romelic misi
funqcionirebisaTvis bazris koordinacias da
fasTaA sistemas gulisxmobs.
1. Koslowski, P. , Prinzipien der Ethischen ökonomie: Grundlegung der. 2. Wirtschaftsethik und der auf die ökonomie bezogenen Ethik: Tübingen: Mohr, 1988, S. 2 Matthienssen, Ch., ökonomie und Ethik (Moral des Mark-tes oder Kritik der reinen ökonomischen Vernunft) , Freiburg 1990, S. 9
7
politikuri ekonomia da axali termini ,,eTi-
kuri ekonomika~ asaxavs wminda ekonomikis, baz-
risa da fasTaA sistemis politikur da eTikur
wanamZRvrebs. bazris koordinacia da marTva mx-
olod maSin xorcieldeba, roca gansazRvrulia
institucionaluri pirobebi. bazris koordinaci-
is institucionalur wanamZRvrebs ganekuTvneba
is wanamZRvrebi, romlebsac ikvlevs politikuri
ekonomia da eTikuri ekonomika. eTikuri ekonomika
afarTovebs eTikis analitikur Zalas, ekonomikur
TeoriasTan mimarTebaSi.
eTikuri ekonomika aseve ikvlevs qmedebaTaA mo-
tivaciis moralurobis sakiTxs, kerZo da sazoga-
do interesTa mimarTebaSi romelime maTganis upi-
ratesobis gansazRvris TvalsazrisiT gamoiyofa
eTikuri ekonomikis kidev erTi sfero, romelic
ikvlevs ekonomikisa da eTikis urTierTmimarTebas
saqonelmcodneobaSi. sagnebi calkeul saqonlad
gadaiqceva gansazRvruli Rirebulebis xarisxiTa
da am Rirebulebis xarisxTa aRqmis meSveobiT. es
ukanaskneli ar aris damoukidebeli momxmareblis-
agan. ekonomikuri da esTetikur-eTikuri saqonelm-
codneobis arsis wvdomaSi eTikuri ekonomika
erTdroulad gviCvenebs ekonomikis kulturis
Teorias, kulturis ekonomikas da ekonomikis kul-
turis filosofias.
eTikuri ekonomikis samive sfero – ekonomikis
eTikuri wanamZRvrebis Teoria, eTikis ekonomikuri
Teoria da saqonlis eTikur-ekonomikuri Teoria
aerTianebs farTo adamianur qmedebaTa Teorias
da praqtikas.
eTikuri ekonomika ubrundeba uZveles
filosofiur tradicias, aristoteles praqtikul
filosofias, rogorc eTikis, ekonomikisa da poli-
tikis erTianobas. praqtikuli filosofiis am
8
erTianobam mogvianebiT adgili dauTmo moralis
filosofiaze pragmatikisa da socialuri eTikis
gavlenas (kanti) da nacionaluri ekonomikis, ro-
gorc damoukidebeli mecnierebis warmoSobas
(adam smiti)*. eTikis, ekonomikisa da politikis
am triadis adgilas Camoyalibda sami damoukide-
beli disciplina.
misi, rogorc interdisciplinaluri sagnis
warmoSobis safuZvlad saxeldeba sami mizezi: 1)
ekonomikuri saqmianobis mzardi kulturuli da
ekologiuri gverdiTi qmedebebis (eqsternalieb-
is) gacnobierebisa da maTze eTikuri pasuxismge-
blobis moTxovnileba; 2) sagnobriv disciplineb-
Si adamianis xelaxla aRmoCena da ekonomikur
kadrebSi samarTalaRsrulebis mzardi molodini;
3) kulturul sferoTa Semdgomi daSla-darRveva
da gansakuTrebiT ekonomikuri samyaros gaucxoe-
ba.
admianis Zalaufleba bunebaze Tavis social-
ur samoqmedo sivrceSi permanenturad izrdeba.
aseve izrdeba SesaZlo eqsternaliebis moculo-
bac. adamianis mzardi Zalaufleba moiTxovs ara
mxolod garemos analitikur codnas, aramed in-
dividis ZiriTadi da gverdiTi qmedebebis mima-
rT mzard mgrZnobelobas. igi agreTve moiTxovs
praqtikul-eTikuri qcevis codnas rac calkeuli
gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas gaiTvaliswineba.
eqsternaliebis momravleba niSnavs gamoRviZe-
bul ekologiur cnobierebas da moiTxovs de-
batebs energiiT sargeblobis Sesaxeb. adamianis
Zalauflebis zrda proporciulad zrdis mis
pasuxismgeblobas socialuri da bunebrivi gare-
*Sdr. Zur Verhältnis von Ökonomie und Ethik bei Kant und Adam Smith (Koshlowski 1982 a) S. 185-237
9
samyaros mimarT. es aris eTikuri ekonomikis aqtu-
alurobis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani mizezi.
eTikur ekonomikaze moTxovnilebas warmoSobs
mecnierebaSi ,,adamianis xelaxla aRmoCenis~
fenomeni. eTika mecnierebaSi ,,praqtikuli gonebis
primats~ qmediTs xdis. eTikas axsovs da iTval-
iswinebs, rom mecniereba praqtikaa da samecniero
praqtikam unda dasvas kiTxva misi paradigmis
Sesabamisobis Sesaxeb adamianis TviTgamorkvev-
asTan. ekonomika swavlebaa adamianis Segnebuli
qcevebis Taobaze. Sesabamisad, Zlierdeba mecnier-
uli gagebis ,,reantrofomorfizaciis~ procesi da
mecnierebaSi subieqtze gaZlierebuli dakvirveba
socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis meSveobiT.
,,reantrofomorfizmi~ aRiarebulia Tanamedrove
ekonomikur TeoriaSi. postindustriuli ekonomi-
kuri mecniereba moiTxovs dakvirvebas adamianur
faqtorze antropologiuri da antrofomorfuli
TvalsazrisiT.
eTikuri ekonomikisadmi gaZlierebuli inter-
esis mesame mizezia Tanamedrove sazogadoebis
SigniT socialur gansxvavebaTa moSlis mzardi
tendencia da misgan warmoSobili safrTxeebi.
eTikuri ekonomika cdilobs pasuxi gasces kiTx-
vaze, Tu rogor moiqces subieqti Tavis politikur,
kulturul, religiur da esTetikur ganzomile-
bebSi. bazris funqcionirebisa da konkurenciis
efeqtianobis xarisxi miT ufro maRalia, rac ufro
gaupirovnebeli da anonimuria isini. rac ufro
didia bazari, miT ufro maRalia ekonomikuri
racionalizmi da efeqtiania Sromis danawile-
ba. eTikuri ekonomika da ekonomikis kulturis
filosofia warmoadgens amgvari anonimurobis da-
Zlevisa da axali kulturuli erTobis Seqmnis
mniSvnelovan instruments.
10
eTikuri ekonomika gamoxatavs eTikur qmedeba-
Ta aspeqtebis integraciis mcdelobas ekonomikur
mecnierebaTaA modelSi. misi sagania ekonomikur
qmedebaTa eTikur xasiaTsa da homo oeconomicus So-ris ufskrulis amovseba. eTikisa da ekonomikis
Tanamedrove dualizmi warmoadgens axlandeli
postmodernuli epoqis organul Semadgenel
nawils. eTikisa da ekonomikis ganuyrelma er-
Tianobam eTikuri ekonomikis saxiT Seqmna axali
disciplina.
eTikuri ekomonika ar aris oqsimoroni, urTi-
erTgamomricxavi sityvebis Sexameba. araviTari
xis rkina, ori gaumTlianebeli, SeukavSirebeli
Teoriis Semadgeneli nawili. igi aris admianSi
uZlieresi da saukeTeso gansxavebuli impulsebis
urTierTdamokidebulebis aRiareba gansazRvru-
li wesebisa da instituceiebis CarCoebSi.3 eTi-
kuri ekonomika produqtiulobis, ekonomikuri da
samarTlianobis eTikur kriteriumTa Teoriebis
sinTezia. eTikuri ekonomika ekonomikisagan iRebs
racionalur qmedebaTa mikroekonomikas da zog-
adi eTikidan – samarTlianobis Teorias. mikro
doneze wina planze dgas sakiTxi ,,samarTliani~
ekonomikuri sistemis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ekonomi-
kur, finansur da socialur politikaSi. eTikuri
ekonomika ikvlevs saerTo ekonomikur qmedebebs,
maTi moraluri Sedegebis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT.
misi mizania dasabuTebul normaTa povna ,,kargi~
ekonomikisaTvis. eTikuri ekonomika dakavebulia
sakiTxiT Tu romeli normebi da idealebi Sei-
Zleba iqnes miCneuli. mniSvnelovnad Tanamedrove
ekonomikisa da sameurneo sazogadoebis pirobebSi.
3 ix. wyaro 1, gv 27.
11
nawili I ekonomikis eTika
12
Tavi 1. ra aris ekonomikis eTika?
$1.1. ekonomikisa da eTikis urTi-erTdamokidebuleba
ekonomikur urTierTobaTaAZiriTadi eTikuri
problemebi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobdnen
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis xangrZlivi periodis
ganmavlobaSi.1 ekonomikisa da eTikis sakiTxebi
didi xnidan iRebs dasabams.
jer kidev bibliur – semitur sivrceSi, ker-
Zod Zveli aRTqmis wignebSi moipoveba mravali
werilobiTi sabuTi, romelic sameurneo cxovre-
bis eTikuri TvalsazrisiT mowyobas gulisx-
mobs. kerZod: iZulebiTi Sroma faraonTa egviptis
agraruli-gegmiur sistemaSi qristeSobamde 1500
wliT adre. monaTa meurneoba CineTSi Cv.w.aR. me-
10 saukuneSi. monebis Sromaze iyo dafuZnebuli
meurneobis funqcionireba aTen-atikaSic qristes
iqiT me-4 saukuneSi, anda provinciebis eqspluata-
cia romis imperiaSi Cv.w. aR. me-2 saukunidan.
warsuli sazogadoebrivi eTosis gansxvavebul
kulturebSi sxvadasxva formiT yovelTvis arse-
bobda ekonomikur-eTikuri xasiaTis elementebi, rac
gansakuTrebiT sacnobia antikuri xanis filoso-
fosTa naazrevSi. magaliTad, uZvelesi pirdapiri
kavSiri ekonomikur da eTikur dakvirvebebs Soris
arsebobs platonTan. misi azriT materialuri
mogebisaken ltolva zians ayenebs sulier ganvi-
Tarebas da aseve safrTxes warmoadgens sazoga-
doebrivi samarTlianobisaTvis. eTika, politika
13
da ekonomia rogorc praqtikuli filosofiis Se-
madgeneli nawilebi aristotelesTan ganuyofelia
da danaxulia mTlianobaSi. aqve unda davZinoT
isic, rom maT jer kidev ar uwyodnen ekonomika
rogorc calke mecniereba da rom isini ZiriTadad
dakavebulni iyvnen sayovelTao eTikuri Teoriis
ganviTarebiT. im xanad ekonomikuri dakvirvebis
obieqti upiratesad iyo ,,Oikos~, antikuri Sinameur-neoba. ekonomikuri sakiTxebi aristotelesTan
moipoveba sistemur formaSi. misi warmodgenebi
efuZneba sokratesa da platonis Sexedulebebs,
romlis azriTac adamianTa keTildReobis safuZ-
vels warmoadgens kerZo sakuTrebasa da pirad
pasuxismgeblobaze dafuZnebuli qmedebani, sadac
daculia legaluri da samarTliani ganawileb-
is principebi. axali eTikuri impulsi iyo iesos
gzavnili RvTis samefos Sesaxeb. axal aRTqmaSi
aris ekonomikur-eTikuri mniSvnelobis sakiTxebi,
kerZod iseTi, rogoricaa socialuri pasuxismgbe-
loba, sakuTrebis ufleba da Sromis aucileblo-
ba. magram, unda iTqvas, rom masSic ar moipoveba
calsaxad sameurneo - zneobrivi xasiaTis sistema,
Tumca arsebulma eTikurma poziciebma qristian-
obis aRiarebasTan erTad me-4 saukunidan didi
mniSvneloba SeiZines sazogadoebrivi mowyobis
TvalsazrisiT.
dasavluri filosofia Sua saukuneebSi vidre
Cven dromde qristianuli rwmeniTa da misive
eTikuri SinaarsiT iyo gansazRvruli. eTikur-
ekonomikuri sakiTxebi Tavdapirvelad ganixile-
boda eklesiis mamaTa, xolo mogvianebiT didi
Teologebis, uwinaresad ki Toma aqvinelis mier.
sqolastikis periodSi moxda antikuri filosofi-
uri wyaroebis samzeoze xelaxla gamotana da
xangrZlivi gaTiSulobis Semdeg maTi gamoyenebiT
14
qristianuli Teologiis eTikuri sistematizacia.
miuxedavad amisa, am droisaTvis erTiani ekonomi-
kuri Teoria jer kidev ar iyo ganviTarebuli.
evropaSi Sua saukuneebamde arsebobda agrarul-
feodaluri sistema, saidanac iwyeba axali ekono-
mikuri movlenebi, risi Tanamdevicaa inteleqtu-
aluri progresi, ramac xeli Seuwyo sistemuri
ekonomikuri Teoriis ganviTarebas. am movlenebs
ganekuTvneba qalaqebisa da Sesabamisad gildiaTa
warmoSoba, manufaqturuli Sromis konfliqtSi
Sesvla feodalur sistemasTan. saSualo klasis
interesTa sferos centrSi fokusirdeba samo-
qalaqo Tavisuflebis (pirovnebis Tavisufleba,
sakuTrebis Tavisufleba da SeTanxmebis Tavisu-
fleba) arseboba, ris safuZvelzec xdeba poli-
tikuri Tavisuflebis miRweva da gaTavisufleba
arsebuli feodaluri sistemisagan.
im drois arsebuli progresi pirdapir kavSir-
Sia subieqtTan. arsebul situaciaTaA gacnobier-
eba mas aiZulebs axali qcevis wesebis Seqmnisa da
damkvidrebisaken, ramac gansazRvra kidec kacobri-
obis momavlis mowyobisa da progresis formire-
ba. am ganviTarebis Sedegebi konkretizirdeba
ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi. es aris im procesis
Sedegi rasac maqs veberi uwodebs ,,racionali-
zaciis~ cnebas. igi asaxavs Tavdapirveli univer-
saluri saojaxo organizebuli kavSirebiTi for-
midan sami damoukidebeli mecnierebis, politikis,
ekonomikisa da religiis ganviTarebis gzas. am
process ganekuTvneba da masTanaa dakavSirebuli
ekonomikisa da eTikis gayofa da maTi damoukide-
bel mecnierebebad ganviTarebac.2
industrializaciis pirvel wlebSive gaxda na-
Teli, rom calke aRebul, gamocalkevebul ekonomi-
kas ar ZaluZs yvela sistemur-imanentur sakiTxTa
15
da problemaTa damuSaveba. amitom, vfiqrobT, rom
ekonomikur-eTikuri istoriuli ganviTarebis di-
namikaSi Cven mier naCvenebi arasruli monaxazi
dagvexmareba ekonomikisa da eTikis, da maTTan
dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva aspeqtebis ukeT dan-
axvasa da gagebaSi.
arsebobs wminda konceptualuri gansxvavebu-
li mniSvneloba moralisa da eTikis cnebebs So-
ris. moralis qveS (ekvivalenti: ,,eTosi~, ,,zneo-
ba~). mecnierebaSi moiazreba normaTa (wesebis),
maqsimebisa da principebis kompleqsi, romlebi-
Tac xelmZRvaneloben an unda ixelmZRvanelon
aqtiorebma. morali moicavs SemosazRvrul
kulturaTaA wris faseulobebisa da normaTaA
struqturas, rasac garkveul pirobebSi ZaluZs
gadaxra samarTlebrivi wesebidan.
eTika (berZn. ethike < ethos – zne) filosofi-
uri mecnierebaa zneobis, moralis Sesaxeb. igi
mWidro kavSirSia eTosTan. filosofiuri gaaz-
rebiT eTosi aRniSnavs eTikurad dadgenil nor-
maTa Sesrulebis Sinagan valdebulebas, xolo
eTika mis mecnierul refleqsias. radgan eTi-
ka swavlobs adamianTa praqtikuli qcevis nor-
mebsa da wesebs, is Teoriuli filosofiisagan
(gnoseologia, ontologia) gansxvavebiT, miiCneva
praqtikul filosofiad. eTikas, rogorc praqti-
kul filosofias, rogorc sworad moqcevis moZ-
Rvrebas ZaluZs ara mxolod normaTa (wesebis)
dafuZneba, aramed aseve konkretuli cxovrebisa
da qmedebaTa samyaroSi kargad dafuZnebul da
damkvidrebul normaTaA mimarTulebis micemac
(komutatori).
,,eTika~ da ,,morali~ msgavsia ,,Teoriis~ da
,,praqtikis~. eTikuri azrovneba aRniSnavs Sesa-
Zlo qmedebaTaA normebis (standartebis) re-
16
fleqsias anu asaxvas, xolo moraluri qmedebani
moicavs am normaTa Sesrulebas. eTikis amocanas
warmoadgens adamianuri TanacxovrebisaTvis mor-
aluri normebis formireba. moraluri normebi ki
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT gaiazreba SezRuduli
kulturuli sivrcis faseulobaTaA struqturad,
romelic samarTalTan aris konfliqtSi.3 eTikis
mizania adamianuri praqtikis wvdoma, mizania ara
Semecneba, aramed moqmedeba.
aseTive gansxvavebuloba arsebobs ekonomiasa da
ekonomikas Soris. Oiko-nomia ZvelberZnuli sity-
vaa da aRniSnavs mTeli saxlis (Oikos) saTanado
marTvas (Nomos). ekonomia antikur xanaSi warmoad-genda sazogadoebis arsebobisaTvis saWiro ekono-
mikuri saSualebebis SenarCunebisa da warmate-
buli sameurneo TanacxovrebisaTvis aucilebel
centralur moments. Tavad ekonomikuri warmateba
gaigeboda rogorc marTebuli cxovrebis gamoxat-
uleba.4 ekonomia iyo moZRvreba ,,mTeli saxlis~
rogorc warCinebulTa ise mdabioTa kulturebis
ZiriTadi socialuri struqturis Sesaxeb.5
ekonomikis qveS ki (ekvivalenti: ,,ekonomikuri
mecniereba~) moiazreba ekonomikur qmedebaTa Teo-
ria. ekonomika svams or mTavar sakiTxs: 1) rogor
SeiZleba mwiri resursebis ekonomiuri gamoyene-
biT maqsimaluri ekonomikuri efeqtis miRweva; 2)
rogor miiRweva individualur qmedebaTa sauke-
Teso koordinacia, romelic kerZo interesebs em-
yareba. orive sakiTxis dayenebas aqvs erTi eTikuri
ganzomileba da miuTiTebs eTikisa da ekonomikis
urTierTdamokidebulebaze. SesaZlebelia Tu ara
sazogadoebrivi koordinacia eTikis gareSe, an
sazogadoebriv koordinaciaSi ramdenad saWiroa
eTikur wesTa kodeqsis Semotana, raTa Semdgom
amiT ekonomikam Tavisi sruli potencialis re-
17
alizeba SeZlos? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema Seu-
Zlebelia eTikuri ekonomikis safuZvliani Seswav-
lis gareSe. kapitalisturi ekonomika xasiaTdeba
sami struqturuli TaviseburebebiT: 1) kerZo sa-
kuTreba (maT Soris warmoebis saSualebebze); 2)
mogebisa da sargeblianobis maqsimizacia, rogorc
ekonomikis mizani; 3) ekonomikuri aqtiurobis
koordinacia bazrebiTa da fasTa sistemiT.6
ekonomikasTan mimarTebaSi eTika SesaZlebelia
danaxuli iqnas rogorc ekonomikuri racionalite-
tis humanuri koreqtivi. Tavisufal da samarT-
lebriv saxelmwifoSi centraluri eTikuri pos-
tulatebia sxvaTa mier adamianis pirovnulobis
rogorc subieqtis, misi Tavisuflebis, yvela ada-
mianis Tanasworobisa da urTierTtolerantobis
aRiareba.
moraluri faseulobebi warmoadgenen araform-
alur institutebs. es aris raRac araxelSesax-
ebi, TiTqosda SeumCneveli aqtivi, rac arsebiTad
zemoqmedebs transaqciuli xarjebis moculobaze.
moralur faqtorebs ZaluZT Seamciron an gazard-
on es xarjebi. ukanasknel periodSi moraluri
faseulobebi xdeba ekonomikuri cxovrebis ufro
da ufro metad saWiro Semadgeneli nawili. mor-
aluri faseulobebi efeqtianad muSaobs dasav-
leTis ekonomikaSi, amaRlebs ra maTi sawarmoebis
konkurentunarianobas globalizaciis pirobeb-
Si.7
ekonomika da eTika imyofebian mWidro urTier-
TobaSi. esa Tu is ekonomikuri principi gacile-
biT naTeli xdeba maSin, roca misi sargeblianoba
da upiratesoba emyareba eTikur ideebsa da Te-
oriebs, vidre maSin, roca adgili aqvs ,,SiSvel~
ekonomizacias wmindad finansur da samecniero
vadebsa da miznebSi. mxolod eTikur faseulobeb-
18
sa da qcevebze dafuZnebul socialur-ekonomikur
sistemas SeuZlia harmoniuli funqcionireba, e.i.
ekonomikuri politikis sakvanZo sakiTxs warmoad-
gens humanuri faseulobebi, xolo eTika cdilobs
am faseulobaTa av-kargianobaSi garkvevas, rac
uSualod ukavSirdeba arCevanisa da gadawyvetile-
bebis marTlzomierebasa da qmedebis siswores. or-
Todoqsuli ekonomikis mizans warmoadgens mcire
materialuri da droiTi danaxarjebiT maqsi-
maluri Sedegis miReba. eTikuri ekonomikis YTeza
ki ase JRers: ,,eTikurad gaumarTlebeli miznis
realizaciis efeqturoba ar aris efeqturobis is
saxeoba, rac SeiZleba fasobdes~. eTikuri ekono-
mikis safuZvelia humanur faseulobebsa da qce-
vis normebze damyarebuli sameurneo urTierTo-
bebi, xolo mizani, _ orTodoqsuli ekonomikisagan
gansxvavebiT ara xarjebis ukiduresi SemcirebiT
mogebis usazRvrod gazrda, aramed grZelvadian
perspeqtivaSi myari da usafrTxo eko-socialuri
garemos arseboba.
ekonomika aris rogorc mecnierebis, ise calke
aRebuli eTikis sagani. igi mecnierebis sagania im-
denad, ramdenadac is ikvlevs saqonlisa da momsax-
urebis warmoebisa (mizezebi da Sedegebi da maTi
efeqtianoba) da ganawilebis meqanizms, cdilobs
masSi garkvevas.
ekonomika aris eTikis interesis sferoc, ram-
denadac is swavlobs sazogadoebrivi sikeTis
warmoebisa da ganawilebis zneobriv mxares ro-
gorc individebSi, jgufebsa Tu sazogadoebaSi, ise
mTlianad qveyanaSi eTno-kulturul-religiur
sibrtyeze.8
ekonomika da eTika TavianTi Seswavlis sagnis
TvalsazrisiT erTmaneTTan mWidrod arian dakav-
Sirebulni. ekonomika, rogorc damoukidebeli mec-
19
niereba eyrdnoba adamianis Zlier pirovnul im-
pulsebs (motivaciebs), eTikis samiznes ki adamianis
saukeTeso unarebi warmoadgens. orive mecniereba
exeba erTsa da imave sagans _ Semoqmed adamians da
gonismieri qmnadobis koordinacias. ekonomika da
eTika agreTve iTvaliswineben sxva mecnierebaTa
Sexedulebebsac da erTiandebian racionalur qme-
debaTa farTo Teoriis saxiT.
eTikuri sakiTxebi ekonomikaSi mWidrodaa dakav-
Sirebuli kooperaciis problemasTan. tradiciul
ekonomikaSi moiazreba obieqturi moTxovnilebis
da racionaluri kalkulaciis sfero. amJamad ki
ekonomikur kvlevebSi Cndeba eTikuri imperativis
Semotanis aucilebloba, da Sesabamisad, izrdeba
interesi eTikis mimarT. gamomdinare iqidan, rom
eTika warmoadgens adamianis ekonomikuri produq-
tiulobis ganmsazRvrel faqtors, Tanamedrove
ekonomika wina planze wamowevs kacobriobis ar-
sebobis eTikur aspeqtebs. perspeqtivaSi adamianTa
TanamSromloba, socilur urTierTobaTa erTo-
blivi Seneba da saerTod, eTikuri faseulobebi
ekonomikis ganviTarebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani
faqtori gaxdeba. eTikuri ekonomika ar aris uto-
pia. is aris aq, Cveni yofierebis yvela sferoSi.
is epoqaluri ekonomikuri da socialuri Zvrebi,
romelic iSva kapitalisturi ekonomikis wiaRSi,
ufro metad humanuri ekonomikis formirebis pro-
cesze mianiSnebs. kapitalisturi ekonomikisagan
gansxvavebiT, romelic dafuZnebulia Sromisa da
kapitalis dapirispirebaze, postmodernuli ekono-
mika aucileblad iqneba eTikuri faseulobebis
ekonomika, sadac SesaZlebeli iqneba eTikurad
mniSvnelovani socialuri urTierToebebis ageba
da ganviTareba.
20
literatura:
1. Kreikebaum, H., Grundlagen der Unternehmensethik: Stuttgart: Schäffer-Poeschel, 1996, S. 31-32
2. Heeg, A., Ethische Verantwortung In der globalisierten ökonomie: (Kritische Rekonstruktion Der Unternehmensethi-kansätze von Horst Steinmann, Peter Ulrich, Karl Homann und Josef Wieland): Frankfurt am Main, 2002, S. 28
3. http: //www.capurro.de4. http://www.via-regia.org5. Koslowski, P. (mit einem Kommentar von James M. Bu-
chanan): Tübingen: C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), S. 296. http://www.via-regia.org7. http://www.academy-go.ru8. http://www.garlikov.com
21
$ 1. 2. ekonomikis eTikis Sesaxeb
amerikuli biznes-eTikis kvaldakval 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi germanulenovan sivrceSi Cnde-ba axali mecnieruli mimarTuleba _ ekonomikis eTika, romelic aris ZiriTadi ekonomikuri prob-lemebis socialur-eTikuri sakiTxebis analizi. ekonomikis eTika ekonomikisa da eTikis kombina-ciaa1. misi sagania eTikuri principebis gamoyeneba ekonomikur qmedebaTa sferoSi2. amgvar situaciaSi ekonomikis eTika eZiebs ekonomikur qmedebaTa Tan-amedrove, dasabuTebul faseulobaTa orientirebs, rogorc calkeul adamianTa personalur cxovre-baSi, ise ekonomikur da sazogadoebriv politi-kaSi sazogadod.
ekonomikis eTika aris gamoyenebiTi eTika. mis amocanas warmoadgens, pirvel rigSi, imis gamorkve-va, Tu rogor unda daeqvemdebaros moralur gan-sjas rogorc ekonomikuri azri da qmedeba, ise ekonomikis institucionaluri wesrigi; aseve saubaria qmedebaTa procesSi moralurad relevan-tur konkretul rCevebze ekonomikur-politikur gadawyvetilebaTa situaciebSi3. ekonomikis eTikis amocana aseve aris ara mxolod zneobrivi qcevebis idealur warmodgenaTa miznebis aRwera da dasab-uTeba ,,uvnebeli msofliosaTvis”, aramed winaswar miTiTeba SesaZlo bundovan da problematur, ma-gram uSualod dakvirvebad normebzec4.
ekonomikis eTika, rogorc filosofiis eTikis, ise ekonomikur mecnierebaTa nawili, dakavebulia Semdegi sakiTxebiT: ramdenad mWidroa eTikasa da ekonomikas, Sesabamisad, eTikur-praqtikul goneba-sa da ekonomikur racionalurobas Soris kavSiri dRes? 5
mimdinare msoflio finansur–ekonomikuri ka-taklizmebis fonze, romelic ekonomikuri egoizmi-sa da moraluri faseulobebis gauTvaliswine-
22
blobis Sedegia, sul ufro met aqtualobas iZens ekonomikisa da eTikis urTierTdamokidebulebis aspeqti. calsaxad misaRebia is Teza, rom ekono-mikis safuZvels warmoadgens eTikuri normebisa da principebis gamoyenebis aucilebloba ekono-mikur moqmedebaTa sferoSi, anu is socialuri Rirebulebebi, romlebic efuZnebian sayovelTad miRebul kacobriobis centralur faseulobebs: humanurobas, solidarobas da pasuxismgeblobas6.
dRes eTika da ekonomika, erTi SexedviT, imy-ofebian umniSvnelod daZabul urTierTdamokide-bulebaSi. sinamdvileSi maT Soris arsebobs se-riozuli Rrma ufskruli, romelsac didi xniT adre dawyebuli eTikuri erozia gaaCnia, da sabaz-ro ekonomikis swored es eTikuri erozia iwveves ekonomikis centralizacias, kulturisa da mate-rialuri faseulobebis wminda komercializacias, adamianuri faqtoris gavlenis Semcirebas war-moebis procesSi, bunebrivi garemos mtaceblur eqsploatacias.7
gadavxedavT ra warsuls, aRmovaCenT, rom eTi-kasa da ekonomikas Soris didi xnis manZilze ar arsebobda ideaTa aqtiuri gacvla, miuxedavad imi-sa, rom orive mecniereba exeba adamianTa qmedebebs da warmoadgens adamianur qmedebaTa Teorias.8
gacilebiT globaluri xasiaTisaa eTikurad orientirebuli ekonomikis moTxovnebi da dimen-siebi, radgan dRes Cven sul ufro metad vacnobier-ebT, rom Cveni ,,industrial war of life” dakavSirebulia bunebrivi garemos progresirebad ganadgure-basTan. amitom, SeZlebisdagvarad saWiroa fiqri da gansja eTikuri perspeqtivis TvlasazrisiT. aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia qronikul masobriv umuSevrobasTan da Sesabamisad, Cveni sazogadoebis siRaribis Semdgom gagrZelebasTan mwvave social-uri sakiTxebi. saxezea socialuri dezintegracia, saRi azrisa da solidarobis ararseboba. TiTqmis
23
usazRvro individualizmis an jgufuri egoizmis Crdilovani mxareebi, korufciuli afiorebi da ,,amigoekonomika” asaxavs ,,organizebuli upasux-ismgeblobis” problemebs, romlebic ekologiuri, socialuri, regionaluri da globaluri ekono-mikuri krizisis simptomebTan erTad qmnis arse-buli mdgomareobidan gamouvalobisa da perspeq-tivis uqonlobis suraTs.9
am fonze SesaZlebelia filosofos manfred ridrelis sityvebis citireba _ ,,eTika, rogorc krizisis refleqsia”10, romelic kavSirSia Cveni cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela arsebiT dimensiasTan: momavali TaobebisaTvis bunebrivi garemos mof-rTxilebasTan, TanamedroveTaTvis Rirseuli say-ofacxovrebo SesaZleblobebis formirebasTan, samarTliani da mSvidoebiani internacionaluri msoflios SeqmnasTan, bazrebis globalizaciasTan da ,,transformaciuli ekonomikebisaTvis” Tanmdev ryevebTan da e.w. ,,mesame samyarosTan”.11 maSasad-ame, eTikiT determinirebuli ekonomikuri modeli warmoadgens kacobriobis epoqalur moTxovnasa da saWiroebas, rac gulisxmobs racionalur, mec-nierul bazisze dafuZnebuli ekonomikis zneo-briv faseulobebze orientirebas.
mravali eTikur-ekonomikuri pozicia damokide-bulia eTikasa da ekonomikas Soris arsebul urTi-erTobaTa mdgomareobaze. ekonomikis didaqtikosi prof. bodo Staimani Seecada maT Soris damokide-buleba Camoeyalibebina mokle Tezisebis saxiT:
• ekonomika _ racionaluroba, faseulobaTa Tavisufleba, obieqturoba, mizanSewoniloba da efeqtianoba;
• eTika _ ara racionaluroba, aramed zee-konomikuri morali; ara faseulobaTa Tavisu-fleba, aramed faseulobaTa simtkice; da ara mi-zanSewoniloba da efeqtianoba, aramed adamianTa samarTlianoba da humanuroba12.
24
rogor aris dakavSirebuli morali da racion-aluroba? racionaluria Tu ara yovelTvis mor-aluri? SeiZleba Tu ara ekonomikuri racion-alurobis koncefciis imgvari ganviTareba, rom SenarCundes distinqcia moralur qmedebasa da maqsimalur sargeblianobas Soris? ekonomikasa da eTikas Soris arsebuli damokidebulebis mar-Tebulad gaazrebisaTvis saWiroa am umTavresi filosofiuri sakiTxebis siRrmiseuli wvdoma da analizi.13
ekonomikuri racionalurobisa da eTikur-praqti-kuli gonebis urTierTobis problemas ukavSirdeba racionalobis principisa da moralis aspeqtebi. racionalobis principi warmoadgens ekonomikis qcevaTa wanamZRvars racionaluri qcevisa da indi-vidualur interesTa maqsimizaciis homo oeconomicus-is modelSi14. racionalurobis principis Sinaarsi ekonomikasTan mimarTebaSi, SesaZlebelia, Semdegna-irad iqnes formulirebuli: individebi iZulebi-Ti wesiT ukiduresad zrdian SesaZlo sargeblis odenobas da am saxiT reagireben mosalodnel re-striqciebze, romlebic maT Tavisufal moqmedebebs zRudavs. maSasadame, maqsimizaciis racionalizmi mdgomareobs individsaTvis maqsimaluri sargeb-lis miRebaSi. amgvarad, ekonomikaSi racionaluri qceva sargeblis maqsimizaciis identuri cnebaa.15 rac Seexeba morals, is warmoadgens normebis, maqsimebisa da principebis kompleqs, romlebiTac xelmZRvaneloben an unda ixelmZRvanelon aqtio-rebma. igi gulisxmobs SesaZlo qmedebaTa normebis (standartebis) Sesrulebas. yvela individisaTvis morali niSnavs ara reglamentirebas, msxverpls an raimeze uaris Tqmas, aramed moqmedebaTa SesaZle-blobebis gafarToebas, gazrdil usafrTxoebas, hu-manurobis garantias, Tavisuflebisa da biologi-uri gadarCenis Sansebis gazrdas.
racionalurobisa da moralis sakiTxebTan mima-
25
rTebaSi wina planze iwevs racionaluri arCevanis Teoria (raT), romelic umniSvnelovanes moments warmoadgens qmedebaTa ori polusis Sepirispire-baSi. raT SesaZlebelia interpretirdes farTo konteqstiT. is ganimarteba gadawyvetilebis miRe-bis imgvar Teoriad, romelSic racionalurad miiC-neva moTxovnilebaTa maqsimaluri dakmayofilebis alternativebs Soris upiratesi arCevani.16
racionaluri arCevanis modeli arsebiT gavlenas axdens ara mxolod ekonomikaze, aramed eTikazec. raT-is Tavisebur gamoyenebad moralis normebTan mimarTebaSi gaxda j. roulsis ,,samarTlianobis Teoria” 17, romelic adgens qmedebaTa orientacias _ ,,samarTlianoba” utilitaruli ,,sargeblis” nacvlad. samarTlianobis cneba im azriT, romel-sac mas roulsi aniWebs, zemoT aRniSnuli Teoriis centrSi iZleva subieqtis moqmedebaTa gansazRvre-li ,,patiosani TamaSis” wesebis dayenebis SesaZle-blobas.
racionaluri arCevanis Teoris ZiriTadi sir-Tule mdgomareobs im mizanmimarTuli moqmedebis axsnaSi, romelic dakavSirebulia individualuri da institucionaluri sinTezis, anu calkeuli ekonomikuri subieqtis qmedebaTa gacnobierebul pasuxismgeblobasa da socio-ekonomikur wesrigs Soris konvergenciis SeuZleblobasTan.18
raT iZulebulia gamovides an individis saku-Tari ,,siamovnebis” maqsimizirebis koncefciidan da axsnas ,,uxilavi xeliT” socialuri wesrigis formirebis meqanizmi, an Tavis safuZvlad miiRos socialuri normebi da institutebi im wanamZRvriT, rom dadgenili wesis farglebidan gamosuli nebi-smieri qmedeba araracionaluria. 19
robert raisis mixedviT ekonomikis eTikis, ro-gorc mecnierebis umTavres Temas, Tavad ekono-mikuri azri warmoadgens. ,,ekonomikuri racion-alurobis iqiT ar arsebobs araviTari gonismieri
26
ekonomikis eTika da ekonomikuri racionaluroba _ praqtikuli eTikuri gonebis miRma”20.
maSasadame, ekonomikis eTikis gaazreba orgvar-ia. pirveli, _ ekonomikis eTika gagebuli rogorc ,,bizneseTika” warmoadgens calkeuli ekonomikuri subieqtis qmedebaTa moralur sferos, sadac mor-aluri valdebulebebi gansazRvravs aqtiorTa zneobrivad dasaSveb qmedebaTa zRvars. meore, _ ekonomikis eTika aris ,,socialuri eTikis” sivrcis nawili, romlis amocanas humanuri TvalsazrisiT, sasurveli ekonomikuri wesrigisa da ekonomikuri modelis monaxazi warmoadgens. ekonomikis eTikas ZaluZs orive am mxaresTan mimarTebaSi wamoWras sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu calkeuli ekonomikuri subieqtebis romeli zneobrivi valdebulebebia Sesaferisi imisaTvis, raTa ekonomikis sasurveli mdgomareoba iqnas uzrunvelyofili. aq proble-maa ara cnobili da aRiarebuli, dasaSvebi zneo-brivi normebis ,,SiSveli” gamoyeneba konkretul garemoebebSi, da ara mxolod saxelmwifo moq-medebaTaTvis saWiro saorientacio masStabebis dadgena, aramed saerTo ekonomikuri keTildReo-bisaTvis sasurveli mdgomareobidan calkeul qme-debaTa zneobrivi normireba.21
literatura:1. On the economic life of the moral dimension - from the
traditional view of economic ethics of justice and interests., http://eng.hi138.com/?160542
2. Karl Homann., Wirtschaftsethik. In: Lexikon der Wirtschaft-sethik, hrg. v. Georger Enderle/Karl Homann/Martin Haneker/Walter Kerber/Horst Steinmann. Herder, Freiburg/Basel/Wien, 1993, S. 1287
3. Hans G. Nutzinger (Hrsg.), Wortschaft und Ethik., Wies-baden, 1991, S. 21.
4. Reis, N.: Die Kirche und ihre Sozialverkündingung. In: Branahl, M., Reis, N.: Kirche und Wirtschaft. Beitrage zur Aus-
27
gestaltung der Gesellschaft., Köln, 1991, S. 243.5. Moralitảt und ökonomische Rationalitảt – Integrative
Wirtschaftsethik als Vernunftethik des Wirtschaftens, http://www.grin.com/e-book/66951/moralitaetund - oekonomische - rational-itaet-integr...
6. იხ.წყარო 2, გვ.12877. Kruber, K.-P. ., Der ,,systemathische Ort” für die Ethik in
der Marktwirtschaft – ein Problem für die ökonomische Bildung., Bergisch – Gladbach, 1996, S. 39
8. Wirtschaftschaftschhik – Wikipedia., de. wikipedia. org/wiki/Wirtschaftsethik
9. Ulrich, P., Maak, T., Ethik in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft – Eine systematische Einführung für Lehrkảfte., Aarau , 1996, S. 9.
10. Riedel, M. Norm und Werturteil., Stuttgart, 1979 S. 8.11. Prof. Dr. habil. Bernd O. Weitz, Ethik und Wirtschaft?! -
Ein Beitrag aus wirtschaftsdidaktischer Sicht-., Köln, Beitrag #1, 2005, S. 17.
12. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ökonomische Bildung - Tagungs-band., Bergisch Gladbach, Bodo Steinmann: Ethsche Orientierung in der Ökonomie., S. 22.
13. Daniel M. Hausman and Michael S. Mcpherson, Economic analysis and moral philosophy, Cambridge University Press, 1996, P. 25-26
14. Ökonomische Rationalität: Grundfrage eine interdiszi-plinären Wirtschaftsethik? Von Elke Mack., Berlin, 1994, S. 31
15. იქვე გვ. 3416. Gaefgen G. Theorie der wistschaftlichen Entscheidung,
Tübingen, 1975., S. 42.17. Rawls J. Theory of justice. Cambridge: Cambridge Univer-
sity Press, 197118. Ulrich, P. Integrative Wirtschaftsethik, 2. Auflage, Verlag
Haupt, 1998, S. 28519. Швери Р., Теория Рационального Выбора: Аналитический
Обзор, www. socjournal.ru/article/14920. ix. wyaro 4 gv. 2321. Wirtschaftswissenschaft und Ethik: Herausgegeben von
Helmut Hesse., Berlin, 1988, S. 241-242.
28
$1.3. bazris sakiTxebi eTikur
konteqstSi
arsebobs mosazreba, rom bazris koordinacia da fasTa sistemis wonasworobis procesi eTikas ar saWiroebs, aramed igi warimarTeba ekonomikuri optimumebiT anu xelsayreli pirobebis erTo-bliobiT. sabazro ekonomikaSi ekonomikis eTikis SesaZlebloba uaryofil iqna im argumentiT, rom subieqtebisaTvis ekonomikuri moTxovnebisa da maqsimebisaTvis saWiro gadawyvetilebaTaA miRe-bis samoqmedo sivrce, mxolod mis an maT mier monopolizirebul an oligopolizirebul baz-rebze arsebobs, magram ara sruli konkurenciis pirobebSi. namdvil konkurentul bazarze mo-qmed pirs anu moTamaSes ar gaaCnia moqmedebis Tavisufleba eTikuri gansjisaTvis, magram is aseve ar saWiroebs eTikis moTxovnilebas, radgan konkurenciuli wnexi mas aiZulebs ekonomikurad gamarTlebul qcevas, rac sayovelTao wonasworo-bis, aseve eTikurad sworad moqmedebis identuria. swori qmedeba mdgomareobs mxolod moTamaSis gadawyvetilebaTa cvalebadobis SeTanazomebaSi mocemul sabazro pirobebTan, masis optimizaciis mocemul sabazro fasTan da warmoebis gafarToe-baSi sabazro fasisa da zRvruli xarjebis Tana-tolobamde.
ekonomikur mecnierebaSi arsebuli gansaz-Rvreba meqanikisa da wonasworobis Teoriebis analogiurobis Taobaze, saidanac gamomdinareobs mosazreba konkurentul bazarze konkurenciis avtomaturobis Sesaxeb da masze dafuZnebuli rwmena, rom konkurencia ekonomikis eTikas xdis zedmets, gamoixateba or variantSi: 1) ekonomikis eTikas miiCnevs zedmetad, magram ara sazianod; 2) ekonomikis eTikas miiCnevs rogorc zedmetad, ise
29
sazianod. Sesabamisad sazianod ekonomikuri efeq-tianobisaTvis.
rwmena konkurenciuli meqanizmis Sesaxeb, TiTqos is ise ,,kargad~ funqcionirebs, rom ekonomikis eTika xdeba zedmeti, aris scientisturi* iluzia, sugescia,** romelic gamomdinareobs ,,sayovelTao wonasworobis~ meqanikuri analogiidan. sinamd-vileSi, bazarze moqmedi subieqtebi arc mobilis elementebia, romlebic gansakuTrebuli biZgis Semdeg kvlav wonasworobis sawyis mdgomareobas ubrundebian, arc sabazro ZalTa Zafze mimagre-buli marionetebi. isini ufro metad racionalu-rad moqmedi sulieri arsebebia, romlebSic mizni-sken swrafva da kontroli mis ganxorcielebaze imyofebian eTikuri ekonomikis imperativebisa da kulturul faseulobaTaA gverdiT.
bazrisa da Tavisufali gacvlis gansakuTrebu-li moraluroba ar SeiZleba imaSi mdgomareobdes, rom bazari eTikas ar saWiroebs. ekonomikis kul-turuli sferos es saocari sistemuri gardaqmna da ekonomikur moqmedebaTa gardasaxva maTemati-kuri maqsimizaciis amocanis SiSvel amoxsnaSi, romelTanac mocemulia parametrebis mniSvneloba, aris swored mcdari gadasvla sxva saxeobaSi, ro-gorc eTikis inversia ekonomikis moqmedebis sfer-oSi SiSveli ekonomizaciisaTvis.
rac konkurentul bazars ganasxvavebs koordi-naciis sxva formebisagan aris is, rom igi uSvebs individualuri miznis ganxorcielebas da iTval-iswinebs ekonomikur da eTikur RirebulebaTaA dialeqtikas da rom misi funqcionireba individu-alur qmedebebSi ar ganisazRvreba SiSveli ekono-
* scientisturi [laT. scientia=codna, mecniereba; ix. de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szientimus] scientizmze dafuZnebuli, mec-nieruli., www.enziklo.de/Begriff/szientistisch.
** sugescia [laT. sugescio=damateba, Sevseba] gavlena., www.ziele-finden.com/was-ist-suggesthion.html
30
mizaciiT, mogebis maqsimizaciiT.3dRes ukve sakmaod cxadi gaxda, rom mxolod
erTi bazris uxilavi xeli sruliad arasakma-risia ekonomikuri cxovrebis organizaciisaTvis.ufro da ufro xSirad ganixileba sakiTxi imis Taobaze, rom ekonomikis sferoSi aucilebelia eTikur sawyisTan dabruneba. eTikuri normebis gareSe ekonomikur cxovrebaSi sakmaod izrdeba transaqciuri xarjebi xelSekrulebaTa Sesruleb-isas, romelTa aucileblobaze socialur-ekonomi-kur urTierTobebSi mkafiod miuTiTebs cnobili Tanamedrove amerikeli swavluli f. fukoiama. igi gansakuTrebiT amaxvilebs yuradRebas ndo-bis xarisxze konkurenciis pirobebSi. misi azriT, swored dRes ekonomikuri subieqtebis uzarmazari raodenoba iZulebulia aagos e.w. ,,ndobis qseli~, rac ase saWiroa warmatebuli konkurenciuli br-ZolisaTvis. meore mxriv, zogierTi ekonomisti ekonomikaSi eTikur sawyisebTan dabrunebis au-cileblobas xsnis imiT, rom msoflioSi dadga postmoderni da rom am fazas unda Seesabamebodes Tavisi tipis ekonomika. ase magaliTad, cnobili dasavleli swavlul-ekonomisti p. kozlovski Tv-lis, rom postmodernis ekonomikuri mecniereba aris eTikuri ekonomika.
uxilavi xelis modeli mxolod sami SezRudu-li pirobebis qveS aris moqmedi: 1) uxilavi xeli xelmZRvanelobs wminda egoisturi motivebiT op-timumebis miuxedavad, rodesac mimwodebelTa da momxmarelTa ricxvi Zalian didia, 2) roca yvela adaptacia xdeba xarjebisa da droiTi danakargeb-is gareSe, 3) roca xelSekrulebiTi SeTanxmebebi xarjebis gareSe e.i. transaqciuli xarjebis ga-reSe narCundeba da xorcieldeba. mxolod maSin, roca es pirobebi Sesrulebulia, egoisturi mis-wrafebani bazris uxilavi xeliT gadaiqceva so-cialurad xelsayrel sabazro SedegSi. mxolod
31
am pirobebiT xdeba eTika da eTikuri urTierTobe-bi zedmeti bazarze, radgan sazogadoebrivi koor-dinacia da saerTo sikeTe aseve iwarmoeba eTikis moTxovnilebis gareSe.
sruli konkurenciis pirobebi da xarjebisa-gan Tavisufali xelSekrulebiTi valdebule-bebis dacva mainc rCeba idealur pirobad, situa-ciad, romelic sabazro ekonomikis sinamdvileSi miuRwevadia. bazari ar aris idealuri meqanizmi, romelic sayovelTao wonasworobis neoklasikur Teorias daeyrdnoba, aramed is aris moqmedi da gonieri individebis interaqciuli urTierTobe-bi. am gacvliT urTierTobebSi ekonomikis eTika rCeba saWiro, eTika rogorc sikeTis survili da moqmedebis wesi.
eTikis ekonomikuri mniSvneloba bazarze aisaxeba partniorTa ndobis sakiTxSi. mag.: xelSekrulebis gasvlisas xarjebis dawevis Ta-obaze; xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul valde-bulebaTaA SesrulebaSi; mimwodebelsa da momx-marebels Soris arsebul araTanabar codnaSi; bazarze arsebuli mimwodeblebis da moTxovnis pozicias Soris arsebul calsaxovnebaSi. eTi-kuri da ekonomikuri urTierTobebi vlindeba kan-onis dacvaSi, ndobaSi, sandoobaSi, erTgulebasa da rwmenaSi (eTikuri urTierTobebi) erTis mxriv da transaqciuli xarjebis SemcirebaSi (ekonomikuri urTierTobebi) meores mxriv.
aq Cndeba eTikuri ekonomikis dilema, dilema ekonomikisa da eTikis damokidebulebaSi. ekonomi-kaSi adamianTa upirovnoba da mravalricxovneba sasargebloa, xolo eTikaSi – xelis SemSleli. sazogadoeba rac ufro didia da upirovno, miT ufro Zlieria stimuli calkeulTaTvis sxvaTa xarjze da mravalricxovnobis anonimurobaSi kan-onis darRvevis da piriqiT, miT ufro didia sabaz-ro konkurenciis da fasis marTvis efeqtianoba da
32
Sesabamisad, meurneobis efeqtianobac. ekonomikisa da eTikis urTierTdamokidebuleb-
is konceptualur sakiTxs warmoadgens eTikur faseulobaTa arsebobis sirTule, zogadad Tan-amedrove sabazro ekonomikaSi, konkretulad ki ekonomikis sakvanZo wertilSi – bazarze.4
iqidan gamomdinare, rom eTikisa da ekonomikis urTierTdapirispirebulobaSi sabazro ekonomi-ka ganixileba da miiCneva egoizmis, mogebisaken ltolvis, konkurenciis, umuSevrobis, garesamya-ros ganadgurebis da a.S. adgilad, saidanac eTika gamodevnilia, amitom eTikuri ekonomikis WrilSi umTavresi sakiTxi xdeba is, Tu romeli moraluri normebi da faseulobebi SeiZleba iqnes miCneu-li mniSvnelovnad sabazro ekonomikis pirobeb-Si. saWiroa, rom Tavdapirvelad gadaiWras eTi-kuri sakiTxebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saerTo miznisaTvis wamyvani ekonomikuri faseulobebis SeTanazomebiT iseT kategoriebTan, romlebic warmoadgenen eTikur kriteriumebs, rogoricaa samarTlianoba da Tanasworoba, Tavisufleba da pasuxismgebloba.
literatura:1. http://www.mce.biophys.msu.ru2. http://www.economicus.ru3. Koslowski, P., Prinzipien der Ethischen ökonomie, Tübin-
gen, 1988, S. 214-2154. Homann, K., Blome-Drees, F., Wirtschafts – und Unterneh-
mensethik, Götingen, 1992, S. 50
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$1.4. ekonomikuri anTropologiis
eTikuri da politikuri aspeqtebi
dasavleTSi didi xnis win dawyebuli ekono-mikis eTikasTan da politikasTan damokidebuleb-is debatebi koncentrirdeba ekonomikuri an-Tropologiis xedvasTan da calkeuli pirovnebis moqmedebis motivaciasTan. ekonomikur aqtiorTa TviT-interesis anu egoizmis ideis sayovelTao kritika mianiSnebs, rom adamiani aris da unda iyos ara sargeblianobis egoisturi maqsimiza-tori, aramed igi ekuTvnis sazogadoebas da so-cialur kulturebs, saidanac saerTo sikeTisadmi damokidebuleba ar SeiZleba gamoiricxebodes ekonomikur moqmedebaTa motivaciebis gaazrebisa-gan.1 ufro metic, ekonomikur qcevaTa idealuri situaciebis neoklasikuri daSvebebi da varaudebi Zalzed dacilebulia amgvari moqmedebebis piro-baTagan, ekonomikuri cxovrebis konkretul so-cialur konteqstSi.
ekonomikuri qcevebis farTo eTikuri safuZv-lebis argumentebi adasturebs, rom ekonomikuri anTropologia xasiaTdeba egoizmsa da altru-izms Soris arsebuli daZabulobiT. e.w. komu-nitarianuli Teoriis avtorebi amtkiceben, rom keTilgonivruli ekonomikuri qmedeba gulisxmobs sxva adamianebTan urTierTobasa da maTze zru-navs.2 maSasadame, egoizmi arasodes aris motiva-cia mxolod ekonomikisaTvis. ekonomikuri qceveb-is Sesaxeb amgvari socialuri xedvis sapirwoned, mecnier-ekonomistTa nawili, prof. gari bekeris msgavsad icaven altruizms, rogorc maqsimizaciis individualuri sargeblianobis mowinave formas. bekeri aviTarebs e.w. „sabralo bavSvis Teoremas“ da acxadebs, rom adamianebi altruistulad mo-
34
qmedeben imisTvis, raTa srulyon da gaaumjobe-son sakuTari egoizmi, msgavsad bavSvisa, romelic iqceva kargad imisaTvis, rom miiRos didi jildo mSoblebisagan.3 am TvalsazrisiT, kooperaciisa da simpaTiis strategiebi aris mxolod TviT-in-teresis mowinave formebi, maRiarebeli simarTlis Tqmis, pirobis Sesrulebis da kontraqtis dacvis mniSvnelobisa momavali kolaboraciisaTvis da ekonomikuri gacvla-gamocvlisaTvis. es argumen-ti srulad iqna ganviTarebuli prof. aqselrodis mier, romelic Tavis wignSi „kooperaciis evolu-cia“ amtkicebda, rom kooperaciuli qceva Sei-Zleba daefuZnos sargeblianobis individualur maqsimizacias, radgan kooperaciuli strategiebi grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi individebisaTvis ufro metad iqneba sargeblobis momtani, vidre oportun-istuli strategiebi. 4
rodesac jon roulsi sawyis wertils iRebs TviTinteresidan da racionalur Teorias aTa-vsebs universaluri normebis kantiseuli kon-struqciis farglebSi, Tavis cnobil wignSi „samarTlianobis Teoria“, „umecrebis safarvelis“ ganxilvisas is, SeiZleba iTqvas, ayalibebs ekono-mikis racionalur safuZvels eTikasa da poli-tikas Soris.5„umecrebis safarvelSi“ is gulisx-mobs imgvar mdgomareobas, rodesac individebs ar aqvT gansazRvruli sakuTari personaluri poz-iciebi momaval sazogadoebaSi da maSasadame gac-ilebiT ufro racionaluria samarTlianobis im erTgvari ZiriTadi pirobebis arCeva, romlebic misaRebi iqneba yvelasaTvis momaval sazoga-doebaSi. am konstruqciaSi roulsi ar uaryofs pirovnebis racionalur arCevans, iseve rogorc ar miiCnevs mas racionaluri moqmedebis erTaderT safuZvlad. mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom kan-tianur konstruqtivizms ar ZaluZs gamoricxos samarTlianobisaTvis zrunva politikur sazoga-
35
doebasa da saerTo sikeTeSi, maSin rodesac roul-si amtkicebs, rom pirovnebebi valdebulni arian „umecrebis safarqveS“ airCion samarTlianobis principebi momavali sazogadoebisaTvis, romelic gamosadegi iqneba yvelasaTvis.6 garda amisa, sa-zogadoebis es koncepti uSvebs TviT adamianis farTo koncefcias, vidre koncefcia, romelic neoklasikuri ekonomikis mieraa SemoTavazebuli. maSasadame, Cven SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom poli-tikuri racionaluroba niSnavs socialur urTi-erTobasa da valdebulebas erTian politikur sazogadoebasa Tu sivrceSi. am konteqstiT beker-isa da aqselrodis konceptebi angariSs ar uwevs imas, rasac altruizmi sinamdvileSi warmoadgens. isini altruizms ganixilaven ganviTarebuli ego-izmis TvalsazrisiT.
levinasi cdilobs ganavrcos j. roulsis samarTlianobis eTikuri safuZvlebi politi-kur sazogadoebaSi. igi gvTavazobs erTi adami-anis meore adamianTan Sexvedris fenomenolo-gias, rogorc adamianuri motivaciis safuZvels7, da raSic vlindeba zneobis umaRlesi katego-riebis, pasuxismgeblobisa da Tavganwirvis usaz-Rvro moTxovnileba. pirovnebaTa Soris amgvari damokidebuleba aris socialuri urTierTobebis safuZveli, romelic ar unda ganisazRvros, ro-gorc „alter ego“-s damokidebuleba, aramed mis-gan fundamenturad gansxvavebuli ram. levinasis xedviT, fundamenturi pativiscema sxvebis mimarT aris eTikuri urTierTobebis safuZveli da es da-mokidebuleba win uZRvis ekonomikur urTierTo-baTa egoistur gacvliT urTierTobebs.
imisaTvis, rom adgili mieCinos ekonomikas eTi-kasa da politikas Soris, Cven SegviZlia Sevaja-moT ekonomikuri anTropologis Cveneuli xed-va. „ekonomikuri adamianis“ tradiciuli xedva scildeba jon roulsis kantianuri konstruqtiv-
36
izmis CarCoebs, romelic warmodgenilia egoisturi-da izolirebuli liberali individis sazogadoe-brivi kritikiT, individis, romelic eZiebs saerTo sikeTes sxva adamianebTa Soris sazogadoebaSi. politikuri perspeqtiva mxardaWerilia levinasis eTikuri anTropologiiT, romelic ekonomikur mo-qmedebas ganixilavs meorexarisxovnad fundamen-tur humanur pasuxismgeblobasTan mimarTebaSi, rogorc humanur moqmedebaTa faruli ganzrax-vebis gamomJRavnebas. es ganzraxvebi niSnavs, rom ekonomikuri moqmedeba danergilia farTo so-cialur struqturaSi da SeuZlebelia ekonomi-kuri racionalurobis eTikuri da politikuri racionalurobisagan gancalkeveba.
politikuri samarTlianobis es perspeqtiva sa-zogadoebaSi da eTikuri sazrunavi adamianisTvis, rogorc pirovnebis arsebobis yvelaze ufro fun-damenturi piroba, unda asaxavdes ideas, romel-ic ekonomikas warmoaCens, rogorc politikasa da eTikaze damokidebuls. ekonomikis ontologia SeuZlebelia gagebul iqnas, rogorc sruli da yovlismomcveli, miuxedavad amisa, ekonomikuri racionaluroba aris meorexarisxovani politi-kur da eTikur urTierTobebTan mimarTebaSi. am TvalsazrisiT, ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebis miRe-ba unda xasiaTdebodes gare restriqciebiT poli-tikuri samarTlianobis wesebSi da eTikuri princ-ipebiT, romlebic daefuZneba adamianis arsebobis fundamentur principebs. ekonomikuri safuZveli warmodgenilia universaluri moraluri wesebis, eTikuri ideebis, samarTlianobis ZiebiT politi-kur erTobasa da keTildReobaSi.
levinasis filosofiaze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom adamianis pasuxismgebloba apirobebs ekonomikuri moqmedebis legitimurobas. garda amisa, politikuri erTobis idealTagan mimoxil-uli pasuxismgebloba ar aris mxolod faruli
37
urTierToba sxvasTan, aramed drosa da sivrceSi is aseve unda iyos ganvrcobili, rogorc sazoga-doebis erTi mTlianoba. es gaxlavT germaneli filosofosis hans ionasis argumenti, romelic asabuTebs, rom pasuxismgebloba Seexeba ara mx-olod axlandel adamianur moqmedebas, humanur aqtivobebs, aramed is globalurad, yovlismomcve-lad unda iqnes ganvrcobili drosa da sivrceSi da moicavdes kacobriobis momavalsac8.
eTikisa da politikis amgvari integracia ekonomikur racionalurobaSi ar aris fasis ga-reSe, radgan ZiriTadi ekonomikuri azri ganix-ileba rogorc relatiuri eTikur principebTan.9 efeqtianobis, utilitarobis, warmoebis, moTxovnis, moxmarebis, saqonlisa da sakuTrebis dagrovebis cnebebi miiCneva ara mxolod Sinagan, aramed Zala-Si myof faseulobebad iqamde, vidre isini ar ar-Rveven ZiriTad eTikur principebs da vidre Sesw-evT unari wvlili Seitanon politikuri erTobis saerTo sikeTeSi. ekonomikur moqmedebaTa eTikuri da politikuri limitaciebi gvTavazobs wesebisa da uflebebis sistemas, rogorc ekonomikuri moq-medebis socialuri regulaciis safuZvels.
Cven SegviZlia mxardaWerac ki vpovoT ekonomi-kur moqmedebaTa amgvari kritikuli SezRudvebis mxriv institucionalisturi koncefciis fargleb-Si, rac eWqveS ayenebs neoklasikuri ekonomikuri azris ramodenime centralur princips.10 kerZod, organizaciisa da menejmentis bihevieristuli par-adigma svams kiTxvas ekonomikuri racionaluro-bis neoklasikuri konceptis sandoobis Sesaxeb. organizaciis Teoriis es midgomebi amtkicebs, rom ekonomikuri adamianis ideali, rogorc racion-aluri, egoisti maqsimizatori aqtiori, ar Seesa-bameba korporaciuli moqmedebisa Tu firmis ideis realobas. simoni da merCi 1958 wels acxadebdnen, rom mogebis maqsimizaciis konceptiT SeuZlebelia
38
aixsnas Tu rogor imoqmedeben individebi yovel-dRiur ekonomikur yofaSi. maTi azriT ekonomi-kuri aqtiorebi arian ara racionalurni sakuTar qmedebebSi, aramed maTi moqmedeba damokidebulia bevr sxvadasxva pirTa interesebze, upiratesobebsa da sakuTrebis uflebebze. firma ar warmoadgens warmoebis racionalur ierarqiul manqanas, aramed is ganxiluli unda iqnes, rogorc interaqciul individTa Ria politikuri sistema kompleqsur garemoSi. 11
ekonomikuri moqmedebis am xedvas usaTuod rodi Semoaqvs eTikasa da politikaSi ekonomikis safuZ-vlebis normatiuli Teoria, aramed is gulisxmobs, rom ekonomikuri sistemebi SeuZlebelia ganxi-lul iqnas, rogorc racionalurobis efeqtiano-bis daxuruli sistemebi. organizacia gacilebiT ufro rTuli instituciaa, radgan is warmoadgens socialur sistemas ormxrivad urTierTdamokide-bul aqtiorebTan mimarTebaSi romlebic moqmede-ben organizaciis miznebis Tanaxmad motivaciis struqturis safuZvelze.
organizaciebis, rogorc „politikuri koali-ciebis“ mxedvelobaSi miRebiT merCma da kiertma 1962 wels ganaviTares ekonomikuri bazrebis da firmebis, rogorc „Savi yuTebis“ neoklasikuri koncefciis kritika, gansazRvruli srulyofili ekonomikuri racionalurobiT,12 romelTa azriT firmaSi arsebul arasrulyofil codnasa da aSka-ra sirTuleebze aqcentireba, organizaciebs sru-lad amyofebs winaaRmdegobaSi racionalur siste-mebTan, rogorc adaptur racionalur sistemebTan, sadac idealuri ekonomikuri racionaluroba ga-nixileba gansakuTrebul gadawyvetilebebsa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis masStabebze damokidebu-lad.
organizaciuli Teoriis es xedva mogvianebiT aRwerili iqna herbert simonis mier „procedu-
39
ruli racionalurobis“ saxiT, romelic faqtiuri gadawyvetilebis miRebas miiCnevda „dasazRvrul racionalurobaze“ damokidebulad, im azriT rom alternativebi aris SezRuduli, absoluturi cod-na zogadad da pirovnebis momaval preferenciebze konkretulad _ SeuZlebeli13. jeims merCi amt-kicebs, rom neoklasikuri „Sedegis logika“ unda Seicvalos „mizanSewonilobis logikiT“, rogorc ekonomikuri moqmedebis winapiroba. dasazRvruli racionaluroba niSnavs, rom SeuZlebelia fun-qcionireba ekonomikis egzogenuri da indigenuri aspeqtebis mkacri separaciisas. Sida ekonomikuri racionaluroba gavlenas ganicdis gare social-uri faseulobebiTa da pirobebiT.
amgvarad, Cven SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom or-ganizaciis Teoriis evolucia mxars uWers ekono-mikuri racionalurobis gare eTikur da politi-kur SezRudvaTa ideas. roca simoni amtkicebs, rom neoklasikuri ekonomikuri racionalurobis sub-stancia icvleba „organizaciebSi proceduruli racionalurobiT“, rogorc „adapturi, politikuri koaliciebi“, es aCvenebs Tu rogor ar SeuZlia eTikasa da sxva faseulobebs vidre ekonomikur faseulobebs, organizaciuli gadawyvetilebis miRebis gavlenis Tavidan acileba. amgvarad, or-ganizaciuli Teoria da institucionalisturi paradigma ekonomikaSi deskrifciuli argumenteb-is SeTavazebiT xels uwyobs eTikasa da ekonomi-kas Soris mWidro urTierTobis arsebobas.14 am azriT, ekonomikuri stabiluroba da konkurentu-li wonasworoba damokidebulia instituciebsa da institucionalur zomebze. es zomebi ar SeiZleba gamoricxavdes eTikur faseulobebsa da politi-kur safuZvlebs, romlebic politikuri koaliciis formiT xdebian dasazRvruli da procedualuri racionalurobis nawili firmebSi.
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literatura:
1. Fràncois-Regis Mahieu,Ethique economique, fondements anthropologiques, Paris, 2001, p. 299
2. Amartya Etizioni, The Moral Dimension. Towards a New Economics, New York: Collier Macmillan, 1988.
3. ix.wyaro 1. p.1644. Axelrod, R. The Evolution of Cooperation, New York: Ba-
sic Books, 1984.5. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice, Cambridge, MA: Oxford
University Press, 1971.6. Michael Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice, Cam-
bridge, MA: Oxford University Press, 1982.7. Emmanuel Lévinas, Totalite et infini, Essai sur lexteriorite,
martinus nijhoff publishers: The Hague, The Netherlands. 19618. Hans Jonas, Das Prinzip Verantwortung, Frankfurt am
Main: Insel Verlag. 19799. ix.wyaro 1, p. 16810. Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio, The New Institu-
tionalism in Organizational Analisis, Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. 1991
11. March, J.G. and Simon, H.A., Organizations. New York: Wiley. 1958, p.118
12. Cyert, R.B. and March, J.G., A Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Prentice-Hall International Series in Management and Behavioral Sciences in Business Series. Englewood Gliffs, NS: prentice-Hall. New Jersey, 1963, p. 124.
13. Herbert Simon, Organizations and Markets, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory Published by: Ox-ford UniversityPress: J-PART, Vol.5. No.3 (Jul, 1995), pp.159, 273-294.
14. Powell and DiMaggio, The New Institutionalism in Or-ganizational Analysis, University of Chicago Press, 1991.
41
Tavi 2. zneobriv faseulobaTa
eTikuri gaazreba
$ 2.1. samarTlianoba
samarTlianoba aris ZiriTadi zneobrivi fa-seuloba. igi warmoadgens universalur prin-cipTa krebuls.1 samarTlianoba aris ara zusti maTematikuri sazomi, aramed moqmedebaTaA miznis mimarTulebis mimcemi.2 samarTlianobis cnebis diferencireba zogadad SesaZlebelia ekonomi-kuri, socialuri, samarTlebrivi religiuri, mor-aluri da fsiqologiuri niSnis mixedviT.3 Cveni kvlevis obieqts warmoadgens moralur WrilSi samarTlianobis cnebis socialur-ekonomikuri kuTxiT garkveva.
ekonomikuri samarTlianoba ganmartavs yoveli ekonomikuri sistemis centralur ideas da bune-bas.4 ekonomikuri samarTlianoba exeba rogorc calke aRebul individs, aseve sazogadoebriv wes-rigs. igi moicavs moralur principebs, romliTac xdeba xelmZRvaneloba ekonomikuri institutebis SemuSavebaSi. es institutebi gansazRvraven ekono-mikur urTierTobaTaA Sinaarss xelSekrulebis dadebis, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis gacvlis da sxva interaqciul urTierTobaTa pirobebSi. yve-la sistemis msgavsad, ekonomikuri samarTlianoba moicavs input, output da maT Soris arsebul uku-kavSirs maTive harmoniisa da wonasworobis aR-dgenisaTvis.
ekonomikuri samarTlianobis sistemaSi, rogorc es gansazRvrulia l. kelsis da m. adleris mier, arsebobs sami ZiriTadi da urTierTdamokidebu-li principi: monawileobis principi, ganawilebis principi da harmoniis principi.5
monawileobis principi aRwers ,,input~ raobas
42
saarsebo wyaros SeqmnisaTvis ekonomikur proces-Si. kerZo sakuTrebasTan mimarTebaSi is moiTxovs Tanabar SesaZleblobebs sawarmoo aqtivebis xelmisawvdom miRebaSi. igi aseve moiTxovs Sesa-ZleblobaTa Tanasworobas mwarmoeblur SromaSi monawileobisaTvis. monawileobis principi ar uz-runvelyofs Tanabari Sedegebis arsebobas, magram iTxovs, rom yoveli adamiani iyos garantirebuli Tanabari uflebiT socialuri instituciebisa-gan, raTa TviTveulma maTganma SeZlos nayofieri wvlilis Setana ekonomikaSi, rogorc sakuTari SromiT (rogorc muSakma), ise sakuTari sawar-moo kapitaliT (rogorc mesakuTrem). amgvarad, monawileobis principi uaryofs nebismier monop-oliebs, gansakuTrebul privilegiebsa da sxva sa-zogadoebriv barierebs.
ganawilebis principi gansazRvravs ekonomi-kuri sistemis output uflebebs rac SesabamisobaSi modis TviTeuli adamianis Sromasa da kapitalda-bandebasTan (inputs). kerZo sakuTrebis ganawilebi-Ti funqciis wyalobiT Tavisufali da Ria bazris sivrceSi ganawilebiTi samarTlianoba avtoma-turad aris dakavSirebuli monawileobis prin-cipTan. ganawilebis principi Seicavs sakuTrebi-sa da xelSekrulebis xelSeuxeblobas. es Seexeba Tavisufal da Ria bazars (da ara xelisuflebas), rogorc SedarebiT ufro obieqtur da demokra-tiul saSualebas samarTliani fasis, samarTliani xelfasisa da samarTliani mogebis gansazRvri-saTvis. arc Tu iSviaTad xdeba samarTliani ga-nawilebis principis qvelmoqmedebis principTan gaigiveba. qvelmoqmedebis cneba gulisxmobs ,,Tvi-Teuls sakuTari saWiroebis mixedviT~, maSin roca ganawilebis samarTlianoba efuZneba ideas _ ,,Ti-Toeuls misi wvlilis mixedviT~. am principebis aR-reva iwvevs usasrulo konfliqtebs, rac aiZulebs xelisuflebas Caerios sazogadoebrivi wesrigis
43
mxardaWeris mizniT. ganawilebis samarTlianoba TanxmobaSia monawileobis samarTlianobasTan da es Tanxmoba qreba maSin, roca ar arsebobs SeZenisa da sargeblobis Tanabari SesaZleblobebi miRe-bul Semosavlebze.
harmoniis principi moicavs ukukavSirebs, anu wonasworobis principebs, igi cdilobs gamoavlin-os input an output principebis damaxinjebebi da Se-tanili iqnes nebismieri Sesworebebi samarTliani da gawonasworebuli ekonomikuri wesrigis aR-dgenisaTvis. es principi irRveva monawileobis procesSi usamarTlo da umarTebulo winaaRmde-gobebis SeqmniT, maT Soris monopoliebiT, an maTi sakuTrebis gamoyenebiT sxvaTa sazianod an eqspl-uataciisaTvis. oqsfordis inglisur leqsikonSi ,,ekonomikuri harmonia~ gansazRvrulia rogorc ,,socialuri adaptaciis kanonebi, romelSic erTi adamianis an adamianTa jgufis sakuTari interese-bi Tavisufali TamaSis mocemulobaSi daiyvaneba sxva adamianTa an mTlianad sazogadoebis maqsi-maluri sargeblis Sedegebamde~. es principi gvTavazobs saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebs monopo-liaTa kontrolisaTvis, socialur instituciaTa sazRvrebSi kontrolisa da balansis dacvas da SenarCunebas, da distribuciis xelaxal sinqroni-zacias monawileobis principiT.
ekonomikuri samarTlianobis pirveli ori principi gamomdinareobs adamianis maradiu-li samarTlianobis Ziebidan, rac avtomaturad iTxovs wonasworobis dacvas input da output Soris. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom kelsi da adleri miuTiTeben mesame anu harmoniis principze ro-gorc ,,SezRudvis (e.i. limitaciis) principze~, rogorc adamianur tendenciaTa, midrekilebaTa da ltolvaTa SezRudvaze sixarbesa da monopo-liis mimarT, rac iwvevs sxvaTaA izolacias da eqspluatacias. dabolos, harmoniis cneba dRevan-
44
del maRalteqnologiur msoflioSi, potenciuri sinergiis gaTvaliswinebiT warmoadgens ufro metad mizanSewonils da yovlismomcvels, vidre termini SezRudva (anu limitacia) ekonomikuri samarTlianobis mesame komponentSi.
romelime am principis Sesustebis an ararsebo-bis SemTxvevaSi ekonomikuri samarTlianobis sis-tema ganicdis kraxs.
dRes sul ufro did mniSvnelobas iZens ,,so-cialuri samarTlianobis~ cneba. igi Camoyalibda ekonomikur urTierTobebze socialuri faqtore-bis gaZlierebuli zemoqmedebis Sedegad. sabazro ekonomikaSi samarTlianoba warmoadgens ekonomi-kuri stabilurobisa da efeqtiani ganviTarebis umTavres pirobas. samarTlianobis cnebis Sinaar-sis Semadgenel elements miekuTvnebian faseu-lobebi da qmedebebi. zneobrivi faseulobebiT xdeba samarTlianobis gamoxatva, xolo ekonomi-kuri qmedebebi axdenen mis realizebas, romlebic amave dros warmoadgenen samarTlianobis ganxor-cielebis socialur-kulturul saSualebas, rac asaxvas poulobs ekonomikuri saqmianobis Sede-gebSi.6
ekonomikis sferoSi socialuri samarTliano-ba aris ekonomikur urTierTobaTa Sesabamisoba im warmodgenebTan, moTxovnebTan da interesebTan, romlebic dominireben gansazRvrul sazogadoeba-Si sasicocxlod aucilebeli sikeTiT sargeblo-bis SesaZleblobebTan mimarTebaSi.
Semosavlebis uTanabroba damaxasiaTebelia yvela ekonomikuri sistemisaTvis, rac iwvevda da iwvevs socialur Zvrebs – politikur da ekono-mikur krizisebs. sabazro ekonomikaSi socialuri samarTlianoba umTavresad relizirdeba Semosav-lebis gadanawilebiT, mosaxleobis sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris Tanabari sastarto pirobebis Se-qmniT. ekonomikuri efeqtianobisa da socialuri
45
samarTlianobis moTxovnis morigebis problema warmoadgens rogorc saxelmwifos ekonomikuri regulirebis ise calkeuli sawarmos sameurneo saqmianobis umniSvnelovanes sakiTxs.7
socialuri samarTlianobis kvleva, rogorc ekonomikis efeqtianobis faqtoris, aris ekonomi-kuri Teoriis erT-erTi yvelaze fundamenturi problema. mis aqtualurobas ganapirobebs is, rom sameurneo subieqtebis mier adgili aqvs samarT-lebrivi normebisa da ekonomikuri qcevebis eTi-kur wesTa darRvevebs. am pirobebSi saxelmwifo regulirebis sistema saWiroebs mZlavr, institu-cionalur mxardaWeras, rac orientirebuli iqneba socialuri samarTlianobis donis amaRlebaze ekonomikaSi.
erovnuli ekonomikis efeqtianoba da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mSenebloba didwiladaa damokide-buli imaze, Tu ramdenad aris daculi social-uri samarTlianobis principebi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi ekonomikis CaTvliT. Tanamedrove etapze socialuri politikis mTa-vari orientiri unda iyos ekonomikuri aqtiuro-bis yovelmxrivi stimulireba, romelic upasuxebs rogorc efeqtianobis moTxovnas, ise sazogadoebis socialuri samarTlianobis principebs. amisaTvis ki aucilebelia, nacionaluri meurneobis social-urad orientirebuli da ekonomikurad efetiani institutebis Seqmna.
ekonomikur urTierTobebSi socialuri samarTlianoba SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc adamianis arsebobis forma ZiriTadi elementeb-is saxiT, nebismier socialur-ekonomikur sis-temaSi. socialuri samarTlianobis problemis gadaWris midgomebi atarebs Teoriul xasiaTs da ekonomikur urTierTobebSi sakmaod rTulad gamoiyeneba. institucionaluri midgoma war-moadgens erT-erT yvelaze ufro efeqtian saSu-
46
alebas am problemis gadasaWrelad, romlis ar-sic mdgomareobs institucionaluri garemos CamoyalibebaSi, rac xels Seuwyobs socialuri samarTlianobis principebis dacvas ekonomikur urTierTobebSi. arsebuli problema araerTgvaro-vania da garkveulwilad moiTxovs individualur midgomas, risTvisac unda SemuSavdes socialuri samarTlianobis sakuTari principebi da kriteri-umebi. formulirebuli principebi da kriteri-umebi unda iqnes institucionalizirebuli maT Sesabamis normatiul-samarTlebriv aqtebsa da araformalur konvencionalur normebSi SetaniT, romlebic daaregulireben ekonomikur urTierTo-bebs da amisaTvis saWiro gaxdeba institucion-aluri meqanizmis Seqmna maT sarealizaciod. so-cialuri samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis amgvari midgomiT miRebuli efeqti aisaxeba ro-gorc calke aRebul ekonomikur subieqtebze, ise mTel ekonomikaze.8
ekonomikuri samarTlianobis Teorias gaaCnia mravali aspeqti, iseTi rogoricaa samarTliano-bis momenti da misi uzrunvelyofisaTvis saWiro ekonomikuri RonisZiebebi; saarsebo moTxovnile-bebisa da survilebis mxare da misi maqsi-maluri dakmayofilebisaTvis saWiro ekonomikuri meqanizmebi; idealuri SesaZleblobebis social-uri koncefcia da misi ganxorcielebis ekonomi-kuri berketebi.
samarTlianoba es aris zneobrivi forma romel-ic moelis pasuxs kiTxvebze ,,ra~ da ,,ratom~. ekonomikuri samarTlianobis TvalsazrisiT kiTxva ,,ra~ mimarTulia ekonomikur saqonelze, xolo ,,ratom~ gulisxmobs ekonomikuri saqonlis recipientis dadgenis kriteriumebs. ekonomikuri samarTlianoba warmoadgens erT-erT yvelaze ufro sakamaTo sakiTxs moraluri filosofiis mTel rig wyebaTaASoris.9
47
ekonomikuri samarTlianoba efuZneba gacvlisa da ganawilebis samarTlian aspeqtebs, romlis miR-wevac SesaZlebeli xdeba mxolod maTi damatebiTi ganwesebiT da integraciiT. misi aqtualizaciisaT-vis aucilebelia Tavsebadi sabazro instrumen-tebis mdgradobis kidev ufro gamtkiceba.
Tanamedrove sabazro meurneobis socialuri samarTlianobis problema umniSvnelovanes adg-ils ikavebs ekonomikaSi. socialuri samarTliano-bis problemis damuSaveba sabazro sazogadoebaSi iZens ara mxolod ekonomikur, aramed aseve so-cialur-politikur aqtualurobas. amgvari anali-zi SesaZlebelia mxolod ekonomikuri urTierTo-bebis mTeli kompleqsis Seswavlis pirobebSi, rac safuZvlad udevs socialur samarTlianobas, moi-cavs da aregulirebs sabazro procesis praqtiku-lad yvela subieqtis ekonomikur qcevebs.10
literatura:
1. http://www.cesj.org2. Nutzinger, H. G., (Herausgeber), Wirtschaftsethische Per-
spektiven III, (Unternehmensethik, Verteilungproblleme, metho-dische Ansätze. Berlin Duncker&Humblot, 1997, S. 52
3. http://www.m-economy.ru4. http://www.amazon.com5. http://www.cesj.org6. http://www.m-economy.ru7. http://www.new-economika.ru8. http://www.institutions.com9. http://www.kaththeo.luni-muenchen.de10. http://www.mirrabot.com
48
$ 2.2. Tanasworoba
Tanasworoba socialuri filosofiis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi cnebaa. Tanasworobis idea SesaZlebelia
warmodgenili iqnes rogorc Tanabari Rirsebis
mqone abstraqtuli idealis gavrcelebis mcdelo-
ba sazogadoebrivi Tanacxovrebis sxvadasxva
sferoSi.1
sazogadod, Tanasworobis idea da sazrisi
mdgomareobs faseulobaTaA TanasworobaSi Sem-
degi kiTxviT: ,,ratom Tanasworoba?~. Tanasworoba
TamaSobs mTavar rols samarTlianobis TeoriaSi
da warmoadgens misi koncefciis fundamentur mi-
zans.2 Tanasworobis princips gaaCnia centraluri
mniSvneloba samarTlianobis TeoriisaTvis. is
gaigeba ara rogorc ubralod alokaciis* an dis-
tribuciis principi, aramed rogorc adamianebs
Soris arsebuli urTierTdamokidebuleba.3
socialuri Tanasworoba aris politikuri Te-
oriis erT-erTi centraluri cneba, romelic aRniS-
navs adamianTa Tanabar xelmisawvdomobas social-
uri Tavisuflebis, uflebisa da keTildReobis
(sikeTis) mimarT.4 socialuri Tanasworoba gac-
ilebiT metia, vidre ekonomikuri sistemis ucxo
danamati. metic, arsebiTad is aris socialuri sa-
bazro ekonomikis integraluri komponenti.
Tanasworoba, rogorc ekonomikuri kategoria
SeiZleba daiyos sam nawilad: 1) keTildReobis
Tanasworoba; 2) SesaZleblobaTa Tanasworoba; 3)
resursebis Tanasworoba;
* alokacia [frang. allocation] asigneba, gacema (fuli-
sa)., frangul qarTuli leqsikoni tm. I, Tb. 1963 weli, gv. 52
49
SesaZleblobaTa da resursebis Tanasworo-
ba gansazRvravs da ganapirobebs keTildReobis
Tanasworobas. materialuri da aramaterialuri
aqtivebis Tanasworoba sabazro ekonomikaSi sas-
tarto pirobebis gaTanabrebis perspeqtiviT
SesaZleblobaTa sruli realizaciisaTvis aris
umTavresi winapiroba politikur-ekonomikur
sivrceSi utopiad miCneuli Tanasworobis ganxor-
cielebisaTvis.
ekonomikur Tanasworobas gaaCnia ori funda-
menturi kiTxva: 1) Tanasworoba risi? da 2)
Tanasworoba vis Soris? pirvelis pasuxi
mdgomareobs Sedegis TanasworobaSi, upirateso-
bis daSvebis gaTanabrebasa da sastarto pirobeb-
is egalizebaSi Tanabari perspeqtivisaTvis. meore
kiTxvaze ki pasuxs scems Tavad keTildReobis Te-
oriis mTeli istoria, rac warmoadgens eTikur
principebze dafuZnebul kerZo da sazogado sike-
Tis morigebis mcdelobas.5
Tanasworobis sakiTxis ukeT garkvevaSi gvex-
mareba uTanasworobis problemis analizi. uTan-
asworoba, raSic yvela misi mkvlevari Tanxmdeba,
ganisazRvreba imiT, rom erTi socialuri jgufi
sazogadoebaSi iZens gansakuTrebul pozicias, rac
mas saSualebas aZlevs Tavisi Tavis sasargeblod
moaxdinos sazogadoebrivi simdidris didi nawi-
lis araproporciulad gadanawileba.6
uTanasworobis problemis ganxilvisas Sesa-
Zloa gamovyoT ramodenime argumenti misi Sem-
cirebisa da Sesabamisad sazogadoebaSi Semosav-
lebis gadanawilebis sasargeblod.
ekonomikuri keTildReobis poziciidan uTan-
asworobasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos
socialur Tanasworobasa da sazogadoebriv
keTildReobas Soris arsebuli SesaZlo urTierT-
50
kavSiri. sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis funqciis
gansazRvrul varaudebTan sruli Tanasworo-
bis pirobebSi is aRwevs Tavisi SesaZleblobis
maqsimums. amitom, Semosavlebis gadanawilebiT
gamowveuli uTanasworobis nebismieri Semcireba
iwvevs sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis zrdas. gan-
sxvavebuli mosazrebis mixedviT keTildReobis
amaRlebam SesaZlebelia moiTxovos Semosavlebis
uTanasworobac.
meore argumenti sazogadoebaSi Semosavlebis
gadanawilebis sasargeblod atarebs makro ekono-
mikur xasiaTs – es aris socialuri uTanasworo-
bis donesa da ekonomikuri zrdis tempebs Soris
arsebuli garkveuli urTierTkavSiri. arsebiTad,
es argumenti winaaRmdegobrivia da gamoiyeneba
gadanawilebis procesis, rogorc momxre, ise mowi-
naaRmdege mxaris mier. erTis mxriv, rac ufro nak-
lebad intensiur xasiaTs atareben gadanawilebis
procesebi, miT ufro Zlieria individebis stimu-
lireba mwarmoebluri Sromis mimarT, rac vlinde-
ba maT mier realuri Semosavlebis miRebis Sesa-
ZleblobebSi. am azriT, uTanasworoba – es aris
fasi, romelic iZulebiT gadaixdeba sazogadoebis
mier efeqtiani ekonomikuri sistemisa da stabi-
luri ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis. Tumca, uTanas-
worobis sakmaod maRali done qveyanaSi iwvevs
piriqiT – ekonomikuri zrdis Semcirebas (ekono-
mikuri ganviTareba dasawyisSi iwvevs uTanasworo-
bis gadidebas, xolo Semdeg mis Semcirebas, anu
uTanasworobis zrdasTan erTad, xdeba ekonomi-
kuri zrdis tempis momateba mxolod garkveul
donemde, saidanac uTanasworobis Semdgomi zrdis
kvaldakval ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi mcirdeba).
amitom mizanSewonilia, rom Tanasworobis regu-
lireba warmoebdes gadanawilebis politikis ga-
51
tarebiT da ar moxdes misi sakmaod maRali donis
daSveba.
vidre gavaanalizebT ekonomikur zrdasa da
uTanasworobas Soris damokidebulebas, auci-
lebelia ganvmartoT, Tu ra formiT izomeba Ta-
vad uTanasworoba. mis indikatorad gamoiyeneba
saerTo Semosavlis ganawileba individebs Soris
ekonomikaSi. TvalsaCino warmodgenas ekonomikaSi
uTanasworobis Taobaze iZleva lorencos mrudi,
romelic gviCvenebs Semosavlebis Tu ra wili
modis mosaxleobis Sesabamis nawilze.7
mesame mizezi dakavSirebulia uTanasworobis
ufro metad mkafio gamovlinebasTan – siRari-
bis problemasTan. socialuri samarTlianobis
principebisa da sayovelTaod miRebuli normebis
Tanaxmad demokratiul saxelmwifoSi siRaribis
moculobis Semcireba warmoadgens xelisuflebis
erT-erT ZiriTad mizans, romlis realizaciac
xorcieldeba Semosavlebis gadanawilebis poli-
tikis daxmarebiT. Semosavlebis gadanawileb-
is meqanizmebi sxvadasxvagvaria da ama Tu im
meqanizmis gamoyeneba damokidebulia qveyanaSi
arsebuli socialuri uTanasworobis doneze, mis
struqturaze, mizezebze, uTanasworobis Semcire-
bis miznis specifikasa da politikis amocane-
bze. amitom, Semosavlebis gadanawilebis rTuli
amocanis garkvevamde, mizanSewonilia uTanasworo-
bis specifikis, misi Taviseburebebisa da Sefasebis
kriteriumebis dadgena.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ekonomikuri zrdisa
da siRaribis Semcirebis problemebi uSualod aris
dakavSirebuli ekonomikur uTanasworobasTan.
uTanasworobis maRali done rogorc wesi aso-
cirdeba siRaribis maRal donesTan, ekonomikuri
zrdis dabal tempebTan da politikur arastabi-
52
lurobasTan, rac safrTxis winaSe ayenebs ekono-
mikuri da politikuri gardaqmnis procesebs. Se-
sabamisad, imisaTvis, rom ganxorcieldes efeqtiani
politika, romelic mimarTuli iqneba ekonomikuri
zrdis daCqarebisa da siRaribis Semcirebisaken,
aucilebelia detaluri warmodgenis qona ama Tu
im qveyanaSi arsebul uTanasworobis moculobaze,
uTanasworobis profilsa da determinantebze,
iseve rogorc uTanasworobaSi arsebul droebiT
cvlilebebze.8
ekonomikuri uTanasworoba, anu ,,gansxvaveba
simdidresa da SemosavlebSi~ moicavs ekonomi-
kuri aqtivebisa da Semosavlebis yvela sxvaobas
ganawilebis sferoSi. igi erTnairad exeba ro-
gorc calkeul adamianebs da adamianTa jgufebs
sazogadoebis SigniT, ise qveynebs Soris urTi-
erTobebs. ekonomikuri uTanasworobis aspeqti
ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia saboloo Sedegebis
TanasworobasTan da miekuTvneba SesaZlebloba-
Ta Tanasworobis ideas. sazogadoebaSi arsebobs
ekonomikuri uTanasworobis mravali mizezi. es
mizezebi xSiradaa dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan.
Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikaSi ekonomikuri
uTanasworobis umTavresi mizezTagania Sromis
fasis gansazRvra bazarze. aseve, preferenciaTa
gansxvavebuloba sazogadoebaSi xSirad uwyobs
xels ekonomikuri uTanasworobis warmoqmnas.9
gaZlierebuli socialuri da ekonomikuri
diferenciacia uaryofiTad zemoqmedebs nebismieri
qveynis saxalxo meurneobriv potencialze, kerZod
ki mrewvelobis, pirvel rigSi mis maRalteqnolo-
giur da mTlianad mecnierebadtevadi dargebis
ganviTarebaze. mzardi da gaZlierebuli uTanas-
woroba, es aris Tanamedrove msoflio tendencia
globalizaciis pirobebSi.
53
ekonomikuri uTanasworobis SemcirebisaTvis
msoflioSi ganixileba SesaZlo mimarTulebebi,
romelTagan SeiZleba gamoiyos ramodenime maT-
gani. esenia: Sromis anazRaurebis donis zrda mu-
Sakis kvalifikaciis xarisxis (donis) gaTval-
iswinebiT, rac niSnavs ganaTlebis faqtoris win
wamowevas maRalkvalificiuri samuSao Zalis mi-
wodebis zrdisaTvis da Sesabamisad, diferenci-
aliT warmoqmnili uTanasworobis Semcirebas Se-
mosavlebSi; saSemosavlo gadasaxadis ganakveTis
cvlileba, anu misi progresuli formis SemoRe-
ba, sadac mdidrebi ixdian gadasaxadis met ode-
nobas vidre Raribebi, rac iwvevs Semosavlebis
jamis Semcirebas; minimaluri saxelfaso zRvaris
daweseba, rac pirdapir aisaxeba RaribTa Semosav-
lebis zrdaze.10
mTlianobaSi, ekonomikuri zrdis maRali tempebi,
mSromelTa aqtiurobis gaZliereba, profkavSiru-
li moZraobebis organizacia, gadasaxadebis gadax-
daze kontrolis daweseba, saxelmwifos dozire-
buli Careva bazarze da a.S. SeiZleba miviCnioT
im faqtorebad, romlebic amcireben ekonomikuri
uTanasworobis risks sazogadoebaSi.
socialuri uTanasworoba warmoadgens sazoga-
doebis cxovrebis fenomens, romelic mudmivad da
uSualod kvlavwarmoebadia cxovrebis social-
ur sferoSi. xolo ekonomikuri uTanasworobis
cneba ganisazRvreba rogorc individebs Soris
arsebuli uTanasworoba materialuri sikeTis kv-
lavwarmoebis procesSi, gacvlaSi, ganawilebasa da
moxmarebaSi maTi rolisa da monawileobis mixed-
viT.11
socialuri uTanasworoba mWidrodaa dakavS-
irebuli ekonomikur uTanasworobasTan, rac xa-
siaTdeba sazogadoebis deficituri resursebis
54
– fulis, Zalauflebis, ganaTlebisa da prestiJis
araTanabari ganawilebiT mosaxleobis sxvadasxva
fenebs Soris, romelic naTlad gviCvenebs mkveTr
diferenciacias socialur stratifikaciasTan
mimarTebaSi.12
literatura:
1. http://www.terme.ru2. http://www.plato.standorf.edu3. Kipnis, K., Meyers, D.T., Economic justice: private
rights and public responsibilities, Totowa, 1988, P. 1044. http://www.filpedia.ru5. http://www.economuch.com6. http://www.globalaffairs.ru7. http://www.finansy-ru8. http://www.eerc.ru9. http://www.en.wikipedia.org10. http:/www.en.wikipedia.org11. http://www.coe.int.ru12. http://www.refport.ru
55
$ 2.3. Tavisufleba
socialur eTikaSi Tavisufleba aris
samarTlianobis forma. Tavisufleba warmoadgens
sazogadoebis, socialuri determinaciis funda-
mentur princips, bazars, saxelmwifosa da konsen-
suss Soris. igi efuZneba samarTlianobasa da
kanonierebas.1
Tavisuflebis fenomeni gulisxmobs sasicocx-
lo miznebis arCevans da maTi miRwevis saSuale-
bas. xolo Tanamedrove ekonomika Tavisi qcevis
sagnad acxadebs swored miznebisa da saSualebeb-
is urTierTSejerebas, rac dakavSirebulia ekono-
mikur TavisuflebasTan. ekonomikuri Tavisufleba
– es aris ,,adamianis ufleba SeeZlos sakuTari
simdidris, Semosavlebis, droisa da Zal-Ronis
Tavisuflad gankargva~. ekonomikuri Tavisufle-
ba gamodis rogorc individis umTavresi miznis
miRwevis saSualeba. mas gaaCnia rogorc damxmare
mniSvneloba, ise – damoukidebeli faseuloba.2
ekonomikuri Tavisufleba aris termini, romel-
ic gamoiyeneba ekonomikur da politikur debateb-
Si. rogorc zogadad TavisuflebasTan, arsebobs
aseve sxvadasxva definciebi, magram ara ekonomikuri
Tavisuflebis sayovelTaod miRebuli koncepti.
ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis ZiriTadi midgoma iwye-
ba liberTarianuli tradiciidan, romelic xazs
usvams Tavisufali bazrisa da kerZo sakuTrebis
uaRresad did mniSvnelobas. amJamad es termini
umetesad dakavSirebulia Tavisufal bazarTan
da gansazRvravs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis war-
moebis, gacvlisa da moxmarebis Tavisuflebas yo-
velgvari araeTikuri qcevis wesebis gareSe. is
efuZneba kanonis wesebs, sakuTrebis uflebas da
56
kontraqtis Tavisuflebas da xasiaTdeba bazris
Sida da gare faqtorebiT, sakuTrebis uflebis
dacviT, ekonomikuri iniciativis TavisuflebiT.
ekonomikuri saqmianobis Tavisufleba damkvidr-
da rogorc Tanamedrove civilizaciis ZiriTadi
safuZveli da aRiarebuli iqna rogorc zogad-
sakacobrio faseuloba. msoflio gamocdilebam
aCvena, rom mas alternativa ar gaaCnia: mis gareSe
SeuZlebelia sameurneo iniciativaTa meqanizmeb-
is, konkurenciis funqcionireba, mewarmeobis gan-
viTareba da saerTod – sabazro ekonomikisa da
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arseboba.
ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis, anu Tavisufali
ekonomikuri saqmianobis problemebi gansakuTre-
biT aqtualuri gaxda gardamavali sabazro ekono-
mikis qveynebisaTvis, sadac jer kidev SezRudulia
adamianis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, bundova-
nia sazogadoebriv-politikuri struqtura da
ar arsebobs gamarTuli civilizebuli sabazro
urTierTobebis sistema. nacvlad amisa, saxezea
,,naxevrad sabazro~, oligarqiuli, kriminaluri,
korumpirebuli ekonomika, rac warmoadgens ekono-
mikuri Tavisuflebis ganviTarebis safrTxesa da
dabrkolebas. ara da swored ekonomikuri ganvi-
Tarebis axali wesrigi qmnis konkurentuli bazris
pirobebSi warmoebis stabiluri zrdis, efeqturi
investiciebisa da momxmarebelTaA interesebis
dacvis SesaZleblobebs.
adamianis ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis ganuy-
ofeli nawilia Tavisufali konkurencia, rom-
lis sinonimia arCevanis Tavisufleba, mewarmeo-
bis Tavisufleba, bazarze Sesvlis Tavisufleba,
romelic specialuri sakanonmdeblo meqanizmebiT
unda iqnes uzrunvelyofili.
arCevanis SesaZleblobebis zrda mimdinareobs
57
ara mxolod saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sfero-
Si, aramed is exeba sxva sferoebsac - iseTebs,
rogoricaa: sakuTreba da mewarmeoba, profesiis
arCeva da samuSao adgili, saojaxo danazogebi da
investireba. am fuZemdeblur principebze dayrd-
nobiT yuradRebis koncentrireba unda xdebodes
ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis sxvadasxva komponen-
tis dinamikis da maT SemzRudvel faqtorebze sa-
zogadoebrivi reformebis pirobebSi, ekonomikuri
Tavisuflebis konkretuli aspeqtebis SedarebiT
analizSi sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv sistemebSi da
a.S.
konkurentul pirobebSi mewarmeebi damoukide-
blad miikvleven gzas momxmareblisaken, raTa uz-
runvelyon sakuTari saqmianobis miznebi: mogeb-
is maqsimizacia, gayidvebis moculobis gadideba,
bazarze wilis gazrda. swored es uwyobs xels
ekonomikis progress: maRldeba warmoebis efeq-
turoba, ekonomikis yvelaze ufro rezultatian se-
qtorebze iqmneba xelsayreli pirobebi resursebis
koncentraciisaTvis. amave dros, nebismieri sameur-
neo subieqtisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia monopolieb-
isaken swrafva, konkurentebis gamodevna bazridan,
sakuTari saqmianobis sferos gafarToeba. mewar-
meebi eswrafvian kontroli daaweson fasebsa da
im faqtorebze, romlebic gansazRvraven bazarze
sawarmos saqmianobas. aseT SemTxvevaSi saxelmwi-
fos amocana mdgomareobs masSi, rom konkurencia
warmoebdes civilizebul CarCoebSi, aRikveTos sa-
zogadoebisaTvis saSiSi monopolizmi, gamoiricx-
os konkurenciuli brZolis arakeTilsindisieri
meTodebi da ganisazRvos is sferoebi, sadac auci-
lebelia saxelmwifo regulireba.
ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis safuZveli da qva-
kuTxedia pirovnuli arCevani, kerZo sakuTrebis
58
usafrTxoeba, Tavisufali konkurencia da gacvla,
Ria bazrebi.3 cnobili ekonomistebi m. fridmani
da f. haieki aRniSnavdnen da gansakuTrebulad
usvamdnen xazs Tavisufali gacvlisa da bazris
koordinaciis udides mniSvnelobas ekonomikuri
progresisaTvis. gacvlisa da mwarmoebluri saqmi-
anobis gareSe, risi koordinirebac xdeba bazris
meSveobiT, SeuZlebeli iqneboda cxovrebis Taname-
drove standartebze gasvla. Tumca, potenciurad
xelsayreli gacvla yovelTvis rodia misaRebi.
dominantia eTikur-samarTlebrivi moTxovnebi:
misi unaklo realizacia sxva faqtorebTan erTad
damokidebulia fulis warmomavlobaze, kanonze
da sakuTrebis uflebis usafrTxoebaze.
globaluri ekonomikuri krizisi mravali qvey-
nis xelisuflebas aiZulebs SezRudos ekonomi-
kuri Tavisufleba, Tumca istoriuli gamocdileba
gviCvenebs, rom ase gagrZeleba didxans SeuZle-
belia. xolo im qveynebma, romlebmac sxvadasxva
dros ganicades finansuri krizisi, sawyis etap-
zeve iwyes ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis mimarTule-
biT moZraoba da mdgradi liberaluri politikis
gatareba.
vfiqrobT, rom ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis amom-
wuravi definicia unda moicavdes saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis warmoebis, distribuciisa Tu mox-
marebis srul Tavisuflebasa da uflebaTaA er-
Tobliobas. ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis umaRlesi
forma unda iTvaliswinebdes sakuTrebis flo-
bis absolutur uflebas; Sromis, kapitalisa da
saqonlis moZraobis Tavisuflebis srulad re-
alizebas.
ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis prizmaSi ikveTeba
iseTi fenomenologiuri sakiTxebi, rogoricaa:
ojaxis saSualo – sulobrivi Semosavlebis dina-
59
mika, rac warmoadgens ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis
xarisxis maCvenebels; ojaxis danaxarjebis dina-
mika kvebis produqtebze, rac aCvenebs siRaribis
dones; ekonomikuri Tavisufleba, rogorc gacno-
bierebuli aucilebloba da ekonomikuri Tavisu-
flebis realizaciis saSualebebi: fuladi da-
nazogebi da dagrovebis miznebi, rac miuTiTebs
pirovnebaTa ekonomikuri da samoqalaqo cnobier-
ebis simwifeze.4
sazogadoebaSi ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis maRa-
li xarisxi gvevlineba Tanamedrove ekonomikuri
sistemis mniSvnelovan pirobad, rac saSualebas
iZleva miRweul iqnes sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri
urTierTobebis yvela kontragentis inovaciuri
potencialis maqsimaluri realizacia.5
ekonomikuri Tavisufleba aris adamianis
Tavisuflebis is aspeqti, romelic dakavSirebu-
lia pirovnebis materialur damoukideblobasTan
saxelmwifosa da sxva organizebul jgufebTan
mimarTebaSi. pirovneba ekonomikurad Tavisufalia,
Tu ki mas ZaluZs srulad akontrolos sakuTari
Sroma da sakuTreba. ekonomikuri Tavisufleba
dakavSirebulia politikur TavisuflebasTan da
SesaZlebelia, rom igi aris misi aucilebeli wina-
pirobac, magram is aseve Zvirfasia TavisTavad.6
m. fridmani aviTarebda arguments, rom ekonomi-
kuri Tavisufleba, miuxedavad imisa, rom TviTon
ukiduresad mniSvnelovani komponentia zogadad
Tavisuflebis, agreTve aris aucilebeli pirobac
politikuri TavisuflebisTvis. misi ganmarte-
biT, ekonomikuri moqmedebebis centralizebul
kontrols yovelTvis axlavs Tan politikuri
represiebi. ekonomikuri aqtiurobisas centrali-
zebuli kontrolis gauqmebiT ekonomikuri Za-
laufleba gamocalkevdeba politikuri Zalau-
60
flebisagan. avstriuli skolis ekonomisti l. f.
mises amtkicebda, rom ,,ekonomikuri da politi-
kuri Tavisufleba erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli
da urTierTdamokidebuli: mosazreba, rom poli-
tikuri Tavisufleba SesaZlebelia daculi iqnes
ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis aryofnis SemTxvevaSi
da piruku, aris iluzia~.7
arsebobs ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis aTi gan-
sxvavebuli indeqsi, romelic warmoadgens misi
Sefasebis da ranJirebis meTods. ekonomikuri
Tavisuflebis ramdenime aspeqti garegani bunebi-
saa, ekonomikuri TvalsaCinoebis zomisa da xarisx-
is dadgenisas kapitaldabandebasa Tu vaWrobasTan
mimarTebaSi. misi umetesi aspeqtebi ki Sinagani
bunebisaa, romlebic afaseben pirovnebis Tavisu-
flebas misive Sromisa Tu finansebiT sargeblo-
bis sferoSi xelisuflebis Carevis an SezRudvis
kuTxiT.
ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis indeqsebia: 1) bi-
znesis Tavisufleba; 2) vaWrobis Tavisufleba; 3)
fiskaluri Tavisufleba; 4) mTavrobis zoma anu
moqmedebis masStabi; 5) monetaruli Tavisufleba;
6) investiciis Tavisufleba; 7) finansuri Tavisu-
fleba; 8) sakuTrebis ufleba; 9) korufciisagan
Tavisufleba; 10) Sromis Tavisufleba. ekonomi-
kuri Tavisuflebis aTive komponenti Tanabrad
wonvadia. isini ganicdian urTierTgavlenas da
imyofebian interaqciul damokidebulebaSi, Tumca
am interaqciis zusti meqanizmebi ar aris marti-
vad gansazRvrebadi. sirTules warmoadgens aseve
maT Soris zRvaris dadebac. ekonomikuri Tavisu-
flebis indeqsis mizania asaxos ekonomikuri gare-
mo yvela qveyanaSi, ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia.
Tavisuflebis nebismieri formis fundamenti
SeiZleba iyos moqalaqeTa ekonomikuri Tavisu-
61
fleba. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ekonomikuri
Tavisuflebis indeqsi ganisazRvreba aTi parame-
triT, romelTagan ZiriTads warmoadgens sakuTre-
bis uflebis dacva da dabrkolebaTa ar arseboba
kapitalis Tavisufali moZraobisaTvis. eWvs gare-
Sea, rom es parametrebi aris Tavisuflebis indi-
katori, Tumca gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi
umetes moqalaqeTaTvis ekonomikuri Tavisufleba
aseve unda moicavdes Semdeg kriteriumebs: 1) Se-
mosavlebis imgvari donis floba, romelic iZleva
ara mxolod biologiuri, aramed socialuri ar-
sebobis SesaZleblobas, rogoricaa: swavlis Sesa-
Zlebloba, fizikuri da sulieri TviTrealizacia;
2) uZravi qonebisa da fasiani qaRaldebis flo-
ba, rac iZleva Semosavlebis zrdisa da dadge-
nili moxmarebis normebis dacvis saSualebas; 3)
samuSao adgilis arCevanis SesaZlebloba spe-
cialobisa da interesTa Sesabamisad, rac iZleva
normaluri Semosavlis garantias; 4) samewarmeo
saqmianobis Tavisufleba, romelic saxelmwifos
mxridan iqneba garantirebuli da mxardaWerili;
5) saxelmwifos mxridan Tanabari uflebebisa da
SesaZleblobebis garantia konkurenciis ganvi-
TarebisaTvis.
saboloo angariSiT moqalaqeTa ekonomikuri
Tavisufleba aRniSnavs ekonomikur Tavisufle-
bas saxelmwifosagan. moqalaqeTa ekonomikuri
Tavisuflebis miRweva SeuZlebelia investiciebis
gareSe ganaTlebaSi, kulturasa da mecniereba-
Si. moqalaqeTa ganviTarebuli inteleqtualuri
SesaZleblobebi xels uwyobs Zalis Rirebuleb-
is zrdas, rac Tavis mxriv amcirebs saxelmwifos
damokidebulebas meurveobisagan. ekonomikuri
Tavisuflebis miRwevisaTvis saWiroa saxelm-
wifos ekonomikuri rolis gaZliereba, mTliani
62
Sida produqtis wilis zrda saxelmwifo biujet-
Si, rogorc es xdeba ganviTarebul qveynebSi. unda
SemuSavdes sawarmoTa sainvesticio, sainovacio
da warmoebis refinansirebis amaRlebis meqanizme-
bi. garda amisa, msoflio bazrebze produqciis
konkurentunarianobis zrdisaTvis aucilebelia
saxelmwifos aqtiuri Careva, miT umetes, rom per-
speqtiuli kapitaltevadi dargebi (bioteqnolo-
gia, informatika, energetika da a.S.) SeuZlebelia
viTardebodes saxelmwifo investiciebis gareSe.
saboloo angariSiT, swored amgvari socialur-
ekonomikuri ganviTareba pasuxobs moqalaqeTa in-
teresebs, rac niSnavs imas, rom es mimarTuleba
unda gaxdes saxelmwifos ekonomikuri politikis
safuZveli.8
dasasruls SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ekonomikuri
Tavisufleba aris sameurneo subieqtebisaTvis sa-
kuTrebis formis, sakuTari unarebis, codnis, Sesa-
Zleblobebis, profesiis, Semosavlebis ganawilebis
xerxebis, materialuri sikeTis moxmarebis arCe-
vanis SesaZlebloba. ekonomikuri Tavisufleba
realizdeba saxelmwifos sakanonmdeblo normaTa
bazis safuZvelze da ganuyofelia moqalaqeTa
socialur-ekonomikuri pasuxismgeblobisagan.9
literatura:
1. Koslowski, P., (Ed), Individual Liberty and Demoncratic decision-making: the ethics, economics, and politics of democ-racy, Tübingen: Mohr, 1987, P. 98
2. http:/www.VuzLit.net.ru3. http://www.cato.org4. http:/www.prof.msu.ru5. http:/www.economics.wideworld.ru6. Friedman, M., Capitalism and Freedom, esp. Chapter 1
63
,,The Relation Between Economic Freedom and Political Free-dom, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962, P. 17
7. http://www.books.google.com8. http://www.prof.msu.ru9. http://www.bank24.ru
64
$ 2.4. pasuxismgebloba
pasuxismgebloba, rogorc socialuri movlena
Caisaxa adamianTaA sazogadoebis gaCenasTan er-
Tad,1 xolo misi rogorc socialur-filosofi-
uri kategoriis mniSvnelobis gansazRvra moxda
SedarebiT gvian. x. ionasi amas xsnis imiT, rom
pasuxismgblobis zoma TanafardobaSia xelisu-
flebisa da codnis zomasTan, xolo isini indus-
triamdel epoqaSi SezRuduli iyo.2
pasuxismgeblobas gaaCnia orgvari buneba:
samarTlebrivi da socialur-eTikuri. me-19 sauku-
nisa da me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi pasuxismgebloba
ganixileboda uSualod rogorc danaSaulis sfer-
os problema. me-20 saukunis SuaSi, roca sameurneo
saqmianobis Sedegi xdeba ara mxolod realize-
buli materialuri keTildReoba, aramed sazoga-
doebis socialur-ekonomikuri mowyobis sakiTxic,
man gansakuTrebuli datvirTva SeiZina. gasul
saukuneSive pasuxismgeblobis, rogorc adamianis
moqmedebis fuZemdebluri principi daiyvaneboda
imgvar gagebamde, rom ,,iyo pasuxismgebeli~ SeuZlia
ara mxolod individs, aramed socialur jgufs,
erTobas, klass. warmoiqmna axali kategoria - ,,so-
cialuri pasuxismgebloba~, romelic xorcieldeba
rogorc socialuri kontrolis formiT, ise sub-
ieqtebis mier gacnobierebuli pasuxismgeblobis
sazogadoebrivi roliT. socialuri pasuxismge-
bloba miewereba ara calke aRebul individs, ara-
med individs, rogorc socialuri erTobis warmo-
madgenels.
dRes socialuri pasuxismgebloba aris bizne-
sis ekonomikuri saqmianobis Sedegi Tanamedrove
65
sabazro meurneobis socialur-ekonomikuri sis-
temis transformaciis CarCoebSi, roca socialur-
ekonomikuri efeqtianoba saboloo jamSi miiRweva
adamianuri kapitaliT, gamoxatuli mis inteleqtu-
alur formaSi.3
arsebobs biznesis socialuri pasuxismgeblo-
bis ori ZiriTadi midgoma. mocemuli midgomebi
erTmaneTisagan ganirCevian racionalurobis ti-
pebis mixedviT. m. fridmanisa da p. heines pirveli
midgoma efuZneba formalur (instrumentalur)
racionalurobas. meore midgomis warmomadgen-
lebi arian mkvlevarebi, romlebic eyrdnobian
substanciur racionalurobas, mag. f. haiti da a.
rixi, romlebic aRiareben, rom biznesis social-
ur pasuxismgeblobas gaaCnia rTuli buneba da ar
daiyvaneba SiSvel ekonomikur interesamde.
biznesis socialuri pasuxismgebloba, rogorc
eTikuri norma, safuZvlad udevs sameurneo saqmi-
anobis process. igi amave dros warmoadgens samo-
qalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis pirobas da
mis indikators.
saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi biznesis social-
uri pasuxismgeblobis calsaxa gansazRvreba ar
arsebobs. masSi igulisxmeba erTis mxriv qvel-
moqmedeba, mecenateoba, sponsoroba, filanTropia,
meores mxriv, socialur-marketinguli programe-
bi da korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismge-
bloba. biznesis socialuri pasuxismgebloba, es
aris biznesis nebayoflobiT gaRebuli wvlili
sazogadoebis socialur da ekologiur sfero-
Ta ganviTarebis saqmeSi. Tumca aqve unda iTq-
vas, rom misi es mocemuli gansazRvreba ufro
metad idealuria da sinamdvileSi SeuZlebelia
misi srulad ganxorcieleba imitom, rom Tundac
erTi gadawyvetilebis nebismieri Sedegis winas-
66
war gaTvla ubralod SeuZlebelia. biznesis so-
cialuri pasuxismgebloba aris ara wesi, aramed
eTikuri principi, romelic unda arsebobdes gad-
awyvetilebis miRebis procesSi.
biznesis socialur pasuxismgeblobas gaaCnia
mravaldoniani Tviseba. misi sabazo done gulisx-
mobs gadasaxadebis da xelfasis droul da srul
dafarvas, SeZlebisdagvarad samuSao Statebis ga-
farToebas. meore done gulisxmobs muSakTa kval-
ifikaciis amaRlebas, profilaqtikur mkurnalobas,
binaTmSeneblobas, socialuri sferos ganviTare-
bas, e.i. personalisaTvis adekvaturi pirobebis
uzrunvelyofas rogorc samuSao, ise arasamuSao
dros. socialuri pasuxismgeblobis amgvar tips
pirobiTad ewodeba ,,korporaciuli pasuxismge-
bloba~. mesame umaRlesi done gulisxmobs saqv-
elmoqmedo saqmianobas.
ganzogadebuli saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bi-
znesis socialuri pasuxismgebloba aris bizne-
sis gavlena sazogadoebaze, es aris im subieqtTa
pasuxismgebloba vinc iRebs biznes-gadawyvetile-
bebs maT winaSe, viszedac pirdapir Tu iribad
zemoqmedeben aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebebi. igi
aris biznesis subieqtebis pasuxismgebloba im
normebisa da wesebis dacvaze, romlebic kanonm-
deblobiT gansazRvrulia bundovnad, an saerTod
araa gansazRvruli (mag. eTikis, ekologiis, gul-
mowyalebis, kacTmoyvareobis, sibralulisa da a.S.
sferoSi), rac gavlenas axdens calkeuli social-
uri jgufebisa da saerTod sazogadoebis cxovre-
bis xarisxze.4
Tanamedrove msoflioSi socialuri pasux-
ismgebloba ar Semoifargleba mxolod qvelmo-
qmedebiT. is Sedgeba warmoebaSi maRali xarisxis
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis, gadasaxadebis sruli
67
gadaxdis, Sromis usafrTxo pirobebis Seqmnis,
partniorebTan da konkurentebTan keTilsindisie-
ri saqmiani praqtikis warmoebis, rogorc sakuTari
personalis, ise adgilobrivi sazogadoebis da
(gaerTianebebis) socialur dacvasa da ganviTare-
baze zrunvis, garemos dacvis RonisZiebebisa da
a.S komponentebisagan. Sedeged saxezea biznessa
da sazogadoebas Soris arsebuli principulad
axali urTierTobebis formireba.
biznesis socialuri pasuxismgebloba aqtiurad
da warmatebiT xorcieldeba mTels msoflioSi.
kompaniebi ara ubralod wyveten sazogadoebis
problemebs, abandeben ra saxsrebs ganaTlebis,
medicinis, mecnierebis, warmoebis ganviTarebaSi,
gverdSi udganan socialurad daucvel fenebs
da zrunaven bunebis dacvis RonisZiebaTa ga-
tarebaze, aramed amgvari saqmianobidan isini iRe-
ben garkveul sargebelsac. dasavleTis qveynebSi
igi funqcionirebs rogorc myari socialuri in-
stituti. is aris racionaluri da efeqturi da
swored amiT gansxvavdeba tradiciuli qvelmoqme-
debisagan.5
amerikeli mkvlevarebis TvalsazrisiT biznesis
socialuri pasuxismgeblobis arsi mdgomareobs
masSi, rom kompaniis strategiuli saqmianoba ori-
entirebuli unda iyos oTxi ZiriTadi mimarTule-
biT: 1) nebismieri iniciativebis mxardaWera mtkice
pozitiuri urTierTobebis formirebisaTvis; 2)
profesiuli ganaTlebis ganviTarebasa da sru-
lyofaSi monawileoba msoflio bazrisa da na-
cionaluri ekonomikis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad; 3)
biznesis monawileoba kulturisa da xelovnebis
dargebSi SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis ganviTarebi-
saTvis; 4) sawarmos nebayoflobiTi monawileoba
garemos dacvis RonisZiebebSi.6
68
Tanamedrove msoflioSi biznesis socialur-
ekonomikuri pasuxismgeblobis rogorc ekonomi-
kuri ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi faqtoris
formireba da ganviTareba xdeba ufro da ufro
aqtualuri da mwvaved moTxovnadi problema. es
ganpirobebulia imiT, rom msoflio Tanamegobro-
bis praqtikulad yvela qveyanaSi, romlebic met-na-
klebi xarisxiT ganicdian ekonomikuri globali-
zaciis procesebis gavlenas, aseve sazogadoebrivi
ganwyobebis molodinebisa da faseulobaTa siste-
mebis cvlilebebs, izrdeba biznesis roli da mniS-
vneloba mosaxleobis mravalricxovani fenebis
socialuri mxardaWeris, Tanamedrove socialur
standartebamde maTi cxovrebis donis amaRleb-
is da sxva saWirboroto amocanebis gadawyvetis
saqmeSi.
biznesis socialur-ekonomikuri pasuxismgeblo-
bis problemis gadawyvetiT SesaZlebelia savarau-
do an ukve momwifebuli winaaRmdegobis Tavidan
acileba ara mxolod biznessa da sazogadoebis
urTierTdamokidebulebaSi, aramed biznessa da
xelisuflebas Sorisac. xolo es, Tavis mxriv
iwvevs sazogadoebis loialuri ganwyobis Seqmnas
rogorc biznesis, ise xelisuflebis mimarT, iseve
rogorc sazogadoebis mdgomareobis saerTo gaum-
jobesebas da erovnuli meurneobis mdgrad ekono-
mikur ganviTarebas, rac friad aqtualurs xdis
im gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis da gadauWreli
sakiTxebis kompleqsur kvlevas, romelic exeba so-
cialur-ekonomikur pasuxismgeblobas.
ukanaskneli oci wlis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwi-
fos, samoqalaqo institutebs da kerZo kompaniebs
Soris mTels msoflioSi moxda sakmaod arse-
biTi cvlilebebi. deregulirebis, privatizaciis,
globalizaciis procesebis Sedegad wina planze
69
wamoiwia sazogadoebrivi urTierTqmedebebis prin-
cipulad axalma formebma. qveynebis mTavrobebi
TandaTanobiT xvdebian, rom mkacri regulireba da
mZarcveluri gadasaxadebi xels ar uwyoben sa-
zogadoebrivi keTildReobis amaRlebas, ufro ki
piriqiT. amitom, iZulebiTi urTierTobis formebs
etapobrivad anacvlebs nebayoflobiTi TviTregu-
lirebis formebi. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom
kerZo seqtori usistemo qvelmoqmedebidan gadad-
is sazogadoebriobasa (public relations, PR) da mTav-
robas (government relations, GR) Soris arsebul ur-
TierTqmedebaTaA strategiul formebze. erT-erT
aseT formas warmoadgens socialuri pasuxismge-
blobis korporaciuli programebi (Corporate Social Responsibility).7
literatura:
1. http://www.5ka.ru2. http://www.lib.ua-ru3. http://www.dibase.ru4. http://www.ru.wikipedia.org5. http://www.lib.ua-ru6. http://www.buiss.ru7. http://www.prompolit.ru
70
Tavi 3. sabazro ekonomika VS socialuri sabazro ekonomika
$ 3.1. sabazro ekonomika
sabazro ekonomikuri sistema aris ekonomikuri
wesrigis imgvari forma, rodesac bazris part-
niorebs Soris dafuZnebuli Tavisufali gacv-
liTi urTierTobebi gansazRvravs ekonomikis
uwyvet sasicocxlo cikls. Tavisufali sabazro
gacvliTi urTierTobebis ZiriTadi principi ki
mdgomareobs sabazro ekonomikaSi ara saxelmwi-
fos mier cxovrebis yvela mimarTulebiT zrunvisa
da misi am funqciis umTavres amocanad qcevaSi, ar-
amed – mxolod SezRudul kompetenciebSi. mas (e.i.
saxelmwifos) ar evaleba arc saqonel-warmoebis
organizeba da arc warmoebuli produqciis ga-
nawileba. ra, ra moculobis, sad, da vis mier iqneba
esa Tu is produqcia nawarmoebi da sad SeiZleba
Semosavlis miReba es mxolod da mxolod bazris
monawileTa gadasawyetia. saxelmwifos amocana
,,sazogadoebrivi sikeTis” uzrunvelyofis Tao-
baze mkveTrad SezRudulia, garda im segmentisa,
romelic Sromis sazogadoebrivi danawilebisa
da sabazro procesebis Seuferxebeli funqcion-
irebisaTvis saxelmwifos mxridan samarTlebriv
mxardaWeras saWiroebs. bazrebi mxolod iq Cnde-
bian, sadac kerZo sakuTrebisa da misi Tavisuflad
gankargvis uflebebi aris daculi.
sabazro ekonomikis eTikurad relevanturi
aspeqtebi
ekonomika, rogorc mecniereba, es aris mecnier-
eba SezRuduli resursebis racionaluri marTvis
71
Sesaxeb, ris realizebasac is cdilobs ori umniS-
vnelovanesi faqtoris _ <<valdebulebisa>>
da <<SesaZleblobis>> gaTvaliswinebiT. amitom
miuxedavad sabazro ekonomikis sruli gaxsnilo-
bisa da gamarTuli funqcionirebisa, nebismieri
formaciis sazogadoebisaTvis, iqneba is cxovre-
bis Tundac yvelaze maRal stadiaze myofi, mis
gankargulebaSi arsebuli SezRuduli resursebi
gamoricxavs yvela individualur Tu koleqtiuri
miznis miRwevisa da survilTa dakmayofilebis
SesaZleblobas. amitom saWiroa, rom moxdes pri-
oritetebis gamokveTa mwiri resursebis ekono-
mikur mizanSewonilobasTan SeTanxmebiT. trans-
formaciisa da substituciis (e.w. trade – offs)* problemebi Tavs iCens yvelgan da yovelTvis.
e.i. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sameurne pro-
cesebis yvela doneze resursebis gamoyenebas,
ganawilebasa da realizacias Tan sdevs wyeba
konfliqtebisa, romlebsac rogorc ekonomikuri
ise eTikuri dimensiebi gaaCniaT. mraval-
ricxovan sazogadoebriv modelSi warmodgenil
SexedulebaTa sistemebSi, TiTqos odesme sab-
olood gaxdeboda SesaZlebeli daZleuli-
yo resursebis ukmarisobis problema, mudam
aCenda utopiuri saxelmwifos ideas. garkveul
postulatebze damyarebuli eTikuri kri-
tika, romelic ar iTvaliswinebs ekono-
mikis umTavres problemebs, rac resurseb-
is simwiriT gamowveul qmedebaTa restriqciebSi
* ekonomikaSi, trade-off Cveulebriv gamoixateba rogorc (xelsayrel) SemTxvevaTa xarji (urTierTdaTmobebi, mag., gare-mos dabinZurebisa da warmoebis Semcirebas Soris). romelic aris upiratesobis mqone alternativa, rodesac miiReba ekono-mikuri gadawyvetileba. [wyaro: study.com/academy/lesson/trade-offs-in-economics-definition-examples.html[Definition of Trade-Offs in Economics]
72
mdgomareobs, rasakvirvelia ararealisturia.
sabazro ekonomikis sistema warmoadgens ekono-
mikis swored im models, romelic aregulirebs
resursebis simwirisgan warmoqmnil gamoyenebiTi
saxis problemebs. misi amosavali principia sameur-
neo subieqtebis sruli avtonomia da aCvenebs maT
erTmaneTisagan nawilobriv Zlier urTierTgad-
amkveT da urTierTsawinaaRmdego poziciebs. maTi
normatiuli mowyobisaTvis arsebobs mravali
Sexeduleba. ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebs, rom-
lebic miiReba sxvadasxva doneze, mivyavarT Sesa-
bamis mosazrebebTan, romlebc saWiroebs garkveul
eTikur Sefasebebs. amgvar mosazrebaTagan SeiZle-
ba gamoiyos sami ZiriTadi midgoma ekonomiurobis,
gacvlisa da ganawilebis Sesaxeb.
1. ekonomiurobis (ekonomikuri efeqtiano-
bis) midgoma: resursebis SezRuduli raodenobis
arseboba msoflioSi TiToeul ekonomikur aqtio-
rs aiZulebs gansakuTrebiT amowurvadi resurseb-
is momWirneobiT da keTilsindisierad gamoyenebi-
saken, rac pirdapir eTanadeba globalur eTikur
moTxovnebs.
cxadia, ekonomiurobis midgomis ignori, avtoma-
turad iwvevs sawarmoebeli produqciis zenormiT
danaxarjebs swored maSin, roca adgili aqvs maT
gankargulebaSi myofi ekonomikuri potencialis
gamouyeneblobas, roca ar xdeba sameurneo siax-
leTa gaSla-ganviTareba da ekonomikur individeb-
is biznesSi praqticireba; mokled rom vTqvaT:
rodesac yvela SesaZlo iracionaluri qmedebiT
umowyalod ikargeba sazogadoebis keTildReo-
bis realuri SesaZleblobebi. ekonomiurobis
midgoma, romelic yvelaze axlo dgas ekonomikis
keTildReobis saboloo mizanTan, gansxvavebul
wesTa sistemaSi aqtiurs xdis alokaciur da
73
distribuciul faqtorebs da sxvadasxva Tval-
sazrisis SejerebiT upirvelesad cdilobs maTi
zemoqmedebis xarisixs dadgenas sazogadoebriv
keTildReobaze.
ekonomiurobis midgomis ugulebelyofa
gamoxatulebas poulobs ori mimarTulebiT. es-
enia: debatebi ekonomikuri sistemebis da garesam-
yaros dacvis problemebis Sesaxeb.
e.w. socializmi-kapitalizmis debatebSi cen-
tralur-gegmiuri ekonomikis gamarTleba efuZneba
im arguments, rom is ,,bazrebis qaosis” Canacvlebas
yvela ekonomikuri movlenisa Tu procesis gegmi-
uri marTvis meSveobiT axorcielebs. drom aCvena
am Sexedulebis umarTebuloba. rac Seexeba sa-
bazro ekonomikis momxreTa pozicias, maTi mosaz-
rebebi emyareba maT mier preferirebul wyobis
imgvar aRqmas, rodesac es ukanaskneli qmnis ara
mxolod sazogado keTildReobas, aramed sakmaod
didi zomiT aseve iTvaliswinebs rentabelurobis,
ekonomikuri efeqtianobis postulats.
ekonomikuri efeqtianobis midgomidan sabazro
ekonomikis sapirispirod sawarmoebi centraluri
azri (Sexeduleba), romelic SeiZleba ganvixiloT
eTikur konteqstSi, aris is, rom mis mier xdeba sico-
cxlis yofiTi safuZvlebis rRveva-ganadgureba da
maSasadame, garesamyaros mwiri resursebis, arsebu-
li bunebrivi simdidris gaqroba. ismeba kiTxva, Tu
ra alternativebi arsebobs aRniSnul problemaTa
regulaciisaTvis. amasTan dakavSirebiT gamoiyofa
Semdegi mimarTulebebi: ,,eko-diqtatura” anu le-
galuri limitirebisa da akrZalvis mkacri sis-
tema. nebismieri saxis diqtaturis ,,zrunvis sa-
gans” maTi danapirebis ar Sesruleba warmoadgens.
akrZalvebis daweseba da samarTlebrivi SezRud-
vebi awarmoeben maRal, nawilobriv ki gacilebiT
74
maRal prohibicionistur kontrolis xarjebs. yo-
veldriur praqtikaSi isini Cndebian rogorc nak-
lebad efeqturni da xSirad sasurvelis sapirisp-
iro Sedegis momcemni. sabazro eknomikis garemos
dacvis politika ki piriqiT, safaso meqanizmis
funqcionirebis marTvis efeqtiTa da garemos
dacvis miznis Sesabamisi sakuTrebis uflebidan
gamomdinare garkveuli sargeblis miRebazea ori-
entirebuli. saxelmwifom SeiZleba iTamaSos mniS-
vnelovani pozitiuri roli ekonomikuri efeqtian-
obis midgomis srulfasovani reabilitaciisTvis.
kerZod, bunebirvi resursebis sargeblobisaTvis
saxelmwifos mier sagadamxdelo valdebulebebis
datvirTviT SesaZloa moxdes ekonomikuri sub-
ieqtebis iZuleba, rom maT ekonomikur xarjTaR-
ricxvaSi iqnas Setanili sruli saxalxomeurneo-
brivi (da ara mxolod kerZo sameurneo) xarjebi.
es ki stimuls miscems im procesebs, riTac Sesa-
Zlebeli gaxdeba garemos maqsimaluri adaptacia
naklebad safrTxis Semcveli warmoebisa da mox-
marebis aqtebis moZraobaSi moyvanis mimarTule-
biT.
2. samarTliani gacvlis midgoma: individu-
alur gacvliT procesebze dafuZnebuli ekono-
mika saWiroebs gacvliTi urTierTobebis morals
(gacvlis morali); gacvliTi qcevebi unda efuZne-
bodes patiosnebisa da samarTlianobis postu-
latebs. samarTliani gacvlis miznis dazusteba
ra Tqma unda yovelTvis awydeba garkveuli saxis
sirTules. magaliTad, Sua saukunebis Teologebi
SeuZleblad Tvlidnen WeSmariti qristianis mier
vaWris profesiis dauflebas, radgan saqonel-
gacvlis mizans mogebis miReba warmoadgens, maTi
azriT es ukavSirdeboda iseT mankier Tvisebas, ro-
goric aris sixarbe, iseve rogorc – erTgulebis,
75
patiosnebisa da saTnoebis gauCinareba–gamoZeve-
bas adamianebidan da adamianTa Soris urTierTo-
bebidan.
maSindel kritikosebs da maT dRevandel mim-
devrebs rogorc Cans gamorCaT is, rom yoveli
gacvliTi urTierToba ormxrivi bunebis matare-
belia da rom gacvlaSi monawile subieqtebis, maT
Soris ki gamorCeulad vaWarTa fenis pirad in-
teress srulebiT ar warmoadgens maTive sabazro
partniorebis motyueba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rode-
sac maT surT didi xniT imyofebodnen bazarze,
amgvar urTierTobebSi yvelaze mniSvnelovania is
garemoeba, rom rogorc myidveli, ise gamyidveli
moTxovna–miwodebis procesSi cdilobs oqros
Sualedis povnas, romelic orive mxarisaTvis iqne-
ba xelsayreli. es ki miRwevadia mxolod Tavisu-
fali transaqciis pirobebSi, rodesac ekonomikur
subieqtebs Soris arsebul biznesurTierTobebSi
ar xdeba gareSe Zalis Careva da adgili aqvs maTi
keTildReobisa da maqsimaluri sargeblis miRe-
bis poziciaTa gaumjobesebas, mogebis, rogorc sab-
oloo miznis reabilitaciis procesSi.
magram, miuxedavad imisa, rom saqonel-gacvla anu
vaWroba mogebaze orientirebul ormxriv molod-
inebs warmoadgens, is srulebiT ar gamoricxavs
Secdomebs monawile mxareebs Soris an mcdar qme-
debebs savaWro partniorebis mxridan. swored aq
Cndeba xelSekrulebiTi vaWrobis samarTlisa da
pasuxismgeblobis samarTlis saWiroeba.
sabazro ekonomikaSi Tavisufali gacvliTi pro-
cesebis dros uxeS Carevas yovelTvis aqvs adgili
gansxvavebul drosa da sivrceSi. aseTi Carevebi
bazarze SeiZleba xdebodes rogorc yvela saxis
kerZo konkurenciuli SezRudviT dawyebuli (mag.
kartelebi), ise mravali saxelmwifo SezRudviT
76
damTavrebuli da ara mxolod iq, sadac saxelmwi-
fo gvevlineba rogorc sakanonmdeblo instancia,
armaed aseve iq, sadac is Cndeba sabazro partnior-
is saxiT. RinisZiebebi, romlebic ama Tu im formiT
zRudaven an sulac sruliad auqmeben Tavisufali
saqonelgacvlis process aris (sabaJo) gadasax-
adebi da yvela saxis saxlmwifo intervencia, fasis
regulireba, e.w. mevaxSeobis akrZalva, SezRudvebT-
an dakavSirebuli mokle Tu grZelvadiani weriTi
gankargulebebi, kontraqtaciis SezRudvebi, monop-
oliaTa arsebobisa Tu gansazRvrul saqonelze
an saqonlis garkveul jgufebze moxmarebis akr-
Zalvis dakanoneba. amgvari saxis Carevebi TiTqmis
gamonaklisis gareSe motivirebulia sayovelTao
sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis mosazrebiT da em-
yareba garkveuli jgufebis moCvenebiT, viTomda
dasabuTebul moTxovnebs. rogorc wesi ekono-
mistebisaTvis sirTules ar warmoadgens dausab-
uTebeli da xSirad safuZvels moklebuli saerTo
sazogadoebrivi sikeTis mowodebisaken mimarTuli
sisusteTa SemCneva. amitom, xelSekrulebiT-Teori-
ul safuZvelze orientirebulma eTikam swored
aq unda dasvas kiTxva individualuri avtonomiis
SezRudvebis gamarTlebasTan mimarTebaSi. util-
itaristuli poziciebis warmomadgenlebis, maT
mier preferirebuli sazogadoebrivi sargeblobi-
anobis ideis daxmarebiT unda Seecadon moaxdi-
non misi eTikuri Sefaseba.
3. samarTliani ganawilebis midgoma: sabaz-
ro ekonomikaSi Semosavlebis ganawileba pirvel
rigSi ganisazRvreba myidvelisaTvis sargeblis
miRebiTa da bazarze arsebuli saqonlis relati-
uri simwiriT. Sesyidvis fasis gadaxda yovelTvis
aseve moicavs Semosavlebis ganawilebasac (anar-
icxebis gziT). masTan kavSirSi, momsaxurebis is
77
segmenti, sadac didad fasobs da gaTvaliswinebu-
lia moTxovnis kategoria da misi pirobebi, imy-
ofeba gacilebiT ukeTes biznes-garemoSi, vidre is
– sadac mas nakleb yuradRebas uTmoben. konkuren-
cia da teqnikuri progresi erTi mxriv da pref-
erenciaTa cvlilebebi meore mxriv aseve xels
uwyoben individualuri Semosavlebis sxvadasxva
saxiT ganviTarebas.
Semosavlebis uTanabro ganawileba istoriu-
li rakursiT xSirad zemodgomi samarTlianobis
masStabebiT aris gakritikebuli. ase magaliTad,
egalitaristebi moiTxoven yvelasTvis Semosav-
lebis gaTanabrebas maqsimalurad zeda zRvaris
dawesebis pirobebSi; xelSekrulebis Teoretiko-
sebi, rogoricaa j. roulsi, fiqroben rom Semosav-
lebs Soris gansxvaveba mxolod iq SeiZleba arse-
bobdes, sadac mas RaribTaTvis sargebeli moaqvs.
meritokratiuli poziciebis mxardamWerebi icaven
qalaqisa Tu qveynis winaSe damsaxurebisaTvis
dajildoebis, Sesabamisi materialur sazRauris
gacemis princips; milisturi pozicia (j. st. mili)
aCvenebs wesebs Soris diferencirebisa da pref-
erencirebis arsebobis SeuZleblobas warmoebisa
da ganawilebis sferoebSi, radgan fasTa sistema
gvevlineba sasaqonlos da saSuamavlo bazrebs
Soris erTmaneTTan organulad damakavSirebel
umniSvnelovanes rgolad, sadac (sxva Tanabar
pirobebSi) nebismieri Careva ganawilebis sfero-
Si ukuzemoqmedebas axdens warmoebis sferoze da
piriqiT. samarTliani ganawilebis marqsistuli
midgoma ki efuZneba Semdeg devizs - ,,TiToeuls
misi unaris mixedviT, TiToeuls misi saWiroebis
mixedviT” sazogadoebis Zalzed maRali sayovel-
Tao keTildReobis pirobebSi.
rac Seexeba sabazro ekonomikis dros Semosav-
78
lebis samarTliani ganawilebis sakiTxs, aq say-
uradReboa aRiniSnos is garemoeba, rom ekonomi-
kuri masStabebis uwyveti zrdis procesSi erTi
mxriv saxezea arsebuli sawarmoo struqturebis
totaluri rRveva rasac Tan axlavs samuSao adg-
ilebisa da Sesabamisad Semosavlebis pernanentu-
li Semcireba, magram amave dros, meore mxares is
axdens inovaciur nakadTa stimulirebas, romelic
xsnis axal ekonomikur SesaZleblobebs ara mx-
olod momxmarebelTaTvis, aramed mwarmoeblebisT-
visac, damoukideblad moqmed subieqtTa CaTvliT.
maSasadame, ekonomikuri progresi aseve pozitiurad
zemoqmedebs rogorc sazogadoebis Raribi fenis,
ise naklebad warmatebuli nawilis Semosavlebsa
da moxmarebaze. sabolood, warmatebuli sabazro
ekonomikis procesSi monawileTaTvis ekonomikur
sargebelTa jami sagrZnoblad aRemateba misgan
gancdili zaralis moculobas, romelsac isini
humanuri da materialuri kapitalis danakargebiT
,,SemoqmedebiTi ganadgurebis procesSi” (J. Schum-peter)1 ganicdian. ekonomikuri zrda-ganviTarebis
sasurvel winapirobad SeiZleba miCneul iqnes ,,sa-
zogadoebrivi ganiaraRebis xelSekruleba” (J. M. Buchanan)2, romelic efeqtianobis reJimSi xels uw-
yobs sayovelTao cxovrebis standartis (maT So-
ris RaribTa da dabalSemosavliani fenis) swraf
da garantirebul amaRlebas.3
rogorc es dasawyisSi iqna aRniSnuli, sabazro
ekonomika, romelic <<Tavisuflebas>>, rogorc
umaRles Rirebulebas efuZneba, moralurobis
TvalsazrisiT qmnis garkveuli saxis sirTuleebs,
radgan is Riad provocirebs konkurentul wnexsa
da iZulebaze, rac mniSvnelovnad arTulebs sayov-
elTaod misaRebi erTiani konvenciis ganxorciel-
ebis process. aRniSnuli sirTulis dasaZlevlad
79
misaRebia sabazro ekonomikis axali kriteriumi
solidarobis saxiT. Tuki Cven sabazro ekonomi-
kasTan mimarTebaSi daveyrdnobiT yvela adamianis
solidarobis laitideas, maSin aRniSnuli Tvals-
azrisis safuZvelze SevZlebT ekonomikis sabazro
mowyobis Semdegi Tezis warmodgenas:
sabazro ekonomikuri wesrigi efuZneba zneobriv
kriteriumebs, radgan is yvela adamianis solidaro-
bis ganxorcielebisaTvis aqamde cnobil yvela in-
struments Soris saukeTesoa, da romelic bazris
avtomaturobis maCvenebeli <<uxilavi xelis>>
nacvlad <<sazogadoebriv keTildReobaze>> da-
myarebul CarCo-wesrigs, rogorc kulturis uaR-
resad arabunebriv produqts emyareba.
amis Tqmis safuZvels iZleva Semdegi: sabazro
ekonomikisa da eTikis problema Tanamedrove sa-
bazro ekonomikis formirebidan dRemde mudmivi
ganxilvis Temaa, ramac globalizaciis pirobeb-
Si axali ZaliT iCina Tavi. aRniSnuli sirTulis
dasaZlevad drouli da amave dros mizanSewon-
ilia am urTierTkavSiris sakvanZo problemis –
konkurenciasa da moralTan mimarTebaSi qcevis
normatiuli aspeqtebis win wamoweva, raTa SesaZle-
beli gaxdes msgavsi antagonizmis racionaluri
gadawyveta.
konkurencia moiTxovs disciplinas, riTac is
zrunavs problemebis codnaze dafuZnebuli ino-
vaciuri gziT gadawyvetis swraf gavrcelebaze, ris
miRmac konkurencia qmnis da anadgurebs droebiT
aRmocenebul Zalauflebis poziciebs (Franz Böhm)4,
radgan xangrZlivi droiT maTi arseboba sabazro
ekonomikaSi SeuZlebelia.
aqedan gamomdinare Cven gvaqvs Semdegi probl-
emuri viTareba: Tavisufali konkurencia Tavis-
dauneburad aCens humanurobisa da solidarobis
80
egzistencialur saWiroebas, anu erT mxares aris
morali, romlis arsebobac Tanamedrove sabazro
ekonomikis qmedebaTa aRsrulebaSi SeuZlebeli
Cans, magram meore mxriv, is zrunavs farTo maseb-
is keTildReobaze, romlesac aq aravin uaryofs,
radgan morali iZleva mravali adamianis srul-
fasovani cxovrebis SesaZleblobas. ismeba kiTx-
va: SevZlebT Tu ara konkurenciisa da moralis
Tanaarsebobas? an ufro zusti formulireba rom
mivceT: aris ki SesaZlebeli konkurencia mor-
aluri intenciebis, yvela adamianis solidaro-
bis samsaxurSi rom CavayenoT? diax SesaZlebelia,
mxolod sabazro ekonomikis institucionaluri
sistemis farglebSi.** amgvari CarCo-wesrigis***
dafuZneba da ganviTareba ki davalebulia evolu-
ciuri saswavlo procesebisa da samarTlis <<xi-
luli xelisgan>>.
** amiT ismeba sakiTxi, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli bazris
racionalurobisa da eTikis SesabamisobaSi moyvana. prof. ho-
mans saTanado argumentebis moSveliebiT dilema – situaci-
idan gamoaqvs daskvna, rom sabazro ekonomikaSi moralis sis-
temur adgils... CarCo wesrigi warmoadgens. (Homann, 1994, 112). *** CarCo-wesrigi es aris saxelmwifosa da monawile aqti-
orebis mier mocemuli da aRiarebuli konkurenciis Tama-
Sis wesebi. is moicavs samarTlebriv wesrigs (gansakuTrebiT
konkurenciul samarTals), sagadasaxado sistemas, gadasax-
adebsa da subsidiebs (mag., sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi gare-
mosTvis uvnebeli teqnologiebisaTvis), iseve rogorc bazris
kerZo monawileTa, pirvel rigSi sawarmoTa koleqtiur TviT-
dakavSirebas. (Handbuch der Wirtschaftsethik, Band 3: Ethik wirtschaftli-chen Handelns., im Auftr. der Görres-Gesellschaft von Wilhelm Korff..., Güter-sloher Verlagshaus. Gütersloh., 1999, S. 239).
81
literatura:
1. <<Prozeβ der schöpferischen Zerstörung>>, J. Schumpet-er, Kapitalismus, Sozialismus und Demokratie. Einleitung von E. Salin, München, 1972
2. J. M. Buchanan, Die Grenzen der Freiheit. Zwischen Anar-chie und Leviathan, Tübingen 1984.
3. Lexikon der Wirtschaftsethik, hrsg. von Georges Enderle..., Freiburg; Basel; Wien: Verlag Herder Freiburg im Breisgau, 1993 S. 656-60
4. F. Böhm, Demokratie und ökonomische Macht, in ders. (Hrsg), Kartelle und Monopole im modernen Recht, Karlsruhe, 1961
82
$ 3.2. socialuri sabazro ekonomika
socialuri sabazro ekonomika aris ekonomi-
kuri wesrigis forma, romelic iSva germaniaSi
da romlis amosaval problemas me-19-e sauku-
nidan moyolebuli dRemde ,,socialuri sakiTxi”
warmoadgens. misi warmoSoba mWidro kavSirSia
industrializaciis procesSi dawyebul da ori
msoflio omiT gamowveul masobrivi umuSevrobisa
da materialuri xelmokleobis, avadmyofobis, sao-
jaxo kavSirebisa da maTi usafrTxoebis rRvevis,
loTobis Tu sxva socialur movlenebTan, rasac
Tan erTvis koniunqturuli krizisi da dasaqme-
bulTa damokidebuleba monopoliebsa Tu kartel-
ebze.
jer kidev mecxramete saukunis miwuruls, raix-
skancleri oto fon bismarki interesdeba qvey-
nis socialuri problematikiT da ukve 1884 wels
misi xelmZRvanelobiT xorcieldeba sapensio,
samedicino da Sromisuunarobis (invalidobis)
reforma. meore msoflio omiT miRebuli ngre-
visa da socialuri uaryofis Semdeg mravali
sxva socialur – politikuri RonisZiebebi iqna
gatarebuli da Setanili socialuri dazRvevis
erTian sistemaSi, maT Soris iseTebi, rogoricaa
sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi bavSviani ojaxebisaTvis,
binaTmSeneblobisa Tu profesiuli gadamzadebis
xelSewyobis RonisZiebebi, aseve, arsebuli kartel-
ebis da axali karteluri warmonaqmnebis akrZalva,
subvenciebi ekonomikis iseT sust dargebze, ro-
goric aris naxSirwarmoeba da soflis meurneoba,
koniuqturis marTva, struqturuli politika, in-
dustriuli politika, iseve rogorc dasaqmebulis
monawileoba gadamwyveti xmis uflebiT samuSao
83
adgilze (Betriebsverfassungsgesetz 1972) da sameTvaly-
ureo sabWoSi (Mitbestimmungsgesetz 1976). yvela am
RonisZiebas saerTo ekonomikuri politikis sfer-
oSi adgili hqonda kapitalizmis wiaRSi gaCenili
sisusteebisa Tu krizisebis daZlevis mizniT.
mokle istoriuli eqskursi TvalnaTliv aCven-
ebs saxelmwifos aqtiur Carevas qveynis social-
ur-ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. Tumca dRes ukve Riad
saubroben, rom <<saxelmwifos ekonomikuri moR-
vaweoba mimarTuli unda iyos ekonomikuri wesrigis
saxis formirebaze, da ara ekonomikuri procesebis
marTvaze>>.1 rogorc cnobilia meoce saukunis
bolos germaniaSi faswarmoqmnis didi wili modi-
oda ara bazarze, aramed administirebaze. swored
am da msgavs mosazrebaTa gauTvaliswineblobis
Sedegi da mtkivneuli gamoZaxili iyo magaliTad,
xangrZliv krizisSi myofi socialuri dazRvevis
sistemis arseboba. SezRudvebi ekonomikuri wesri-
gis tipis formirebaze, ekonomikis CarCo-wesrigi-
sa, Tu ekonomikur qmedebaTa CarCo-pirobebze aris
socialuri sabazro ekonomikis sakvanZo elementi,
da eWvgareSea, rom oikeniseuli es principi yov-
elTvis ar iqna daculi germaniis istoriaSi.
dRevandeli mdgomareoba ki aseTia: germaniaSi
sabanko gaerTianebaTa mier warmoebuli gamokiTx-
vebis Tanaxmad, 2001 wlidan sabazro ekonomikis
mimarT mowonebis procenti mniSvnelovnad iklebs.
2001 wlis Semodgomis mowonebis procenti iyo
76%; 2005 wlis Semodgomas ki – 59%.2 2010 wlis
bolos mowonebis procenti kvlav Semcirda da
IWKöln-is monacemebiT 50%-ze naklebi Seadgina.3
mis mimarT arsebuli sazogadoebis amgvari da-
mokidebuleba axdens aucilebeli da gadaudebe-
li ekonomikuri reformis procesis blokirebas,
radgan mravali adamiani bazris ukmar eTikur
84
xarisxSi Sinaganad Rrmad aris darwmunebuli. am
damokidebulebis eTikuri gamarTlebis tipi saer-
Toa rogorc sabazro, ise socialuri sabazro
ekonomikisaTvis. rom aRaraferi vTqvaT pirvelze,
Tavad meore mxolod eTikurad aris eWvSeuvali
da sasurveli. es argumenti aCens did bundovane-
bas im garemoebasTan mimarTebaSi, rom sabazro
ekonomika eTikurad SesaZloa gamarTlebuli iq-
nas da aqedan gamomdinare is saWiroebs moralur
koreqtivs. rac Seexeba socialur sabazro ekono-
mikas, igi iyenebs socialuri gadanawilebis efeq-
tur berkets im iarebis mosaSuSeblad, romelsac
bazari da konkurencia aCens. e.i. socialur poli-
tikas garkveuli Sesworebebi Seaqvs bazris fun-
qcionirebaSi.
ekonomikis socialuri aspeqtis es interpre-
tacia premodernulia. is gamomdinareobs sazoga-
doebis nulovani Sedegis TamaSisa da araviTari
ekonomikuri zrdis principidan. es principi ki
modernul, pluralistul ekonomikuri zrdis sa-
zogadoebis TvalsazrisTan ar aris Tavsebadi.
kidev meti, am xedvas sabolo angariSiT mivyavarT
redistribuciis ufro da ufrometad gafarToeb-
is moTxovnamde, ,,socialuri samarTlianobis” aR-
dgenis mizniT.
kidev ufro saTanado argumentaciis strategia
SeiZleba qvemoT iqnas ganxiluli, Tumca amisaTvis
upirveles yovlisa aucilebelia eTikis fuZemde-
bluri mosazrebebi sabazro ekonomikaSi iqnas mo-
tanili.
adam smiti SeiZleba miCneul iqnes socialuri
sabazro ekonomikis fuZmedeblad – ueWvelad ara
istoriul, aramed sruliad sistematuri per-
speqtiviT, radgan swored man pirvelma SemogvTa-
vaza adamianur moqmedebaTa or dones Soris mka-
85
fio gamijvnis analizi: saxeldobr, moqmedebebsa
da moqmedebaTa pirobebs Soris. TamaSis Teori-
aSi es gamoixateba rogorc gansxvaveba TamaSis
msvlelobasa da TamaSis wesebs Soris. amasTan,
TamaSis msvleloba moicavs yvela im parametrs,
romlis gakontrolebac aqtiors SeuZlia. xolo,
TamaSis wesebi moicavs im faqtorebs, romlebic ar-
sebiTad gansazRvavs aqtioris qcevebs, romlebic
moqmed pirs Tavad moqmedebaTa Sesrulebisas ar
gaaCnia da romlebsac is ar akontrolebs. qvemoT
motanil naxatSi naCvenebia is mniSvnelovani para-
metrebi, romlebic ganirCevian moqmedebisa da moq-
medebaTa pirobebis mixedviT sawarmos magaliTze.
(ix. nax. 1)4
nax. 1. ,,moqmedebaTa” rekonstruqcia
(sawarmosTvis)
86
am gansxvavebis daxmarebiT SesaZlebeli xdeba
ekonomikuri sistemis yoveli normatiuli dasa-
buTebis ZiriTadi problemis gadaWra, saxeldo-
br, Tu rogor aigeba urTierToba konkurenciasa
da morals Soris. vinaidan imgvari konkurenci-
is pirobebSi, rodesac konkurenciis moraluri
xarisxi dabalia, moralurad motivirebuli
calkeuli aqtioris moqmedebas aucileblad Tan
sdevs xarjebis zrda, amitom TiToeul aqtiors
SeuZlia moralurad moqceva mxolod maSin da
im pirobebSi, rodesac misi konkurentebi msgavsi
moraluri standartebiT xelmZRvaneloben. rac
imas niSnavs, rom moralma unda moaxdinos saerTo,
aseve konkurentebisaTvisac savaldebulo wesebis
inkorporireba, radgan mxolod asea SesaZlebeli
maTi rogorc eqspluataciisaTvis rezistentulis
praqticireba.
smitis mier motanil suraTSi konkurencia da
morali SesaZlebelia erTdroulad iqnes reali-
zebuli, im dros rodesac morali konkurentulad
neitraluri da Sesabamisad eqspluataciisaT-
vis rezistentuli inkorporirdeba moqmedebaTa
pirobebsa Tu TamaSis wesebSi, es maSin rodesac mo-
qmedebis procesSi konkurencias aqvs ganxorciel-
ebis SesaZlebloba. am gziT moralur moqmedebaTa
eqspluataciurobis problema gadaWrilia: aseve
konkurentebic igive moraluri standartebiTa da
TamaSis wesebiT ixelmZRvaneleben. morali xdeba
eqspluataciisaTvis rezistentuli, da problemac
arsebiTad daZleulia.
aqve unda SevexoT solidarobis sakiTxsac.
yvela adamianis solidaroba – rogorc ZiriTadi
(da gadamwyveti) moraluri ideali – Tanamedrove
sabazro ekonomikaSi ara calkeuli aqtioris
znekeTili moqmedebebiT da misi moraluri, sol-
87
idaruli motivebiT aris garantirebuli, aramed
saTanado CarCo-wesrigiT; romlis amocanaa ara
is, rom SezRudos an ugulvelyos TiToeuli am
aqtioris TviTinteresi, aramed piriqiT, TiToeuli
maTganis TviTinteresi warmarTos im mimarTule-
biT, saidanac is aseve sargebels moutans sxva ada-
miansac. maSasadame, xdeba misi TviTinteresis ara
moTviniereba, aramed GgaTavisufleba da gaZlier-
eba Sesabamisi CarCo-wesrigis pirobebSi.
sabazro ekonomikis es programa aris eTikuri.
am programaSi morali damokidebulia (metad) ara
moralur motivebze, ara aqtiorTa keTil nebaze,
aramed saTanado CarCo-wesrigze. swored rom Ta-
vad aqtiorebi mihyvebian da emorCilebian CarCo-
wesrigis TviT-interess. ris Semdegac moraluri
uTanxmoeba (arsebobis SemTxvevaSi) unda aixsnas
ara egoizmisa da sixarbis motiviT, aramed arasru-
li da naklovani CarCo-wesrigiT. iq sadac Zarcva-
gleja, korupcia Tu xelSekrulebis darRveva ar
isjeba, sadac sakuTrebis ufleba ar aris daculi,
pirvel rigSi saWiroa moxdes samarTlebrivi sax-
elmwifo formireba da samarTlis efeqturi ganx-
orcieleba. es ki Tavis mxriv niSnavs imas, rom
morali ara calkeuli individis miwodebaze
realizdeba, aramed CarCo-wesrigis cvlilebebis
gziT, e.i. mxolod ekonomikuri logikiT da aravi-
Tar SemTxvevaSi mis sapirispiroT. anu imperati-
ul formulirebas Tu mivcemT: morali, romelic
ekonomikuri logikis winaaRmdeg dgas araefeqtu-
ria.
bazari da konkurencia, kerZo sakuTreba da
mogebisaken ltolva yvela monawilisaTvis aq,
pozitiuri sistemis funqcionirebis sazRvrebSi
poulobs sakuTar eTikur gamarTlebas. saTanado
CarCo-wesrigis winapirobiT is uefeqturesi saSu-
88
alebaa yvela adamianis Tavisuflebisa da soli-
darobis realizebisaTvis, rac ki aqamde kacobri-
obisaTvis cnobilia. mravali adamianis moraluri
impulsis sapirispirod, rasac sabazro ekonomika
konkurenciiT, kerZo sakuTrebiTa da mogebisaken
ltolviT uaryofs an sul mcire zRudavs, amg-
vari midgoma gvTavazobs sruliad sapirispiro
mimarTulebas: sabazro ekonomika eTikur safuZv-
lebze dayrdnobiT unda gaumjobesdes da gaxdes
srulyofili. eTika iTxovs ara nakleb, aramed met
da ukeTes bazars.
socialuri sabazro ekonomikis konteqstSi gan-
sakuTrebul datvirTvas iZens socialuri poli-
tikis mniSvneloba. konkretulad ki is, Tu ro-
gor aris misi ,,socialuri” aspeqti socialur
sabazro ekonomikasTan dakavSirebuli, saidanac
Semdeg konkretuli amocanebi da politikuri
rekomendaciebi iwarmoeba. dasavlur literatu-
raSi socialur politikasTan mimarTebiT arse-
bobs gansxvavebuli xedvebi, romelTagan SeiZleba
gamoiyos oTxi:
1. socialuri politika bazris saSuale-
biT: klasikuri liberaluri midgoma socialur
politikasTan mimarTebaSi warmoadgens liberal-
izmis nawils politikaSi da farTod gamoyeneba
aSS-is sabazro ekonomikaSi. am midgomis Tanax-
mad, saukeTeso socialuri politika ekonomikur
zrdaze orientirebuli politikaa. amgvar poli-
tikaze dafuZnebuli ekonomikuri zrdiT miRebu-
li Semosavlebi sikeTis momtania sazogadoebis
<<Raribi>> fenisTvisac. socialuri saxelmwifos
krizisis gamomwvev mizezad ki socialuri dacvis
RonisZiebebis <<siWarbe>> miiCneva. amitom unda
moxdes socialuri saxelmwifo formis gauqmeba.
<<danaSauli>> modis <<RaribTa>> fenaze, rom-
89
lebic eqsploatacias uweven sistemas.
2. socialuri politika bazris sapirisp-
irod: es aris eTikur mosazrebebze dafuZnebu-
li socialuri politikis klasikuri midgoma,
romelic dasabams uZveles social-demokratiis
wiaRSi iRebs. misi mixedviT socialuri poli-
tikis es forma yvela adamianisaTvis, gansakuTre-
biT Raribi FfenisTvis Rirseuli cxovrebis Sesa-
Zleblobas iZleva. ,,gadanawilebis” instrumenti
sasargebloa ,,RaribTaTvis”; <<damnaSaveni>> ar-
ian <<mdidrebi>>, rogorc sabazro ekonomikis
sikeTiT mosargebleni. socialuri saxelmwifos
yoveli <<reforma>> mimarTuli socialuri uz-
runvelyofis Semcirebisa Tu gauqmebis mizniT mi-
iCneva ,,asocialurad”.
3. socialuri politika bazris win (bazram-
de): es gaxlavT j. m. buxananis (1975/1984) koncef-
ciaEromelic gvTavazobs socialuri politikis
ekonomikuri azris konstruqciul ganmartebas.
sakiTxis arsi mdgomareobs SemdegSi: ratom unda
iqnas araefeqtianoba sabazro ekonomikuri wesri-
gis sazogadoebis konstituciur-xelSekrulebiT
SeTanxmebaSi mowonebuli, romelSic TviTon mas
mcire Sansi eqneba. aq buxanani mniSvnelobas ani-
Webs im arguments, rom perspeqtivaSi socialuri
TanamSromlobis SemosavlebSi (maTi) monawileo-
bis garantiiT <<Raribebs>> mxolod maSin Seu-
ZliaT moiwonon sabazro ekonomikuri wesrigi,
Tuki maT mier windawin monawileobis garantiis
safuZvelze socialuri TanamSromlobis Semosav-
lebSi moxdeba maTi mowonebis erTgvarad <<Sesy-
idva>>, riTac gamoiricxeba gadanawilebis katego-
ria. Sesabamisad, socialuri politikac gacvlis
paradigmis saxiT moiazreba. gare eTikur <<Ri-
rebulebebsa>> da msgavs faseulobebs SeiZleba
90
uari eTqvas. <<damnaSave>> aravin aris. problema
identificirebulia, rogorc orive mxaris prob-
lema.
4. socialuri politika bazrisaTvis: es
koncefcia h. v. zinis mier iqna ganviTarebuli.
socialuri uzrunvelyofa gagebulia rogorc in-
vesticia, romelsac aseve moaqvs Semosavali. so-
cialuri saxelmwifo daxuruli rogorc didi
dazRveva, romelic umniSvnelovanesi sawarmoo
faqtoria, rodesac swored ikveTeba misi stimule-
bi. socialuri politikis amocanaa daexmaros
bazars da (kvlav) gaxados is funqciuri. dasaxu-
li miznis miRweva mdgomareobs adamianebis Sesa-
Zleblobebis gafarToebaSi, raTa maT saukeTeso
ganaTlebis miRebiT, kvalifikaciis amaRlebiTa da
sxv. SeZlon bazris mniSvnelovan da srulfasovan
monawileebad warmoCena. e.i. sxvagvarad rom vTq-
vaT mizanSewonilia investiciebis ganxorcieleba
materialur da humanur kapitalSi socialuri uz-
runvelyofis gareSe. aq socialuri politika ar-
sebiTad gaigeba rogorc sawarmoo investicia, da
ara rogorc moxmareba, rogorc es 1 da 2 tipebis
SemTxvevaSia.5
rogorc ekonomikuri ise eTikuri perspeqtiviT
mxedvelobaSi misaRebia ara mxolod xarjTwar-
momqmneli zaralis iseTi SemTxvevebi, rogoricaa
ekonomikuri gaWirveba, avadmyofoba, asaki, umuSev-
roba da sxv., aramed wina planze pirvel rigSi
win unda wamoiwios zaralis armomtanma SemTx-
vevebma. mxolod maSin, Tuki gaCndeba sarisko moq-
medebaTa warmoSobis safrTxe zaralis armomtan
SemTxvevebSi, sadazRveo sistemaSi SesaZleebli
iqneba xarjebis <<afeTqebis>> Tavidan acileba
an sul mcire misi lokalizeba. amisaTvis aq saWi-
roa riskebis ukidiresad Semcireba da mis xarjze
91
Semosavlebis mkveTri zrda, radgan warumateblo-
bis SemTxvevaSi rogorc mosalodnelia aRniS-
nul sistemas emuqreba sruli gakotreba da ganad-
gureba. damatebiTi SemosavlebiT ki SesaZlebli
iqneba aseve zaralis momtani SemTxvevebis dros
warmoqmnili xarjebis gadafarva. Sedegad aRmoC-
ndeba socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema, romel-
ic axlandelTan SedarebiT ara mxolod gacile-
biT praqtikuli iqneba, aramed ukeTesi socialuri
momsaxurebis safuZvelze is SeiZleba eTikurad
sasurvelic ki iyos. magram amasTan, kvlavinde-
burad winapirobaa calkeuli wesebis (regula-
ciebis) stimulTavsebadi formiT konstruireba
da ara piriqiT. anglosaqsur literaturasa da
politikaSi saubaria <<aqtivirebul socialur
saxelmwifoze>> romelic <<daxmareba TviTdax-
marebisaTvis>> principSi mdgomareobs. sxvaTaSo-
ris es formulireba ara konservatiul, aramed
socialdemokratiul mimarTulebaSi ganviTar-
da bil klintonisa da toni bleris dros, uka-
nasknelTan _ pirvel rigSi antoni gidensis mier6.
zemoT motanili oTxi tipidan, gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania me4-e tipis qveS skicirebuli po-
zicia, romelic me-3-e tipis mTavari ideis gafar-
Toeba-ganzogadebas asaxavs: swored masSi aris
socialuri politika produqtiuli da Semosav-
lis momtani. me-2-e tipis problema, romelic kidev
ufro gafarToebulia, gansakuTrebiT vlindeba
Tanamedrove globalizaciis pirobebSi: erovnul
saxelmwifos metad aRar ZaluZs <<mdidrebis>>
(romelTagan is redistribuciis masis molod-
inSia) Tavis sagadasaxado sferoSi damagreba
– SenarCuneba. saSualo da grZelvadiani maRal-
mobilurobis mqone kapitalisaTvis globaluri
konkurencia imyofeba kulminaciur fazaSi, sadac
92
qveynebs dabali xelfasiT, gadasaxadebiTa da so-
cialuri anaricxebiT udavod gaaCniaT upirateso-
ba. mokled rom vTqvaT, socialuri saxelmwifo
internacionalur konkurenciaSi ganicdis eqs-
ploatacias. Sesabamisad, germaniis msgavsi maRa-
li saxelfaso donis qveynisaTvis SesaZlebelia
<<mdidrebis>> damagreba-SenarCuneba, Tuki isinic
da ara mxolod <<Raribebi>> socialuri uzrun-
velyofis sistemidan aseve miiReben sargebels.
mdgradobis miRweva socialuri politikiT mx-
olod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, roca es ukanaskne-
li gadanawilebis formiT ar aris Cafiqrebuli,
sadac yovelTvis erT-erTi jgufi ki ar ikargeba,
aramed roca mas mdidrebsTvis da RaribTaTvis
erTnairad moaqvs sargebeli.
konceptualurad Tu ganvixilavT, socialuri
sabazro ekonomika sulac ar aris moTvinierebu-
li, ueSvo mtaceblis msgavsi sabazro ekonomika.
Tuki socialuri sabazro ekonomika aRqmuli iqne-
ba rogorc moTvinierebuli sabazro ekonomika, mu-
dam Seiqmneba imgvari mtkicebadi situacia, roca
nacnob <<moralur>> koreqtivebs daisaWiroebs
sabazro ekonomika. piriqiT, socialurma politi-
kam saTanado stimulirebiT unda uzrunvelyos
sabazro ekonomikis srulad moZraobaSi moyvana.
socialuri sabazro ekonomikis amgvari gaazre-
biT miRwevadi xdeba zogierTi sakiTxi: pirveli,
- kompaniebi moraluri mizeziT metad aRar iqne-
bian <<msxverplis>> saxiT warmoCenilni. maTgan
ar moiTxoveba msxverpli konkurenciul srbola-
Si. kompaniebi investireben yvela arsebul resurs
sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare. politikur
sibrtyeze es aris: socialuri politika niSnavs
ara ganawilebas, armed gacvlas urTierinteresTa
safuZvelze, sadac orive mxares, rogorc <<md-
93
idrebs>> ise <<Raribebs>> eqnebaT sargeblis
miRebis SesaZlebloba.
meore, - socialuri politika aRqmuli unda
iqnes rogorc investicia, da ara mxolod – tvir-
Ti xarjebis saxiT (xarjebis tvirTi). Tanamed-
rove diskusiebSi umTavresad fokusireba xdeba
xarjebis irgvliv, rac xarjebis maqsimaluri Sem-
cirebiT <<socialuri mxaris>> minimazaciisa da
misi, rogorc gamosavlis erTaderT gzad warmoCe-
naSi mdgomareobs.
mesame – yvela uideo arguments miRma, rogori-
caa carieli xazina, - miniSneba xdeba <<Return on Investment>>-ze, rogorc socialuri dacviTi saz-
Rvrebis kriteriumze. investicia umniSvnelo Se-
mosavlis perspeqtiviT raRac mcdari stimulebis
gamo ar unda xorcieldebodes. cxadia rom unda
moxdes am ZiriTadi azris Semdgomi specifikacia
da raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT misi ganvrcoba.
magram principulad mniSvnelovania sainvesticio
SesaZleblobaTa umravlesobis realizeba, rom-
lesac yvela monawilisaTvis moaqvs saukeTeso
Semosavali. aRsaniSnavia, rom saubrebi social-
uri saxelmwifos safuZvlian gardaqmnebze zogi-
erTi TvalsazrisiT msgavsi perspeqtivis CaTvliT,
Zalzed bundovania.
problematikis gaanalizebisas am konteqstSi
iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom socialuri sabazro
ekonomikis koncefcia, romelic gasul aTwleul-
Si SesaZlebelia warmatebulic ki iyo, ukve dRes
sakmaod savalalod gamoiyureba grZelvadian
perspeqtivaSi: is gulisxmobs Semdegs: bazari am
saxiT rom yofiliyo moralurad problematuri,
TvalsaCino da gardauvali iqneboda gaRatakebis
procesi da Sesabamisad, eTikur safuZvlebze day-
rdnobiT aucilebebi gaxdeboda misi koreqtireba.
94
Tu gvsurs <<socialuri sabazro ekonomikis>>
koncefciis SenarCuneba, unda moxdes misi <<so-
cialuri mxaris>> axlad gaazreba, risTvisac aq
warmodgenil mosazrebebs garkveuli wvlilis Se-
tana SeuZliaT.
literatura:
1. W. Eucken, Grundzüge der Wirtschaftspolitik, 4 Auflage, Tübingen, 1952/1968, S. 336
2. Die Zukunft der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft. Umfrage im Auftrag des Bundesverbandes deutscher Banken, November 2005
3. Nach Daten das IW Köln, 20104. K. Homman, Chr. Lütge, Einführung in die Wirtschaft-
sefhik, LIT Verlag Dr. W. Hopf Berlin 2013, S. 205. Chr. Lütge, Wirtschaftsethik ohne Illusionen, Mohr Sie-
beck, Tübingen 2012, S. 42/436. A. Giddens, Der dritte Weg: Die Erneuerung der sozialen
Demokratie, Frankfurt / M.: Suhrkamp. 1998/1999
95
Tavi 4. eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomika
sul ufro cxadi xdeba, rom yoveli moZraobeb-
is, mimarTulebebisa Tu mosalodneli krizisebis
fonze msoflios socialur-ekonomikuri konste-
lacia ekonomikuri politikis WrilSi ganixileba
post-kapitalistur, post-socialistur ekonomi-
kad, romelsac SeiZleba vuwodoT eko-socialuri
sabazro ekonomika.1
eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomika, anu ,,humanuri
ekonomika~ warmoadgens ekonomikur, ekologiur
da sazogadoebriv-politikur xedvas,2 romlis
cnebas rogorc axali ekonomikuri mimarTulebis
koncefcias 1989 wels safuZveli Cauyara avstriis
soflis meurneobis ministrma mogvianebiT ki
vice-kanclerma iozef riglerma, roca man moiTxo-
va, rom socialuri sabazro ekonomika Sevsebuli-
yo ekologiuri pasuxismgeblobis komponentiT.3
eko-socialur sabazro ekonomikaSi arsebobs
sami strategiuli sakvanZo punqti: sabazro ekono-
mikuri, socialuri da ekologiuri aspeqtebi, rom-
lebic qmnian ,,strategiul samkuTxeds~:
eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomika
sabazro ekonomikuri aspeqti
socialuri aspeqti ekologiuri aspeqti
sadac sabazro ekonomikuri aspeqti gulisx-
mobs: ekonomikuri konkurentunarianobis uzrun-
velyofas; inovaciebisaTvis da mewarmeobisaTvis
stimulebis Seqmnas; investiciebis gafarToebas;
96
normatiuli da biurokratiuli barierebis Sem-
cirebas keTilsindisieri konkurenciis ganxor-
cielebisaTvis globalur masStabSi; aseve saga-
dasaxado sistemis modificirebas ,,Rirebulebis
mwarmoebeli ekonomikis~ sasargeblod. social-
uri aspeqti _ ,,samarTliani urTierTobis ganxor-
cielebas saxelmwifo socialur politikasa da
institucionalur socialur momsaxurebas Soris;
kerZo institutebis ufro metad ganviTarebasa
da mxardaWeras, raTa maT ukeT SeeZloT axali
socialuri problemebisaTvis Tavis garTmeva so-
cialur solidarobas globalur doneze. xolo
ekologiuri aspeqti gulisxmobs garemos dacvasa
da mis mdgrad ganviTarebas, garemos dabinZure-
bisa da bunebrivi resursebis ganadgurebis ten-
denciis uwyveti Semcirebis gziT; ekologiur
simarTles fasebTan da xarjebTan mimarTebaSi;
realur ekologiur gadasaxadebsa da ekologiaze
orientirebul kanonebs; mkacr da zust deklara-
cias sakveb produqtebze (produqtis warmoSobis,
warmoebis, vargisianobis, genuri inJineriis, hor-
monebis gamoyenebisa da a.S. sakiTxebs).4
am samkuTxedis samive mxares Soris wonas-
worobis dacva da misi SenarCuneba warmoadgens
prioritetul amocanas. eko-socialuri sabazro
ekonomika niSnavs ara idealur harmonias, ara-
med mudmiv Widils sxvadasxva politikuri da
socialuri Zalebis gansxvavebul interesTa So-
ris racionaluri balansisaTvis. Sesabamisad, igi
moiTxovs mkveTri politikis gatarebas erovnul,
regionalur da globalur doneze. saWiroa Zlie-
ri sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifo institutebis
arseboba, samarTliani TamaSis wesebis Seqmna da
uzrunvelyofa normatiul-samarTlebrivi bazis
pirobebSi, socialuri da ekologiuri standarteb-
97
is Seqmna da transparentulobis ganxorcieleba
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi.5
eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomika fokusirdeba
globaluri samarTlianobis, resursebisa da en-
ergiis politikis, da fiskaluri politikis ir-
gvliv.
mTels msoflioSi 1.4 mlrd. adamiani cxovrobs
absolitur siRaribeSi da yoveldRiurad iRebs
1.25 $ naklebs. 2.5 mlrd. adamians aqvs 2 $ naklebi
Semosavali. afrikaSi, saharis samxreTiT uRaribe-
si adamianebis ricxvi 1981 wlidan TiTqmis gaor-
magda. samxreT aziaSi, laTinur amerikaSi, karibis
auzSi, aseve axlo aRmosavleTsa da CrdiloeT af-
rikaSi SeiniSneba siRaribis maCveneblis kleba,
Tumca mravali jer kidev ganicdis gaWirvebas.
ekonomikurma da finansurma krizisma ufro Zlier
daazarala ganviTarebadi vidre ganviTarebuli
qveynebi, radgan maT krizisebis marTvisaTvis sak-
maod SezRuduli resursebi gaaCniaT. es situacia
Rrmavdeba sakvebze fasebis zrdiTa da klimatis
cvlilebiT, riTac milionobiT adamiani aRmoCnda
siRatakeSi.
ukanasknel aTwleulebSi mkveTrad gaizar-
da bunebrivi resursebis moxmareba. 1980 wels
TiTqmis 40 mlrd. tona resursi iqna amoRebuli
globaluri eko-sistemidan. mTels msoflioSi
dRes yovelwliuri 60 mlrd. tonis moxmareba 50%-
iT gaizarda. im SemTxvevaSi Tu mimdinare ten-
dencia SenarCunda, resursebis moxmareba 2030 wl-
isTvis gaizrdeba 100 mlrd. tonamde. rogorc
ganaxlebadi resursebis (mag., sasoflo-sameurneo
daniSnulebis savargulebi da tyis masivebi, da wya-
li), ise ara ganaxlebadi resursebis (mag., metali
da wiaRiseuli sawvav-saTbobi, navTob-produqte-
bi) deficiti gamwvavdeba globaluri masStabiT.
98
ekologiuri problemebi, dakavSirebuli energiisa
da resursebis moxmarebasTan dramatulad gaiz-
rdeba.
erovnuli-fiskaluri sistema mniSvnelovan in-
struments warmoadgens eko-socialur sabazro
ekonomikaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom fiskaluri
politika muSavdeba da xorcieldeba erovnuli
saxelmwifos SigniT, arsebuli problemebis efeq-
turad gadaWrisaTvis aucilebelia fiskaluri
politikis an garkveuli misi aspeqtebis saer-
TaSoriso koordinacia. eko-socialuri pozici-
idan gamomdinare, dRevandeli erovnuli sistemebi
saWiroebs gadaudebel reformebs. isini mtru-
lad arian ganwyobilni dasaqmebis, ganawilebisa
da ekologiuri sakiTxebis mimarT. Tanamedrove
pirobebSi arsebobs Zalian mcire sagadasaxado
stimulebi, energiisa da resursebis ekonomiisaT-
vis da dabinZurebisa da narCenebis Sesamcireblad.
fiskaluri instrumentebi iqneba Zlieri stimuli
maTi gamoyenebis efeqtianobis zrdisaTvis.6
globalizacia xsnis da aCqarebs msoflio sa-
komunikacio procesebs. sxvadasxva qveynebSi mim-
dinare sainformacio nakadebi mkveTrad gaizarda,
rac konkurentebs SesaZleblobas aZlevT uwind-
elze gacilebiT swrafad moaxdinon mowinave te-
qnikisa da produqtebis adaptireba da imitireba.
1990-ian wlebamde SedarebiT advili iyo rome-
lime qveynis izolireba gare zegavlenisagan, raTa
gamoricxuliyo mosaxleobis umravlesobisaTvis
Sesabamisi informaciis xelmisawvdomoba, aseve
erovnuli sawarmoebis dacva ucxouri konkuren-
tebisagan sabaJo barierebisa da diskriminaciis
sxva saSualebaTagan mainc. im droisaTvis TiTqmis
ar arsebobda sajaro ganxilvebi sxvadasxva
ekonomikuri saqmianobis saxeobaTa uaryofiTi
99
ekologiuri Sedegebis Taobaze.
dRes demokratiuli mTavrobebi, romlebic erT-
guleben SexedulebaTa pluralizms da infor-
maciis Tavisuflebas, arc survili aqvT da arc
SeuZliaT Seamciron sakuTar mosaxleobaze ucx-
ouri zegavlena. totalitaruli da avtoritaru-
li mTavrobebic ki uZlurni arian win aRudgnen
informaciis globalur nakadebs sakuTar qveyneb-
Si mxolod mkacri represiebis saSualebiT. in-
terneti da saerTaSoriso savaWro SeTanxmebebi,
gansakuTrebiT msoflio savaWro organizacia da
sxvadasxva regionaluri gaerTianebebi xels uw-
yoben saerTaSoriso interaqciis gaZlierebasa da
ganmtkicebas.
Tavisufali informaciis am samyaroSi, ekono-
mikuri konkurencia qveynebs Soris gaxda kidev
ufro mZafri, ramac moitana intensiuri Zieba-
ni ufro efeqtiani ekonomikuri sistemisaTvis.
TiTqmis aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi es konkurencia
sami TemiT gamoirCeoda:
1. rogor amaRldes xalxis keTildReobisa da
ganaTlebis done, da misi miRwevis Semdeg rogor
moxdes misi SenarCuneba?
2. rogoraa SesaZlebeli ekonomikuri zrdisa
da codnis gaumjobesebis imgvarad ganawileba,
rom rac SeiZleba meti adamianisaTvis iyos Sesa-
Zlebeli masSi monawileobis miReba?
3. rogor SeiZleba rom socialuri usa-
frTxoebis misaRebi forma iqnas yvelasaTvis uz-
runvelyofili?
am konteqstSi socialuri sabazro ekonomikis
yvelaze ufro efeqturi modelisaTvis ekologi-
ur mdgradobas gaaCnia upiratesi safuZveli.
Tanamedroveobis umTavresi sakiTxia Tu sabaz-
ro ekonomikis romeli tipis aris ufro efeqturi
100
ekonomikuri warmatebis, socialuri samarTliano-
bisa da ekologiuri mdgradobis kuTxiT?7 dRes
umetes qveynebSi mimdinareobs msjeloba neo-lib-
eralur da neo-konservatul sabazro ekonomike-
bis irgvliv. am or alternativas Soris Zevs so-
cialuri da ekonomikuri sabazro ekonomika, Ria
da fleqsibluri sistema, romelSic TiToeuli
qveynis specifiur garemoebaTa gaTvalsiwinebiT
SesaZlebelia koreqtivebis Setana. swored ami-
tom eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomika ekonomi-
kur sistemaTa skalaze aris ara fiqsirebuli
wertili, aramed _ amplituda, romelsac ZaluZs
gansakuTrebuli saWiroebebisa da garemoebebis
mixedviT moZraoba (mag., roca umuSevrobis done
izrdeba, saxelmwifo an misi dasaqmebis saagento
unda gaaqtiurdes).8 Tavisufal bazrebs TviTon
ar ZaluZT, an ar arian dainteresebulni garemos
dacvaSi, amitom xelisuflebis moqmedeba warmoad-
gens aucileblobas. umaRlesi socialuri da
ekologiuri standartebis Seqmna, gansakuTrebiT
ganviTarebad qveynebSi miiCneva rogorc sasicocx-
lod mniSvnelovani nabiji msoflio mSvidobisaT-
vis momavalSi.9
eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomika ganixileba
ordoliberalur koncefciad. 10 igi warmoadgens
socialuri sabazro ekonomikis Semdgom logikur
ganviTarebas 21-e saukunis moTxovnebis mixedviT.
is aris ekonomikuri, ekologiuri da socialuri
aspeqtebis sinTezi. eko-socialuri ekonomikuri
wesrigis fundamentia efeqturi, inovaciuri sa-
bazro ekonomika socialuri samarTlianobiTa
da ekologiuri pasuxismgeblobiT, romlebic so-
cialuri konsensusisa da ekologiuri mdgrado-
bis aucilebel pirobebs warmoadgenen. amave dros
isini erTad gvevlinebian ekonomikur qmedebaTa
101
aucilebel kriteriumebad.
eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomika aRniSnavs
ukeTesi samyaros kapitalistur xedvas, sadac ada-
mianebi TanxmobaSi arian bunebasTan da ekonomi-
kasTan, romelSic arsebobs postcikluri msof-
lio ekonomika, romelic mtkiced farTovdeba da
metad aRar cnobs safondo bazrebis CamoSlasa
Tu sabirJo kraxebs. igi miiswrafvis ekologiur-
ekonomikur- socialuri harmoniis pirobebSi ka-
cobriobis mSvidobiani da usafrTxo Tanacxovre-
bisaken.11
eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomikis koncef-
cia mimarTulia Tavisufali sabazro ekono-
mikis dabalansebisaken, eswrafvis socialur
samarTlianobas, bunebrivi resursebis xangrZliv
gamoyenebasa da dacvas. igi warmoadgens holis-
tikur models, dafuZnebuls Zlier da inovaci-
ur sabazro ekonomikaze. misTvis ualternativod
prioritetulia ekonomikur qmedebaTa sasicx-
ocxlod aucilebeli kriteriumebi: socialuri
samarTlianoba da garemos dacva. Sesabamisad, meti
solidaroba da meti pasuxismgebloba bunebrivi
sayofacxovrebo garemosaTvis (iozef rigleri).12
haeri, wyali, miwis savargulebi, cxovelebi, war-
moadgens kapitalisturi sistemis mniSvnelovan
nawils, Tumca dRemdis ar momxdara maTi fulad-
RirebulebiTi formiT Sefaseba. buRaltrul an-
gariSebebSi da zogadad buRalteriaSi ar arse-
bobs bunebrivi kapitalis, iseTis rogoricaa haeri
an wyali, _ srulad Sefaseba. im SemTxvevaSi Tu
Seicvleba midgoma da moxdeba bunebrivi kapital-
is fulad formaSi gadayvana, davinaxavT, rom bune-
ba yovelwliurad iZleva 36 mlrd. aSS dolaris
Rirebulebis sikeTes, rac gamoixateba mdinareebis
gawmendaSi, mcenareebis mier CO2-is STanTqmiT da
102
sxva formebiT. dRes mTeli msoflio ekonomika
mTliani Sida produqtis saxiT yovelwliurad qm-
nis 39 trln. dolars. mTeli Cveni planetis Rire-
buleba uxeSi gaangariSebiT 500 trln. aSS dola-
ria, romlis daaxloebiT 1/3 bunebrivi kapitalisa
adamianebma samwuxarod ukve gavanadgureT, rac
gamoixateba mravalferovani flora-faunis sax-
eobaTa ganadgurebaSi, sasoflo-sameurneo savar-
gulebis mospobaSi, an haeris dabinZurebaSi. Cvens
planetaze TiToeuli adamianisaTvis yovelwli-
urad xelmisawvdomia da mis gankargulebaSi po-
tenciurad imyofeba 70 000 $ ekvivalenti bunebrivi
kapitali. aqedan naTelia is, Tu ramxela simdidre
gvaqvs bunebisagan naboZebi, magram dRemde Cven mas
viyenebT umowyalod da yovelgvari xangrZlivi
keTildReobis generaciisaTvis. uaxloes 50 weli-
wadSi yvela qveynisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
eqneba mas, Tu ramdenad moufrTxildebian isini
sakuTar bunebriv simdidres, mkveTrad Seamcireben
Tu ara imave bunebrivi resursebis moxmarebas.13
eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomikis socialuri
aspeqti gamagrebulia humanuri kapitaliT. igi
warmoadgens kritikul faqtors sawarmoo ciklis
produqtiulobis, resursebis uzarmazari moxmare-
bis Semcirebisa da misi racionalurad gamoyen-
ebis, efeqtiani ekonomikuri politikis warmarT-
vis pirobebSi. saWiroa kapitalisturi sistemis
bunebasTan integrireba, raTa man SeZlos arse-
boba bunebisaTvis zianis miuyeneblad. narCenebis
warmoqmnis Tavidan acileba da maTi utilizacia
warmoadgens mniSvnelovan punqtebs. aqedan ara
Tu aRar Cndeba kiTxva ,,gvsurs Tu ara Cven eko-
socialuri sabazro ekonomika~, aramed Cven aRar
gvaqvs sxva arCevani. ,,Cven vimyofebiT eko-kapital-
izmis saukunis dasawyisSi. TiToeuli CvenTagani
103
iZulebulia sakuTari qcevebiT xeli Seuwyos
garemos SenarCunebas. Cven SegviZlia davexmaroT,
raTa ekonomikuri da sazogadoebrivi ganviTareba
pozitiuri mimarTulebiT warimarTos, da es ukve
xdeba, imitom rom es aucilebelia, SesaZlebeli da
ganxorcielebadi~ (ernst fon vaiczekeri).
eko-kapitalizmis qvakuTxedia resursebis
produqtiulobis mkveTri amaRleba, romlis efeq-
tian gamoyenebas gaaCnia sami mTavari upiratesoba:
igi Rirebulebis Seqmnisas anelebs resursebis
gamolevas; amcirebs dabinZurebis masStabebs; da
uzrunvelyofs racionaluri Sromis safuZvlebis
globalur gavrcelebas.
Cveni ekonomikuri da socialuri sistema Tavisi
amJamindeli formiT damokidebulia raodenobriv
ekonomikur zrdaze. Tumca ekonomikuri zrdis
tempebis Semcireba da resursebis deficitis ga-
dideba svams kiTxvas imis Taobaze, Tu rogor uz-
runvelyoT keTildReoba erovnul, regionalur
da globalur doneze xangrZlivi droiT. eko-
socialuri sabazro ekonomikis programa aqcents
akeTebs ara ubralod raodenobriv, aramed ufro
metad xarisxobriv maCveneblebze, rac niSnavs ro-
gorc xarisxobriv zrdas, ise cxovrebis xarisx-
is amaRlebas. misi mowodeba ,,cxovrebis ukeTesi
xarisxi yvelasaTvis _ dRes da xval~ aRniSnavs:
cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebas, romelic
moicavs usafrTxoebas, jandacvas, sazogadoebriv
solidarobas, ganaTlebas, ekonomikas, dasaqmebasa
da bunebriv garemos erTi mxriv, da adamianis sub-
ieqtur keTildReobas, _ meore mxriv.
bunebrivi resursebis gamoyeneba da mTeli
ekonomikuri saqmianoba warmoadgens Cveni cxovre-
bis safuZvels, magram maTma eqspluataciam SeiZina
imgvari masStabebi, rom Semdgomi ekonomikuri da
104
socialuri ganviTareba Tanamedrove pirobebSi
safrTxis qveSaa. gamocdilebis Tanaxmad, ekono-
mikuri zrda iwvevs resursebis moxmarebis zr-
das. miuxedavad SesamCnevi progresisa miRweuli
resursebis gamoyenebis efeqtianobis saxiT (e.i.
resursebis gamoyenebis efeqtianoba produqci-
is erTeulze) warsulSi, rogorc Cans Znelad
sarwmunos xdis im mosazrebas, rom resursebis
gamoyenebis absolituri Semcireba SesaZlebelia
miRweul iqnas raodenobrivi ekonomikuri zrdis
paralelurad. amitom, eko-socialuri sabazro
ekonomikis amosavali wertili aris imgvari ekono-
mikuri zrdis gaazreba, romelic nacvlad mTliani
Sida produqtis zrdis raodenobrivi maCvenebleb-
isa, mimarTulia xarisxobrivi gaumjobesebisaken.
xarisxobrivma zrdam unda Secvalos resursebis
intensiur gamoyenebaze dafuZnebuli ekonomikuri
zrda, romelsac Cven ukanasknel aTwleulebSi
ganvicdiT. es ki moiTxovs mdgradi ganviTare-
bis yvela aspeqtis _ ekonomikuri, ekologiuri,
socialuri da kulturuli safuZvlebis prezer-
vacias. amgvarad, bunebrivi resursebis frTxili,
racionaluri moxmareba warmoadgens aucilebel
pirobas keTildReobisa da ayvavebisaTvis.
momavals gaaCnia Tavisi Suq-Crdilebi, rac
gamoixateba klimatis mkveTr cvlilebaSi,
resursebis uyairaTod flangvaSi, biomravalfer-
ovnebis SemcirebaSi, deserTifikaciasa da a.S., rac
uSualod gamoiwvevs ekologiur katastrofas.
imisaTvis, rom Tavidan iqnas acilebuli ekologi-
uri kolafsi, Cven principulad unda SevcvaloT
Cveni midgoma bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebasTan
mimarTebaSi. umTavres prioritets warmoadgens
resursebisa da energiis gamoyenebis mkveTri Sem-
cireba erT sul mosaxleze maRali moxmarebis
105
qveynebSi. es aris erTaderTi gza maTi moxmare-
bis samarTliani, globaluri ganawilebis mis-
aRwevad. amave dros, socialuri problemebi, ro-
goricaa siRaribe, xdeba kidev ufro mkveTri da
qonebrivi diferenciacia mdidrebsa da Raribebs
Soris izrdeba mTels msoflioSi. garda amisa,
resursebisaTvis brZola Zlierdeba da Cven aseve
jer kidev vitanjebiT finansuri da ekonomikuri
krizisis SedegebiT, rac gamowveulia zRvargada-
suli deregulirebiTa da iafi fuliT. erTad-
erTi gonivruli gamosavali am mZime mdgomareo-
bidan aris eko-socialuri cvlilebebis efeqti,
risi miRwevac SesaZlebeli iqneboda msoflios
mosaxleobis ekologiuri, socialuri da ekono-
mikuri saWiroebebisa da moTxovnebis morigebis
gziT. eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomika gansaz-
Rvravs aucilebel CarCo-moTxovnebs, romlis gaT-
valiswinebiTac ekonomikas SeuZlia myarad fun-
qcionireba.
neo-liberaluri ekonomika didi xania rac gan-
icdis sisusteebs: samuSao adgilebis arqona, ga-
naTlebis miRebis cudi SesaZleblobebi, teroriz-
mi, qsenofobia, korufcia aris swored cvlilebebis
niSani. asevea ekologiur-ekonomikuri proble-
mebic. iseTi resursebi, rogoricaa navTobi da
gazi did tvirTad awveba sazogadoebas. yoveli
wveTi navTobi, romelic iwvis anadgurebs bunebriv
kapitals, rac uaryofiTad zemoqmedebs niadag-
ze, haerze da adamianis janmrTelobaze, romlis
xarjebsac anazRaurebs kvlav Tavad gadasaxadis
gadamxdeli, anu Cven yvelani. Semosavlebi erT
sul mosaxleze SesaZloa gaizardos, da mTliani
Sida produqtis zrdac iyos STambeWdavi, magram
miuxedavad amisa mravali adamiani uwindeburad
darCes Raribi, mSieri, minimaluri sayofacxovrebo
106
pirobebis, janmrTelobis dacvisa da sulac sasme-
li wylis gareSe. garda amisa, Semosavlebs ASoris
gansxvavebas zrdis klasebs, rasebs, sazogadoebeb-
sa da genders Soris diskriminacia.14
magram, gvsurs ki ase gagrZeleba? eko-kapital-
izmi gvTavazobs axal sagadasaxado da subsidiis
radikalur sistemas, eko-socialuri fiskaluri
reformebi aucilebelia ekologiuri da so-
cialuri mdgradobis gansamtkiceblad. isini unda
iqnes ganxorcielebuli ramac xeli unda Seu-
wyos dasaqmebis, resursebisa da energiis efeq-
tiani gamoyenebis problemebis gadawyvetas, ris
winapirobasac sagadasaxado sistemis gamartiveba
warmoadgens. fiskaluri reformis ZiriTadi idea
mdgomareobs sagadasaxado tvirTis neitraluri
Semosavlebidan da socialurad misaRebi, sazog-
adoebrivad sasargeblo Sromidan, ekologiurad
mavne saqmianobaze gadanacvlebaSi. aucilebelia
konproduqtiuli subsidiebisa da sagadasaxado
SeRavaTebis Semcireba energiisa da resursebis
moxmarebisaTvis, iseve rogorc garemos dabinZure-
bisaTvis gadasaxadebis gazrda. gansakuTrebulad
mniSvnelovania SromiTi gadasaxadebis (saSemosav-
lo gadasaxadisa da socialuri uzrunvelyofis
anaricxebis) daweva dabal da saSualo Semosav-
lian moqalaqeTaTvis. amgvari SemcirebebiT Sesa-
Zlebeli gaxdeba ara mxolod dasaqmebis prob-
lebis mniSvnelovnad gamosworeba da ekonomikuri
upiratesobis miRweva, aramed _ upiratesobis mopo-
vebac bazarze.
eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomikis modeli Sei-
Zleba gaviazroT rogorc kapitalisa da Sromis
sinTezis gagrZeleba, sadac garemos dacvis sak-
iTxi xdeba bazris instrumentebis nawili.
imisaTvis, rom swrafad iqnas miRweuli mdgra-
107
dobis mizani, aseve ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri
efeqtianoba, saWiroa swori signalebis gagzavna
bazarze. am miznis misaRwevad SesaZloa gamoyen-
ebuli iqnas ekologiur-socialuri sabazro ekono-
mikis Semdegi instrumentebi: 1. samarTliani fa-
sis gadaxda bunebisaTvis; 2. sagadasaxado sistemis
eko-socialuri reforma; 3. ekologiurad sufTa
produqtis deklaracia; 4. mdgradobis xelSemwyo-
bi subsidiebi; 5. garemos dacvisa da mdgradi gan-
viTarebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli ganaTleba
da informacia. 6. eko-socialuri produqti, erTo-
blivi erovnuli produqtis nacvlad. 7. garemos
dacva, rogorc saerTaSoriso valdebuleba; da a.S.
garemos dabinZureba da resursebis gamoyeneba
unda aisaxos warmoebis procesisa da produqci-
is fasis kalkulaciis dros. kanonebi da wesebi
unda iqces garantad imisa, rom es Tanabrad Seexeba
yvela sawarmos patiosani konkurenciis uzrunve-
lyofisaTvis.15
eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomika aris social-
ur sabazro ekonomikaze dafuZnebuli. mas koreq-
tivebi Seaqvs iq, sadac bazris Zalebs ar ZaluZT
myari Sedegebis Cveneba. igi mimarTulia ekono-
mikis, socialuri sakiTxebisa da ekologias So-
ris arsebul samarTlian wonasworobaze. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom is ayalibebs alternatiul sabazro
fundamentalizms.
eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomika warmoad-
gens erTian models, romelSic warmoebis marTva
efuZneba rogorc socialur samarTlianobas, ise
ekologiur pasuxismgeblobas. mas swams sabazro
ekonomikis meqanizmebis, sadac bazris Zalebi miC-
neulia ganviTarebis ZiriTad da mamoZravebel
Zalebad. eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomika aRi-
arebs saarsebo garemosa da socialuri mdgomare-
108
obis xarisxs, rogorc TiToeuli CvenTaganis
keTildReobis fundamentalur dimensiebs. igi
fokusirdeba ekologiurad Tavsebad warmoebis
procesebze da miaCnia rom garemos dacva da so-
cialuri samarTlianoba warmoadgens aucile-
bel kriteriumebs ekonomikuri saqmianobisaTvis.
eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomika niSnavs fiqrsa
da moqmedebas erovnuli sazRvrebis miRma gare-
mos dacvisa da socialuri sakiTxebis sferoebSi.
mas Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs msoflio mosaxleobis
mdgrad da Seuqcevad ganviTarebaSi. maRali so-
cialuri da saganmanaTleblo standartebi gav-
lenas axdens demografiul ganviTarebaze. misi
prioritetia partniorebis moZieba ganviTarebad
qveynebSi da ganviTarebad bazrebze. investiciebi
maT socialur struqturebSi saZirkvels uyris
maTsave garemosa da ekonomikis mSvidobian Tan-
aarsebobas momavalSi.
eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomika msofli-
os masStabiT saWiroebs Sejerebul globalur
wesebs, misi implementacia regionalur doneze
SezRudulia konkurenciiT gamowveuli SesaZlo
damaxinjebebisagan. misi realizaciisaTvis auci-
lebelia farTo saerTaSoriso konsensusis miR-
weva. eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomikis mini-
maluri moTxovnebia: 1. ekologiis, socialuri
samarTlianobis, ekonomikisa da kulturuli
identurobis, rogorc Tanaswori da TanabarRi-
rebuli miznebis saerTaSoriso aRiareba da mow-
oneba. 2. minimaluri ekologiuri da socialuri
standartebi mTels msoflioSi. 3. samarTliani da
myari wesebi globaluri finansuri bazrebisaT-
vis. 4. samarTlianoba saerTaSoriso sagadasaxa-
do dabegvris sistemaSi.
eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomika saWiroebs
109
reformebs imgvari saerTaSoriso institutebis
interaqciidan, rogorebicaa gaerTianebuli erebis
organizacia, msoflio banki, msoflio savaWro or-
ganizacia da savaluto fondi.16
eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomikis mdgradi gan-
viTareba saWiroebs erovnul, ekologiur, social-
ur-kulturul da politikur aspeqtebs daeTmos
imgvarive yuradReba, rogoric ekonomikur aspeqts.
igi efuZneba sabazro ekonomikis principebs, kerZo
seqtoris iniciativebs. socialuri da ekologi-
uri sabazro ekonomikis mizans warmoadgens eko-
sistemis SenarCuneba, socialuri samarTlianoba,
patiosani konkurencia, ekonomikuri da finansuri
stabiluroba.17
Cveni dRevandeli ekonomikuri sistema Cnde-
ba ,,aramdgradi~ fasebTan, xarjebTan, tarifebT-
an, gadasaxadebTan da a.S. mimarTebaSi, romlebic
srulebiT ar asaxaven ,,ekologiur WeSmaritebas.~
is subieqtebi, romlebic moqmedeben mdgradi gan-
viTarebis mimarTulebiT ekonomikurad da finan-
surad xSirad imyofebian araTanabar pirobebSi
konkurentebTan SedarebiT.18
eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomika aris ekono-
mikuri wesrigis Ria koncepti, romelic xels uw-
yobs mdgrad ekonomikur, socialur da ekologiur
ganviTarebas. igi iZleva kerZo da saxelmwifo se-
qtorebs Soris dialogis SesaZleblobas yvela
mxaris interesTa Sejerebis misaRwevad. is qmnis
socialur-ekonomikur wesrigs, romelic aisax-
eba sazogadoebis faseulobebsa da kulturul
TaviseburebebSi. mocemul sistemaSi saxelmwifos
gaaCnia makoreqtirebeli da maregulirebeli fun-
qcia. is aris nayofieri alternativa centrali-
zebuli dagegmarebis ekonomikasa da liberalur
ekonomikas Soris.19
110
saxelmwifos, mewarmeTa gaerTianebebis, profkav-
Sirebisa da samoqalaqo-sazogadoebrivi organi-
zaciebis interaqcia qmnis da aduRabebs eko-so-
cialur sabazro ekonomikas. saxelmwifo gavlenas
axdens sxvadasxva ekonomikur, socialur da
ekologiur aqtiorebze, ise rogorc isini zemoq-
medeben saxelmwifoze. maT saerTo amocanas war-
moadgens sazogadoebis keTildReobis miRweva.
eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomika, rogorc is
gamoCnda sxvadasxva qveynebis (gansakuTrebiT ger-
maniis) gamocdilebidan, aRmoCnda saukeTeso yvela
arasrulyofil ekonomikur, socialur da ekolo-
giur sistemebs Soris. samewarmeo Tavisuflebis
wyalobiT is qmnis ekonomikur simdidres da am
simdidris gadanawilebaSi iZleva monawileobisa
da socialuri samarTlianobis miRwevis SesaZle-
blobas. mas gaaCnia efeqturi instrumentebi gare-
mos dacvis uzrunvelsayofad. eko-socialuri
sabazro ekonomikis instrumentebi gamoyenebuli
unda iqnes imgvarad, rom Seesabamebodes moce-
muli qveynis pirobebs, saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis
moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT. Tumca optimaluri
Sedegebis mizans eko-socialuri sabazro ekono-
mika verasodes srulyofs, miuxedavad amisa, is
sakmarisad moqnilia imisaTvis, rom uzrunvelyos
Seuqcevadi progresi da ekonomikuri, socialuri
da ekologiuri problemebis gadaWra, romlebic
gardauvlad warmoiqmneba drodadro.
arsebuli finansuri da ekonomikuri krizisi
aris aseve Cveni sazogadoebis faseulobaTa krizi-
sic.20 mdgrad socialur sabazro ekonomikaSi
fundamentalurad mniSvnelovania uflebebisa da
faseulobebis realizcia. gaxangrZlivebuli fi-
nansuri da ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi dRis
wesrigSi dgeba eTikuri dimensiis, eTikuri qce-
111
vebisa da faseulobebis Semotana da damkvidreba
ekonomikaSi. saWiroa dauyovnebeli gadasvla gad-
amWrel ekonomikuri, socialuri da ekologiuri
politikis gatarebaze.21
humanuri ekonomika ar aris ocneba. igi ukve
yvelganaa. is arsebobs Teoriulad da praqtiku-
lad, Tumca mis CrdilSi moqcevas ganapirobebs
is ekonomikuri modelebi da midgomebi, romlebic
dominireben mediasa da universitetebSi. humanuri
ekonomika ufro metad vizionia, vidre socialuri
recepti, an mravali socialuri recepti formu-
lirebuli erTian midgomaSi. humanuri ekonomikis,
rogorc moraluri da politikuri proeqtis miz-
ans warmoadgens axali institucionaluri sinTez-
is Seqmna da danergva praqtikaSi, raTa yovelTvis
arsebobdes Ria warmodgenebi ukeTesi momavlis
msoflios mimarT.22
eTikuri ekonomikis, rogorc postmodernis
ekonomikis umniSvnelovanes aspeqtebs warmoadgens
sabazro ekonomikuri, socialuri da ekologiuri
aspeqtebi, romelTa sinTezi ayalibebs alternati-
ul sabazro fundamentalizms da romlis safuZ-
velia inovaciuri sabazro ekonomika socialuri
samarTlianobiTa da ekologiuri pasuxismgeblo-
biT. sadac socialuri wonasworoba warmoadgens
socialuri konsensusis, xolo ekologiuri mdgra-
doba _ civilizaciis gadarCenis winapirobas.
literatura:
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114
Tavi 5. globalizacia, misi forme-bi, msoflio finansur-ekonomikuri krizisebi da eTikuri mocemuloba
$5.1. ra aris globalizacia?
istoriisaTvis uaRresad mokle droSi kaco-
briobam saocari metamorfoza ganicada. Tanamed-
rove samecniero-teqnikuri progresis miRwevebis
gamoyenebis Sedegad msoflio Cvens warmodgenaSi
TiTqos ,,SeikumSa da dapataravda~. kontinentebs,
saxelmwifoebsa da adamianebs Soris manZile-
bi ,,Semoklda~, drois mimdinareoba ki daCqarda.
aSkaraa, rom Tanamedrove civilizacia giganturi
nabijebiT miemarTeba zogadplanetaruli erTian-
obisaken. yovelive es Sedegia im procesisa, romel-
mac globalizaciis saxelwodeba miiRo.1
dRevandel msoflioSi arsebobs gansxvavebu-
li midgomebi globalizaciis, rogorc msoflios
mravalganzomilebiani procesis arsis gansaz-
RvrasTan dakavSirebiT. magaliTad: globalizaci-
is cnebis Tanamedrove gaazrebis gamoxatulebad
SeiZleba miCneuli iqnes cnobili kanadeli so-
ciologis marSal makluxanis mier 1960 wels
gamonaTqvami ,,globaluri soflis~ Sesaxeb, rac
warmoadgens msoflio Tanamegobrobis SefasebiT
aRniSvnas.2 rac Seexeba TviTon globalizaciis
cnebas, miuxedavad gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi
misi sayovelTaod xmarebul leqsikur krebulSi
Semotanisa, 80-ian wlebamde, mainc ar moxda misi
farTod aRiareba, rac emTxveva globalizaciis
procesis sirTulisa da mravalganzomilebianobis
Seswavlis dawyebas. imave 80-ian wlebamde aRniSnu-
li procesi xSirad iwodeboda modernizacis pro-
cesad. modernizaciis Teorias erT-erTi pirveli
115
daupirispirda ielis universitetis prof. i. val-
erStaini. loiolis (Cikagos) universitetis prof.
e. epsteinis azriT, zemoT aRniSnulma koncefciam
da misma analizma mniSvnelovani biZgi misca glo-
balizaciis Teoriis ganviTarebas.3
gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan farTo
gavrcelebas poulobs koncefcia, romlis Tanax-
mad TiToeul qveyanaSi arsebobs ekonomikis ori
tipi: e.w. ,,lokalizebuli ekonomika~ da ,,glo-
balizebuli ekonomika~. ekonomikis es ori tipi
,,sxvadasxva fasad~ asrulebs gansxvavebul fun-
qciebs. ukanaskneli sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi
revoluciurma gadatrialebam teqnologiasa da
menejments Soris, rac moxda msoflio bazrebze,
Sva saqmianobis saxeobaTa masStaburi gadadineba
erTi tipis ekonomikidan meoreSi, konkretulad ki
,,lokalizebulidan~ ,,globalizebul~ ekonomika-
Si.4
,,konceptualuri wyobis centrSi~ mas anu glo-
balizacias ayenebs amerikeli sociologi j. mak-
lini, romelic 1981, wels mouwodebda, ,,socialuri
urTierTobebis mzardi, globalizaciis istoriu-
li procesis Secnobisaken~.5
picburgis universitetis profesori, sociolo-
gi r. robertsoni am movlenasTan dakavSirebiT
gvTavazobs sakuTari Sexedulebebis sistemas. igi
wers, rom globalizaciis realuri buneba aris da-
faruli, xolo periferiuli damatebiTi konceptebi,
iseTi, mag., rogoricaa ekonomikuri sakiTxebis ana-
lizi, piriqiT _ gadaWarbebuli. misi azriT glo-
balizaciis yvelaze ufro martiv gansazRvrebas
Seesabameba ,,msoflios SekumSva.~6 zemoT naxseneb
prof. i. valerStains miaCnia, rom globalizaciis,
rogorc movlenis ganxilva, damaxasiaTebeli Tan-
amedrove msofliosaTvis, mcdaria7 da rom sa-
116
kuTriv globalizacia da masTan asocirebuli
procesebi arseboben obieqturad. misi gardauva-
li Sedegia axali msoflio sistemis Camoyalibeba
da globalizaciasTan dakavSirebuli mTeli po-
lemika sinamdvileSi warmoadgens diskusias msof-
lio sistemis organizaciis Sesaxeb.
socialuri mecnierebis kidev erTi mniSvnelo-
vani warmomadgenel a. gidensi globalizaciis
cnebas ganmartavs rogorc ,,msoflio socialur
urTierTobaTa intensifikacias, romlebic miuxe-
davad teritoriuli dacilebisa, imgvarad arian
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni, rom mravali milis
daSorebiT mimdinare movlenebi da procesebi
gavlenas axdenen erTmaneTze~.8 winamorbedebisa-
gan gansxvavebiT, igi globalizacias ganixilavs,
rogorc ekonomikur-kapitalistur, erovnul sax-
elmwifoTa, aseve samxedro wesrigis, Sromis saer-
TaSoriso danawilebis, globaluri sakomuni-
kacio qselis sistemas erTdroulad, rac qmnis
mravalganzomilebian-kompleqsur warmodgenas,
romelic aqamde warmodgenil midgomaTagan gansx-
vavebiT yvelaze ufro masStaburia.
Cveni azriT, globalizaciis analizis ufro
zust poziciaze imyofeba germaneli mecnieris u.
bekis midgoma, romelic gidensis midgomasTan sak-
maod axloa. ulrix beki globalizacias ganix-
ilavs ekonomikur, ekologiur, kulturul, politi-
kur da samoqalaqo sazogadoebebis konteqstSi.9
globalizaciis qveS is moiazrebs ,,msoflios
bazris batonobis neoliberalur ideologias~,10
rac sinamdvileSi xSirad ganimarteba, rogorc
globalizaciis mTeli procesi. ,,globalizacia~
bekTan aRniSnavs procesis xasiaTs, rac mimdinare-
obs transnacionalur sferoSi, mxedvelobaSia:
transnacionaluri sivrcis, movlenebis, proble-
117
mebis, konfliqtebis, biografiebis intensifikacia.
,,globalizaciis~ cnebis ganmarteba xazs usvams
mis iseT niSandobliv Tvisebebs, rogoricaa Tan-
amedroveoba, dasazRvruloba, informaciuloba, da
Sesabamisad warmoadgens yvelaze ufro zustsa da
aqtualurs.
sityva ,,globalizaciis~ qveS igulisxmeba
,,produqtis, kapitalisa da momsaxurebis msoflio
bazrebis aRmoceneba~. globalizacia ar aris axa-
li movlena. is aris aqamde arsebuli zRvargada-
suli materialur da sulier transaqciaTa inten-
sifikacia, romelic ukanasknel dromde cnobili
iyo ,,internalizaciis~ saxelwodebiT.11 glo-
balizacia es aris obieqturi msoflio tendencia,
saerTaSoriso politikuri, kulturuli, ekonomi-
kuri, finansuri, informaciuli, teqnikuri da sxva
kavSirebiT ganpirobebuli da ganmtkicebuli sax-
elmwifoebs Soris sxvadasxva doneze.12
globalizacia aris sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
sxvadasxva sferos urTierTdamokidebulebebisa
da urTiergavlenis procesi saerTaSoriso ur-
TierTobebis sferoSi, dafuZnebuli kapitalis
daubrkolebel gadaadgilebaze, swraf teqnolo-
giur ganaxlebaze, satarifo barierebis dawvevasa,
da saqonlisa da kapitalis moZraobis liberali-
zaciaze, komunikaciur daaxloebaze, planetarul
mecnierul revoluciaze, erovnebaTaSoris sazog-
adoebriv moZraobebze, transportis axal saxeobe-
bze, tele-komunikaciuri teqnologiis realiza-
ciasa da internacionalur ganaTlebaze.13
globalizacia es aris msoflio ekonomikuri,
politikuri, kulturuli, integraciisa da unifi-
kaciis procesi, ris umTavres Sedegsac warmoad-
gens Sromis sayovelTao danawileba mTeli plan-
etis masStabiT, kapitalis, adamianuri da sawarmoo
118
resursebis migraciebi, kanonmdeblobis standar-
tizacia, ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri procesebi,
aseve sxvadasxva kulturaTa daaxloeba da Serwy-
ma. es aris obieqturi procesi, romelic sistemuri
xasiaTis matarebelia, e.i. moicavs sazogadoebis
cxovrebis yvela sferos.
istorikosebi am process ganixilaven rogorc
kapitalizmis ganviTarebis erT-erT etaps. ekono-
mistebi aTvlas iwyeben finansuri bazrebis trans-
nacionalizaciidan. politologebi xazs usvamen
demokratiuli intitutebis gavrcelebas, kul-
turologebi globalizaciis gamovlinebas ukav-
Sireben kulturaTa vesternizacias, amerikuli
ekonomikuri eqspansiis CaTvliT. globalizaciis
procesis ganmartebisaTvis arsebobs sainforma-
cio-teqnologiuri midgomebic.14
globalizacia rTuli da mravalwaxnagova-
ni kategoriaa. igi zemoqmedebs sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sferoze_politikaze,
ekonomikaze, kulturaze, ideologiaze, religiaze
da a.S. globalizaciis sxvadasxva aspeqtebis
urTierTkavSiri da urTierTganpirobebuloba
dRis wesrigSi ayenebs am fenomenis kompleqsuri
Seswavlis aucileblobas, romelic SeiZleba ganx-
orcieldes disciplinaTaSorisi midgomis safuZ-
velze da ekonomikur Teorias am azriT mniS-
vnelovani roli akisria.15
literatura:
1. meqvabiSvili,e., ekonomikis globalizacia:
mimarTulebebi, gamowvevebi, perspeqtivebi. Tb. 2009
w., gv. 5.
2. http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/marchand.html3. World Economic Outlook: Globalization and External
Imbalances. – Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund,
119
2005 (April) P. 1294. Garelli, S. A Tale of Two Economies //The Complete
MBA Companion/Ed. by G. Bickerstaffe and T. Dickson. – Lon-don; Lanham (Maryland): Pitman, 1997 – P. 482.
5. Иноземцев В. А., Глобализация; иллюзии и реальность/В. Л. Иноземцев//Свободная мысль – XXI.-2000-#1 – C. 28
6. Robertson, R., Globalization: Social Theory and Global Cultura/ R. Robertson. _SAGE. – 1992, P. 6.
7. Wallerstein I., Globalization or the age of transition? A long –term view of the trajectory of the world system /I. Waler-shtein// International Sociology. – V. 15-2000-#3
8. Giddens, Anthony, The Consequences of Moderity, Standford, 1990, P. 64
9. Beck, Ulrich., Was ist Globalisierung? Irtrümer des Glo-balismus – Antworten auf Globalisierung, Frankfurt/Main, 1997, S. 26
10. ix. wyaro 9, S. 22811. www.muellerscience.com/.../Globalisierung.htm12. vestnik.yspu.org./releases/ekonomika/39_313. www.pr-engineering.narod.ru/glos.html14. ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Глобализация15. ix. wyaro 1, gv. 5-6
120
$ 5.2. ekonomikuri globalizacia
ekonomikis globalizacia aris zogadi glo-
balizaciis Semadgeneli nawili, safuZveli da
mTavari ganmsazRvreli momenti. samecniero lit-
eraturaSi ekonomikis globalizacia ganixileba
rogorc saqonlisa da momsaxurebis, kapitalis, sa-
muSao Zalis, saerTaSoriso bazrebis urTierTkav-
Sirebis gaZlierebisa da urTierTSerwymis pro-
cesi, romelic gulisxmobs msoflio masStabiT
erTiani ekonomikuri sivrcis Seqmnas.1
ekonomikis globalizacia warmoadgens msof-
lio ganviTarebis erT-erT kanonzomierebaTagans.
ekonomikis mzardi globalizacia gamoixateba ka-
pitalis gadaadgilebis masStabebisa da tempebis
mkveTr zrdaSi, romelic uswrebs saerTaSoriso
vaWrobis zrdas mTeli Sida produqtis zrdasTan
mimarTebaSi. igi gamoixateba aseve msoflio finan-
suri bazrebis warmoqmnaSi.2
ekonomikis globalizacia SeiZleba danaxuli
iqnes rogorc erovnuli ekonomikebis ekonomikuri
urTierTdamokidebulebis gaZlierebuli procesi
mTeli msoflios masStabiT, rac asaxvas poulobs
saxelmwifo sazRvrebis gavliT saqonlis, momsax-
urebis, teqnologiebisa da kapitalis moZrao-
bis siswrafis zrdaze. es aris qveynebs Soris
ekonomikuri integraciis gaZlierebuli procesi,
romelic iwvevs calkeuli erovnuli bazrebis
Serwymas erT msoflio bazarSi.3
ekonomikis globalizacia rTuli da winaaRmde-
gobrivi procesia. mas gaaCnia pozitiuri da nega-
tiuri aspeqtebi. erTis mxriv is aiolebs sameur-
neo urTierTobebs saxelmwifoebs Soris, qmnis
kacobriobis miRwevaTa miRebis xelmisawvdomo-
121
bis SesaZleblobas qveynebisaTvis, uzrunvelyofs
resursebis ekonomias, stimuls aZlevs msoflio
progress da meores mxriv saxezea ekonomikis per-
iferiuli modelis damkvidreba da ganmtkiceba,
ganviTarebadi qveynebis sakuTari materialuri da
aramaterialuri resursebis dakargva, mcire bizne-
sis ganadgurebis tendencia, cxovrebis donis daw-
eva da a.S.4
garda amisa, ekonomikis globalizaciis Sede-
gad Rrmavdeba winaaRmdegoba industriulad gan-
viTarebul da ekonomikurad CamorCenil qveynebs
Soris, calkeuli qveynebis SigniT ki Zlierdeba
sazogadoebis socialuri diferenciacia da ad-
gili aqvs mosaxleobis qonebriv polarizacias.
es kanonzomiereba met-naklebi zomiT Seexeba ro-
gorc ganviTarebul, ise ganviTarebad qveynebs.5
ekonomikis globalizaciis Sinaarsis mravali
ganmarteba arsebobs, romelic ekuTvnis social-
uri mecnierebis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebs.
amerikeli mecnieri T. fridmani globalizacias
gansazRvravs rogorc ,,bazrebis, erovnuli sax-
elmwifoebisa da teqnologiebis ukidegano inte-
gracias, romelic saSualebas aZlevs individebs,
korporaciebsa da erovnul saxelmwifoebs miaR-
wion msoflios nebismier wertils ufro swra-
fad, Rrmad da iafad, vidre es winaT iyo Sesa-
Zlebeli.~6 cnobili amerikeli ekonomistis l.
turous sityvebiT ekonomikis globalizacia niS-
navs, rom ,,dRes SegiZlia awarmoo rac ginda, sadac
ginda da warmoebuli produqti gayido nebismier
sxva adgilas~.7 sazogadoebis informatizaciis
problemebis TvalsaCino mkvlevari, e.w. ,,qseluri
sazogadoebis~ Teoriis fuZemdebeli kaliforni-
is universitetis sociologiis profesori m. kas-
telsi aRniSnavs: ,,globaluri ekonomika es aris
122
ekonomika, romelsac rogorc erTian sistemas Seu-
Zlia muSaoba realur droSi da mTeli planetis
masStabiT~.8 cnobili finansistisa da filantro-
pis j. sorosis azriT, ekonomikis globalizacia
niSnavs ,,erovnul ekonomikebze globaluri finan-
suri bazrebisa da transerovnuli korporaciebis
mzard da dominirebul zegavlenas~.9 rusi ekon-
omisti m. deliagini ekonomikis globalizaciis
ganmartebaSi yuradRebas amaxvilebs ,,erTiani
finansur-informaciuli sivrcis formirebaze~
da aRniSnavs: ,,globalizaciis ekonomikuri gan-
zomileba moicavs ukanaskneli aTwleulebis man-
Zilze saqonlis, kapitalis, Sromisa da informaci-
is mravaljer gazrdil nakadebs qveynebs Soris.
igi agreTve gulisxmobs sawarmoo procesebis
internacionalizacias calkeuli teqnologiuri
operaciebis saerTaSoriso danawilebis CaTvliT.
mTlianobaSi globalizacia SeiZleba daxasiaT-
des rogorc erovnuli ekonomikebis urTierT-
kavSiris, urTierTzemoqmedebisa da urTierTgada-
jaWvis gaZlierebis procesi.~10
ekonomikis globalizaciis arsis gansazRvre-
bas gvTavazoben aseve sxva rusi mecnierebi. mag: e.
koCetovi mas ganixilavs rogorc erovnuli ekono-
mikebis kvlavwarmoebadi transformaciisa da maTi
sameurneo struqturebis, kapitalis, fasiani qaRal-
debis, saqonlis, momsaxurebis, samuSao Zalis pro-
cess, romlis gaTvaliswinebiT msoflio ekono-
mika ganixileba ara mxolod rogorc erovnuli
ekonomikebis, safinanso, savaluto, samarTlebriv-
sainformacio sistemebis erToblioba, aramed ro-
gorc geoekonomikuri (geofinansuri) sivrce, mo-
qmedi Tavisi sakuTari kanonebiT.11 b. smitenko
da t. kuznecova aRniSnaven, rom ekonomikis glo-
balizacia SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc erTad
123
aRebuli kavSirebis zrdis masStaburobis pro-
cesebi, realizebuli saerTaSoriso urTierTo-
bebiT, saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobeb-
is sistemurobis gaZlierebiT da maTi ZiriTadi
subieqtebis urTierTdamokidebulebiT kacobri-
obis globaluri problemebis gadawyvetis ur-
TierTSepirobebulobaSi.12 v. lomakini wers, rom
,,erovnuli meurneobebis globalizaciis (gamsof-
liurebis) qveS gaigeba saerTaSoriso, msoflio
samewarmeo Zalebis, warmoebis faqtorebis Seqm-
na da ganviTareba, romelic vlindeba calkeuli
kompaniebis mier sxvadasxva qveynebSi sameurneo
obieqtebis Seqmnasa da gansxvavebul erovnul
meurneobebs Soris sawarmoo kavSirebis zenacion-
aluri formebis ganviTarebaSi, radrosac urTi-
erTqmedebebi sameurneo sistemaSi xdeba mudmivi,
myari da mravalmxrivi~.13
zemoT motanili gansazRvrebebi sworad afiq-
sirebs globalizaciis TvisebaTa zogierT gamov-
linebas, Tumca aRsaniSnavia isic, rom msgavsi saxis
gansazRvrebebi savsebiT misaRebia aseve globali-
zaciamdeli, sameurneo cxovrebis internacion-
alizaciis etapebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki me-20
saukunis 50-80-iani wlebisaTvis. ekonomikis glo-
balizaciis arsis naTelsayofad aucilebelia
im sakiTxis garkveva, Tu rodis moxda internac-
ionalizaciis Tvisobrivad axal globalizaci-
ur stadiaSi gadasvla. mis Sesaxeb dasavleTSi
alaparakdnen jer kidev 1980-iani wlebis dasaw-
yisSi, msoflio meurneobaSi transnacionaluri
korporaciebis (tnk.) rolis mkveTri, naxtomise-
bur zrdasTan dakavSirebiT. transnacionaluri
korporaciebi marTlac warmoadgens msoflio
ekonomikis sakvanZo subieqts, xolo transnacion-
alizacia _ ekonomikis globalizaciis procesis
124
Taviseburi saxis RerZs. amitom, am ukanasknelma,
iseve rogorc ekonomikuri globalizaciis sxva
gamovlinebebma WeSmariti globaluri buneba
SeiZines mxolod ssrk-is daSlisa da ,,realuri
socializmis~kraxis Sedegad 1990-iani wlebis da-
sawyisSi. amitom, albaT unda gamovideT iqidan,
rom internacionalizacia ekonomikuri globali-
zaciis stadiaze sabolood gadavida swored me-20
saukunis ukanasknel aTwleulSi da axla ikrebs
Zalas, iZens intensiurobis siRrmeebs.14
ekonomikis globalizacis seriozul
gamowvevebs Seicavs erovnuli saxelmwifoebis
mier suverenuli ekonomikuri politikis ganx-
orcielebis SesaZleblobebis TvalsazrisiT.
kerZod, kapitalis, samuSao Zalis, saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis daubrkolebeli gadaadgilebis uz-
runvelyofis mizniT, transerovnuli kompaniebi da
saerTaSoriso safinanso ekonomikuri organiza-
ciebi Zlier zewolas axdenen erovnul saxelmwi-
foTa mTavrobebze da aiZuleben maT am procesis
damabrkolebeli barierebis moxsnas. zeerovnuli
institutebis gaZlierebis kvaldakval erovnul
mTavrobebs sul ufro metad uZneldebaT maT-
Tvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva. intensiurad mimdin-
areobs qveynis SigniT ekonomikis deregulireb-
is procesi da amave dros Zlierdeba zeerovnul
doneze ekonomikuri urTierTobebis regulirebis
tendenciebi. Tu rogor SeiZleba gadaiWras es
winaaRmdegoba, amaze dasabuTebuli pasuxi ekono-
mikur mecnierebas jerjerobiT ar gaaCnia. aRniS-
nul gamowvevas uSualod ukavSirdeba kidev erTi
dilema: globalizacia, romelic gulisxmobs
erovnuli saxelmwifoebis mier sakuTari ekono-
mikuri funqciebis garkveuli nawilis zeerovnul
struqturebze delegirebas, iwvevs erovnuli su-
125
verenitetis garkveuli xarisxiT SezRudvas. ra
zomiTaa dasaSvebi aseTi SezRudva da rogori
unda iyos Tanafardoba am SezRudviT gamowveul
SesaZlo danakargebsa da globalizebul samya-
roSi integrirebiT miRebul sargebels Soris?
dRes es sakiTxi mkvlevarebs Soris diskusiis sa-
gnad rCeba.15
amrigad, sxvadasxva avtorTa mier gakeTebuli
daskvnebis safuZvelze ekonomikis globalizacia
Cvens mier ganxilulia rogorc saqonlis, kapi-
talis, momsaxurebis, samuSao Zalis daubrkolebe-
li transazRvriTi gadaadgilebisa da sameurneo
cxovrebis universalizaciis procesi, romelic
ekonomikur sivrces aniWebs unificirebul xasi-
aTs da safuZvels umzadebs globaluri ekono-
mikis Camoyalibebas. globaluri ekonomika aris
Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomika, ganxiluli ara
rogorc masSi Semavali erovnuli ekonomikebis
erToblioba, aramed realuri drois reJimSi fun-
qcionirebadi, erTiani ekonomikuri sistema.16
ekonomikis globalizacia es aris erovnuli
ekonomikebis integracia erTian msoflio bazar-
Si. mis umTavres sakvanZo elementebad gamodis
gare vaWrobis gafarToeba, axali sainformacio
teqnologiebis swrafi gavrceleba da kapitalis
saerTaSoriso nakadebis gadideba. is warmoadgens
sabazro segmentaciis Sesrulebis process msof-
lio masStabiT.17 ekonomikuri globalizacia
aris obieqturi procesi, romelic kanonzomierad
gamomdinareobs sawarmoo Zalebis, warmoebaSi Tan-
amedrove teqnologiebis, adamianuri saqmianobis
sxvadasxva sferos miRweul doneTagan da finan-
sur-ekonomikuri kavSirebis Ria sistemis far-
glebSi mimarTulia qveynebis, firmebis da xalxTa
saerTaSoriso urTierTdamokidebulebisaken.18
126
tetCerisa da reiganis mTavrobebis mier ga-
tarebulma reformebma (deregulirebis sakiTxe-
bi, gadasaxadebis Semcireba, privatizacia da a.S.)
safuZveli Cauyares da mZlavri impulsi misces
ekonomikisa da finansebis globalizacias.19
dRevandel dRes ekonomikis globalizaciurma
procesebma moicva mTeli msoflio meurneobis
sfero, Tavis orbitaSi CaiTria msoflios yvela
qveynis gareekonomikuri sistemebi monawileo-
bis efeqturobisa da Sedegebis gansxvavebuli
xarisxiT. globalurma ekonomikam ,,saerTaSoriso
konkurenciisaTvis gaxsna erovnuli ekonomikuri
sistemebi~.20
ekonomikis globalizacia warmoadgens msof-
lio meurneobis ganviTarebaSi Tvisobrivad axal
da winaaRmdegobriv etaps,21 romelic me-20 sauku-
nis dasasrulsa da 21-e saukunis dasawyisSi gaxda
saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ganvi-
Tarebis umniSvnelovanesi faqtori.22 globali-
zaciis ekonomikuri mxare asaxavs mZlavr nabijs
saukeTeso konkurenciis idealisaken da gulisx-
mobs bazrebis sayovelTao gaxsnilobasa da ur-
TierTSerwymas.23
literatura:
1. ix. wyaro 1, gv. 5, naw. I., თავი 5, § 5.12. Глобализация экономики., abc.informbureau.com3. Экономическая Глобализация (Материал из
Википедии – свободнои энциклопедии). ru.wikipedia.org4. ix. wyaro 2, naw. I., თავი 5, § 5.15. ix. wyaro 1, naw. I., თავი 5, § 5.1 გვ.66. Friedman Th. Understanding Globalization. The Lexus
and the Olive Tree. NY, 2000, P. 677. Thurow L., The Future of Capitalism. NY, 1996, P 3.
agreTve: Robert Heilbroner and Lester Thurow, Economics Ex-
127
plained, Touchstone Book, NY, 1998, P. 1978. М. Кастельс., Информационная Эпоха, М., 2002, С.
1059. Дж. Сорос. Тезисы о Глобализации. Вестник Европы.,
Т. 2, 2001, С. 2010. Глобализация мировогь хозяиства и национальные
интересы Росии., М., 2002, С. 1811. Кочетов Э. Г., Глобалистика. Теория, методология,
практика. Учебник для вузов., М.: НОРМА., 2002, С. 60112. Смитиенко Б. М., Кузнецова Т. А., Противоречия
глобализации мировой экономики., Современный антиглобализм альтерглобализм. Монография., М.: 2005, С. 16
13. Ломакин В. К., Мировая экономика. Изд. З-е, перераб. и доп. М.: ЮНИТИ. 2007 С. 123
14. Глобализация Экономики: Некаторые Дискуссионые Вопросы. www.wpes.ru/.../200801162154htm
15. ix. wyaro 1, naw. I., თავი 5, § 5.1 გვ.7-816. ix. wyaro 1, naw. I., თავი 5, § 5.1 გვ.12-1317. www.mirkin.ru/_docs/articles03-006.pdf18. Ливенцев Н.Н. и др. Международные экономические
отношения. М. Изд-во Проспект, 2005, С. 2719. Федякина Л. Н., Финансовая глобализация, долги,
кризисы. Доклад 5.12.2003 www.humanities.edu.ru/db/msg/48607
20. Маргарет Тэтчер., Искуство управления государством. Стратегия для меняющегося мира. /Пер. с англ.-М.: Альпина Паблишер, 2003, С. 492
21. www.nauka-shop.com/mod/.../33861/22. www.lib.ua-ru.net/diss/cont/89695.html23. www.tatort-weltmarkt.de/Pro-Globalisierung2.htm
128
$ 5.3. finansuri globalizacia
finansuri globalizacia aris ekonomikis glo-
balizaciis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawili1
da misi ganviTarebis rTuli, mravalfaqtoriani
obieqturi procesi, ramac mniSvnelovnad moicva
msoflio finansuri sistema da finansuri bazari2.
finansuri globalizacia aris msoflio ekonomi-
kuri integraciis Sedegi, romelic intensiurad vi-
Tardeboda gasuli saukunis mTeli meore naxevris
ganmavlobaSi. is warmoadgens erovnuli ekonomi-
kuri sistemebis finansur urTierTdamokidebule-
bas, rasac ganapirobebs saerTaSoriso finansuri
garigebebis moculobis zrda da kapitalis msof-
lio nakadebi finansuri instrumentebis mraval
saxeobaTa gamoyenebiT, Tanamedrove eleqtronuli
teqnologiebis, sakomunikacio da sainformacio
saSualebis danergva finansur saqmianobaSi. Ffi-
nansuri globalizacia exeba Cveni cxovrebis yve-
la sferos da Seaqvs mniSvnelovani koreqtivebi
mTeli msoflio sazogadoebis Semdgom ganviTare-
baSi.3
finansuri globalizaciis subieqtebi, romelTa
saqmianoba da gadawyvetilebebi gavlenas axdenen
msoflio safinanso procesebze arian: saerTaSor-
iso da regionaluri finansuri organizaciebi
(saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, msoflio banki,
msoflio savaWro organizacia, evropis rekon-
struqciisa da ganviTarebis banki, evropis kavS-
iri da sxva); transnacionaluri korporaciebi;
institucionaluri investorebi sapensio da sain-
vesticio fondebis CaTvliT, sadazRvevo kompanie-
bi. msxvili finansuri centrebi (niu-orki, lon-
doni, tokio, mainis franqfurti, parizi da sxva)
129
ganapirobeben cvlilebebs safinanso-sakredito
institutebis saqmianobaSi, romlebic moqmedeben
fulad-sakredito, safondo bazrebze.4 finansuri
globalizaciis procesi koncentrirebulia uwin-
ares yovlisa msoflio ekonomikis sam umTavres
centrSi: aSS, dasavleT evropa da iaponia.5
finansuri globalizaciis ganmasxvavebeli ni-
Sania kapitalis mzardi mobiluroba transTaSo-
ris sivrceSi, saerTaSoriso (savaluto, sakredito,
safondo) bazrebis rolis gaZliereba, saerTaSor-
iso kapitalis mier damoukidebeli da TviTkmari
mniSvnelobis mopoveba. aseT pirobebSi finansuri
globalizacia xdeba ekonomikuri globalizaci-
is procesis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli maxasiaTe-
beli.6
finansuri globalizacia es aris yvelaze rTu-
li da yvelaze ufro dawinaurebuli procesi in-
ternacionalizaciis mimarTulebiT, warmodgenili
qveynebs Soris finansuri kavSirebis gaRrmavebis,
fasebisa da sainvesticio nakadebis liberali-
zaciis, globaluri transnacionaluri finansuri
jfufebis Seqmnis SedegebiT.7
finansuri globalizaciis termini ganekuT-
vneba im process, romliTac sxvadasxva qveynis
finansuri bazrebi integrirdebian erT global-
ur finansur bazarSi.* finansuri globalizacia
*terminebi ,,finansuri globalizacia~ da ,,finansuri in-tegracia~ moiTxovs mcire ganmartebas: kerZod, ,,finansuri globalizacia~ aris agregatuli koncepti, romelic miu-TiTebs globaluri kavSirebis zrdis Taobaze transsaz-RvriTi finansuri nakadebis safuZvelze, xolo ,,finansuri in-tegracia~ miuTiTebs calkeuli qveynebis kavSirze kapitalis saerTaSoriso bazrebTan mimarTebaSi. aRniSnuli konceptebi mWidrodaa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli. mag: finansuri glo-balizaciis zrda pirdapir kavSirSia finansuri integraciis zrdasTan.
130
SeiZleba aseve ganisazRvros rogorc finansebis
Tavisufali gadaadgileba erovnuli sazRvrebis
gadakveTiT yovelgvari SezRudvebis gareSe. fi-
nansuri globalizaciis winapirobas, magram ara
erTaderTs warmoadgens finansuri liberali-
zacia, romelic miiswrafvis finansuri sistemis
ganviTarebisaken, finansuri SesaZleblobebis am-
aRlebisa da ganmtkicebisaken, kapitalis Rire-
bulebis dawevisaken, da investiciebisa da likvi-
durobis gazrdisaken. finansuri globalizacia
moiTxovs msoflioSi erTiani valutis SemoRebas,
romlis marTva da regulireba moxdeba erTiani
saerTaSoriso savaluto-safinanso instituciis
mier. finansuri globalizaciis SemTxvevaSi es
niSnavs kreditori da debitori qveynebis erTian
bazarSi gaerTianebas.
finansur globalizacias gaaCnia rogorc
dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi mxareebi. misi dadebiTi
mxare gamoixateba finansuri bazrebis uzarmazar
zrdaSi, rac garkveul pozitiur zegavlenas
axdens suverenuli saxelmwifoebis ekonomikur
ganviTarebaze. mzardi finansuri kargaxsniloba
xels uwyobs qveyanaSi ucxouri kapitalis Semod-
inebas da Sida danazogebTan erTad stimuls
aZlevs ekonomikur zrdas. gamokvlevebi adas-
turebs im faqts, rom ukanaskneli 15-20 wlis man-
Zilze ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi im qveynebSi iyo
SedarebiT maRali, romlebmac sxvebze ukeTesad
moaxerxes sakuTari finansuri bazrebis liber-
alizacia.8 finansuri globalizaciis upirateso-
baTagan aseve SeiZleba gamoiyos cxovrebis donis
amaRleba, Sida erovnuli ekonomikuri ryevebis
prevencia, met-naklebad srulyofili sistemis ar-
seboba resursebis efeqtiani globaluri gadan-
awilebisaTvis da a.S.9 finansuri globalizaciis
131
mTavari upiratesoba ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis
aris maTi finansuri sistemebis ganviTareba, rac
mdgomareobs finansuri bazrebis ufro stabilur
da ufro xarisxian regulirebaSi.
arsebobs ori ZiriTadi wyaro, romliTac finan-
suri globalizacia xels uwyobs qveynis finan-
sur ganviTarebas. erTi, finansuri globalizaci-
is dros arsebuli axali tipis kapitali metad
xelmisawvdomi xdeba ganviTarebadi qveynebisaT-
vis, rac maT Sida moxmarebis problemaTa regu-
laciis SesaZleblobas aZlevT. finansuri glo-
balizacia aseve xels uwyobs ukeTesi finansuri
infrasqtruqturis formirebas, romelic Tavis
mxriv arbilebs sainformacio asimetrias, romlis
pozitiuri Sedegic vlindeba imgvari problemebis
Semcirebasa da gadawyvetaSi, rogoricaa araxel-
sayreli seleqciebi da moraluri riskebi.
finansuri globalizaciis uaryofiTi mxare ki
gamoixateba finansuri bazrebis swraf da ukon-
trolo zrdaSi, spekulaciuri operaciebis moWar-
bebaSi, rac arsebiTad cvlis Tanamedrove msoflio
ekonomikis konfiguracias, romelic emsgavseba ga-
dabrunebul piramidas. ekonomikis realuri seq-
tori, romelic am piramidis safuZvelia, sul ufro
viwrovdeba, misgan warmoebuli finansuri seqtori
ki ganuwyvetliv farTovdeba da yovelive es ar-
astabilurobis did safrTxes Seicavs rogorc
msoflio, ise erovnuli ekonomikebisaTvis.10
finansur globalizacias gaaCnia arcTu mcire
xarvezebi da naklovanebebi. magaliTad: riskis
maRali albaTobis qveS myofi ganviTarebadi
qveynebis ekonomikebze ,,dominos principiT~ nega-
tiurad zemoqmedebs sxva qveynebis finansuri
ryevebi da krizisebi, rac vlindeba safondo
bazrebis turbolentobaSi, myisier cvlilebebSi,
132
bankebis masiur gakotrebaSi, valutis gaufasure-
basa da sxva formebSi. aRniSnuli riskebi xSirad
ukavSirdeba sxvadasxva qveynis finansur krizisebs,
romlebic Semdegi movlenebiT xasiaTdeba: 1. sap-
rocento ganakveTebis zrda; 2. finansuri baz-
ris moSla; 3. gaurkvlevlobis zrda; 4. sabanko
panika. finansuri krizisi moicavs sabanko, savalo
da savaluto krizisebs, romlebsac win uswrebs
safondo birJis moSla.
globalizaciis epoqis finansuri krizisebi
daiwyo 1981 wlis msoflio savalo krizisis sax-
iT. am krizisisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo swrafi
gavrceleba qveynidan qveyanaSi da sinqronizacia,
rac imas niSnavda, rom daiwyo globaluri finan-
suri krizis epoqa11. finansuri krizisebis gamov-
linebaa meqsikis 1994-95 wlebis finansuri krizisi,
rasac mosdevs aziisa da ruseTis 1997-98 wlebis,
braziliis 1999 wlis, ekvadoris 2000 wlis, Turqe-
Tis 2001 wlis da ungreTis 2002 wlis finansuri
krizisebi. defoltis zRvarze myofi qveynebis (mag:
argentina) finansuri sistemebis arastabilurobis
mniSvnelovani mizezi Zevs gamarTuli finansuri
infrastruqturis ararsebobaSi, romlis moSlas
iwvevs: 1) finansuri liberalizaciis politikis
gatareba, 2) msoflio finansur bazrebze arsebuli
xarvezebi. finansuri liberalizaciis pirobebSi
aseve aqtualuria is, rom liberaluri politikis
gamtarebeli qveynebisaTvis sagrZnoblad izRude-
ba erovnuli ekonomikuri politikis ganxorciel-
ebis SesaZleblobebi.
finansuri globalizaciis rogorc dadebiTi,
ise uaryofiTi mxareebi ar iZleva misi avkar-
gianobis calsaxad Sefasebis SesaZleblobas,
Tumca potenciuri sargebeli romelic qveynebs
SeuZliaT miiRon misgan, realuria da SesaZlebe-
133
li windaxedulobisa da keTili nebis pirobebSi.
dRes bevri qveyana nawilobriv Riaa ekonomikuri
TvalsazrisiT, da arsebobs finansuri globali-
zaciis Semdgomi zrdis perspeqtivac.
literatura:
1. Финансовая глобализация, banks-mon.ru/.../18-2009-06-29-13-00-42.html
2. Кушнаренко О. М. [ДОС] Финансовый кризис как элемент современной финансовой глобализации, portal/2.rea.ru/
3. Финансовая глобализация и ее влияние на формирование региональной финансого- инвестиционной политики, Год 2009/ www.dissertcat.com
4. Финансовая глобализация, banks-mon.ru5. referat.kulichki.net6. Диссертация: Влияние финансовои глобализации на
функционирование национальный экономический систем. www.nauka-shop.com/.../33861
7. ix. wyaro 116
8. World Economic Outlook, International Monetary Fund. Octomber, 2001, P. 15
9. business, mapsofindia.com10. ix. wyaro I nawili I, Tavi 5, §5.1. gv. 207
11. ix. wyaro nawili I, Tavi 5, §5.1. gv. 46,47,48.
134
$ 5.4. finansur-ekonomikuri krizisebis retrospeqcia
1980-iani wlebidan mkveTrad gamoxatuli
globaluri finansur-ekonomikuri krizisebi*
srulebiT ar warmoadgens axal fenomens, ara-
med mas Rrma istoriuli fesvebi gaaCnia da
globalizaciis Sedegad gamowveuli finansuri
ryevebi globaluri finansuri bazrebidan miRe-
buli ulmobeli Sedegebis arsebobiT, rac Tan-
amedrove globalizaciis axal xarisxze ayvanis
umTavres dasabuTebas warmoadgens, mxolod nega-
tiuri gamovlinebaa im struqturuli cvlilebeb-
isa, romelsac 1944 wlis ivlisSi Bbreton vudsSi/
niu hempSirSi (aSS) Caeyara safuZveli. konferen-
ciaze, sadac ganixileboda meore msoflio omis
* globalizaciis epoqis finansuri krizisebi daiwyo 1981
wlis msoflio savalo krizisis saxiT. am krizisisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli iyo swrafi gavrceleba qveynidan qveynebSi
da sinqronizacia, rac imas niSnavda, rom daiwyo globaluri
finansuri krizisis epoqa (e. meqvabiSvili, ekonomikis glo-
balizacia: mimarTulebebi, gamowvevebi, perspeqtivebi, Tbilisi,
2009 gv. 48.)
rasakvirvelia am epoqis ekonimikis finansuri seqto-
ris didi Secdoma iafi fulis politikis gatarebasa da
kreditebis, pirvel rigSi ipoTekuri kreditebis zRvargada-
sul gaiafebaSi mdgomareobs. Tumca, am ZiriTadi faqtoris
garda krizisul situaciaze aseve didi roli iTamaSa sax-
elmwifo xarjebis wilis mniSvnelovnad zrdam socialuri
mimarTulebiT, rasac Tan daerTo navTobproduqtebze fasebis
dramatuli zrda, da ramac faqtobrivad mkveTrad Seamcira
biujetis gankargvadi Semosavlebi, da aseve amerikuli avto-
industriis (uwinaresad jeneral motorsSi Seqmnili proble-
mebi) umZimesi mdgomareoba. yvela es zemoaRniSnuli faqtori
warmoadgens recesiis gamomwvev mizezs. (James Surowiecki: ,,The Financial Page: Oil Check.,” The New Yorker, June, 22, 2009,P.30).
135
Semdgomi saerTaSoriso savaluto urTierTobaTa
axal wesrigze mowyobis sakiTxi, ar iqna gaTval-
iswinebuli adreuli 1920-iani wlebis msoflio
ekonomikuri krizisis gamocdileba, raTa msgavsi
krizisebi samomavlod saerTaSoriso regulire-
badi sistemis SeqmniT yofiliyo Tavidan acile-
buli.
am axlad Seqmnili sistemis arsebiTi safuZ-
veli iyo stabiluri da regulirebadi gacvliTi
kursebi, romlebic msoflios ZiriTad valutaze,
anu dolarze iqneboda orientirebuli. masSi Se-
mavali TiToeuli saxelmwifo valdebuli iyo
daecva sakuTari erovnuli valutis pariteti
dolarTan mimarTebaSi, xolo Tavis mxriv dola-
ris Tanafardoba oqrosTan mimarTebiT mkacrad
iqna dadgenili. valutebs Soris paritets Zlier
mcire marJis pirobebSi uzrunvelyofda monawile
qveynebis centraluri bankebis intervenciebi.
aqedan gamomdinare, valutebs Soris dadgenili
gacvliTi kursis cvlilebebi SesaZlebeli xde-
boda mxolod da mxolod saxelmwifoTa ZiriTadi
ekonomikuri maCveneblebis fundamenturi uTanas-
worobis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi. aRniSnuli cvli-
lebebis ganxorcieleba saWiroebda saerTaSori-
so Tanxmobas, risTvisac Sesabamis saerTaSoriso
institucias saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi (IWF) warmoadgenda. IWF-s SesaZlebloba hqonda, rom is
wevri qveynebi, romlebic momavalSi aRmoCndebod-
nen savaluto an sawarmoo balansTan dakavSire-
buli sirTuleebis winaSe, finansuri wnexisgan
dasacavad uzrunveleyo isini miznobrivi kredi-
tiT yvela wevr saxelmwifos mier Seqmnili fon-
didan. miuxedavad arsebuli konstruqciis mTeli
rigi problemuri niSnebisa, 1970-iani wlebis da-
sawyisamde sistema aCvenebda SesaniSnav stabi-
136
lurobas, ris garantiasac umetesi qveynebis Sida
ekonomikuri zrdis uprecedentod swrafi tempebi
iZleoda.
cnobili amerikeli mecnieris prof. pozn-
eris azriT ,,depresia kapitalizmis marcxi, anu
ufro zustad kapitalizmis gansazRvruli saxe-
obis marcxia”.1 aseve, cnobili germaneli mecnieri
prof. kozlovski gvTavazobs ufro dazustebul
ganmartebas: ,,finansuri krizisebi aris ara kapi-
talizmis, aramed kapitalizmis amerikuli modeli-
Ta da misi didi protagonizmiT gamowveuli”.2 amg-
vari Sefasebis safuZvels iZleva 1960-iani wlebis
meore naxevris bolos dawyebuli aSS-is imdroin-
deli hegemonisturi politikis ganxorcieleba,
rac arsebuli sistemis funqcionirebis rRvevasa
da saboloo moSlas isaxavda miznad. aseTi moqme-
debisaken aSS-is mTavrobas ubiZga im droisaTvis
Seqmnilma geopolitikurma mdgomareobam. kerZod,
inflaciaze moqmedi xarjebi, - rogoric iyo xar-
jebi gamalebuli SeiaraRebisa da vietnamis omi-
saTvis, aseve swrafad mzardi sagadamxdelo bal-
ansis deficiti qmnida imis winapirobas, rom 1971
wlis agvistoSi winaswar gamocxadebuliyo aSS-is
dolaris oqros standartTan mibmis Taobaze da
1973 wlis zafxulSi momxdariyo fiqsirebul gacv-
liT kursze dafuZnebul sistemaze uaris Tqma.
movlenebis amgvarma ganviTarebam rasakvirvelia
koreqtivebi Seitana msoflio bazarze struqtu-
ruli cvlilebebis saxiT da maSindel wamyvan
industriul qveynebs Soris savaWro-ekonomikur
urTierTobebSi, ramac biZgi misca Semdgomi ero-
ziuli procesebis dawyebas, da rac gamoixateboda
valutaTaSoris urTierTobebSi mzardi savaluto
kursebis feTqebadobiT. amgvarma arastabiluro-
bam 1970-iani wlebidan calkeuli qveynebi kvlav
137
Seiyvana Zlier dramatul finansur – ekonomikur
krizisSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom pirveladi ekono-
mikur-politikuri Canafiqris sapirispiro viTare-
bis ganviTarebas da mis aCqarebas pirvel rigSi
xeli Seuwyo amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma da
gaerTianebulma samefom, romlebic 1970-ian da 1980-
ian wlebSi gamoirCeodnen neoklasikuri sabazro
Teoriis erTgulebiT, anu saerTaSoriso finan-
suri bazrebis myari deregulirebiTa da liber-
alizaciiT. tetCerisa da reiganis mTavrobebis
mier gatarebulma reformebma (deregulirebis
sakiTxebi, gadasaxadebis Semcireba, privatizacia
da a.S.) safuZveli Cauyares da mZlavri impulsi
misces ekonomikisa da finansebis globalizacias.3
maSasadame, Seqmnili mdgomareoba dasavleTis am
gavlenian saxelmwifoTa mTavrobebis politikur-
strategiul moqmedebaTa Sedegia. vaSingtonis
konsesusma** faqtobrivad SeZlo omis Semdgomi
msoflios realuri ekonomikuri wyobis trans-
formireba globaluri ekonomikis virtualur
formaSi, riTac dairRva fundamenturi ekonomi-
kuri kanonzmiereba fulad-sasaqonlo urTierTo-
baTa Soris. mTavrobaTa neoklasikurma aqtivobeb-
ma gamoxatuleba hpova pirvel rigSi fulisa da
kapitalis transferebis masiuri gamartivebiT
erovnuli finansuri bazrebis gaxsnilobaSi;
** termini damkvidrebul iqna vaSingtonis (kolumbiis
olqi) 1990 wlis konferenciaze da asaxavs msoflio savalu-
to fondisa da msoflio bankis poziciebs movale qveynebis
Sesasrulebel valdebulebebTan mimarTebaSi. konsesusis
Tanaxmad TiToeuli movale qveyana valdebulia Seasrulos
Semdegi 10 piroba:
1. sabiujeto disciplinis dacva.
2. ganaTlebis, janmrTelobisa da infrastruqturis sax-
138
meore rigSi ki – saerTaSoriso savaluto in-
stituciebis saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisa da
msoflio bankis politikis cvlilebaSi, rac gam-
ovlinda erovnul ekonomikur da socialur poli-
tikaSi maTi Rrma CareviT. dabegvris sistemasTan
dakavSirebuli maTi saerTaSoriso sakredito
politika ki iTvaliswinebda debitori qveynebis
erovnul ekonomikur da socialur politikaSi
farTo masStabian Carevebs da axdenda kidec amg-
var intervenciebs, rac pirdapir an arapirdapir
zemoqmedebda ama Tu im qveynis saxelmwifo biu-
jetis deficitis gauaresebaze, sagadasaxado sis-
temis cvlilebaze, sagareo vaWrobis mkacr liber-
alizaciaze, ekonomikis regresiul ganviTarebaze,
socialuri standartis Semcirebasa da uTanabro
Semosavlebis mzard progresirebaze.4 aseve, fi-
elmwifo prioritetuli xarjebis subsidirebaze uaris Tqma.
3. sagadasaxado reforma, rac iTvaliswinebs gadasaxadebis
Semcirebasa da sagadasaxado bazis gafarToebas.
4. bazris mier dadgenil pozitiur saprocento ganakveTis
arseboba kapitalis gadinebis Tavidan asacileblad da ucx-
ouri kapitalis mosazidad.
5. konkurentunariani gacvliTi kursebi, romlebic xels
uwyoben ekonomikis eqsportis seqtoris ganviTarebas.
6. savaWro politikis liberalizeba, raTa moxdes eronu-
li bazrebis gaxsna ucxoeli mimwodeblebisaTvis.
7. gaxsniloba da pirobebis gaumjobeseba ucxouri pirda-
piri investiciebisaTvis.
8. saxelmwifo sawarmoebisa da dawesebulebebis privati-
zacia.
9. deregulireba da debiurokratizacia, iseve rogorc sax-
elmwifo gavlenis Semcireba.
10. kerZo sakuTrebis dacva.
deregulireba CamonaTvalSi mxolod me-9 adgilzea, Tumca
es piroba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania finansuri bazrebis
ganviTarebaSi.
139
nansuri bazrebis liberalizaciis Sedegad Seiqm-
na manamde ararsebuli SesaZlebloba savaluto
ryevebis spekulaciuri mizniT gamoyenebisaTvis,
ramac xeli Seuwyo erovnul valutebs Soris ar-
amyari, feTqebadi urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas.
garda amisa, SesaZlebeli gaxda fulad-sakredito
operaciebis (transaqciebi, garigebebi) saerTaSor-
iso axali saxeobebis ganviTareba magaliTad e.w.
fiuCersebis, derivaterebisa da opcionebis form-
iT, romlebic nawilobriv maRali spekulaciuri
bunebiT gamoirCevian da romlebmac global-
uri finansuri sistema 1970-iani wlebis Sua pe-
riodidan radikalurad Secvales. sabolood
aRmocenda gansxvavebuli seqciur-segmenturi baz-
rebis globaluri ,,gaumWvirvale kompleqsi”, rom-
lis funqcionirebisa da aqtivobebis erTmaneTi-
sagan mkveTrad gamijvna ukve SeuZlebeli xdeba.5
Tanamedrove sainformacio da sakomunikacio te-
qnologiebis Sedegad daCqarda gacvliTi procese-
bi, romlebic mTeli msoflios masStabiT gigantu-
ri savaluto transferebis uswrafes Sesrulebas
uzrunvelyofdnen. globaluri finansuri bazre-
bis Semdgom ganviTarebasa da funqcionirebaSi
maTi mniSvnelobis srulfasovnad Sesafaseblad
im xelsayreli garemos Seqmnac ikmarebs, riTac in-
vestorebs kapitaldabandebaTa cvlilebebisa da
Sesabamisad didi spekulaciuri (savaWro) mogeb-
is miRebisaTvis eqmnebodaT swrafi reagirebis
moxdenis SesaZlebloba. am garemoebaSi ki, arsebiT
rols fuli, rogorc gacvliTi saqonlis specifi-
kuri abstraqtuli buneba TamaSobs, radgan ,,fuls
sxva saqonelTan mimarTebaSi gaaCnia gadamwyveti
upiratesoba, vinaidan mas ZaluZs materialurad
virtualur gadaxdis formaSi transformirdes
da amitom e.w. ,,real time” msoflios nebismier adgi-
140
las Seuferxeblad iqnas gadanacvlebuli.6
amasTan dakavSirebiT savsebiT logikuri iqneba
Tuki SevniSnavT, rom sainvesticio krediti qmnis
ekonomikis zrdis axal SesaZleblobebs, finansuri
krizisebi kapitalis araefeqtiani ganawilebiT ki
xels uwyobs realuri ekonomikis Semcirebas, risi
prevenciac kapitalis sworad ganawilebis amaR-
lebaSi mdgomareobs, da romelic erTiani ekono-
mikis efeqtianobisaTvis aris aucilebeli.
vaSingtonis konsesusis dominantoba globalur
ekonomikaSi radikaluri deregulirebis kraxiT
da finansur seqtorSi mravalbilioniani dola-
ris e.w. ,,Big Bailout”***-iT dasrulda. dasrulda e.
w. ,,Laisser faire”****-is era. bolo ormoci wlis man-
Zilze gabatonebuli azri vaSingtonis konsesusis
Sesaxeb, TiTqos yvelafers Tavisufali bazrebi
awesrigebs, warsuls Cabarda. mxolod 2007-2009
wlebSi amerikul aqciaTa Rirebulebis sabirJo
danakargebma 8 bilioni (e.i. 8000 miliardi, an ro-
gorc amerikelebi ityvian 8 trilioni) aSS-is
*** bailout [beilaut] (ingl.)aRniSnavs fuladi formiT finan-
suri mxardaWeris aRmoCenas im kompaniebisa Tu qveynebisaTvis,
romlebsac Zalze seriozuli finansuri problemebi gaaCni-
aT., Bailout-Wikipedia. the free encyclopedia, https:/en.m.wikipedia.org-wiki-Bailout., Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 7th Edition , Oxford Univer-sity Press., 2005, P102
**** Laissez-Faire (/leseifer-/, French: [lesefer] aris ekonomikuri
sistema, romelSic calkeul subieqtebs Soris arsebuli
transaqciebi, Tavisufalia mTavrobaTa imgvari Carevebisgan,
rogorebicaa regulaciebi, privilegiebi, tarifebi da subsi-
diebi. maSasadame, es aris mimarTuleba (qcevis forma, politi-
ka), romelic xelisuflebis kontrolis gareSe iZleva kerZo
sawarmoebis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas. : Laissez- faire-Wikipe-dia, the free Encyclopedia., https: //en.m.wikipedia.org.-wiki-laisse..., Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 7th Edition, Oxford University Press, 2005, P.859
141
dolari, xolo xarjebma Bailout-isa da Stimulus-Pa-ket-isTvis 2 bilioni (e.i. 2000 miliardi, anu 2 tri-
lioni) aSS-is dolari Seadgina, romelic amerikis
mTavrobis mier iqna dafinansebuli. SedarebisaT-
vis germaniaSi saxelmwifos mier kontrolire-
badi bankebisaTvis danakargebis moculoba 2009
wlis Tebervlamde Seadgenda 27 miliard (0.027
bilioni, aSS: 0.027 trilioni) evros. xolo dax-
marebisa da finansuri garantiis saxiT germaniis
mTavrobis mier mTlianobaSi bankebisaTvis gamoy-
ofili iqna 580 miliardi (0.580 bilioni; aSS: 0.580
trilioni) evro, iseve rogorc kerZo kompaniebze,
garantiis saxiT – 100 mlrd. (0.100 bilioni; aSS:
0.100 trilioni) evro da ekonomikuri stimulire-
bisaTvis koniunqturul programebze – 81 mlrd.
(0.081 bilioni; aSS 0.081 trilioni) evro. ricx-
vebSi asaxuli germaniis mTeli es statistkuri
monacemebi sakmaod mokrZalebulad gamoiyureba
aSS-is analogiur maCveneblebTan SedarebiT.
e.i. aSS-isa da evropas Soris arsebiTi gansx-
vaveba globaluri da socialuri sabazro ekono-
mikis tipebs Soris arsebobisa da im realobis
aRqmisa da SefasebebSi mdgomareobs, rac maT ar-
sebiTad ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisagan. rasakvirve-
lia, ekonomikis amerikuli modeli ganviTarebis
garkveul etapze udavod warmatebuli iyo, Tumca
kontinenturma evropam, da uwinaresad germaniam sa-
kuTari umZimesi gamocdilebis safuZvelze SeZlo
sabazro ekonomikis realisturad Sefaseba, da sa-
kuTari sazogadoebis wiaRSi misi organuli adap-
tacia.***** miuxedavad imisa, rom sabazro ekonomi-
ka saukeTesoa yvela SesaZlo ekonomikur wesrigs
Soris, is sruliadac ar aris uSecdomo, ris da-
142
dasturebasac arsebuli finansur-ekonomikuri
krizisebi warmoadgens. amitom sabazro ekonomika
calkeul pirovnebaTa Tu humanur instituciaTa
Secdomebis gacnobierebis safuZvelze saWiroebs
garkveul CarCo wesrigs.
struqturuli cvlilebebiT gamowveuli
krizisebis garda, rac hiperspekulaciebiT fi-
nansuri seqtoris ukontrolo da zRvargadasul
masStabebSi e.w. ,,Financial Overstertch”-iT gamoixata,
ramac faqtombrivad umZimesi dartyma miayena re-
alur ekonomikas, rogorc yvela Rrma istoriuli
krizisi, finansuri krizisic ara erTi, aramed ram-
denime mizeziT aris Sepirobebuli, radgan am miz-
ezTagan yvela rodia ekonomikasTan mimarTebaSi
eTikurad relevanturi. krizisis zogierTi fenom-
eni finansuri aqtiorebis eTikuri motivaciebisa
da eTikurad mzaobis naklebobiTa da safinanso
institutebis institucionaluri eTikis simwiriT
aris gamowveuli. meti TvalsaCinoebisaTvis Sei-
***** germaniis garkveuli istoriuli monakveTis, maT So-
ris aRsaniSnavia germania – safrangeTis 1870/71 wlebis omisa
da versalis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze miRebuli repar-
aciis gadasaxadTan dakavSirebuli naxevarsaukunis Semdgomi
gamoZaxili, romelic garkveulwilad iyo kidec reaqcia um-
Zimes finansur dartymaze, romelsac adgili hqonda germania-
Si 1923 wels pirveli savaluto da safondo birJebis kraxis
saxiT, ra droisTvisac markasa da dolars Soris Tanafar-
doba iyo: 400 mlrd. raixs - marka = 1 aSS-is dolari. am
drois finansur krizisTan SedarebiT Tanamedrove finansuri
krizisi sargZnoblad mcire kalibris aris, da aseve, meore
msoflio omis Semdgomi aranakleb mZime finansuri ryevebi
nacionalsocializmis regresiis katastrofebis, ori msof-
lio omisa da orjer safondo birJis kolafsis Semdeg aSS-
is ekonomikuri modelis sapirwone germanuli ekonomikuri
modelis warmateba gacilebiT ufro pesimisturi Canda vidre
aSS-isa da didi britaneTis.
143
Zleba movitanoT msoflioSi gaxmaurebuli iseTi
SemTxvevebi, rogorebicaa – Enron, World-com da Ver-nard Madoff aSS-i, Siemens germaniaSi. aRniSnuli skan-
dalebi umTavresad unda ganvixiloT, rogorc kom-
paniebis da maTi menejmentis araeTikuri praqtikis
Sedegi.
is, rom mimdinare finansur-ekonomikur kriziss
safuZvlad eTikuri problemebi udevs, absol-
iturad ar uguvebelyofs da ar akninebs krizi-
sis gamomwvev sistemur faqtorTa mniSvnelobas.
piriqiT, saWiroa. rom aRniSnuli krizisi ganvix-
iloT misive sistemuri faqtorebis gaTvaliswine-
biT kulturuli da realuri sivrcis farglebSi,
radgan es krizisi sakmaod scildeba finansuri
an ekonomikuri krizisebis farglebs. dRes ara
mxolod sabanko sistema an ekonomika aRmoCnda
krizisSi, aramed Tavad sazogadoeba.7 arsebuli
finansuri da ekonomikuri krizisi Cveni sazoga-
doebis faseulobaTa krizisic aris.8
ekonomikuri sistema ar warmoadgens TviT-
regulriebis meqanizms: bazris stabiluroba
moiTxovs samarTlebriv da normatiul sistemebs
(safuZvlebs), magram es ar aris sakmarisi. mas aseve
sWirdeba garkveuli zneobrivi regulaciebi myari
da usafrTxo funqcionirebisaTvis. saWiroa eTika,
romelzec daefuZneba adamianTa racionaluri qme-
debebi socialur garemoSi. eTika, romelsac gaaC-
nia sami dimensia: personaluri, organizaciuli da
socialuri, da warmogvidgeba rogorc wonasworo-
bis mdgomareoba aRniSnul mxareTa Soris. krizi-
sis dros warmoqmnili problemebis gadawyveta
iTxovs eTikur reaqciebs samive doneze: adamianebi
unda iyvnen eTikurebi, organizaciebi unda moqme-
debdnen eTikasTan SesabamisobaSi, da sazogadoeba
unda iqceodes eTikurad. amasTan, mas aseve gaaCnia
144
rogorc Teoriuli, ise praqtikuli aspeqtebi. Teo-
riuli aspeqti – ra aris eTika da rogor ukavS-
irdeba is ekonomikas da politikas; praqtikuli
aspeqti – rogor moxdes qcevaTa ganvrcoba da ro-
gor Seiqmnas imgvari pirobebi, rodesac politi-
kuri da instituciuri SezRudvebiT SesaZlebeli
iqneba araeTikur moqmedebaTa blokireba.9
globalurma finansur-ekonomikurma krizisma
kidev erTxel dagvanaxa eTikis gardauvali saWi-
roba ekonomikasa da finansebSi. niSandoblivia
is garemoeba, rom mxolod krizisuli periodebis
dros iZens eTikuri faseulobebi gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas. biznesisa da finansuri eTikis kon-
ceptebisa Tu koncefciebis ganxilva, TiTqos isini
mxolod drodadro xdebian aqtualuri, rasakvir-
velia mcdaria.
arsebuli krizisi SeiZleba ganvixiloT ro-
gorc sawyisi wertili, romelic gviCvenebs Tu
ra SeiZleba moxdes, roca eTika miviwyebulia
ekonomikaSi. Tuki globaluri ekonomikuri gare-
mo ver SeZlebs morigebas globalurad misaReb
ekonomikur eTikasTan, msoflio ekonomika gar-
dauvladaa ganwiruli qaosisa da kraxisaTvis.
gamosavali mdgomareobs ekonomikaSi marTebuli
TamaSis wesebisa da ekonomikis eTikis formire-
baSi, rac waaxalisebs da daexmareba ekonomikur
aqtiorebsa da sazogadoebas TamaSis wesebis Se-
sabamisad moqcevaSi. wina ekonomikurma da finan-
surma krizisebma gviCvena, rom mxolod mkacri
SeTanxmebebiT SeuZlebelia momavlis kriziseb-
is prevencia. msoflio ekonomikaSi, sadac jer
kidev ar aris dawesebuli globaluri TamaSis
wesebi, eTikuri sakiTxebi kidev ufro did mniS-
vnelobas iZens. dRes SeiniSneba eTikisadmi gaz-
rdili moTxovnileba. sabednierod, ukve arsebobs
145
mzardi konsesusi, rom finansuri bazrebi da Ta-
vad ekonomika saWiroebs eTikas, da rom isini unda
fokusirdnen mdgradi ganviTarebis saWiroebaze,
rogorc socialuri procesebis Sedegebze.10
maSasadame, bolo aTwleulebis globaluri baz-
rebis finansur-ekonomikuri krizisebi warmoadgens
sistemuri krizisebis erTian jaWvs da finansuri
meurneobis sistemis Secdomebis Sedegs. finansuri
industriis deregulirebis axalma nimuSma Seqmna
kidev ufro egoisturi finansuri bazari, sadac
daakanona SeuzRudavi angareba, romelic iTval-
iswinebda mxolod msxvili aqcionerebisa da fi-
nansuri menejerebis mogebaze orientirebul in-
teresebs da araferi hqonda saerTo Tavad firmis
an klientis keTildReobasTan dakavSirebuli
kriteriumebis dakmayofilebasTan. eTikuri ori-
entaciis gareSe axali safinanso sistemis Seqmna,
romelic ar iTvaliswinebda sazogadoebis keTil-
dReobas, iyo finansuri bazris reformis mizani,
TumcaRa ,,reformatorebma” kargad uwyodnen, rom
eTikuri perspeqtiva warmoadgens moqmedebaTa sis-
temis ara mxolod moralizebas, aramed aqtiorTa
pirad pasuxismgeblobasac. eTikur-ekonomikuri
TvalsazrisiT ugulvebelyofili iqna is faqtic,
rom TiTqmis yvela finansuri industria eCveva
qcevis im formebs, romlebic emsaxureba ara safi-
nanso ekonomikis mizans,****** aramed finansuri
aqtiorebis usazRvro gamdidrebas.
yovelive zemoT aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom globaluri finansuri bazre-
bis pernamentuli krizisebi dasavleTs aiZulebs
ifiqros Tavisufali, humanuri, socialur_ekonomi-
kuri wesrigis axal principebze da am erToblivi
da amave dros gansxvavebuli principebis miuker-
Zoebeli da obieqturi Sejereba unda daefuZnos
146
anglo-amerikuli da kontinentur evropuli sa-
bazro ekonomikis tipebis konceptebs, romlis
mizanic iqneba axali ekonomikur wesrigTa, uke-
Tes ekonomikur kanonmdeblobaTa da ekonomikis
eTikis sinTezi.
literatura:
1.Posner, Richard A.: A Failure of capitalism. The Crisis of 80 and the Descent into Depression, Cambridge , Mass., Harvard University Press, 2009
2.Koslowski, Peter., Ethik Der Banken., Folgerungen Aus Der Finanzkrise, Wilhelm Fink Verlag, München, 2009, S. 232
3.Федякина Л. Н., Финансовая глобализация, долги, кризисы. Доклад 5.12.2003 www.humanities.edu.ru/db/msg/48607
4. Müller., K., Globalisierung., Frankfurt/ New York, S.1035.Huffschmidt, J., Politische Ökonomie Der Finanzmärkte.,
Hamburg, 1999, S.166.Trinczek, K. ,, Es gibt sie, es gibt sie nicht, es gibt sie, es
... „ Die Globalisierung Der Wirtschaft im aktuellen sozialwis-senschaftlichenDiskurs.In: Schmidt, G., Frinczek R.(HRsg): Glo-balisierung. Soziale Welt Sonderband 13, Baden- Baden, 1999, S.59
7.Stefan Drägert, Die Ursachen den Finanz- und Wirtschaft-skrise (26.01.2010): http://archiv.kath.de / index.php? id =386&tx ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=2479×tam29.08.2011
****** finansuri ekonomikis mizani Tavisi saSuamavlo
funqciis SesrulebiT, anu sakuTari gansazRvruli roliT
sakredito, kapitalisa da derivateris bazrebze warmoebis
SesaZleblobebis zRvarze moqmedbiTa da kapitalis opti-
maluri ganawilebis gziT maqsimaluri socialuri produq-
tis miRwevisa da sabolood erTiani ekonomikis efeqtianobis
amaRlebaSi mdgomareobs.
147
8.Jose Manuel Barroso. Political guidelines for the next Com-mision. Brussels, September 2009.P.1. http://ec:europe.eu/com-misionbarroso/president/pdf/press-20090903_E
9. Antonio Argandõna, Three Ethical dimensions of the finan-cial crisis, www.ies.edu/research/pdfs/DJ-0944-E.pdf.
10.Gabriel., K., 2009-Engagement als Beitrag fur Nachhaltige Wirtschaftsweisen~. OEKOM Corporate Responsibility Review. Nachhaltigkeit in Unternehmensführung und Kapitalanlagen-eine Bestandsaufnahme, P.P. 9-11
148
Tavi 6. religia da ekonomika
$ 6.1. religiis socialur-ekonomi-kuri gaazreba
religias gansakuTrebuli adgili uakavia sa-
zogadoebasa da adamianis cxovrebaSi, amitom
misi mniSvnelobis sakiTxs didi xania ikvleven
filosofosebi, sociologebi, fsiqologebi da
a.S. miuxedavad amisa, ekonomistTa umetesi nawili
ekonomikuri movlenebisa da procesebis analizis
dros am faqtoris ignorirebas axdenda. ekonomi-
kur saqmianobaSi religiis mniSvnelobis Seswavla
ukanasknel periodSi gaxda aqtualuri: daaxloe-
biT 10-15 welia rac profesionali ekonomistebis
sul ufro meti raodenoba religias ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis damoukidebel faqtorad aRiarebs
da amitom am mimarTulebiT sxvadasxva saxis kv-
levebi xorcieldeba, romlebic saukuneTa wiaRSi
iRebs dasabams.
ekonomikasa da religias Soris urTierTda-
mokidebulebis Sesaxeb sayuradRebo mosazrebas
gvTavazobs Sotlandieli klasikosi adam smiti,
romelic Tavis ,,moraluri sentimentebis Teoria-
Si” xazs usvams imas, rom religiuri mrwamsi war-
moadgens karg stimuls imisaTvis, raTa individi
moeqces zneobriv struqturaSi, romelic xels uw-
yobs ekonomikur zrdas. umaRlesi zneobrivi ada-
mianis koncefcia warmoadgens Sinagani moraluri
meqanizmis marTebulad funqcionireba–sargeblo-
bisa da Sinagani moraluri monitoringis siste-
mas.1
religiis faqtoris Seswavlis sakiTxSi gansa-
kuTrebuli wvlili aqvs Setanili cnobil ger-
149
manel sociologs maqs vebers. igi Tavis wignSi
,,protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli”
kapitalisturi sazogadoebis ganviTarebis erT-
erT ZiriTad faqtorad religias miiCnevs.2 veb-
eris mTavari Teza iyo is, rom religia SesaZlebe-
lia warmoadgendes negatiur an pozitiur Zalas
ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi. misi azriT, efeqti auci-
leblad iqneba dadebiTi im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
religia aRiarebs materialur sikeTes da aqcents
gaakeTebs mis dagrovebaze. miseul amgvar argu-
mentacias savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom saerTo moe-
naxos kalvinistur protestanizmTan.
dRes mravali mecnieris kvlevis obieqts swored
am ori sferos, ekonomikisa da religiis kavSirur-
TierTobis aspeqtebi warmoadgens.
cnobili frangi sociologi marsel mosi re-
ligiasa da ekonomikas gaiazrebs rogorc samarT-
lebriv, ojaxur da esTetikur sferoebs, romelTa
identificireba arc Tu ise martivia. mosisTan
am ori mimarTulebis urTierTdamokidebuleba
warmoadgens eTikuri pasuxismgeblobis formas,
romelic socialuri da politikuri mSvidobi-
saTvis konstitutiuria, da romelic ekonomikisa
da religiis seqtorebs Soris asrulebs damakav-
Sirebeli rgolis funqcias.3
harvardis universitetis ekonomistebma robert
barom da reiCal mak-qlirma 2003 wels gamoaqveynes
kvlevis Sedegebi, romlebic exeboda sazoga-
doebis religiurobisa da ekonomikis ganviTare-
bis donis urTierT-kavSiris xarisxis dadgenas.
maT mier gamoyenebuli iyo gelapis institutisa
da msoflio bankis yovelwliurad ganxorciel-
ebuli msoflio kvlevebis monacemebi, romlebic
20 welze met periods moicavda. monacemebis ana-
lizis safuZvelze maT daaskvnes, rom ,,religiis
150
umniSvnelovanes produqtad SeiZleba CaiTvalos
religiuri rwmena, romelic pirdapir zemoqmedebs
ekonomikur saqmianobaze”.4 baro da mak-qliri
amtkiceben rom ekonomikis zrda damokidebulia
ekonomikuri subieqtebis religiur aqtiurobaze.
isini Tvlian, rom ama Tu im qveynis ekonomikuri
zrda pirdapir kavSirSi imyofeba misive moqalaqe-
Ta rwmenis xarisxze religiuri kuTvnilobis gaT-
valiswinebiT. maTive azriT religliuri rwmena
pozitiur kavSiriSia ekonomikur zrdasTan.5
samarTlebriv, politikur da samoqalaqo kul-
turaze mravali naSromis avtori amerikeli pro-
fesori ronald inglhartis azriT, piradi rwmenis
faqtori mTavar rols TamaSobs qveynebis ekonomi-
kur zrdaSi..6
,,WeSmariti RvTismosaoba xels uwyobs vaW-
robaSi (ekonomikur urTierTobebSi) warmatebas,
vinaidan patiosnebis garantad gvevlineba, adamian-
Si zrdis sifrTxilesa da windaxedulebas, esoden
mniSvnelovans sazogadoebaSi wonisa da krediti-
saTvis, rac simdidris aucilebel winapirobas
warmoadgens”. aseT mosazrebas gvTavazobs j. a.
rauntri.7
metin kosgelma da lans minklerma gamoTqves va-
raudi, rom erTianobis erTgulebisa da identuro-
bis konceptebi gvexmareba religluri qcevebisa
da maTi Sedegebis gagebaSi. religiuri qcevebi
emsaxureba pirovnebis identurobis qmnadobisa
da mis valdebulebaTa pirnaTlad aRsrulebis
saqmes.8
maSasadame, religia udides zemoqmedebas axdens
Tanamedrove ekonomikaze msoflios masStabiT.
misi damokidebulebuleba ekonomikasTan mimarTe-
baSi sakmaod ambivalenturia, anu pirvelis gavlena
meoreze SesaZlebelia gamovlindes rogorc poz-
151
itiur ise negatiur aspeqtSi. msoflios dominati
religiebi gansxvavebulad zemoqmedeben ama Tu im
qveynis ekonomikur urTierTobebsa Tu Sedegebze.
maTi pozitiuri Sedegebi SesaZlebelia aisaxos
farTo speqtriT. magaliTad, kanadeli mecnierebis
ulrix blumisa da leonarda dadlis azriT re-
ligia gavlenas axdens ekonomikaze ara imdenad
efeqtiani SromisaTvis saWiro stimulebiT, ramde-
nadac sicruis akrZalvis dadebiTi efeqtiT, rac
ekonomikaSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania.9
italielma ekonomistebma warmoadgines daskvne-
bi, romlis Tanaxmad religias ZaluZs gazardos
mSp sazogadoebaSi ndobis zrdis xarjze. e.i. re-
ligia mniSvnelovania sazogadoebisa Tu saxelm-
wifos simdidrisa da keTildReobis mxrivac. aSS-
Si mkvlevarebma aCvenes rom religia amcirebs
korufcias da amaRlebs kanonisadmi morCilebas
imgvarad, rom SesaZlebeli xdeba saerTo ekonomi-
kuri zrdis mateba.10
rac Seexeba religiis ekonomikaze zegavlenis
uaryofiT mxares, igi vlindeba Sromisadmi gul-
gril damokidebulebaSi, fulad-sakredito siste-
maSi sasesxo procentze uaris TqmaSi, saTamaSo
biznesis akrZalvaSi ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis
SezRudvaSi Caketili religiuri sistemebisa da
sazogadoebebis dros, rac warmoadgens ekono-
mikuri zrdisa da ganviTarebis Semaferxebel
faqtors.11 religiasa da ekonomikas Soris damok-
idebulebaSi negatiur faqtorebad aseve SesaZloa
miCneuli iqnes religiuri SezRudvebi kapitalis
dagrovebaze, mogebis miRebaze, sakredito bazrebsa
da procentebze.
religia, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT gvevlineba
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis qcevaTa regulatorad,
imdenad ramdenadac swored religiuri faqtori
152
ganapirobebs adamianTa agresiul qcevebsa da
samoqalaqo uwesrigobas, romlebic misi gavleniT
SesaZloa gaizardos an Semcirdes. amdenad, Cven
SegviZlia visaubroT, rogorc mikro- ise mak-
roekonomikur doneze ekonomikuri qcevebisa da
Sedgebis religiasTan korelaciaSi yofnis Ta-
obaze. aseve kidev ufro mWidro kavSirebis ar-
sebobaze religiurobasa da ekonomikurad mniS-
vnelovan socialuri qcevebis farTo speqtrs
Soris _ iseTebis, rogorebicaa: danaSaulebrivi
saqmianoba narkotikebi da alkoholi, fizikuri da
fsiqikuri mdgomareoba, qorwineba – ganqorwineba
da Sobadoba.12
ekonomikisa da religiis damokidebulebaSi ar-
sebobs Teoriebi, romlebic gansxvavebulad aCenen
religiuri faqtorebis zemoqmedebis xarisxs
ekonomikur urTierTobebSi. pirveli Teoria aris
mxardaWeris Teoria, sadac aRniSnulia, rom re-
ligiebs gaaCniaT pozitiuri efeqti ekonomikaze.
amis sailustraciod SeiZleba motanili iqnes m.
veberis arsebiTi argumenti, rac exeba kalvinis-
turi eTikis funqcias kapitalizmis warmatebuli
ganviTarebis saqmeSi (Sdr. Kippenberg 2002). igi
formulirdeba Semdegnairad: calkeuli gamo-
naklisis garda religiuri sistemebis formebs
ZiriTadad gaaCniaT pozitiuri gavlena garkveul
instituciebsa da ekonomikuri sistemebis fun-
qcionirebaze. meore, upiratesobis Teoria gulisx-
mobs religiebis mxridan im saWiro normebisa
da qcevaTa formebis mxardaWeras, romlebsac sa-
bazro sistema saWiroebs sakuTari funqcionire-
bisaTvis. amasTan dakavSirebuli Sesabamisi argu-
mentebi ekonomistebs gaaCndaT jer kidev gasuli
saukuneis dasawyisSi. ase magaliTad, Smoleri am
konteqstSi religiur ideas ganixilavs rogorc
153
sasargeblo zneobrivi aRzrdis da zogadad, dis-
ciplinis saSualebas (1923:45ff.). swored piri-
qiT formulirdeba mesame Teoria romelic dab-
rkolebis Teoriis saxeliT aris cnobili, sadac
religiuri instituciebi da religiurad moti-
virebuli qcevaTa formebi usargebloa ekonomi-
kuri subsistemisaTvis, radgan isini abrkoleben
namdvilad mniSvnelovan institucionalizaciebs,
Semosavlebis zrdis nayofiebas erT sul mosax-
leze. skeptikuri damokidebulebebiT mecnierebisa
da teqnikis inovaciaTa mimarT xels uwyoben da
zrdian bazris sayovelTao skepticizmis gaCenis
albaTobas, da a.S. meoTxe, Caurevlobis TeoriaSi
religiis gavlena ekonomikaze gacilebiT mcirea,
vidre Cvens mier zemoT motanil TeoriebSi.
amasTan yuradReba eqceva im garemoebas, rom ara
efeqtiani institucionaluri RonisZiebebi, ro-
goricaa mag. procentis akrZalva, Zalzed xSirad
martivi institunionaluri substitucis msgavsad,
srulad ekvivalenturi ekonomikuri funqciebis
saxiT Cndebian. xolo rac Seexeba sasargeblo
instituciebs, isini martivad adaptirdebian da
praqtikulad ar imyofebian kulturul da reli-
giur faqtorebze damokidebuli.13
religiisa da adamianis ekonomikur saqmianobas
Soris kavSiri arsebobs uZvelesi droidan, reli-
gia axdenda da axdens aqtiur zemoqmedebas ekono-
mikis yvela sferoze. kapitalisturi urTierTo-
bebis formirebaSi Seufasebeli roli religiam
iTamaSa. amis Taobaze mowmobs yvela msoflio re-
ligiebis gamocdileba, magram isic unda aRiniS-
nos, rom yvela religia socialur ganviTarebasa
da ekonomikur zrdas xels ar uwyobs. arsebobs
qveynebi, romlebmac ukeTes socialur da ekono-
mikur maCvneblebs miaRwies vidre sxvebma. es Sei-
154
Zleba aixsnas imiT, rom is religiebi astimulire-
ben faseulobebsa da principebs, romlebic Tavis
mxriv ganapirobeben adamianisa da sazogadoebis
orientacias progresze. maSasadame, ekonomikur
warmatebebs aRweven is sazogadoebebi da qveynebi,
sadac gansxvavebuli religiebi Tavisi specifi-
kuri saSualebebiT stimuls aZleven ekonomikur
saqmianobas, qmnian ra Sesabamis zneobriv fons –
SromiT eTikasa da eTikur normebs.
religia aZlierebs sazogadoebaSi miRebul
qcevis socialur normebs, axorcielebs socialur
kontrols: formalurs, saeklesio organizaciebis
meSveobiT da araformalurs – TviT morwmuneTa
mier, romlebic arian moraluri normebis matare-
blebi maT garemocvaSi myofi adamianebis mimarT.
religiasa da ekonomikis urTierTqmedebebs
gaaCnia ori veqtori: erTis mxriv religiuri
normebi ayalibeben ekonomikur institutebs, meo-
res mxriv – sakralizirdeba mxolod is normebi,
romlebic Seesabamebian ekonomikis GganviTarebis
gansazRvrul donesa da xasiaTs. bunebrivia, rom
droTa ganmavlobaSi ekonomikuri viTareba icv-
leba da uwindeli normebi xdebian dabrkolebad
sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi up-
iratesoba aris ufro moqnili konfesiebis mqone
eTnosebis mxareze, romlebsac ZaluZT normaTa
sistemis adaptireba cvalebad pirobebSi.
swavlis unari da integraciis SesaZlebloba
warmoadgens nebismieri sazogadeobis ganviTare-
bis umniSvnelobanes momentebs. e.i. religiuri men-
taliteti TamaSobs mniSvnelovan rols: ndoba da
dialogis warmarTvis unarianoba iZleva cvlile-
baTa procesSi monawileobis SesaZleblobas da
amave dros sabazro dinamikis cvlilebis gareSe
xels uwyobs sazogadoebis socialuri kapitalis
155
SenarCunebasa da ganviTarebas.14
religias ZaluZs gazardos ekonomikuri gan-
viTarebis done iseTi zneobrivi faqtorebiT
rogoricaa magaliTad patiosneba. mas SeuZlia
ndobis xarisxis amaRlebiT SesamCnevad Seamci-
ros korufcia da sxva danaSaulebrivi qmedebani
ekonomikaSi, moaxdinos qveynebis gaxsniloba, riTac
SesaZlebeli iqneba, rom mocemuli qveynis ekono-
mika gaxdes ufro Ria ucxouri investiciebisaT-
vis. religias aseve SeuZlia xeli Seuwyos imgvari
samomxmareblo fenomenis ganviTarebas, rogoric
aris momWirneoba, romelic stimulis momcemia da-
nazogebisaTvis, investiciebisaTvis da Sesabamisad
ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis. amasTan, religiiT Sesa-
Zlebeli xdeba imgvari asocialuri movlenebis
ganeitraleba, rogorebicaa: narkotikebiT vaWroba
da maTi moxmareba. garda amisa, mis wiaRSi cod-
vil qmedebad miCneuli nayrovanebis, alkoholis,
azartuli TamaSebisa da a.S. xelis SeSliT igi qm-
nis sazogadoebaSi jansaRi cxovrebis winapirobas,
rac uciloblad zrdis sawarmoo masStabebs Sro-
miTi mwarmoeblurobis amaRlebis xarjze.
religia warmoadgens cxovrebis warmarTvel
Zalas. rac ufro TvalSisacemia modernizaciis
procesisaTvis Tanamdevi paTologiebi, miT ufro
aqtiurdebian Zlieri religiuri tradiciebi.
globalizacia da religiuri cvlilebebi sazog-
adoebas ayenebs mkacri alternativis winaSe: an
msoflio bazrebis racionalitetTan adaptireba,
an mzardi marginalizirebuli sabazro poziciis
aqceptireba. globalizaciis procesebi industri-
ul sazogadoebebs ubiZgebs maTive instituciuri
struqturis Rrma cvlilebebisaken da calkeu-
li individebisagan moiTxoven maRal fleqsibe-
lurobas.15
156
globalizaciis procesSi religia ar kargavs
Tavis mniSvnelobas, aramed ekonomikuri pirobeb-
is zewoliT igi ganicdis formaTa cvlilebas.
arcerTi religia Tu religiuri eTika srulad
verasodes mova Tanxvedrasa da SesabamisobaSi
globaluri kapitalisturi miznis racionalitet-
Tan, magram miuxedavad amisa, isini Tavis mxriv
mravalgvar gavlenas axdenen ekonomikis mzardad
Zlier dinamiur Zalebze, e.i. religiuri sisteme-
bi warmoadgens simbolur msgavsebaTa da saimedo
wesrigis struqturebs, romlebsac ZaluZT zegav-
lena iqonion ekonomikaze.
literatura:
1. Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Cam-bridge University Press,. 2002
2. Max Weber. Die Protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus., 1934
3. Anne Koch, Zur Interdepedenz von Religion und Wirtschaft – ReligionsÖkonomische Perspektive., www.Reli-gionswissenschaft. uni-muenchen.de/downloand...Koch/a.pdf
4. Religion and Economic Growth., by Robert J. Barro and M. McCleary, Harvard University, April 8, 2003
5. Barro, Robert, J. and Rachel M. McCleary (2003). Re-ligion and Economic Growth. NBER Working Paper r #. 9682: National Bureu of Economic Research.
6. Ronald Jnglehart, Pippa Norris, Sacred and Secular: Reli-gion and Politics Worldwide, Cambridge University Press, 2004.
7. J.A. Rowntree, Quakerism, past and present P.. 95/68. Cosgel, Metin M. und Lanse Minkler (2004), Rational-
ity, Jntegrity, and Religious Behaviaur. Journal of Socio-Econom-ics 33(3):329-341
9. Американские исследователи пришли к выводу, что религия влияет на темп зкономческого роста. http://www.spb-gid.ru/index.php?news=111563
157
10. http://translate.google.ruhttp://www.bosto11. Theodore Malloch, Free to Choose: Economics and Reli-
gion. crf. hudson.org/articledocs/FreetoChoose.doc.12. Economic Growth And Religious Production Efficiency.,
www.degit.ifw-kiel.de/papers/degit_09/c009_040.pdf13. Gisela Kubon-Gilke, Religion und Ökonomie.,www.
school-scout.de/extract/18480/18480.pdf.14. Graf, F.W.;Wiederkehr der GÖtter, Religion in der mod-
ernen Kultur, München 2004, S. 19415. Wirtschaft und Religion., www.kaththeol.uni-munchen.
de/lehrstuehle/christl.../wi-ethik-zsflo.pdf
158
$ 6.2. religiis calkeuli saxeebi ekonomikur prizmaSi
msoflios religiur mozaikaSi qristianoba
warmoadgens yvelaze ufro gavlenian religias,
romlis procentuli maCvenebelia 34.1% (kaTo-
likebi – 51,8%, protestantebi – 31.4%, marTlma-
dideblebi – 12.5%, seqtebi - 4.3%). Semdeg modis
islami – 20.4%, indiuzmi – 14.1%, budizmi – 12.1%,
iudaizmi - 0.3%. danarCeni - 19.1% aTeistebia.
qristianoba. qristianoba sulier – zneobriv
mxaresTan erTad sakmaod farTo speqtriT moi-
cavs sameurneo cxovrebis aspeqtebsac. es Seexeba
sakuTrebis uflebis, qonebis, simdidris, Sromis, ga-
nawilebis da a.S. sakiTxebs.1 qristianobaSi arse-
bobs gansxvavebuli xedvebi ekonomikuri sistemis
formebTan mimarTebaSi. pirveli – ekonomikuri
urTierTobebi dafuZnebuli kerZo sakuTrebaze,
individualur pasuxismgeblobasa da iniciati-
vaze. meore – socialisturi elementebis Semotana
ekonomikur urTierTobebSi. pirvelSi igulisxme-
ba Tavisufali mewarmeoba da Ria bazrebi, xolo
meoreSi – centralizebuli marTva.2 Tumca aqve
unda aRiniSnos isic, rom arc erTi ekonomikuri
sistema ar arsebobs realur samyaroSi wminda
formiT – yvela kapitalisturi sistema Seicavs
socializmis zogierT elements da piriqiT.
159
grf. 1 a). sulobrivi Semosavlebis damokidebulebis
grafiki qristianul da araqtistianul qveynebSi qris-
tianTa zRvruli %-is mniSvnelobiT.
grafiki 1 a).-dan Cans, rom Semosavlebs Soris
damokidebuleba qristianul da araqristianul
qveynebSi imyofeba 4,8-dan 5,8-mde diapazonSi.
grf. 1 b). saSualo wliuri sulobrivi Semosavali
qristianul da araqristianul qveynebSi zRvruli 50%-
iani mniSvnelobiT.
Semosavlebs Soris damokidebuleba (saSualo
wliuri Semosavali erT sul mosaxleze) qris-
tianul da araqristianul qveynebSi aris 5.1. sxva
sityvebiT, qristianTa zRvruli 50%-iani mniS-
vnelobis pirobebSi qristianuli qveynebi msof-
160
lios danarCen araqristianul qveynebze 5-jer
mdidaria.
qristianoba sxva religiebTan SedarebiT
axdens yvelaze ufro dadebiT gavlenas msoflio
ekonomikaze. qristianobis ganStoebebia: kaToli-
cizmi, protestantizmi da marTlmadidebloba. Ti-
Toeulis damokidebulebas ekonomikasTan gaaCnia
sakuTari Taviseburebebi da niuansebi. amasTan,
qristianul SexedulebeSi am sakiTxis irgvliv
arsebobs bevri saerTo, imdenad ramdenadac isini
formirdebian erTian msoflmxedvelobriv safuZ-
velze.
kaTolicizmi. kaTolicizmSi ekonomika miiCneva
pirvel rigSi adamianur qmedebaTa sferod. ekono-
mikuri saqmianoba ki ganixileba rogorc adamianis
SemoqmedebiTi bunebis RvTaebrivi gamovlineba. ka-
Tolicizmi Tvlis, rom ukanasknel dros ekono-
mikis sferoSi moxda dadebiTi cvlilebebi, rac
qmnis eklesiis ideis realizaciis winapirobebs,
raSic igulisxmeba warmoebis TandaTanobiTi ,,de-
materializacia”, riTac SesaZlebeli xdeba ekono-
mikis humanizacia da axal ekonomikur urTier-
TobebSi adamianis rolis amaRlebaze saubari.3
amgvarad Tanamedrove kaTolikoba gansakuTrebul
aqcents akeTebs Tavisufali mewarmeobis sistemis
dadebiT Tvisebebze.
161
grf. 2 a). sulobrivi Semosavlebis damokidebulebis
grafiki kaTolikur da arakaTolikur qveynebSi, kaTo-
likeTa zRvruli %-is mniSvnelobiT.
grafiki 2 a).-dan Cans, rom Semosavlebs Soris
damokidebuleba kaTolikur da arakaTolikur
qveynebSi meryeobs 1,5-dan 2.0-mde diapazonSi.
grf. 2 b) saSualo wliuri sulobrivi Semosavali
kaTolikur da arakaTolikur qveynebSi zRvruli 50%-
iani mniSvnelobiT.
Semosavlebis damokidebuleba kaTolikur da
arakaTolikur qveynebSi tolia 1,49. sxva sityve-
biT, kaTolikeTa zRvruli 50%-iani mniSvnelobis
pirobebSi, kaTolikuri qveynebi msoflios danar-
Cen arakaTolikur qveynebze 1,5-jer ufro mdidar-
ia.
cnobs ra mogebis, kapitalis zrdis RvTivnebe-
lobas, kaTolicizmi yuradRebas amaxvilebs maszed,
Tu rogor iyenebs adamiani SeZenil simdidres,
pirad sakuTrebas.4 mentalobis Semadgeneli
swored es faseuli Taviseburebani gansazRvraven
kaTolikuri qveynebis ekonomikaTa warmatebebs
msoflio meurneobis postekonomikuri ganviTare-
bis stadiaze gadasvlis procesSi.
protestantizmi. gamorCeulia protestan-
162
tizmis damsaxureba dasavluri ekonomikis ganvi-
TarebaSi. amis mizezi Zevs reformaciis periodSi
momxdar mentalur revoluciaSi, roca qristian-
uli samyaros mniSvnelovani nawilisaTvis gaCn-
da arsebiTad axali midgomebi faseulobaTa sis-
temaSi, romelTagan unda aRiniSnos: 1) simdidre,
rogorc RvTis jildo morwmune-qristianisaTvis
miwier cxovrebaSi; 2) konkurentunarianoba_pa-
tiosneba, da saqonlisa da momsaxurebis maRali
xarisxi; 3) momWirneoba da yairaTianoba, mflang-
velobis nacvlad; 4) alkoholis zomieri moxmare-
ba da a.S.5
grf. 3 a). sulobrivi Semosavlebis damokidebulebis
grafiki protestantul da araprotestantul qveynebs So-
ris protestantTa zRvruli %-is mniSvnelobiT.
grafiki 3 a).-dan Cans rom Semosavlebis da-
mokidebuleba protestantul da araprotestan-
tul qveynebSi aris erTze meti da imyofeba
4-dan 8-mde diapazonSi.
163
grf. 3 b). saSualo wliuri sulobrivi Semosavali
protestantul da araprotestantul qveynebSi zRvru-
li 50%-iani mniSvnelobiT.
Semosavlebis damokidebuleba protestantul
da araprotestantul qveynebSi udris 7,95. sxva
sityvebiT protestantTa zRvruli 50%-iani min-
Svnelobis pirobebSi, protestantuli qveynebi
msoflios danarCen araprotestantul qveynebTan
SedarebiT TiTqmis 8-jer mdidaria.
dRes protestantizmi xasaiTdeba samyarosadmi
axali urTierTobiT, Rrma cvlilebebiT faseu-
lobaTa sistemaSi. protestantuli mentaliteti-
saTvis niSandoblivia uaRresad pragmatuli mso-
flaRqma, racionaluri angariSianoba, rogorc
moqmedebis safuZveli da ekonomikuri warmatebis
winapiroba. rasac adasturebs kidec motanili
statistika.
marTlmadidebloba. marTlmadideblobaSi
sulier mxares gaaCnia absoluturi upiratesoba
materialur mxaresTan SedarebiT. moraluri cno-
biereba da ara praqtikuli interesi gansazRvravs
saqmianobaTa Sinaars. aq socialur-ekonomikuri
msoflmxedveloba eyrdnoba marTlmadidebel-
164
qristianuli sulieri faseulobebis sistemas,
romelic ayalibebs meurneobiobis sulier-zneo-
briv kriteriumebasa da stimulebs.6 Sromis mniS-
vnelobas ganapirobebs ara misi praqtikuli, gare
utilitaruli mxareebi, aramed Sinagani motiva-
ciebi, rogoricaa RvTisa da moyvasis siyvaruli.
simdidre ar warmoadgens pirovnebis damsaxurebis
mowmobis aRiarebas RmerTis winaSe. ufro metic,
aqcenti keTdeba misi SeZenis usamarTlo codvi-
li wyaros maRal albaTobaze. yovelive es aris
marTlmadidebluri qveynebis ekonomikuri ganvi-
Tarebis negatiuri da xelisSemSleli faqtorebi,
rac asaxulia qvemoT motanil grafikebSi:
grf. 4 a). sulobrivi Semosavlebis damokidebuleb-
is grafiki marTlmadidebel da aramarTlmadidebel
qveynebSi marTlmadidebel qristianTa zRvruli %-is
mniSvnelobiT.
grafiki 4 a).-dan Cans, rom Semosavlebis damok-
idebuleba marTlmadidebel da aramarTlmadide-
bel qveynebSi erTze naklebia TiTqmis yvela dia-
pazonSi.
165
grf. 4 b). saSualo wliuri sulobrivi Semosava-
li marTlmadidebel da aramarTlmadidebel qveynebSi
zRvruli 50%-iani mniSvnelobiT.
Semosavlebis damokidebuleba marTlmadide-
bel da aramarTlmadidebel qveynebSi tolia 0,8.
es mowmobs imis Sesaxeb, rom marTlmadidebelTa
zRvruli 50%-iani mniSvnelobis pirobebSi, marTl-
madidebeli qveynebi aramarTlmadidebel qveynebze
1,24-jer Raribia.
islami. islamuri ekonomikuri sistemis kon-
cefcia efuZneba sakuTrebis, Sromisa da bunebri-
vi resursebiT sargeblobis uflebas. TiToeul
adamians gaaCnia sakuTrebis ufleba, romelsac
flobs rogorc individualurad ise sxva pirebT-
an erTad. islamSi nebadarTulia saqmianobis saxe-
obis arCeva mxolod sazogadoebis saWiroebaTa
gaTvaliswinebiT. SariaTiT ikrZaleba nebismieri
araproduqtiuli Sroma, radgan iTvleba, rom us-
argeblo Sromas adamiani mihyavs urwmunoebasTan.
sasargeblo wiaRiseuli ar SeiZleba imyofebodes
kerZo sakuTrebaSi, radgan navTobis Tu sxva bune-
brivi resursis gayidvidan miRebuli Semosavle-
bi gamoyenebuli unda iqnes mTeli sazogadoebis
moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebisaTvis. aseve, isla-
166
mur finansur sistemaSi ikrZaleba sasesxo pro-
centi. mevaxSeobis problemisa da misi akrZalvis
sakiTxi mwvaved wamoiWra gasuli saukunis Sua pe-
riodSi, rodesac Cndeba pirveli islamuri bankebi,
da am gadawyvetilebebis arsi mdgomareobs masSi,
rom sainvesticio logika unda gamomdinareobdes
ara bankis uSualo gamorCenis miRebidan, aramed
sazogadoebrivi sargeblis zrdisagan. mkacrad
ikrZaleba ekonomikuri Zalauflebis koncentra-
cia SezRuduli ricxovnebis pirTa xelSi, monop-
oliebis daweseba, SeTanxmeba monopoliur saqon-
elze fasis dadgenis mizniT da a.S.7
grf. 5 a). sulobrivi Semosavlebis damokidebulebis
grafiki musulmanur da aramusulmanur qveynebSi, mu-
sulmanTa zRvruli %-is mniSvnelobiT.
grafiki 5 a).-dan Cans rom Semosavlebs Soris
damokidebuleba musulmanur da aramusulmanur
qveynebSi arsebobs erT erTeulze naklebi da imy-
ofeba 0.19-dan 0.24-mde diapazonSi.
167
grf. 5 b) saSualo wliuri sulobrivi Semosavali
musulmanur da aramusulmanur qveynebSi 50%-iani mniS-
vnelobiT.
Semosavlebis damokidebuleba musulmanur da
aramusulmanur qveynebs Soris tolia 0.23. sxva
sityvebiT, musulmanTa zRvruli 50%-iani mniS-
vnelobis piroebebSi, musulmanuri qveynebi msof-
lios danarCen aramusulmanur qveynebTan Sedar-
ebiT 4.4 –jer Raribia.
islamuri sazogadoeba warmoadgens adreqris-
tianuli sazogadoebis modernizebul saxes mevax-
Seobis akrZalvis, simdidris gakicxvis, SezRudu-
li kerZo sakuTrebis principebis SenarCunebiTa
da dacviT. damuSavebis procesSi myofi, igi did-
wilad orientirebulia ganawilebis procesis reg-
ulirebaze da ara warmoebaze, rac mniSvnelovnad
zRudavs misi SesaZleblobebis sferos. islami
monoTeisturi religiaa, sadac yofiereba dakav-
Sirebulia providenciasTan, da sadac ar xdeba
adamianis personifikacia. erTi mxriv, is qmnis
simSvidesa da moTminebas, xolo meore mxriv – fa-
168
talizms, rac ar iZleva did stimuls social-
ur_ekonomikuri cvlilebebisaTvis.8
induizmi. mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom
induizmi arc geografiuli da arc regionaluri
fenomenia. induizmi filosofiuri sistemaa. in-
duisturi msoflxedva arsebiTad holistikuria
da fokusirdeba brahmaSi. induizmis azrovneb-
is paradigma efuZneba erTianobis princips, sa-
dac primati eniWeba mTels, vidre mis romelime
nawils.9 induizmi warmoadgens universalur
gaazrebas. aq ekonomikuri saqmianoba dafuZnebu-
lia sulieri cxovrebisa, miwis pativiscemisa da
qvelmoqmedebis principebze. swored es princi-
pebi ganapiroebebs mewarmeobisa da komerciis
masStabebis zomierebas da xSirad maT mkacr
SezRudvebs.11 induizmis ekonomikaSi adgili
ara aqvs fasis moTxovna-miwodebis Teorias. es
aris sistema romelsac safuZvlad udevs dhar-
ma* da ara kaami.**
*dharma – dharma xSirad iTargmneba rogorc valdebule-
ba. magram unda aRiniSnos rom msoflio valdebulebis kono-
tacia SezRudulia, maSin rodesac dharmas gacilebiT farTo
mniSvneloba gaaCnia, igi kosmiuri datvirTvis matarebelia.
[ix. wyaro 198]
**kaami - igi sitva-sityviT aRniSnavs survils. Zalian
xSirad sayovelTao xmarebisas es sityva gamoiyeneba rogorc
erotiuli survilis aRmniSvneli. Tumca, misi WeSmariti mniS-
vneloba survilis yvela tips gulisxmobs [ix. wyaro 198]
169
grf. 6 a). sulobrivi Semosavlebis damokidebuleb-
is grafiki induistur da arainduistur qveynebSi in-
duistTa zRvruli %-is mniSvnelobiT.
grafiki 6 a).-dan Cans, rom Semosavlebs Soris
damokidebuleba induistur da arainduistur
qveynebSi imyofeba 0.08-dan 0.09-mde diapazonSi.
grf. 6 b) saSualo wliuri sulobrivi Semosavali
induistur da arainduistur qveyynebs Soris zRvruli
50%-iani mniSvnelobiT.
Semosavlebis damokidebuleba induistur da
170
arainduistur qveynebSi udris 0.086. sxva sityve-
biT, induistTa zRvruli 50%-iani mniSvnelobis
pirobebSi, induisturi qveynebi msoflios danarCen
arainduistur qveynebze 11.6 - jer Raribia. msof-
lios yvela religiebs Soris induisturi qveynebi
axdenen albaT yvelaze negatiur gavlenas msof-
lios qveynebis ekonomikaze.
induizmi icavs socialur sistemas, romelic
efuZneba varnas***, kastebsa da aSramebs****. ada-
mianTa keTildReobis xarisxi da maTi social-
uri mdgomareoba damokidebulia sakuTari kas-
tis dadgenilebebis zust Sesrulebaze. arsebuli
struqtura udides dabrkolebas qmnis induistu-
ri qveynebis progresis gzaze.12
budizmi. budizmi aris religia da filosofia,
romelic moicavs gansxvavebul tradiciebs rwme-
nebsa da gamocdilebebs. igi efuZneba sidxarta
gautamas swavlebas. 13
budisturi ekonomika warmoadgens ekonomikur
principTa krebuls, nawilobriv STagonebuls
budisturi rwmeniT, romelic mouwodebs adami-
anebs keTil saqmeTa keTebisaken humanuri poten-
cialis saTanado ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofis
mizniT.14 ungreli akademikosis laslo zolnais
Tanaxmad, budisturi ekonomika koncentrirebulia
survilis uaryofasa da adamianuri bunebis gan-
wmendaze. is cvlis dasavluri ekonomikis fuZem-
***varna [sanskr.] – Zvel indoeTSi: saerTo sax-
elwodeba 4 sazogadoebrivi jgufisa: brahmanebi-
sa, qSatriebisa, vaiSiebisa da Sudrebisa [ix. ucxo
sityvaTa leqsikoni, Tbilisi 1989, gv. 169].
****aSramebi - sulieri ganviTarebis stadiebi
[ix. wyaro 11]
171
deblur principebs – mogebis maqsimizacias, sur-
vilTa kultivirebas, arsebul bazrebs, samyaros
instrumentalur gamoyenebas da kerZo interese-
bze dafuZnebul eTikas. nacvlad amisa, budisturi
ekonomika axdens iseTi alternatiuli princi-
pebis SemoTavazebas, rogorebicaa: tanjvis minimi-
zacia, survilTa gaubraloeba, Zaladobaze uaris
Tqma, namdvili mzrunveloba da guluxvoba.15
grf. 7 a). sulobrivi Semosavlebis damokidebuleb-
is grafiki budistur da arabudistur qveynebs Soris
budistebis zRvruli %-is mniSvnelobiT.
grafiki 7 a).-dan Cans, rom Semosavlebs So-
ris damokidebuleba budistur da arabudistur
qveynebSi arsebiTad erT erTeulze naklebia da
imyofeba 0.15-dan 0-25-mde diapazonSi.
172
grf. 7 b) saSualo wliuri sulobrivi Semosavali
budistur da arabudistur qveynebs Soris zRvruli
50%-iani mniSvnelobiT.
Semosavlebs Soris damokidebuleba budistur
da arabudistur qveynebSi tolia 0.15. sxva sityve-
biT, budistTa zRvruli 50%-iani mniSvnelobis
pirobebSi, budisturi qveynebi msoflios danarCen
arabudistur qveynebze 6.7-jer Raribia.
budizmSi materialuri keTildReoba miCneu-
lia bunebriv jildod wminda cxovrebisaTvis.
imavdroulad mxardaWerilia TavSekavebuli-
uaryofiTi damokidebuleba vaWarsa da mewarmes-
Tan mimarTebaSi. es ki iwvevs sameurneo sistemis
formirebis SeuZleblobas, romelic orientire-
buli iqneboda materialuri sikeTis warmoebasa
da realizaciaze. arsebul yofasTan Semguebloba,
Cveuli cxovrebis wesis racionalizaciis SeuZle-
bloba samxreT aziis qveynebSi xels ar uwyobs
ekonomikur winsvlasa da ganviTarebas.16
iudaizmi. iudaizmi aris bevri ram: is aris re-
ligia, rituali, suliereba da erovnuloba.17 es
173
yvelaferi koncentrirdeba im xuT ZiriTad aqsio-
maSi, romlebic vlindeba ebraeli xalxis xasaiTsa
da urTierTobebSi. esenia: 1) qmnadobis procesSi
monawileoba; 2) kerZo sakuTrebis dacva; 3) sim-
didris dagroveba; 4) gaWirvebulebze zrunva; 5)
SezRuduli mmarTveloba.18
miuxedavad Rrma istoriuli fesvebisa, iudaizmi
iyo da rCeba ebraelTa religiad. garda israeli-
sa, sadac iudevelebi mosaxleobis 81.4%-s Sead-
genen, am religiis didi raodenobis mimdevarTa
qveynebis ricxvi praqtikulad ar arsebobs. amitom
Znelia msoflio ekonomikaze gavlenis Taobaze
saubari.
(SeniSvna #1 - grafikuli monacemebi aRebulia
eleqtronuli wyarodan: http://www.nideya.narod.ru/razdel14 htm; SeniSvna #2 –Semosavlebs Soris da-
mokidebuleba qristian da araqristian qveynebSi
gamoiTvleba formuliT:
Semosavlebis damokidebuleba = S.qr /S.araqr.
sadac,
S.qr – saSualo sulobrivi Semosavali qris-
tianul qveynebSi;
S.araqr – saSualo sulobrivi Semosavali
araqristianul qveynebSi;
am formulis Sesabamisad, Tu ki Semosavlebs So-
ris damokidebuleba erTze metia, maSin sulobrivi
Semosavali qristianul qveynebSi metia araqris-
tianuli qveynebis sulobriv Semosavalze, da piri-
qiT, roca SemosavlebSi damokidebuleba erTze na-
klebia, maSin sulobrivi Semosavali qristianul
qveynebSi naklebia araqristianuli qveynebis su-
lobriv Semosavalze. xolo rac Seexeba qristian-
Ta zRvrul mniSvnelobas gamosaxuls procentSi,
saerTaSoriso oficialuri statistikis mixedviT
roca romelime qveyanaSi qristianebi mosaxleobis
174
50%-ze naklebia, maSin es qveyana araqristianulia,
xolo Tu 50%-ze metia an toli, maSin es qveyana
qristianulia. am SemTxvevaSi sulobrivi Semosav-
lebi qristianul da araqristianul qveynebSi
tolia 5,1. Semosavlebs Soris damokidebulebis
gamosaTvleli formula motanilia qristianul
da araqristianul qveynebis magaliTze, romelic
danarCeni konmfesiebisTvisac msgavsi formiT
gamoiyeneba.)
literatura:
1. Зкономика и религя: от первоисточииков к современным концепциям, /liberty-belarus.info/.../Зкономика-и-религия – от-первоисточников-к-современным-концепциям.html
2. Christian Economics., www.allaboutworlldview.org/christian-economics.htm
3. http://www.dissercat.com/content/ekonomicheskie-aspekty-sovremennogo-sotisialnogo-ucheniya-katolicheskoi-tserkvi-ii-polovi...
4. Path dependency: религиозные ценности как фактор формирования социально – зкономических моделей. http://www.ecsocman.edu.ru/text. 16213418
5. Успех в бизнесе – протестантская трудовая зтика. Зкономический Кодекс Библии – Финансы и религии. bho-ga.ru>Cтатьи
6. E.C. Злбакаян, С.В. Медведко, Влиияние религиозных ценностеи на зкономические предпочтения верующих Россян., 2001., www.ecsocman. edu.ru/socis/msg/16690937.html
7. ix.wyaro 1.
8. Hans-Jonchim Hahn, Religion, Kultur, Wirtschaft – die Auswirkung von Wertesystemen auf das tägliche Leben und die Entscheidungen im Markt (Ein kurzer historisher Rückblick
175
und ein Kulturfergleich), www.professorenforum.de/professoren-forun/content/.../v07n03a3.pdf.
9. Ramayan And Hindu Economics., www.samarthbharat.com/files/ramayaneconomics.pdf.
10. What Is The Hindu View of Economics?, www.hindu-books.org/.../hinduism/hinduism.../page36.htm.
11. Индуизм, sr.artap.ru/induism.htm12. Buddhism – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.,
en.wikipedia.org./wiki/Buddhism13. Buddhist economics – Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia.,en.wikipedia.org./Wiki/Buddhist/economics14. http://laszlo-zsolnai.net/content/buddhist-economics-
busienss15. Мюрдаль Г., Современные проблемы третьего мира.,
М., Прогресс, 1972., С. 17616. Jewish Economics, www.jevishmag.com/48mag/eco-
nomics/economics.htm17. Jewish Theology and Economic Theory,www.action.org
>...>Religion&Liberty>Volume17, Number 1
176
Tavi 7. kultura da ekonomika
kultura, rogorc rTuli humanuri fenom-
eni udides gavlenas axdenda da axdens ekono-
mikaze. igi warmoadgens ekonomikis ganviTarebis
umniSvnelovanes faqtors, romelic Tavisi fa-
seulobebiT da normebiT gvevlineba adamianis
ekonomikuri qcevisa da SromiTi saqmianobis reg-
ulatorad. kultura asrulebs ekonomikuri gan-
viTarebis ,,sazogadoebrivi mexsierebis” rolsac,
asaxavs ra wina TaobaTa mier dagrovil ekonomi-
kur gamocdilebas, romelic gamoiyeneba Tanamed-
rove ekonomikur cxovrebaSi.1 kultura erTna-
irad zemoqmedebs materialuri sikeTis warmoebis,
ganawilebis da moxmarebis sferoebze, riTac ar-
sebul mocemulobaTa gaTvaliswinebiT warmoad-
gens ekonomikis ganviTarebis an mis Semaferxebel
faqtors. iqidan gamomdinare, rom ekonomika ar
warmoadgens sazogadoebis cxovrebis gamocalke-
vebul da TviTkmar sferos, aramed gamodis sazog-
adoebis sistemis erT-erTi qvesistemis saxiT, misi
rogorc calkeuli firmisa Tu dargis ise, mTli-
anad qveynis ekonomikis Seswavlisas SeuZlebelia
sxva faqtorebTan erTad kulturuli faqtorebis
ignorireba.2
istoriul rakursSi mecnier-ekonomistebis mxri-
dan sakmaod didi yuradReba eTmoba kulturuli
faqtorebis problemas ekonomikaSi. aq SeiZleba
gavixsenoT ekonomikuri azris adreul klasikos-
Ta da maTi gviandeli mimdevrebis Sromebi. magal-
iTad, a. smiti Tvlida, rom kulturas garkveuli
xarisxiT ZaluZs xeli Seuwyos mewarmeobis gan-
viTarebas.3 k. marqsi da f. engelsi aRniSnavdnen,
rom ekonomikuri mdgomareoba – es aris bazisi,
Tumca istoriuli brZolis msvlelobisas, misi
177
zednaSenis sxvadasxva momentebi aseve axdenen gav-
lenas da bevr SemTxvevaSi gansazRvraven kidec mi-
sive ganviTarebis upirates formas.4 sazogadoeb-
is sameurneo cxovrebaSi kulturuli faqtorebis
rolze saintereso azrs gamoTqvamdnen aseve T.
malTusi, J. b.. sei, s. sismondi, j. milli.
dRes ekonomikur mecnierebaSi kulturisa da
kulturuli faqtorebis cnebis Sesaxeb ar ar-
sebobs sistemuri warmodgena.5 aqedan gamomdin-
are, mocemul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi saWiro xdeba
disciplinaTaSorisi midgoma, rac gulisxmobs
problemis filosofiis, istoriis, sociologiisa
da sxva fundamentur mecnierebaTa WrilSi gaaz-
rebas.
istoriul-filosofiur WrilSi saintereso da
mniSvnelovania germaneli sociologis m. veberis
midgoma kulturuli faqtorebis rolze kapital-
isturi urTierTobebis aRmocenebis procesSi. es
midgoma warmoadgens uadress, magram is dResac
dominirebs ekonomikaSi. misi arsi mdgomareobs
masSi, rom kapitalizmi aris dasavleTevropuli
saozogadoebis ganviTarebis produqti, romlis
fenomenic atarebs universalur da zogadplane-
tarul xasiaTs da romelic institucionaluri da
kulturuli (religiuri) faqtorebis, gansakuTre-
bulad ki – protestantuli eTikis wyalobiT pi-
rvelad swored dasavleT evropaSi aRmocenda.6
gamorCeulad aRniSvnis Rirsia germanuli is-
toriuli skolis warmomadgenlebis Sexedulebebi
kulturis rolze ekonomikaSi. isini amtkicebdnen,
rom sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi ekonomikuri kanon-
ebi uSualodaa damokidebuli kulturul da is-
toriul garemoebebze.7
ekonomikisa da kulturis urTierTqmedebaTa
ganviTarebaSi Semdegi etapi dgeba amerikeli in-
178
stitucionalistebis (t. vebleni, j. komonsi, h. ad-
amsi, u. mitCeli, j. gelbreiti) SromebiT, romlebic
ganicdidnen germanuli ekonomikuri skolis did
gavlenas. Zveli institucionalistebi ekonomi-
kas ganixilavdnen, rogorc rTuli sistemis gan-
viTarebis dinamiur process Tavisi kulturuli
normebiTa da miTiTebebiT, romlebic zemoqmede-
ben adamianTa individualur qcevebze da pref-
erenciebze. aseve garkveul interess iwvevs maTi
Sexeduleba bazris Sesaxeb, romelsac institu-
cionalistebi ganixilavdnen rogorc kulturul
fenomens, romelic gavlenas axdens sazogadoebri-
vi qcevis normebze.8
1920-1930-ian wlebSi Zveli institucionalisteb-
is Sromebi Canacvlebuli iqna neoklasikosTa kv-
levebiT, romlebic aqtiurad nergavdnen ekonomika-
Si statistikisa da maTematikis uaxles meTodebs,
riTac keinsianurma revoluciam didi xniT moswy-
vita ekonomikuri azri kulturisa da ekonomikis
urTierTobis problemas. am periodSi yuradRebis
centrSi imyofeba wonasworobis mdgomareobis
Seswavlis problema.
mocemuli naklovanebebis aRmofxvras ekonomi-
kaSi Seecada axali institucionaluri ekonomi-
kuri Teoria, romelic 1970-ian wlebSi aSS-Si aR-
mocenda da saTaves iRebs, r. kouzis naSromidan
,,firmis buneba”. Tumca aRniSnuli Teoriis sruli
gafurCqvna dakavSirebulia o. uiliamsonis Srome-
bTan, sadac pirvelad iqna gamoyenebuli termini
,,transaqciuli xarjebi”.9
miuxedavad imisa, rom uiliamsonis SromebSi
kulturul faqtors arc Tu ise didi yuradReba
eTmoba, misi mimdevrebisa da kolegebis SromebSi
xdeba am problemis Sevseba magaliTad, e. laz-
eri Tvlida, rom kulturas ZaluZs erTi mxriv
179
xeli Seuwyos transaqciuli xarjebis Semcire-
bas, xolo meore mxriv – gamoiwvios misi zrda.10
amgvarad, kulturuli faqtorebi Cndebian firmis
specifikur aqtivebad. aq mxedvelobaSia uwinare-
sad firmis organizaciuli kultura.
Tuki e. lazeri da misi Tanamoazreni kulturas
ganixilaven funqcionaluri midgomis poziciidan,
istoriul-komparatiuli institucionaluri ana-
lizis warmomadgenlebi kulturas upiratesobas
ama Tu im sameurneo sistemis istoriuli Tavise-
burebebis poziciidan aniWeben. 11
me-20 saukunis bolo aTwleulebis ekonomikuri
Teoriebi kulturasTan mimarTebaSi pirobiTad
SeiZleba daiyos or ZiriTad formalistur da
substanciur mimarTulebad, rac Tavis modelSi
moicavs kulturul aspeqtebs. formalistebisaT-
vis aqtiurobis umcires sameurneo erTeuls <homo oeconomicus>warmoadgens. kulturul da social-
ur kavSirebs mowyvetili is iRebs ekonomikur
racionalizms da miiswrafvis mwiri resursebiT
sakuTari sargeblis maqsimizirebisaken. maTTvis
kultura da kulturuli urTierTobebi warmoad-
gens ekonomikis Sedegs da ara mis msazRvrels.
meore mxares arian substantivistebi da institu-
cionaluri ekonomikis warmomadgeneli, nobelian-
ti amartia seni. isini adamians ganixilaven mor-
alur da kulturul arsebad, romlis ekonomikuri
qmedebebi emorCileba garkveul wesebsa da Sez-
Rudvebs, da romlisTvisac ar aris mTavari mx-
olod ekonomikuri mogebis maqsimizacia. isini
materialuri sikeTis warmoebas, mimoqcevasa da
ganawilebas Seiswavlian Sesabamis socialur da
kulturul konteqstSi.12
Tanamedrove ekonomikuri mecniereba erTi Sexed-
viT gverds uvlis kulturis faqtors. ukanasknel
180
wlebSi gardamavali ekonomikis mqone qveynebis
gamocdilebam aCvena, rom sakmarisi ar aris kerZo
seqtoris dafuZneba, bazrebis liberalizacia da
fuladi stabilizacia. saWiroa kulturis, rogorc
ekonomikis funqcionirebis winapirobis arsebobac,
radgan eWvgareSea, rom tradiciebi da Cveulebebi,
rogorc kulturis organulad Semadgeneli ele-
mentebi damaxasiaTebeli eTnosebisaTvis, konfesia-
TaTvis da mosaxleobis jgufebisaTvis, seriozul
gavlenas axdens maT ekonomikur miRwevebze.
am mxriv sainteresoa cnobili amerikeli mec-
nieris, saxelmwifo marTvis sferos specialistis
edvard benfildis mier 1958 wels Sesrulebuli
kvlevis Sedegebi. misi azriT, ama Tu im qveynis
ganviTarebis dabali tempebi mocemul qveyanaSi
Camoyalibebuli da arsebuli kulturuli siste-
miT SeiZleba aixsnas.13
aseve amerikelma politologma robert patmen-
ma 1993 wels wamoayena hipoteza, romlis Tanax-
mad, rac ufro ,,altruistulia” sazogadoeba, miT
maRalia masSi moqedi politikuri da saxelmwifo
struqturebis xarisxi.14
istorikosma da ekonomistma devid landesma
daasabuTa, rom arsebobs pirdapiri kavSiri sax-
elmwifos erovnuli ekonomikis warmatebebsa da
misi mosaxleobis iseT Tvisebebs Soris, rogori-
caa: ekonomiuroba da momWirneoba, patiosneba da
Semwynarebloba, xolo iseTi Tvisebebi ki, rogor-
icaa: qsenofobia, religiuri Seuwynarebloba, ko-
rufcia mosaxleobis farTo masebis siRaribesa
da ekonomikis ganviTarebis dabal tempebs gana-
pirobebs. devid landesi eTanxmeba maqs veberis
mosazrebas ekonomikur warmatebaSi religiis
mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. igi wers, rom Tu Cven Tvals
gadavavlebT msoflio ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
181
istorias, mivalT daskvnamde, rom ekonomikuri gan-
viTarebis doneebSi qveynebis TiTqmis yvela gansx-
vaveba kulturiT aixsneba.15
aviTarebs ra landesis Tezas, iaponeli ekono-
misti iosixara kunio aRniSnavs: ,,iaponiis warmate-
buli ganviTarebis erT-erTi mizezi dakavSirebu-
lia masTan, rom amas xels uwyobda misi kultura.
iaponelebi did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen: 1) mate-
rialur mosazrebebs; 2) Sromismoyvareobas; 3) da-
nazogebs momavlisaTvis; 4) ganaTlebasa da koleq-
tivizms.16
italielma ekonomistma gvido tabelinim gaa-
naliza ganaTlebis done da politikuri insti-
tutebis xarisxi evropis 69 regionSi. igi Catare-
buli kvlevis Sedegad mivida im daskvnamde, rom
mSp-is moculoba da ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi
maRalia im regionebSi, sadac adgili aqvs urTi-
erTndobas, adamianis individualur iniciativaSi
rwmenas da kanonisadmi morCilebas. misi azriT,
,,arsebuli kulturul TaviseburebebTan uSu-
alod aris dakavSirebuli ara mxolod evropis
regionebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xasiaTi da
buneba, aramed calkeuli qveynebis ekonomikuri da
institucionaluri ganviTarebac...” 17
swavluli ekonomistebi luiji guizo, paula
sapienza da luiji zingalesi amtkiceben, rom
kultura pirdapir zemoqmedebas axdens ekonomi-
kaze. maT miaCniaT, rom grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi
swored ekonomikuri sistema da ara sawarmoo ur-
TierTobani ayalibebs Tavad sazogadoebis kul-
turas. miuxedavad amisa, kulturuli faseulobebi
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Sesabamisad yovelTvis
ar ganicdis cvlilebas. esoden neli cvlile-
bebis mizezi kulturul ganviTarebaSi aixsneba
memkvidreobiTi informaciis Taobidan TaobaSi
182
gadacemis midrekilebasa da swrafvaSi mocemuli
informaciis gaazrebisa da adaptaciis gareSe
Tanamedroveobis moTxovnebTan mimarTebaSi, rac
asaxvas poulobs kidec qcevis garkveuli stere-
otipebis mTeli cxovrebis manZilze SenarCuneba-
Si.18 amgvarad, tradiciebi mas Semdegac ganagr-
Zobs arsebobas, roca isini xdeba usargeblo da
moZvelebuli.
kultura da ekonomika warmoadgens Tanamedrove
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis or sabaziso katego-
rias. pirvels meoresTan mimarTebaSi uSualo gav-
lenis Tviseba gaaCnia. kultura akumulirebs da
translirebs sazogadoebis gansazRvrul sabazo
faseulobebs, romlebsac eyrdnoba rogorc komer-
ciuli ise saxelmwifo ekonomikuri institutebi:
reklama, korporatiuli kulturis formireba, sti-
li, personalTan muSaoba, sazogadoebasTan kavSiri
da a.S. kulturis sferos socialuri partnioroba
biznesTan gamodis ra samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
formirebis meqanizmad, xels uwyobs mis TviTgan-
viTarebas da amaRlebs garemos mniSvnelobas.19
tradiciuli kulturuli faseulobebi miCneu-
li unda iqnes rogorc ekonomikis myari ganviTare-
bis safuZveli.20 isini gansazRvraven adamianis
Sexedulebebs cxovrebaze, mis damokidebulebas
garemosTan da mimdinare movlenebTan, da umTavre-
si, isini CarTulni arian adamianuri qcevis moti-
vaciaSi, gansazRvraven ra mTel mis moqmedebas, maT
Soris ekonomikur qcevas, da motivaciis meqanizmis
saSualebiT kulturis sulieri faseulobebi da
normebi aregulireben adamianTa ekonomikur qme-
debebs.21 amgvarad, ekonomikur qcevebSi arsebobs
kulturuli dimensia. 22
magram arsebobs kardinalurad sapirispiro
Sexedulebebic, sadac ignorirebulia kulturis
183
dominanturi faqtori ekonomikur urTierTobeb-
Si. ase magaliTad, piter j. bietke dgas sapirisp-
iro poziciaze, rodesac is ganixilavs kulturis
mniSvnelobas ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis. mis-
Tvis naklebad mniSvnelovania is Tu ra tipis sa-
zogadoeba (es iqneba qristianuli, musulmanuri,
iudaisturi, Tu gnebavT aTeisturi) monawileobs
am procesSi. misTvis gadamwyvetia politikuri da
ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis institutebis arsebo-
ba. iq, sadac ar arsebobs imgvari institutebi da
politika, romelic uzrunvelyofs kerZo sakuTre-
bis garantiebs, xelSekrulebaTa dadebis Tavisu-
flebas, saxelmwifo regulirebis SezRudulobas,
finansur disciplinas da vaWrobis Tavisuflebas,
SeuZlebelia ekonomikur zrdasa da ganviTarebaze
saubari. bietke miiCnevs, rom ra upiratesobasac
ar unda flobdes esa Tu is kultura, ar moxdeba
misi realizeba, Tu am sivrceSi ar iarsebebs zemoT
aRniSnuli faqtorebi.23 kulturuli faqtorebi
mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen ekonomikur ganvi-
Tarebaze, Tumca ekonomikuri ganviTarebis zrdis
tempebze aseve didi gavlenas axdens sazogadoeb-
is ekonomikur da politikur institutebs Soris
gansxvavebulobac, risi naTeli magaliTic aris
CrdiloeT da samxreT korea, maTi ekonomikuri gan-
viTarebis masStabebs Soris arsebuli sxvadasx-
vaoba, am ori qveynis saerTo kulturuli erTobis
miuxedavad.24 maSasadame, amis axsna SeuZlebelia
mxolod ekonomikuri institutebisa da saxelmwi-
fo politikas Soris arsebuli sxvadasxvaobiT. im
qveynebSi, sadac daculia kerZo sakuTrebis ufle-
ba, ar izRudeba saxelmwifo regulirebis masSta-
bebi, ar tardeba gonivruli da pasuxismgeblobis
mqone finansuri politika, ar arsebobs vaWrobis
Tavisufleba, saeWvoa miRweul iqnas ekonomikuri
184
zrda. ama Tu im qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis
gasaRebi mdgomareobs ara mosaxleobis kultu-
rul tradiciebSi, aramed ekonomikur Tavisufle-
baSi. kultura SesaZloa axdens garkveul zegav-
lenas ekonomikur situaciebze, magram umTavresi
faqtori, romelic ganapirobebs qveynebs Soris
arsebul ekonomikuri maCveneblebis gansxvavebu-
lobas, aris is TamaSis wesebi, rac gansazRvravs
adamianebs Soris erTmaneTze, da maTsa da bune-
briv resursebs Soris urTierTqmedebas.25
miuxedavad zemoT motanili sakamaod safuZv-
liani mtkicebulebisa imis Taobaze, rom ekono-
mikis ganviTarebis procesSi kultura ar Ta-
maSobs gadamwyvet rols, albaT SeuZlebeli
iqneboda misi am formiT upirobod miReba, radgan
didi xnidanaa cnobili, rom sxvadasxva qveynebis
da xalxis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis doneSi gan-
sxvaveba aixsneba ara mxolod ekonomikur-poli-
tikuri faqtorebiT, Tundac es iyos ,,warmoebis
faqtorebi”, aramed didwilad swored kulturuli
faqtorebiTac. magaliTad, zemoT naxseneb mecni-
er-ekonomistebs l. zingales. p. sapienzas da l.
guizos SemoaqvT ,,samoqalaqo kapitalis” cneba,
rac warmoadgens moqalaqeobriobis maCvenebels
da amave dros ,,socialuri kapitalis” koncefci-
is erT-erT variants, romlis arsic mdgomareobs
sazogado keTildReobis miRwevisaTvis sakuTari
resursebis uSurvelad gaRebaSi. ,,socialuri kap-
italis” meore formas ,,moqalaqeobriobasTan” er-
Tad warmoadgens iseTi kulturuli faqtori, ro-
goricaa ,,ndoba”, romelic ,,moqalaqeobriobasTan”
erTad udides gavlenas axdens sazogadoebis
ekonomikur ganviTarebaze, rasac mowmobs Sem-
degi statistikuri monacemebic: magaliTad, af-
rikis qveynebSi (mcireodenis gamoklebiT) ndobis
185
xarisxi rom iyos iseTive maRali, rogoricaa Sve-
deTSi, maSin zogierTi SefasebiT mSp-is moculoba
Sav kontinentze iqneboda 546%-iT, xolo ruseTsa
da meqsikaSi 60%-iT ufro meti vidre axla.26 ra-
sakvirvelia, am ricxvebis absolutur WeSmarite-
bad miReba ar SeiZleba, Tumca maTi xelaRebiT
ugulebelyofac SeuZlebelia.
iseTi cnobili amerikeli ekonomisti, rogori-
caa prof. jefri saqsi, romelic zogadad skepti-
kurad aris ganwyobili ekonomikaSi kulturuli
faqtorebis mimarT, mainc saWirod miiCnevs aRi-
aros am ukanasknelis gavlena ekonomikur urTi-
erTobebsa da Sedegebze.27 misi azriT, ,,maSinac ki,
roca xelisufleba seriozulad cdilobs qvey-
nis modernizebas, ganviTarebis dabrkolebad Sesa-
Zlebelia iqces kulturuli garemo. ase magali-
Tad, kulturul an religiur normebs SeuZliaT
xeli SeuSalon qalebs sakuTari rolis TamaSSi
am procesSi, ris Sedegadac mosaxleobis naxe-
vari moklebuli iqneba ekonomikur da politikur
uflebebs...”. 28
kulturul planSi qveynebi rasakvirvelia gan-
sxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, rac imas niSnavs, rom
sxvadasxvagvar kulturul normebs ZaluZT didi
an mcire xarisxiT xeli Seuwyon ama Tu im in-
stitucionaluri garemos aRqmas. ekonomikuri
TvalsazrisiT kultura aris adamianTa qcevebis
TviTregulirebis instrumenti, e.i. mas SeuZlia
Seamciros an gazardos xarjebi gansazRvruli
TamaSis wesebis uzrunvelyofaze. Tuki qcevis
wesebi, romlebic xels uwyobs ekonomikuri keTil-
dReobis zrdas, konkretuli kulturuli sivrcis
farglebSi aRiqmeba aralegitimurad, meTvalyure-
obis mZlavri sistemis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi,
isini ubralod arc ki iqneba daculi. xarjebi
186
amgvar meTvalyuraobaze SesaZloa iyos imdenad
didi, rom mocemuli socialuri mowyobis mxardaW-
era aRmoCndes SeuZlebeli29 da piriqiT, kultu-
ruli legitimaciis pirobebSi izrdeba kulturis
elementebis zemoqmedeba adamianTa qcevebze, rom-
lebic xarjebis minimizaciis dros pozitiur gav-
lenas axdenen ekonomikur ganviTarebaze.
rogorc zemoT iqna aRniSnuli, qveynebi mosax-
leobis ufro maRali kulturuli doniT flo-
ben gacilebiT ufro ganviTarebul ekonomikas.
msgavs SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi moiazreba ama Tu
im eris sulieri da inteleqtualuri potenciali.
magram, CvenTvis aseve mniSvnelovania kulturis
rogorc mosaxleobis sayofacxovrebo da qce-
viTi kulturisa da aseve, sazogadoebrivi mora-
lis mdgomareoba, im pirobebSi rodesac kultu-
ra gavlenas axdens ekonomikuri urTierTobebisa
da ekonomikis ganviTarebis doneze zneobrivi da
civilizaciis xelSemwyobi orientirebis SeTava-
zebiT mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis.30
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ganviTarebasa da
sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi ukanaskneli aT-
wleulis ganmavlobaSi momxdarma kardinalur-
ma cvlilebebma ekonomikur da kulturul kav-
SirurTierTobebs SesZina globaluri xasiaTi. am
ormxriv urTierTobebSi ganuzomlad gaizarda
kulturuli kapitalis, rogorc adamianur qmede-
baTa ganmsazRvreli faqtoris roli ekonomika-
Si. kulturuli kapitali, warmomdgari adamianis
sulieri simdidris saxiT sabaziso faseulobebis,
normebis, principebis, inteleqtualur, moralur-
zneobriv da socialur maxasaiaTeblebis for-
maSi, realizirdeba sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi,
romelic amave sazogadoebisaTvis iZleva damate-
biT socialur-ekonomikur sargebels. Tanamed-
187
rove ekonomikur mecnierebaSi aRiarebulia, rom
kulturuli kapitali warmoadgens damoukidebel
ekonomikur kategorias, romelic uzrunvelyofs
ekonomikur zrdas da ra drosac igi zemoqmedebs
ekonomikuri kapitalis sxva saxeobebze.31
kulturuli kapitalis rolis Sesafaseblad
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofaSi gamoi-
yeneba ori ZiriTadi kategoria – Canacvlebis
(substitution category) kategoria da mdgradi ganvi-
Tarebis (sustainable development category) kategoria.
ekonomikuri kapitalis zogierTi saxeoba, ro-
gorc ekonomikuri zrdis faqtorebi, SesaZlebe-
lia Canacvlebul iqnas kapitalis sxva saxeobe-
biT. kerZod, rogorc vxedavT Cvens Tvalwin xdeba
imgvari procesi, roca kulturuli kapitali Tan-
daTanobiT anacvlebs sawarmoo da fizikur kapi-
tals ekonomikuri zrdis SesaZleblobis uzrun-
velyofaSi da mniSvnelovania is, rom es tendencia
kidev ufro Zlierdeba. amave dros unda aRiniSnos
isic rom kulturuli resursebis mimarT agde-
buli damokidebuleba iwvevs ekonomikuri zrdis
tempebis Senelebas. kulturuli kapitalis buneba
Tavisi arsiT warmoadgens imgvar fenomens, rom
misi degradaciis procesi xdeba Seuqcevadi da
amcirebs Semdgomi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Sesa-
Zleblobebs, maSin roca kulturuli kapitalis
SenarCuneba-dacva uzrunvelyofs ekonomikur zr-
das.32
kulturis cnebis qveS igulisxmeba ZiriTadad
saerTo faseulobaTa sistema, romelic gansaz-
Rvravs adamianTa qcevis formebs mocemul sa-
zogadoebaSi. industriamdel sazogadoebaSi mas
ayalibebs religia da igi xasaiTdeba neli cvli-
lebebiT. magram, industrializaciisa da moderni-
zaciis Tanamdevi procesebis kvaldakval, rogorc
188
wesi faseulobaTa es sistema xdeba ufro saero,
racionaluri da gaxsnili cvlilebebisaTvis.33
aucilebelia imis aRniSvna, rom kulturuli,
iseve rogorc religiuri faqtori ar aris er-
TaderTi faqtori, romelic gansazRvravs ekono-
mikur qcevebs da ar gaaCnia eqskluziuri gavlena
calkeuli qveynisa Tu romelime regionis ekono-
mikur maCveneblebze.34 miuxedavad amisa kultura
TamaSobs mniSvnelovan rols ekonomikur maCven-
eblebze, imdenad ramdenadac mas SeuZlia gavlenis
moxdena xalxTa qcevebze danazogebTan, aRzr-
dasTan, Sromis eTikasTan da a.S. mimarTebaSi.
rogorc zogadad kulturas, ise konkretulad
kulturis TiToeul formas gaaCnia Tavisi, saku-
Tari unikaluri pozitiuri da negatiuri kompo-
nentebi, magram pozitiur komponentebs avtomatu-
rad ar ZaluZT ukeTesi ekonomikuri maCveneblebis
Seqmna sxva iseTi aucilebeli pirobebis gareSe,
rogorebicaa: ekonomikuri politika, efeqturi in-
stituciebi, xelsayreli msoflio ekonomikuri
mdgomareobebi, politikuri stabiluroba da a.S.
sxva sityvebiT mxolod xelsayrel ekonomikur da
politikur garemoSi xdeba kultura ekonomikuri
zrdis xelSemwyobi. swored amiT SeiZleba aixs-
nas CineTis, konfucianelobis samSoblos saocari
ekonomikuri miRwevebi ekonomikuri reformebis
gasuli ori dekadis ganmavlobaSi.35
ekonomikasa da kulturas Soris arsebuli ur-
TierTqmedeba iZleva qveyanaSi mimdinare ekonomi-
kuri gardaqmnebis xasiaTsa da socialur-kultu-
rul meqanizmebs (e.i. adaminTa cxovelmoqmedebisa
da qcevebis faseulobiT-normatiul regulaciebs)
Soris kavSiris gamorkvevis SesaZleblobas. sa-
zogadoebaSi socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTareba
da sxva cvlilebebi gulisxmobs adamianebis mier
189
axali codnis, ideebis, normebis, faseulobebis, qce-
vis nimuSebisa da modelebis SeTvisebas. msgavsi
procesi Zalzed mniSvnelovania adamianTa qceveb-
isa da saqmianobis socialur-kulturuli regu-
lirebis meqanizmebis aqtivizaciis dros, romelic
iZleva progresuli gamocdilebisa, da informaci-
is gadacemisa da gavrcelebis SesaZleblobebs.
amgvari regulireba amartivebs da aCqarebs axal
faseulobaTa da normaTa SeTvisebas, rac Tavis
mxriv uzrunvelyofs maT komfortul arsebobas
dinamiurad cvalebad ekonomiur pirobebSi.36
Tanamedrove postindustriul sazogadoebaSi
kultura xdeba ekonomikuri progresis erT-erTi
strategiuli faqtorTagani. kulturis rolisa
da mniSvnelobis zrda sazogadoebaSi asaxvas pou-
lobs misi ganviTarebis ekonomikur maCvenebleb-
Sic – mTeli ekonomikuri struqturis absolutur
da SefardebiT parametrebSi.37
dRes ukve yvelasaTvis cxadia, rom ekonomikis
mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroa ara mxolod
mecniereba, teqnologiebi, aramed WeSmariti kul-
turis arsebobac. aqedan warmodgeba ekonomikisa
da kulturis daaxloebis mwvave aucileblo-
ba. ekonomika uzrunvelyofs sayofacxovrebo
pirobebs. adamiani misgan iRebs simdidresa da
keTildReobas. kultura ki garkveulwilad ani-
Webs adamianis cxovrebas azrs da gansazRvravs
mis miznebs.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ganviTarebasa da
sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi ukanaskneli aT-
wleulis ganmavlobaSi momxdarma kardinalurma
cvlilebebma ekonomikur da kulturul kavSirur-
TierTobebs SesZina globaluri xasaiaTi.
dRes ekonomikasa da kulturas Soris arsebul
urTierTdamokidebulebas axasiaTebs gardatexis
190
momenti. maTi daaxloeba imyofeba sawyis stadiaze,
Tumca am warmatebaze bevrad aris damokidebuli
kacobriobis gadarCena. ekonomika unda iyos ara-
mxolod efeqtiani, aramed ekologiuri da humanu-
ric. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi adamiani da buneba
ganwirulia degradaciisaTvis, rRvevisaTvis da
daRupvisaTvis.38
ekonomikisa da kulturis kavSirurTierTobani
azrs iZens modernizaciis konteqstSi. kulturul
faseulobaTa mimarT mcire erTguleba, gulgrili
damokidebuleba irgvlivmyofTa, bunebis mimarT,
cvlilebis mimarT gaxsnilobis ararseboba se-
riozul bariers qmnis modernizaciis gzaze.39
amitom, socialuri sabazro ekonomikisaTvis au-
cilebelia gansazRvruli kulturuli bazisi,40
sadac kultura ganixileba rogorc realurobis
axsna-ganmartebisa da Sefasebis sistema.41
ekonomikuri warmateba aris xangrZlivi gan-
viTarebis procesis Sedegi, romelic ekonomikur
da kulturul sivrceTa integraciiT miiRweva.
kultura mniSvnelovan zemoqmedebas axdens ekono-
mikis ganviTarebaze. am procesSi mxedvelobaSi mi-
iReba kulturuli faqtorebisa da kulturuli
cvlilebebis problema, romelTa gaTvaliswinebac
xels uwyobs msoflioSi ekonomikuri ganviTare-
bis procesebis arsebiT daCqarebas.
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194
nawili II. biznesis eTika
195
Tavi 1. ra aris biznesis eTika?
$1.1. biznesis eTika da misi mniS-vneloba
vidre uSualod SevexebodeT biznesis eTikas
da mis mniSvnelobas, marTebuli iqneba Tu or saw-
yis kiTxvas vupasuxebT:
1. ra aris eTika ?
2. ra aris biznesi ?
eTika (berZ. ethike<ēthos-zne) filosofiuri mec-
nierebaa zneobis, moralis Sesaxeb. igi exeba mor-
alisa da gonis gamoyenebas konkretuli wesebisa
da principebis garkvevisaTvis, romlebic gansaz-
Rvraven “sworis” da “arasworis” sakiTxebs neb-
ismier mocemul situaciaSi. eTika ganuyofelia
yoveldRiuri yofisagan rogorc calkeuli ada-
mianis cxovrebaSi, ise korporaciul samyaroSi.
cdilobs ra sworis arasworisagan garCevas, eTika
ayalibebs sasurvel damokidebulebas sazogadoe-
briv garemoebaTa gansazRvrul situaciaSi, iTval-
iswinebs moralur kodeqsebs, normebs, rwmenebsa da
praqtikas.
biznesi (ingl. business – saqme, saqmianoba) ga-
nixileba rogorc ekonomikuri saqmianoba da
ukavSirdeba saqonlis / momsaxurebis uwyvet da
regularul warmoeba – ganawilebas. Tanamedrove
gagebiT biznesi aRniSnavs warmoebisa da vaWrobis
erTian kompleqss kerZo seqtorSi da gulisxmobs
mogebis miRebas da Semdgom samewarmeo saqmianobas.
biznesSi warmodgenili subieqtebi _ sawarmo, kom-
pania Tu firma warmoadgens organizacias, romel-
ic myisierad reagirebs bazris moTxovnebze, ori-
entirebulia momxmareblebze, swavlobs ra maT
196
molodinebs survilebTan da fasebTan mimarTeba-
Si, da romlis saqmianobac determinirebulia so-
cialuri pasuxismgeblobis niSniT.
ramodenime aTeuli wlis win, biznesis mzardi
sazogadoebrivi gavlenis Sedegad aSS-Si rogorc
diskretuli sagani aRmocenda biznesis eTika. bi-
znesis eTika exeba moraluri principebis Seswav-
las, rac iZleva adamianebsa da garemoze bizne-
sorganizaciebis saqmianobis xarisxisa da efeqtis
Sefasebis SesaZleblobas.
biznesis, anu korporaciuli eTika aris gamoy-
enebiTi eTikis forma, romelic ikvlevs eTikur
principebsa da problemebs aRmocenebulT bi-
znesis garemoSi. es Aaris moraluri samarTlis
specialuri sfero, koncentrirebuli moraluri
standartebis gamoyenebaze biznesinstituciebis
irgvliv. biznesis eTika exeba biznesis warmarT-
vis yvela aspeqts da relevanturia calkeul
pirebTan, organizaciebTan Tu mTel sazogadoe-
basTan mimarTebaSi. biznesis eTika aris swavleba
biznessituaciebis, biznessaqmianobebisa da biznes-
gadawyvetilebebis Sesaxeb, sadac sworis da aras-
wori sakiTxebi ganixileba,1 anu is fokusirdeba
msgavsi moraluri standartebis identificirebaze,
Tu rogor gamoiyeneba isini moqmedebebSi rogorc
biznesinstituciebis SigniT, ise sxva Sesabamis
organizaciebTan mimarTebaSi. aqve SevniSnavT, rom
“sworis” da “arasworis” cnebebSi igulisxmeba
moralurad swori da moralurad araswori, gan-
sxvavebiT magaliTad, komerciulad, strategiulad
an finansurad sworis an arasworisagan.
biznesis eTikis mier sworis da arasworis gan-
sazRvris TvalsazrisiT, bunebrivad Cndeba kiTxva
samarTalTan dakavSirebiT, radgan es ukanaskneli
xom aseve exeba sworis da arasworis sakiTxTa
197
garkvevas. diax, namdvilad arsebobs mniSvnelovani
damTxveva eTikasa da samarTals Soris. sinamd-
vileSi, samarTali arsebiTad warmoadgens eTikis
institucionalizacias anu kodifikacias konk-
retul socialur normebSi, regulaciebsa da
proskrifciebSi. miuxedavad amisa, isini mainc ar
arian ekvivalenturi, magram eTika da samarTali
savsebiT SesaZlebelia gaazrebul iqnas rogorc
ori urTierTgadamkveTi dargi. kanonma SeiZleba
isaubros qcevis misaRebi standartebis gansaz-
Rvrebaze, Tumca bevri moralurad sakamaTo sak-
iTxi biznesSi, rig SemTxvevaSi aSkarad ver pou-
lobs asaxvas samarTalSi. magaliTad, mravali
sawarmos mier sakuTari produqciis cxovelebze
gamocda. analogiuri msjeloba SeiZleba sakiTx-
ebze, romlebic ganekuTvnebian samarTlis sferos,
magram ar ukavSirdebian eTikas. magaliTad, kanon-
iT daregulirebuli satransporto mimosvlis
wesebi. garkveuli azriT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bi-
znesis eTika iwyeba iq, sadac mTavrdeba kanoni.
meti sicxadisaTvis, _ biznesis eTikas upiratesad
exeba is sakiTxebi romlebic ar ganekuTvnebian
samarTlis sferos, an sadac ar arsebobs gansaz-
Rvruli konsensusi Tu ra aris “swori” da ra
– “araswori”. swored am mizeziT xSirad ismis _
biznesis eTika biznesis ruxi sferoa, an rogorc
mis Sesaxeb amerikelma mecnierebma Camoayalibes:
‘faseulobebi imyofebian konfliqtSi’2. rogorc
gamocdileba aCvenebs, swored biznesis eTikis am
rux sferoSi, anu iq sadac faseulobaTa konfliq-
tia, xdeba problemaTa gadawyvetis mcdeloba, rac
mianiSnebs maszed, rom jer kidev mravali sakamaTo
da gaurkveveli sakiTxi rCeba Riad da bundovnad.
swored amitom da amgvar situaciebSi biznesis
eTikas eniWeba gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba zneo-
198
brivad dasabuTebuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis
TvalsazrisiT, vinaidan sazogadoebam kargad uwyis
msoflioSi cnobili biznesskandalebis Sesaxeb,
roca korporaciebi arRvevdnen sazogadoebaSi say-
ovelTaod miRebul qcevis wesebsa Tu standartebs.
kerZod, kompaniebi manipulirebdnen finansebiT,
raTa eCvenaT ukeTesi balansi vidre sinamdvileSi
gaaCndaT. adgili hqonda toqsikuri narCenebis mdi-
nareebSi Cadinebis, biznessaqmianobis gasaumjobese-
blad moqrTamvis, bavSvTa Sromis faqtebs. xSiri
iyo diskriminaciuli praqtikis SemTxvevebic, rac
xels uSlida garkveuli jgufebis wevrTa dasaqme-
basa da Semdgom dawinaurebas.3 maSin rodesac sa-
warmoebi moqmedeben araeTikurad, farTo sazoga-
doebisaTvis maTi saqmianoba xdeba moralurad
miuRebeli amgvar mizezTa gamo ukanasknel xans
dasavleTSi biznesis eTikam SeiZina gansakuTrebu-
li aqtualoba da is Zalzed cnobili biznesTema
gaxda, romlis irgvliv debatebi atarebs sistemur
xasiaTs da amave dros iwvevs sazogadoebis did
interess. media mudmivad fokusirebs korporaci-
ul darRvevebsa da araeTikur qcevebze. Sedegad
ki, Tavad firmebi sul ufro aRiareben eTikis, an
ukidures SemTxvevaSi eTikis ganxilvis faqtors
biznesis warmatebaSi.
yovelive zemoT Tqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT Segvi-
Zlia movaxdinoT ZiriTad mizezTa CamonaTvali, Tu
ratom aris biznesis eTika mniSvnelovani: dRes bi-
znesis Zalaufleba da gavlena sazogadoebaze gac-
ilebiT didia, vidre odesme yofila. movlenebi* cx-
*igulisxmeba globaluri transnacionaluri korpora-
ciebis sazogadoebaze, erovnul ekonomikebsa da garemoze
uxeSi Carevisa da mzardi gavlenis gamo bolo aTwleulis
masobrivi gamosvlebi sietlis, stokholmis, genuis, londonis,
niu orkisa da msoflios sxva didi qalaqebis quCebSi.
199
adyofs, rom sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani nawilis
SeSfoTeba ukavSirdeba swored amgvar procesebs.
biznesis eTika gvexmareba gavigoT Tu ratom xde-
ba es, rogori SeiZleba iyos misiT gamowveuli
Sedegebi, da rogor SegviZlia ganvixiloT msgavsi
situaciebi.
1. biznesis kanonsawinaaRmdego moqmedebebs
gaaCniaT potenciali, raTa uzarmazari ziani miay-
enon calkeul pirovnebebs, sazogadoebriv jgufeb-
sa da garemos. gvexmareba ra gavigoT gacilebiT
meti amgvar kanonsawinaaRmdego saqmianobis mize-
zebsa da Sedegebze, biznesis eTika eZiebs adamianis
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis SesaZleblobebs.
2. biznesisadmi wayenebuli moTxovna iyos
eTikuri sakuTar aqcionerebTan, xdeba sul ufro
kompleqsuri da moTxovnadi. biznesis eTika gvTa-
vazobs am problemebis naTlad Sefasebisa da
gagebis saSualebebs, raTa firmebma SeZlon efeq-
turad daakmayofilon es eTikuri molodinebi.
3. dasavleTis qveynebSi biznesmenebi iReben
oficialur ganaTlebas biznesis eTikaSi an ga-
dian profesiul momzadebas (treiningebs). bizne-
sis eTikas SeuZlia daxmareba menejerTaTvis Se-
sabamisi codnis da unar-Cvevebis aRWurviT, rac
maT im eTikuri problemebisa da dilemaTa iden-
tificirebis, diagnostirebis, analizisa da marTe-
buli gadawyvetilebebis SesaZleblobas miscemT,
romlebsac isini awydebian praqtikaSi.
4. biznesSi mudmivad aqvs adgili sxvadasxva
saxis darRvevas, sadac dasaqmebulTa TiTqmis nax-
evari rogorc wesi nebsiT Tu unieblieT yovel-
wliurad Cadis raime araeTikur an arakanonier
saqciels. biznesis eTika gvTavazobs SesaZle-
blobas davinaxoT am problemaTa mizezebi da gam-
ovnaxoT is gzebi, riTac menejerebisTvis SesaZle-
200
beli iqneba msgavsi problemebis gadawyveta.
5. biznesis eTika gvTavazobs im upirateso-
baTa da problemebis Sefasebas, romlebic sxva-
dasxvagvarad dakavSirebulia eTikis marTvasTan
organizaciebSi.
6. da bolos, biznesis eTika aris, gansakuTre-
bulad sintereso da miSvnelovani imdenad, ramde-
nadac is gvaZlevs im codnas, romelic gamodis bi-
znesis kvlevis tradiciuli CarCoebidan da exeba
sazogadoebisaTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs.
amgvarad, biznesis eTikas gaaCnia arsebiTi mniS-
vneloba nebismieri sawarmos grZelvadiani war-
matebuli funqcionirebisaTvis.
globalizaciis epoqaSi biznesis eTika mniS-
vnelovnad zemoqmedebs aqcionerebze, TanamSrom-
lebze, klientebze, mimwodeblebze, konkurentebze,
xelisuflebasa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebaze.
msgavs mocemulobaSi organizaciebs marTebT
yuradRebis gamaxvileba eTikur sakiTxebze, rom-
lebsac isini awydebian iseT funqcionalur sfer-
oebSi, rogorebicaa _ marketingi, finansebi, hu-
manuri resursebi, warmoeba, ICT da a.S.
literatura:
1. Andrew Crane, Dirk Matten, Business Ethics (A EURO-PEAN PERSPECTIVE), Oxford University Press, 2004, P.8
2. Treviňo, L. K. and Nelson, K. A., Managing Business Ethics: Straight Talk about How to do it Right, 2nd edn. New York, 1999, P. 4
3. Business Ethics – QFinance; www. qfinance. com/.../12/2/business-ethics.pdf
201
$1.2. bizneseTikis ganviTarebis etapebi
ramodenime aTeuli wlis win, biznesis mzardi
sazogadoebrivi gavlenis Sedegad aSS-Si rogorc
diskretuli sagani aRmocenda biznesis eTika1,
romelmac ganviTarebis ramodenime etapi ganvlo:
(1) 1960 wlamde; (2) 1960-1970 wlebi; (3) 1970-1980 wle-
bamde; (4) 1980-iani wlebis pirveli naxevari; (5)
1980-iani wlebis meore naxevari.
1. 1960 wlamde periodi xasiaTdeba rogorc
<<eTika biznesSi>>. am marTlacda xangrZlivi
da ganusazRvreli drois ganmavlobaSi aqtivo-
bis umTavres mxares Teologiuri da religiuri
sawyisebi warmoadgenda. kerZod, 1870-iani wlebidan
dawyebuli, papebis socialur enciklikebSi Cnde-
ba sakiTxebi samarTliani xelfasisa da kapital-
izmis moralis2 Sesaxeb. SemdgomSi es teqstebi
safuZvlad daedo kaTolikur socialur eTikas
romelic exeboda biznesurTierTobebSi zneobis
arsebobas iseT subfaqtorebTan mimarTebaSi, ro-
gorebic aris mSromelTa uflebebis uzrunvelyo-
fa dasaqmebis Rirseuli pirobebiTa da Rirseuli
anazRaurebiT; moraluri faseulobebi materi-
aluri faseulobebis sapirwoned; da mosaxleobis
Raribi fenis mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba. garda
amisa am periodSi zogierT kaTolikur kolejsa
da universitetSi ganviTarda socialuri eTikis
kursebi, xolo ukve 1950-ianebSi yvelaze popu-
larul teqstad mesneris <<socialuri eTika>>
iyo miCneuli, romelic inglisurenovan samyaroSi
germanulidan iTargmna3.
rac Seexeba protestantizms, aq yvelaze ufro
mniSvnelovan da gavlenian Sromad rainhold
nieburis wigni iTvleboda.4 misi kapitalizmis
202
kritika iyo gesliani da provokaciuli, ramac
Teologiis seminaribsa da skolebSi warmoSva
msgavsi xasiaTis kursebi.
sasuliero pirTa mxridan gaismoda qadagebani
biznesSi moralisa Tu eTikis Sesaxeb, iseve ro-
gorc cxovrebis yvela sxva sferoSi – mowodebebi
sicruis, TaRliTobis, qurdobis da a.S. winaaRmdeg.
drois erT-erTi mTavari moTxovna protestantu-
li Sromis eTikis mxardaWera da ganviTareba gax-
ldaT.
mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda mcire
warumatebeli mcdelobebi biznesSi eTikur qce-
vaTa kursebis Semotanisa. agreTve mcire iyo amg-
vari Tematikis wignic.
miuxedavad amisa, mniSvnelovani mTel am
aqtivobebSi mainc iyo is, rom es zustad SeiZleba
daxasiaTdes rogorc eTika biznesSi, Tumca es ara-
viTar SemTxvevaSi ar aRniSnavs axali gansxvave-
buli dargis formirebas. eTika iqna gamoyenebuli
biznesTan mimarTebaSi, iseve rogorc xelisufle-
basTan, politikasTan, ojaxTan da pirad cxovre-
basTan, sqesTan, profesiebTan da cxovrebis yvela
sxva aspeqtTan mimarTebaSi.
2. 1960-iani wlebi cnobilia sazogadoebriv
sakiTxTa wamoWriT biznesSi, kerZod – avtokratiis
winaaRmdeg warmoebuli amboxebebis, studenturi
mRelvarebisa da kontrkulturebis gamoCenis pe-
riodad, romelic nawilobriv vietnamis omis mZime
SedegebiT iyo Sepirobebuli. amerikis SeerTebu-
li Statebis axalgazrdobam iwyo mizezTa Zieba.
mZlavri antibiznesdamokidebuleba ganviTarda
mravali formiT, romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia
Setevebi samxedro industriis Seqmnis mimarTule-
biT.
gasuli saukunis samociani wlebi aseve SeiZle-
203
ba danaxuli iqnes didi qalaqebis degradaciis,
Tanamedrove industriis ganviTarebis, ekolo-
giuri problemebis – maT Soris toqsikuri da
birTvuli narCenebis zrdiT garemos dabinZurebis
mxriv. es periodi aseve aRiniSneba konsumerizmis
warmoSobiT.
biznesis skolebma sxvadasxvagvarad upasux-
es amgvar gamowvevebs. maT Soris umTavresi da
umniSvnelovanesi sazogadoebrivi mimarTulebis
sakiTxTa win wamoweva gaxldaT. kerZod, menejmen-
tis mravalma profesorma sakuTari Sromebi miuZ-
Rvna korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis
sakiTxebs. swavlul mecnierTa Sromebi atarebda
ufro metad reaqtiul (rac garkveuli Tvalsaz-
risiT ama Tu im sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi epizodur
reagirebaSi vlindeboda), vidre sistemur xasiaTs.
aRniSnul teqstebSi Tavdapirvelad Warbobda me-
nejerTa Sexedulebebi, Tumca mogvianebiT persona-
lis, momxmarebelTa da farTo sazogadoebis per-
speqtiviTac aseve moxda yuradRebis gamaxvileba.
avtorTa kvlevebSi dominirebda samarTlianobis
da kanonierebis aspeqtebi eTikuri Teoriisadmi
sistemuri yuradRebis gareSe, maSinac ki, rodesac
isini msjelobisas xelmZRvanelobdnen moraluri
mosazrebebiT, imperativebiTa Tu eqshortaciebiT.
3. 1970-iani wlebSi aRmocenda bizneseTika, ro-
gorc axali interdisciplinaruli dargi. Te-
ologma da religiurma moazroovneebma safuZve-
li Cauyares biznesSi moralur diskusiebs, riTac
SesaZebeli gaxades eTikuri mimarTulebiT misi
Semdgomi ganviTareba. menejmentis profesorebma
ganagrZes wera da swavleba korporaciuli so-
cialuri pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb.6 maT maleve
SeuerTdnen filosofosebic, romlebmac katali-
zatoris roli iTamaSes eTikuri Teoriis Semo-
204
taniT mTel am diskusrSi, riTac filosofiuri
analizis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli gaxda biznesis
eTikis, rogorc sruliad axlo akademiuri dargis
struqturis formireba.
aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom yovelive amas
nawilobriv aseve Seuwyo xeli bio-medicinis
eTikis adreulma ganviTarebam. jon roulsis
<<samarTlianobis Teoriam>> legitimuri gaxa-
da filosofiuri sakiTxebis urTierTobis qona
ekonomikur problematikasTan dakavSirebiT. sax-
alxo reaqciebma Watergate-ze, DC-10 scandels-ze, meqr-Tameobis, e.w. <<Kickbacks>>-isa da sxva msgavs
negatiur movlenebTan mimarTebiT, studentebSi
biznesis eTikisadmi aRZra didi interesi, ramac
ganapiroba filosofiis departamentebze samec-
niero kvlevebis fokusireba bazris praqtikuli
sakiTxebis irgvliv.
biznesis eTikuri sakiTxebisadmi interesi 1970-
ian wlebSi kidev ufro mzardi gaxda da man stu-
dentebTan erTad moicva mosaxleobac, romelic
segmenturad qmnida saerTo interesTa jgufebs,
da romelTa moTxovnebSi dominanti biznesSi so-
cialuri moTxovnebi gaxldaT, miuxedavad imisa,
rom es moTxovnebi xSirad urTierTsawinaaRmdego
da araTavsebadi iyo. amgvarma yuradRebam da so-
cialurma dakveTam biznesisadmi, es ukanaskneli
gaxada metad orientirebuli saxalxo imijze. ami-
tom socialuri problematikis aqtivizaciam sa-
zogadoebaSi da maTi gadawyvetis gzebis Ziebam,
kompaniebSi gaaCina Sida restruqturizaciis saWi-
roeba am mimarTulebiT.
biznesis socialuri pasuxismgeblobisa da
biznesSi moraluri sakiTxebis irgvliv gamar-
Tuli konferenciebis ricxvi mudmivad izrdebo-
da. gzadagza Cndeboda bizneseTikis sakiTxebis
205
garSemo koncentrirebuli kvleviTi centrebi.
ewyoboda interdisciplinaruli Sexvedrebi, sa-
dac monawileobas iRebdnen biznesis, Teologiis,
filosofiis profesorebi, saqmiani wreebisaTvis
sayuradRebo Seiqmna presis, televiziisa Tu masme-
diis sxva saSualebebiT gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi.
korporaciis moraluri statusi iyo erT-erTi
centraluri sakiTxi, romelic manamade biznes-
Si eTikisa da korporaciuli pasuxismgeblobis
Sesaxeb arsebul literaturaSi ar wamoWrila.
aRniSnuli Tematikis aqtualizaciam ganapiroba
biznesSi pasuxismgeblobis rolis zrda, misi ar-
sis garkveva da kvlevis Semdgomi ganviTareba.
dekadis dasasruls, biznesis eTikis mkvlevar-
Ta mxridan adgili hqonda am sferos sistemuri
midgomis ganviTarebas. swored rom sistemurma
midgomam gaxada SesaZlebeli msjeloba ara mx-
olod menejmentis, aramed personalis, aqcioner-
ebisa da firmis miRma myofi adamianebis Tvals-
azrisiTac, romelic moicavada korporaciuli da
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis, muSakTa samsax-
urSi ayvanisa da maTi gaTavisuflebis, diskrimi-
naciisa da reversuli diskriminaciis da a.S. as-
peqtebs. jer kidev adreul 1930-ian wlebSi Berle da Means5 aRniSnavdnen korporaciis cvalebadi
bunebis Sesaxeb. aRniSnul movlenebTan pirdapir
kavSirSi myofma eTikurma, iseve rogorc sazoga-
doebrivi pasuxismgeblobis mkveTrma cvlilebebma
daaCqara amerikuli biznesisa da sazogadoebis
cvalebadi faseulobebis sistemuri Seswavlis
procesi. Tumca am epoqis yvela naSromSi naTlad
Cans biznesisa da filosofiis akademiur dargebs
Soris arsebuli Warbi bundovaneba aRniSnul
problemur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.
1970-iani wlebis miwuruls <<biznesis eTikis>>
206
sayovelTao gamomsaxvelobisaTvis dasavlur da
pirvel rigSi amerikis samecniero sivrceSi sak-
maod moculobiTi Sroma iqna gaweuli, ris Sem-
degac realurad aRar damdgara qilikis saWiroe-
ba <<biznesis eTikis>> oqsimoronad warmoCenis
Taobaze. miuxedavad amisa, mainc ar Sewyvetila
debatebi imis irgvliv, - iyo Tu ara <<biznesis
eTika>> namdvilad akademiuri dargi, Tu is mx-
olod epoqis moduri axireba gaxldaT.
4. 1980-iani wlebis pirveli naxevari warmoad-
gens sawyisi konsolidaciis periods. ukve 1985
wels biznesis eTika gaxda akademiuri, sauniver-
siteto dargi amerikis SerTebul StatebSi, miuxe-
davad imisa, rom misi definiciis procesi jer
kidev ar iyo dasrulebuli. rac biznesis eTikis
ganviTarebis arsebul viTarebas ganasxvavebs wina
periodebis mravali warumatebeli da izolire-
buli mcdelobebisagan momxdariyo dargis sru-
lyofili ganviTareba, gaxlavT is garemoeba, rom
biznesis eTikis ganviTareba am droisaTvis xasi-
aTdeba Tavad dargis institucionalizaciiT. Se-
muSavebuli iqna ra garkveuli saxis meqanizmebi,
partikularul mosazrebaTa safuZvelze sxva-
dasxva instuticiaTa sxvadasxvagvar jgufebs So-
ris biznesis eTikas, rogorc akademiuri sferos
mimarT gaCnda misi Semdgomi warmatebuli ganvi-
Tarebis organuli daintereseba. biznesis eTika
gaxda warmoudgenlad moduri da mas, rogorc say-
ovelTao gatacebis obieqts mWidrod daukavSirda
biznesi. mravalma kompaniam Tu firmam saqmianobis
avangardSi Caayena socialuri auditisa da so-
cialuri politikis aspeqtebi, romlebic moicavd-
nen eTikur sakiTxebs. amgvarad, am periodisaTvis
niSandoblivia is, rom biznesis eTika gaxda in-
stitucionalizebuli da es institucionaliza-
207
cia biurokratiis xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT kv-
lavac gagrZeldeba axlo momavalSi.
dasrulda skepticizmis xana, rodesac eWvqveS
dgeboda biznesis eTikis sferosa Tu dargis ar-
sebobis sakiTxi. magram darCa kiTxvebi, romlebic
ukavSirdeba misi raobis, funqcionirebisa da moma-
vali ganviTarebisaTvis misive perspeqtivebisa da
saWiroebaTa problemur mxareebs.
5. 1985 weli es aris biznesis eTikis dargis
gansazRvris weli.
ra aris biznesis eTika rogorc dargi da ra
gansxvavebaa biznesSi eTikasa da biznmesis eTikas
Soris?
biznesis eTika aris dargi, romelic exeba rig
urTierTdakavSirebul sakiTxebs, da cdilobs maT
gamorkvevasa da ganxilvas erTiani struqturis
farglebSi, romelic Sevsebas iRebs ara kantia-
nuri, utilitarianuli Tu nebismieri eTikuri
Tu Teologiuri Teoriebidan, - aramed sakiTxTa
sistemuri urTierTdamokidebulebis gziT, rom-
lebic exeba sxvadasxva filosofiur, Teologiur,
Tu sxva mimarTulebis Tvalsazriss. am sferoSi
momuSave Teologebs SeiZleba ainteresebdeT mx-
olod religiuri eTikis biznesTan dakavSirebiT
gamoyenebiTi mxare, biznesis profesorebs SeiZle-
ba ainteresebdeT mxolod arsebulis ganviTare-
bis Tu axali mmarTvelobiTi Tu organizaciuli
struqturis SemuSavebis procesSi myofi garkveu-
li moraluri problemebis warmoqmnis Semcire-
bis albaTobisa da Tavidan acilebis mizniT, da
filosofosebs SeiZleba ainteresebdeT mxolod
eTikuri safuZvlebis Teoriul sakiTxebsa Tu
mniSvnelobaTa ganmartebis mxriv. bizneseTikis
dargi moicavs yvela am aspeqts da is erTnairad
wonvadia misTvis.
208
biznesis eTikis, rogorc mecnieruli kvle-
vis dargis mizans warmoadgens Teoriuli mxare,
Tumca mas aseve gaaCnia praqtikuli gamoyenebac.
mocemuli dargi ganisazRvreba eTikisa da bizne-
sis interaqciis safuZvelze. farTo perspeqtiv-
idan misi sagania zneobisa da uzneobis sakiTxTa
Seswavla-gamokvleva, iseve rogorc ekonomikur
sistemaTa SesaZlo gamarTleba.6 makro doneze
bizneseTika fokusirdeba erTi mxriv Tavisufal
mewarmeobaze dafuZnebuli ekonomikuri sistemis
da meore mxriv – misi SesaZlo alternativebisa
da modifikaciebis irgvliv. biznesis eTika aris
nacionaluri, internacionaluri anu global-
uri, rogorc Tavad biznesi, da ara TviTneburad
geografiuli sazRvrebiT SezRuduli. analizis,
da amasTan Tanamedroveobis udidesi yuradRebis
mqone meore dones warmoadgens biznesis Seswav-
la Tavisufali mewarmeobis sistemaSi, gamorCeu-
lad amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi (da dasavleT
evropaSi). gamomdianre iqidan, rom korporaciebi
warmoadgenen am sistemis dominants, maTY mimarT
arsebobs gansakuTrebuli daintereseba. magram
profesiuli kavSirebi, mcire biznesi, konsumer-
izmi da biznespraqtikis didi mravalferovneba
sistemis farglebSi warmoadgenen moraluri kv-
levis Sesabamis obieqtebs. korporaciebsa da sa-
waroebSi arian individebi, romlebic maTSi deben
investiciebs, iRwvian maTi warmatebisaTvis da did
gavlenas axdenen maTze. individTa morali ekono-
mikur da biznes-interaqciebsa da transaqciebSi
ayalibebs kvlevis mesame dones, da romelic biz-
nesSi eTikis sakiTxebze momuSave adreul mecni-
er-mkvlevarTa Tu sasuliero pirTa yuradRebis
centrSi imyofeboda.
biznesis eTikis dargi moicavs samive dones am
209
doneTa urTierTkavSirebis saxiT, iseve rogorc
is SeiZleba warmodgenil iqnes kvlevis diskre-
tul sferoebad. amgvarad, vsaubrobT ra biznesis
eTikis, rogorc dargis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom is diferencirdeba ori mimarTulebiT: I.
eTika biznesSi da II korporaciuli socialuri
pasuxismgebloba. miuxedavad imisa, rom biznesis
eTika TavisTavad moicavs orive am mimarTulebas
da Sesabamisad sagrZnob gavlenas axdens maT cv-
lilebebze. eTika biznesSi, rogorc dargis nawi-
li aRar aris ubralod moralizeba an ubralod
gamoyeneba saerTo moraluri principebisa qcevis
konkretul SemTxvevebSi. korporaciuli social-
ur pasuxismgebloba, rogorc bizneseTikis nawili
saWiroebs am pasuxismgeblobis sistemur dakavS-
irebas dargis sxva aspeqtebTan.
rogorc dargi, biznesis eTika ekonomistebisa-
gan da yvela maTgan, vinc ikvlevs biznessa da kor-
poraciebs sociologiuri, fsiqologiuri da sxva
socialur mecnierebaTa perspeqtividan, iTxovs
konkretul deskrifciul komponents; is saWi-
roebs biznesis profesorTa interesTa sferoSi
moqceul organizaciis Teoriis, menejmentisa da
biznesaqtivobaTa sakiTxebs; da is aseve iTxovs
moraluri normebisa da normatiul Teoriis sis-
temur ganviTarebasa da gamoyenebas uzrunvelyo-
fils filosofosebisa da Teologebis mier.
biznesis eTikis dargi rasakvirvelia uTuod
aris interdisciplinaruli, imitom, rom masSi Se-
mavali TiToeuli disciplinis monawileoba gar-
dauvali aucileblobiT aris determinirebuli
da amasTan, yoveli maTgani garkveuli xarisxiT
zemoqmedebs am saerTo kordinaciasa Tu kavSirze
da Tavadac ganicdis dinamiur cvlilebebs.
sazogadod arsebobs aqtivobaTa xuTi saxeoba,
210
romlebic dominireben biznesis eTikis dargSi.
pirveli da dominanti aqtivoba aris amor-
alurobis (amoralur SemTxvevaTa) gamovlena da
analizi. am procesis arss uwinaresad empiruli
da deskrifciuli amocana warmoadgens. mxolod
amis Semdeg Semodis analizSi normatiuli aqtivo-
ba. msgavsi SemTxvevebis arseboba mkvlevarTaTvis
mniSvnelovania amgvari problemebisadmi yuradRe-
bis mipyrobis TvalsazrisiT, radgan analogiuri
SemTxvevebis arsebobisas maT SesaZlebloba eZle-
vaT gamonaxon maTi gadawyvetis gzebi da awar-
moon msjelobebi alternatiuli struqturebis
Taobaze biznesis samyaroSi, romlebic perspeqti-
vaSi gamoricxaven msgavsi SemTxvevis gameorebas.
garkveuli xarisxiT, es aqtivoba moicavs eTikas
biznesSi, rac SesaZlo alternatiuli struqture-
bisa da korporaciuli da biznes-praqtikebsa Tu
struqturebis ZiebaSi gacilebiT mets niSnavs,
vidre ubralod individebis Sesaferi moqmedebe-
bi. filosofosebi, Teologebi da biznesis pro-
fesorebi yvela monawileobs aqtivobaTa amgvar
formaSi, maSinac ki, rodesac Zalzed xSirad Ti-
Toeul mxares erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli kv-
levis mimarTuleba da interesi gaaCnia.
mWidrod dakavSirebul aqtivobaTa meore tipi
mocavs biznespraqtikis empirul kvlevebs (swavle-
bas). es aqtivoba waroadgens bizneseTikis nawils,
maSinac ki roca is wminda deskrifciuli xasiaTi-
saa, imis daSvebiT, rom kvlevis orive sagani aris
moraluri an amoraluri aqtivoba Tu perspeq-
tiva, romlis mizani moraluri Tvalsazrisidan
gamomdinareobs. amgvarad, konkretuli Tematuri
kvlevisagan gansxvavebiT, samsaxurSi daniSvnisa
Tu samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebis praqtikis kv-
leva (rogorc konkretuli Tematuri kvlevis sa-
211
pirispirod) SeiZleboda yofiliyo bizneseTikis
nawili, Tuki ganzraxva misi iqneboda diskrimi-
naciis faqtebis gansazRvra – dadgena, anu daedgi-
naT diskriminaciis SemTxvevebi, an ganeviTarebinaT
zogadad diskriminaciis warmatebiT dasrulebis
praqtika. amgvar swavlebaSi (kvlevaSi) integrire-
buli Tu misgan aRmocenebuli aqtivobebi xSirad
warmoadgens swored SemoTavazebul alternati-
ul praqtikebs.
aqtivobebis mesame tipi Sedgeba ZiriTad ter-
minTa dazustebisa da eTikur wanamZRvarTa aR-
moCenisagan biznesSi. magaliTad, is moicavs kerZo
sakuTrebis moralur Sefasebasa da misi moraluri
gamarTlebis formulirebis sakiTxebs; Semosaval-
gasavlis, buRaltruli angariSgebis procedure-
bis, zRvruli sargeblianobis gamoyenebis kalku-
laciis moraluri wanamZRvarebis analizss; da
aseve eqspluataciis mniSvnelobis, samarTliani
xelfasis, Tanasworuflebiani Sromis, reversuli
diskriminaciis, sakuTrebis da sxv. moralur Se-
fasebasa da analizs. Tavisi specializirebuli
xasiaTis gamo es analizi ganekuTvneba swored bi-
zneseTikis sferos da ar warmoadgens sayovelTao
eTikis nawils. analizis procesma da dasrule-
bulma Sedegma SeiZleba mianiSnos sayovelTao
eTikuri Teoriisa da konkurentuli praqtikis na-
klovanebaze. miuxedavad filosofiisa da ekono-
mikis profesorTa gansxvavebuli midgomebisa,
isini arian relevanturebi da ZaluZT urTierT-
gaZliereba.
analizi xSirad ukavSirdeba aqtivobaTa meoTxe
saxeobas, saxeldobr, wamoWril metaeTikur sak-
iTxebs da eTikuri Teoriis SesaZlo cvlilebebs.
magaliTad, korporaciis moraluri statusi aris
metaeTikuri sakiTxi da mis kiTxvebs pasuxi ar
212
gaecema sayovelTao eTikuri Teoriidan. Tu Seu-
Zlia koproracias iyos moralurad pasuxismge-
beli Tavis qmedebaze, mas moeTxoveba moraluri
pasuxismgeblobis konceptis analizi, romelic
tradiciulad ukve gaanalizebulia mxolod ada-
mianTan mimarTebaSi. menejmentis profesorebi da
organizaciuli sakiTxebis Teoretikosebi ukavS-
irdebian filosofosebsa da Teologebs am de-
batebSi.
aqtivobaTa mexuTe saxeoba moicavs imgvar
problemebs, romlebic exeba naklebad ganviTare-
buli qveynebis multinacionalur valdebuleba-
Ta sakiTxebs, romlebSic isini arseboben, da rac
saWiroebs magaliTad, mravali didi problemuri
sakiTxis daxarisxeba – dajgufebas, e.w. sifting-s em-piriuli da normatiuli miarTulebiT. ar aris
martivi pasuxi gaeces kiTxvebs, romelic gulisx-
mobs da moicavs kidev sxva mraval sakiTxs: -
internacionaluri struqturiT dawyebuli da
mdidar da Rarib qveynebs Soris damokidebulebis
sakiTxiT damTavrebuli.
zemoT aRniSnuli aqtivobebi aris erTmaneT-
Tan mWidrod dakavSirebuli da amave dros yve-
la es aqtivoba bizneseTikis, rogorc akademiuri
dargisaTvis warmoadgens centralurs. kvlevebi
am dargSi moicavs gansxvavebul Tvalsazrisidan
gamomdinare urTierTdakavSirebul aqtivobaTa
Tanamdev sxvadasxva aspeqts. miuxedavad imisa, Tu
biznesis, Teologiisa da filosofiis profesorebs
ama Tu im sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi maTi mecnieruli
midgoma rogori perspeqtividan ainteresebT, maT
Soris sruli kordinaciis pirobebSi progresis
miRweva da Sesabamisad dargis ganviTareba savs-
ebiT SesaZlebelia, rodesac problemaTa warmoCen-
iTa da poziciebis gacxadebiT calkeuli amocanis
213
specifikuri gadawyveta miRweuli iqneba konsesu-
sis gziT.
biznesis eTikis, rogorc dargis definicia gan-
sazRvravs sagnis adgils, rolsa da mniSvnelobas
mimdinare weriT Tu zepir samecniero polemika-
sa da diskusiaSi. miuxedavad dargis gansxvavebi-
sa, mas gaaCnia nawilobrivi, magram mniSvnelovani
Tanxvedra biznesSi eTikasTan da korporaciul
socialur pasuxismgeblobasTan. aseve, mas kavSiri
aqvs sayovelTao eTikasTan, gamoyenebiTi eTikis
sxva sferoebTan da biznesganaTlebis sxvadasxva
dargebTan.
biznesis eTikis, rogorc akademiuri dargi mow-
odebulia Secvalos arsebuli biznespraqtika, Tum-
ca SeuZlebelia misi Sefaseba biznesis samyaroSi
misive uSualo, mkveTri efeqtebiT. sicxade, prob-
lematikis warmoCena da alternatiuli midgome-
bis artikulacia biznespraqtikasTan mimarTebaSi
is saSualebebia, riTac SesaZlebelia moralis ga-
Zliereba, rac TavisTavad ukve faseulia, maSinac
ki, rodesac pirdapir da uSualod ar xdeba mor-
aluri aspeqtebis miReba da gaTaviseba biznesSi.
Tu vfiqrobT, rom biznesis eTikis, rogorc aka-
demiuri dargis ganviTareba bizness myisierad
gaxdis ufro zneobrivs albaT ararealisturi
iqneba. magram srulebiT ar aris ararealistu-
ri miviswrafodeT misi respeqtabelurobisaken,
firmis farglebSi eTikuri sakiTxebis wamoWris
gziT; aseve ar aris ararealisturi Tu davitovebT
imeds, rom droTaganmavlobaSi ufro da ufro
meti firma SeZlebs ganaviTaros eTikuri sak-
iTxebisa da maTi gadawyvetilebebis avtomaturi
ganxilvis praqtika. eTika bunebrivia ver SeZlebs
biznesis problemebis gadaWras, da ver Caanacv-
lebs menejments, buRaltrul angariSgebas da bi-
214
znesganaTlebis sxva dargebs. eTika win wamowevs
sxva dimensias, kerZod, grZelvadiani perspeqtiviT
nebismier qmedebaTa efeqtis samarTlianobis sak-
iTxs da exmareba biznsess gaxdes metad obieqturi,
ramac SesaZloa didwilad SeZlos arasasurveli
procesebis prevencia.
literatura:
1. v. xizaniSvili, bizneseTika da misi mniS-
vneloba, Jurn. ,,ekonomisti”, #5, 2012, gv. 73.
2. The Papal Encyclicals ed. Claudia Carlen, McGrath Pub-lishing Co., Vol. II, 1981, for the encyclicals of Pope Leo XIII. For a Summaru;Philip Hughes, The pope’s New Order, London: Burns, Oates & Washbourne Ltd. 1943
3. Iohannes Messner, Social Ethics, Translated from the German by J.J. Doherty, St. Louis: B. Herder, 1952.
4. Reinhold Niebuhr, Moral Man and Immoral Society New York : C. Scribners, 1932
5. Adolf A. Berle, Gardiner C. Means, the Modern Corpo-ration and Private Property, New York: The Macmillan Co. 1933
6. Richard T. De George, The Status of Business Ethics: Past and Future., P. 496
215
Tavi 2. biznesis eTikis doneebi
bizneseTika samocdaaTiani wlebis Suadan iyo-
fa mikro, mezo da makro doneebad.1
mikro, individualur qmedebaTa anu individu-
aluri done socialur-ekonomikur konteqstiT
dakavSirebulia calkeuli ekonomikuri subieqteb-
is pirad faseulobebTan, SexedulebebTan da qce-
vebTan. 2
mezo, anu sawarmoo (korporaciuli) done ex-
eba firmebis, korporaciebis, sxvadasxva organiza-
ciebisa da maT msgavs instituciaTa wesrigisa da
qcevis moralur problemebs. 3
makro, anu sazogadoebrivi done, romlis kv-
levis sagania saxelmwifo, ekonomikuri sistema
(ekonomikuri CarCo-wesrigi), mTeli sazogadoeba
da a.S.4
$2.1. mikro done am doneze eTikuri moTxovnebi mimarTulia indi-
videbze, rogorc ekonomikuri aqtiorebis rolze,
maSasadame rogorc momxmareblebze, mewarmeebze,
menejerebze, daqiravebulebs, investorebze, birJis
maklerebs da aS. yvela im rolidan romelsac
TiToeuli adamiani ansaxierebs rogorc ,,ekonomi-
kuri aqtioris” rolebs, xdeba normatiuli gansjis
sagani. ra unda gaakeTos calkeulma ekonomikurma
aqtiorma? magaliTad, daqiravebulT moeTxovebaT
patiosneba samuSao saaTebisa da Sromis moralis
dros; myidvelebs – gadaxdis morali; gamyid-
216
velebs swori informaciis miwodeba produqciis
xarisxze; birJis maklerebs – uari Sida (savaWro)
garigebebze; bankis TanamSromlebs keTilsindis-
ieri rCevebi klienturisaTvis da a.S.
ganasxveveben ekonomikuri aqtiorebis sam did
jgufs: momxmareblebi, mewarmeebi da investorebi.
2.1.1. momxmareblis eTika
2.1.1.1. eTikuri moTxovnebi momxmarebelTa
mimarT
yvela adamiani, rogorc momxmarebeli iRebs
monawileobas ekonomikur sistemaSi, ris gamoc
<<momxmareblis eTika>> individualur-eTikuri
mimarTulebiT umniSvnelovanes rols ikavebs
bizneseTikaSi. adamianebs, rogorc momxmare-
blebs upirveles yovlisa moeTxovebaT sakuTari
moTxovnilebebis intensiuri asaxva da sakuTar
moxmarebaze pasuxismgeblobis aReba5.
pasuxismgebloba sakuTari Tavis mimarT niSnavs
mas, rom momxmarebeli Tavisi srulwlovanebiT
da TavisuflebiT ar isargeblebs borotad mis
winaSe arsebul mimzidveli da macduri saqonlis
samyaroSi, riTac Warbi aRmgznebi saSualebebis
(rogoric aris mag, yava, alkoholuri sasmeli, Tam-
baqo) moxmarebiT Tavidan airidebs TviTdaziane-
bas.
magram momxmarebels aseve didi pasuxismgeblo-
ba akisria gare samyarosTan mimarTebiT. radgan
saqonlis warmoeba, moxmareba da momsaxureba dRes
xSirad ukavSirdeba garemos dazianebas, TiToeuli
myidveli movalea aseve ifiqros sakuTari moxmare-
bis <<momavlisunarianobaze>>.6 Tu dRevandeli
moxmareba momaval Taobebs sicocxlis safuZ-
vlebis moSliT daemuqreba, maSin saWiroa saku-
Tari moTxovnilebebis dauyonebliv kidev erTxel
Sefaseba da moxmarebis uarzec yuradRebis mipy-
217
roba. dabolos, aseve ismeba kiTxva imis Sesaxeb,
Tu ramdenad aqvT momxmareblebs pasuxismgebloba
nayidi saqonlis sawarmoo pirobebis mimarT, Tu
isini sakuTari surviliT kvlavdakvlav dabali
fasis pirobebSi xels uwyoben arsebuli cudi
SromiTi pirobebisa da saarsebo minimumze dabali
saxelfaso ganakveTis SenarCunebas, rac mxolod
ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis ar aris niSandobli-
vi. maSasadame, eTikas kvlav ainteresebs Tu Taname-
drove ekonomika Tavisi kompetenciis romel sfer-
odan ugulvebelyofs Semdeg sakiTxebs
• saqonlis namdvilobisa da vargisianobis
Sesaxeb;
• saWiroebaTa valentobisa da sakmarisi moc-
ulobis saqonliT uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb;
• humanuri SromiTi pirobebis Sesaxeb;
• samarTliani fasisa da xelfasis Sesaxeb;
Otto Group-is ganviTarebis mimarTuleba/tenden-
ciaTa kvlevebis e.w. trendStudiebis mixedviT7
ukanasknel wlebSi mudmivad izrdeba <<eTikuri
moxmareba>>. samomavlod arsebobs am tenden-
ciis kidev ufro gagrZelebis molodini. momav-
lis mkvlevarni ukve saubroben <<megatrendis>>
Sesaxeb. msoflio masStabiT izrdeba <<Lohas>>-is jgufi, romelic warmoadgens adamianTa gaer-
Tianebas da romlebic eswrafvian <<Lifestyle of Health and Sustainebility>>-s. sociologi paul rei da
fsiqologi ruTi andersoni masStaburi empiriu-
li kvlevis safuZvelze didad afaseben maT mier
<<cultural creatives>>-ad wodebuli jgufis sazoga-
doebriv asparezze gamoCenas, romelTa ricxovnoba
mxolod aSS-Si 50 milion kacs aRemateba. 8<<Lo-has arsebobs sicocxlis da momxmareblis faseu-
lobebze dafuZnebuli stiliT, romlsiTvisac fa-
sisa da xarisixis gverdiT aseve aris bazarze
218
orientirebuli axali dimensia: eTika>>9. – ase-
Tia maTive gansazRvreba. <<Lohas>> jgufis wevrTa
moxmarebis wesi efuZneba Segnebul da informire-
bul midgomas. erTjeradi gamoyenebis saqonlis
nacvlad, upiratesobas mravaljeradi, xangrZlivi
gamoyenebis saqonels aniWeben; amjobineben nak-
lebi, magram maRalxarisxovani, keTilsindisierad
nawarmoebi da bioproduqtebis SeZenas; maTi sur-
vilia cxovrebis sayovelTao <<Senelebisa>> da
moxmarebis wnexisagan Tavis daRweva. mwarmoebleb-
is sapirispirod rogorc mizani, wina planze dgas
piradi janmrTeloba da cxovrebis xarisixi, gare-
mos dacva, iseve rogorc keTilsindisiereba.
2.1.1.2 momxmarebelTa pasuxismgebelobis saz-
Rvrebi
neoklasikuri TvalsazrisiT Tu mivudgebiT
momxmarebeli es aris srulad informirebuli,
momxmareblis rolSi myofi subieqti, romel-
ic Tavisi avtonomiurad formirebuli prefen-
ciebiT xvdeba bazarze da Tavisive Tavisufali
moTxovniT marTavs da mimarTulebas aZlevs mi-
wodebas, da masve ekisreba erTaderTs gansakuTre-
buli pasuxismgebloba bazris Sedegebze. rogorc
amas metaforulad gamoTqvamda ludvig mises: mim-
wodeblebi usaTuod unda daemorCilon kapitnis
brZanebebs, da aq kapitani aris momxmarebeli.10
gamomdinare aqedan mimwodeblebi srulad SeiZle-
ba eqskulpirdnen Semdegi CvenebiT: Cven (mimwode-
blebi) momxmarebels vTavazobT mxolod mas, rac
mas Tavad surs. is rom momxmarebels SesaZloa
amgvari absolituri Zalaufleba mieweros da
ekonomikuri saqmianobis yvela SedegisaTvis daek-
isros pasuxismgebloba, - realobas moklebulia.
• momxmarebels gaaCnia didi informaciuli
deficiti. bevr saqonels ara mxolod inspeqciis
219
Tviseba aqvs, rac erTi SexedviTac sacnobia, aramed
aseve – gamocdilebis da ndobis Tvisebebic.11 es
niSnavs: moxmarebisas pirvelad vamCnevT produq-
tis sasurvel Tvisebebs (mag., kargi gemo vaSlis
SemTxvevaSi), Sesabamisad, momxmarebelma SeiZleba
ver miiRos utyuari cnobebi imis Sesaxeb, Seesa-
bameba Tu ara sinmadviles mwarmoeblis danapire-
bi. is mravalricxovani Stempi Tu beWedi, romelic
nawilobriv TiTqmis nebismier mrewvelobasa da
vaWrobaSi gamoiyeneba, mainc tovebs arasaimedoo-
bis grZnobas myidvelebSi.
• verc erTi momxmarebeli iqneba saqmis gare-
moebaTa Sesaxeb ise kargad informirebuli rom
sruli warmodgena hqondes: warmoebaSi arse-
bul teqnikaze, Sesabamisi firmis Sromis pirobe-
bze, TanamSromleTa struqturaze, mimwodeblis
struqturaze, xelfasis struqturaze, warmoebiT
gamowveuli garemos dazianebasa da Sesabamisad,
garemosdacviTi investiciebis moculobaze da a.S.
maSasadame, saeWvoa imis mtkiceba, rom momxmarebeli
yvela am garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT axdendes
Tavis Sesyidvebs da aseve yovelive amisTvis iyos
pasuxismgebeli.
• momxmareblis Zalaufleba dasazRvrulia
misi SezRuduli biujetiT (Budget-Restriction). mrav-ali adamiani finansurad uZluria misTvis sas-
urveli ufro Zvirfasi saqonlis SesaZenad (mag.,
ekologiurad warmoebuli sasursaTo produqcia).
aqtualuri ekonomikuri krizisi kidev ufro met
adamians aiZulebs momWirneobisaken. Otto Group-is kvlevebis Tanaxmad, is rom axalgazrda momxmare-
blebs 16-dan 27 wlamde ar gaaCniaT gansakuTrebu-
lad mZlavri interesi eTikuri moxmarebis Sesax-
eb, SesaZloa aixsnebodes maTi mwiri biujetiTac,
romelsac zogadad axalgazrdoba flobs da
220
gankargavs.
• garda amisa, mimwodebeli sruliad aqti-
ur rols TamaSobs moTxovnilebaTa formirebi-
sas. iseTi sayovelTao moTxovnilebebi, rogori-
caa saWiroebani farTo moxmarebis <<gasarTob
saqonelze>>, mwarmoeblebis mier nivTdeba konk-
retul produqtebSi. magaliTad, e.w. playstation, LC - televizori, kompiuteruli TamaSebi da a.S.
konkretizaciis es procesi amJamad mimdinareobs
mimwodeblis mier. dRes momxmarebeli Tavisi mox-
marebis TiTqmis yvela, gansakuTrebiT ki teqnikur
sferoSi aris Zlier profani imis gansjisaTvis,
rom mimwodeblebisaTvis ukeTesi alternativebis
SeTavazeba SeeZlos. mas arCevanis gakeTeba Seu-
Zlia mxolod im winadadebebs Soris romlebsac
mwarmoeblebi sTavazoben. mimwodeblis inter-
esSia saqonlis swrafi moxmareba anu realiza-
cia. mwarmoeblebis mxridan momxmareblebis mis-
amarTiT kvlav da kvlav adgili aqvs <<gasaRebis
strategiis>> Segnebul gameorebas teqnikuri da
moraluri cveTis Sesaxeb. da bolos, mimwode-
blebi cdiloben margetingis, kerZod ki reklamis
saSualebiT momxmareblis yidvis qcevebze iqon-
ion masiuri gavlena. amasTanave, dasavleTSi gan-
sakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva reklamis damdgen
samarTlebriv regulaciebs, radgan reklamasa da
saredaqcio teqstebs, maT Soris teleprogramebs
Soris sazRvrebi imdenad waSlilia, rom msmeneli/
mayurebeli metad veRar amCnevs konkretul SemTx-
vevaSi saqme aqvs standartul informaciasTan Tu
reklamasTan. miuxedavad amisa, bunebrivia momx-
marebels mainc gaaCnia Tanapasuxismgebloba baz-
ris Sedegebze, gansakuTrebiT Zlieri suverenuli
momxmareblis poziciaSi.
221
2.1.2.1 mwarmoeblis eTika
momxmareblis SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis un-
arianobis safuZvelze dayrdnobiT aseve SesaZle-
belia warmoebis mxriv daisvas kiTxva <<eTikuri
investiciebis Sesaxeb>>12. momxmareblis eTikis
Sesabamisad arsebobs warmoebis eTika mewarmis
eTikiT da menejeris eTikiT. personebis nacvlad
aseve SesaZlebelia maTi rogorc mewarmis da me-
nejeris (anu principalisa da agentis) saqmianoba
<<sawarmos marTvis eTikad>> iqnas warmodgeni-
li. aq <<marTvis eTikis>> qveS igulisxmeba marT-
velobiTi Zalebis individualuri pasuxismgeblo-
ba sawarmos marTvis stilze. magaliTad, arCevani
produqti – bazari – strategiasa da warmoebis
eTikas Soris. nawilobriv, marTvis eTika aseve vi-
wro gagebiT SeiZleba rogorc personalis marT-
vis eTika interpretirdes. 13
mwarmoeblis mxares gansakuTrebul mniS-
vnelobas iZens mmarTvelobiTi Zalebi (menejer-
ebi), radgan isini sakuTari gadawyvetilebiT mniS-
vnelovnad gansazRvraven sawarmos politikas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom kompaniis TanamSromlebs
SromiTi xelSekrulebiT evalebaT dakisrebul
movaleobaTa (maT Soris gadawyvetilebebis) aR-
sruleba, garkveul pirobebSi isini moralurad
valdebulni arian uari Tqvan msgavs morCile-
baze da maTi damsaqmeblis araeTikuri praqtikis
SemTxvevebi <<Whistle Blowing>>-is saSualebiT gaxa-
don sajaro, radgan arcerTi TanamSromelia val-
debuli dafaros sawarmos ukanono saqmianoba14.
rasakvirvelia maT araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar moe-
TxovebaT imdenadve didi pasuxismgebloba, ro-
gorc marTvelobiT Zalebs (menejerebs): umetesad
sawarmos muSakebs sruliadac ar SeuZliaT ganix-
ilon gadawyvetilebaTa araeTikuri implikaciebi.
222
rogorc wesi, maT ar SeswevT imdeni Zala, rom
raime Secvalon da sawarmoSi, rig gadacdenaTa
gamoaSkaravebisas xSirad isini did personalur
risksac ki ewevian.
2.1.3.1. investoris eTika
ukanasknel wlebSi mowodebam investorebis
eTikis Sesaxeb rogorc iqna xmamaRla gaiJRera.
sawarmoebi yovelTvis kapitalis, gansakuTrebiT
sakuTari kapitalis maqsimalur zrdaze arian
orientirebulni da Sesabamisad isini, upirveles
yovlisa ki saaqcio sazogadoebebi cdiloben
gaamartivon saWiro kapitalis Semodineba. iqidan
gamomdinare, rom investorebs gansxvavebul sain-
vesticio SesaZleblobebs Soris uwevT arCevanis
gakeTeba, sawarmos perspeqtividan mniSvnelovania
mimzidveli garemos Seqmna potenciuri investori-
saTvis. Tu davuSvebT, rom investori iqceva ro-
gorc Homo Oeconomicus, maSin misTvis pirvel rigSi
gansakuTrebiT saintereso unda iyos investicieb-
is gziT rogor SeZlebs is Semosavlebis situaci-
is gaumjobesebas. mimzidveli sainvesticio Sesa-
Zleblobebis SefasebisaTvis misTvis gadamwyvet
niSan-Tvisebas warmoadgens kapitalukugebis da
riskebis sidide. is Tu ra gziT da formiT aris
SesaZlebeli fulis Sovna (mag., iaraRis vaWrobiT),
es mas naklebad ainteresebs.
imisaTvis rom sawarmom SeZlos sainvesticio
konkurentul srbolaSi gamarjveba, is movalea
investors SesTavazos swored is, rac am uka-
nasknels surs. aq ki sainvesticio eTika TiToeul
investors mouwodebs gadawyvetilebebis miRebi-
sas mxedvelobaSi iqonios ara mxolod monetaru-
li, aramed aramonetaruli mxareebic da miznebic.
evropuli mdgradi investiciebis forumis (Europe-an Sustainable Investment Forum) ukanaskneli kvlevebis
223
Tanaxmad,15 mdgradi da pasuxismgeblobiT aRsavse
investiciebis masStabebi, romlebic aseve cno-
bilia rogorc SRI (Sustainable and Responsible Invest-ment) bolo wlebSi sakmaod damajereblad aris
gazrdili. amasTanave arsebobs mravali eTikuri
mimarTulebis sainvesticio fondi, romlebic Seg-
nebulad mxolod ekologiuri da sazogadoebrivi
niSniT determinirebul proeqtebs afinanseben.
msgavsi dafinansebebi maTTvis naklebad komerci-
uli mniSvnelobis mqonea. is rac eTikur investi-
cias warmoadgens, SesaZloa sruliad sxvadasxva
iyos. sainvesticio SesaZleblobaTa Sefasebis
uxeS instruqciad SeiZleba firmis saqmianobeb-
is ekologiuri, socialuri da mmarTvelobiTi
– esm aspeqtebis (Environmental, Social and Governance – ESG) kvleva iqnes rekomedirebuli. investors
ainteresebs magaliTad ganaxlebadi energiebis
monawileoba (e), Sromis pirobebi (s) da korufciis
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli Sida sawarmoo RonisZie-
bebi. (mm) aseve, zogierTi investori aprotestebs
kapitaldabandebebs warmoebis garkveul sferoeb-
Si, mag., Tambaqosa Tu SeiaraRebis warmoebaSi. 2007
wels gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciam moiwo-
na da miiRo gaeros principebi pasuxismgeblobis
mqone kapitaldabandebebis Sesaxeb (UN Principles for responsible Investment)16, raTa mxardaWera gamoecxade-
bina eTikuri investiciebisaTvis.
amitom, bizneseTikis konteqstSi ekonomikuri
aqtiorebis individualur eTikis gardauvaloba
sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli.17 eTikis amgvari au-
cilebeloba qmnis sawarmosa da investors Soris
moralurad pozitiuri damokidebulebis wanamZ-
Rvarebs. Tumca aqve unda SevniSnoT isic, rom sayo-
velTao konsesusis formaSi asaxuli erTianobisa
da TanxmobisaTvis am or mxares Soris, gamorCeu-
224
lad ki mewarmeTa mxriv <<mmarTvelobiTi gadawy-
vetilebebis martivi moralizeba>>18 SeiZleba ar
iyos sakmarisi. gamomdinare aqedan, individualuri
eTika yovelTvis institucionalur-eTikuri kuTx-
iT unda iqnas mxardaWerili.
literatura:
1. Hans-Ulrich Küpper, Unternehmensethik, Hintergunde, Konzepte, Anwendungsbereiche, 2Auflage, Schäffer-Poeschel Verlag, Stutgart, 2011 S.31, DeGeorge, Richard T., Unternehmen-sethik, 1992: Unternehmensethik aus amerikanischer Sicht, in : Wirtschaft und Ethik, Hrsg., V. Hans Lenk Und Matthias Maring, Stuttgart, 1992, S. 302.
2. v.xizaniSvili, disertacia: eknomikisa da
eTikis dialeqtika globalizebul msoflioSi,
Telavi, 2011, gv 12
3. ix. wyaro 1., gv 31
4. W, Zimmerli , M. Assländer, Wirtschaftsethik, in : Julian , Nida –Rümelin (Hrsg): Angewandte Ethik, 2 Auflage, Stuttgart 2005, S. 322
5. Wilhelm Korff, Neue Dimensionen Der Bedürfnisethis-chen Frage, in: Korff, Wilhem (Hrsg): Handburch der Wirtschaft-sethik , Bd1.: Verhältnisbestimmug von Wirtschaft und Ethik, Gütersloh, 1999,S. 31-59.
6. Ursula Hanson, Ulf Schrader, Zukunftsflähiger Konsum als Ziel der Wirtschaftstatigkeit, in: Korff, Wilhelm (Hrsg): Hand-buch der Wirtschaftsethik, BD3: Ethik wirtschaftlichen Handelns, Gutersloh, 1999,S. 463-486
7. www.ottogroup.com/nachhafigkeitsbericht8. Paul Ray, Ruth Anderson, Cultural Creatives, How 50
Million People are Changing the World, New York, 2000.9. www.lohas.de10. Ludvig von Mises, Human Action ,A Treatise on Eco-
nomics, London,1949.
225
11. Klaus Peter Kaas, Anina Busch, Inspeksions-, Erfrah-rungs- und Vertrauenseigenschaften von Produkten, in : Market-ing, Zeitschrift für Forschung und Praxis, 18 Jg. , 1996, Heft 4, S. 243-252.
12. Wilhelm Korff, Neue Dimensionen der bedurfnise-thischen Frage, in : Korff, Wilhelm (Hrsg.): Handburch der Wirtschaftsethik, Bd.1: Verhältnisbestimmung von Wirtschaft und Ethik, Gütersloh 1999, S. 42
13. Peter Ulrich, Führungsethik , in : Wilhelm Korff (Hrsg): Handbuch der Wirtschaftsethik, Bd. 4 : Ausgewälte Handlungs-felder, Gütersloh, 1999, S.230.
14. Klaus M. Leisinger, Unternehmensethik, Globale Verant-wortung und modernes Management, München, 1997, S.. 130
15. www.euroif.org16. www.unpri.org17. Leisinger, Unternehmensethik, 141 ff; Enderle, Wirtschaft-
sefhik, S. 68; KarlHomann, Franz Blome- Dress, Wirtschafts- und Unternemensefhik als Beitrag zur Bildung mündiger Wirtschafts- bürger, Diskussionspapier Nr. 57 des Instituts für Wirtschaftsef-hik der Hochschule St. Gallen, Juli 1993, S. 23
18. Peter Ulrich, Die neue Sachlichkeit oder: Wie Kann Die Undernehmensefhik betriebswirtschaftlich zur Sache kommen, in: Die Unternehmung, 41. 1987, S. 410.
226
$2.2. mezo done
2.2.1. sawarmo rogorc moraluri aqtiori?
bizneseTikis mezo done exeba sameurneo organi-
zaciebis moralur qcevebs da saxeldobr, upirve-
les yovlisa kerZo sakuTrebaSi myof ekonomikur
sawarmoebs, rogorc umniSvnelovanes sameur-
neo organizaciebs.1 <<mezo done>> warmoadgens
ekonomikuri aqtiorebis individualuri eTikis
mikro donesa da saerTo ekonomikuri CarCo wes-
rigis makro dones Soris Semdgomi dakvirvebis
dones. amasTan dakavSirebiT qvemoT gTavazobT
sawarmos <<saSualo pozitiur>> sakamaTo inter-
pretaciebs.
• jer erTi, sawarmos mikro donesTan mima-
rTebiT SeiZleboda relatiurad didi siaxlovis
danaxva, vidre es mxolod subieqtis gansakuTre-
buli saxe da moraluri aqtioria.
• meorec, magram aseve SesaZlebelia rom sa-
warmo rogorc masSi moqmedi individebis CarCo
wesrigi metad gadanacvlebuliyo makro donis
siaxloves. ris Sedegadac saubari iqneboda ara
saerTo ekonomikuri, aramed calkeuli ekonomi-
kuri CarCo-wesrigis Sesaxeb.
pirveli Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviTac sawar-
mo TviTon aris moraluri aqtiori,2 jer kidev
namdvilad rCeba Zlier problematuri. SeuZli-
aT Tu ara firmebs gaaCndeT <<keTili neba>>, an
<<mdare sindisi>>? SeuZliaT Tu ara maT <<dana-
Saulis>> an <<pasuxismgeblobis>> sakuTar Tavze
aReba?
es kiTxvebi midrekilia urTierTgaerTianebi-
saken, vinaidan imgvari movlenebi, rogoric aris
Tavisufali neba, sindisi, danaSauli, sinanuli,
TanagrZnoba da <<moraluri unarebi>> saerTod,
227
mainc srulad exeba adamianur subieqtebs, person-
ebs. e.i. <<moraluri unarebi>> mainc personebis
statuszea damokidebuli.3 aseT SemTxvevaSi arian
ki firmebi personebi?
ra Tqma unda, bizneseTikis miRma aseve arsebobs
sawarmos mravalricxovani ,,personificireba>>.
• sawarmo samarTlianad miiCneva iuridiuli
pirad (firmis) sakuTari saxeliT.
• mas pirovnebis msgavsad SeuZlia
xelSekrulebis dadeba, davalebebis micema, Se-
mosavlebis miReba da gadasaxadebis gadaxda.
• sawarmos aqvs sakuTari imiji da reputacia,
romelic misi calkeuli wevrebis imijis da Sesa-
bamisad reputaciis identuri ar aris. maSasadame,
sawarmos, rogorc mTelis mimarT arsebobs stabi-
luri pasuxismgebloba missave qcevebze.
• sawarmom angariSi unda Caabaros Tavis qce-
vaze. <<Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations>>-is (1991) ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg aSS-Si korporaci-
uli sisxlis samarTalic ki moqmedebs. e.i. ara
mxolod sawarmos TanamSromeli SeiZleba iqnes
sicruisaTvis / TaRliTobisaTvis, mosyidvisaT-
vis/meqrTameobisaTvis, garemos dabinZurebisTvis,
janmrTelobis dazianebisTvis da a.S. dadana-
Saulebuli, aramed – Tavad sawarmoc. germaniaSi
am dromde miiCneva, rom danaSaulebrivi qmedeba
SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes mxolod personeb-
is da ara sawarmoTa mxridan. sawarmos korpo-
raciuli pasuxismgebloba amasTan dakavSirebiT
samarTlebirvad uaryofilia, garda im gamonakli-
sisa, romelic kartelur SeTanxmebebTan da zoga-
dad antimonopoliur kanonmdeblobasTan modis
winaaRmdegobaSi. fulad formaSi gamoxatul amg-
var sajarimo sanqciebs zogierTi iuristi <<kva-
zi – sisxlis samarTalsac>> ki uwodebs.
228
• sajaro gancxadebebis gakeTebiT sawarmoebi
Canan <<metyvelni>>.
• aseve maTi sayovelTao sityvaTxmareba xSirad
personificirebs sawarmoebs, rac sakmaod rezo-
nansul SemTxvevebs ukavSirdeba. ase magaliTad,
Hewlett Packard axdenda TanamSromlebis masobriv
daTxovnas samsaxuridan, Apple ixdida sadempingo gasamrjelos (xelfass), Merck-ma damala Vioxx-is revmatizmis samkurnalo saSualebebis gverdiTi
movlenebi, Tchibo dajildovda biznesis eTikuri
warmoebisaTvis, Degussa mesame raixis dros eweoda samuSaoze iZulebiT myof pirTa eqspluatacias,
Deutsche Bank spekulirdeba sasursaTo produqte-
biT, riTac xels uwyobda SimSils msoflioSi.
aRniSnul gancxadebaSi Tavad kompaniebi miiCne-
vian aqtiorebad.
im SemTxvevaSi Tu sawarmo Tavad ar miiCneva
aqtiorad, maSin saubari mis gansakuTrebul pasux-
ismgeblobaze sakuTari personalis mimarT aseve
azrs moklebulia.4
2.2.2. pirobebi sawarmos moralunarianobi-
saTvis
maSasadame, imisaTvis rom visaubroT sawarmos
pirovnulobis Sesaxeb arsebobs kargi safuZvlebi.
magram imavdroulad aseve kargi safuZvlebi ar-
sebobs mis sapirispirod.5 absurdia, magram war-
modgenili Sedegebis logikiT sawarmos aseve
unda exebodes adamianis uflebebi, mag., saarCevno
uflebebi da gaaCndes zrunva – pasuxismgeblo-
bis aRebis konkretuli SesaZleblobebi. imisaT-
vis rom sawarmo iyos <<moralunariani>>, srule-
biTac ar aris aucilebebi misi <<pirovnebad>>
deklarireba. sawarmos pasuxismgeblobis racion-
aluri gaazrebisaTvis ikmarebs Semdegi pirobebi6:
• sawarmo realuri, stabiluri identurobiT
229
unda warmoadgendes sacnob subieqts, rogorc sa-
kuTar TavTan ise sxvebTan mimarTebaSi.
• sawarmos rogorc subieqts unda SeeZlos
<<obieqtze>> zemoqmedebis moxdena (kauzaluri
damokidebuleba subieqtsa da obieqts Soris).
• sakuTar gadawyvetilebebis dros sawarmos
ufleba aqvs srulad ar iyos determinirebuli.
e.i. sawarmos qcevis mizezi ara mxolod mis ga-
reT SeiZleba arsebobdes. piriqiT, sawarmom unda
aCvenos Sinagani struqtura, rac gansazRvravs sa-
kuTar qcevebs (neba, ganzraxuloba).
• es Sinagani struqtura subieqtis xelSew-
yobiT principulad Tavad unda iyos Secvladi.
pirovnebis paralelurad aq SeiZleba yofiliyo
nebis, ganWvretisa da saxelmZRvanelo unarebis
TviTgamorkveva, TviTSegneba an refleqsuri Seg-
neba, sindisi.
• sawarmom unda aCvenos WeSmariti social-
uroba (socialuri mxare), e.i. sxvebTan kontaqt-
Si Sesvlis SesaZlebloba. unda SeeZlos pasux-
ismgeblobis adresatebTan urTierTobis ageba
(relacionaluroba) da maTi survilebis SemCneva,
damuSaveba, aseve maTze pasuxis gacema (komunikabe-
luroba)
2.2.3 sawarmo aris moralunariani
yvela es piroba SesaZlebelia Sesrulebulad
iqnes CaTvlili. sawarmos aqvs stabiluri iden-
turoba. rom ar iyos sawarmo identificirebadi,
maSin aseve SeuZlebeli iqneboda mag., iseTi ram,
rogoricaa sawarmos angariSi, Sefaseba, Sesyid-
va an gadasaxadebiT dabegvra, radgan imis cod-
nac ki sruliad SeuZlebeli iqneboda, Tu ras-
Tan mimarTebaSi SeiZleboda yofiliyo angariSi,
Rirebuleba, fasi, gadasaxadebi. rogorc e.w. Cor-porate Identity – RonisZiebebi aCvenebs, sawarmoebi
230
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobasac ki aniWeben sxva
sawarmoTa ganurCevel <<sawarmos zust pirovnu-
lobas>>7. eWvgareSea sawarmos aseve Seswevs Zala
sxvebTan mimarTebaSi iqonios obieqturi gav-
lena. sawarmos moqmedebebi gavlenas axdens mag.,
saqonliT uzrunvelyofa-momaragebaze, dasaqmebis
mdgomareobaze, janmrTelobaze, bunebirv garemoze,
saxelmwifo finansebze da a.S. da aqedan gamomdi-
nare uricxv adamianTa cxovrebis pirobebze. amas
garda, sawarmos gadawyvetilebebi ar aris garedan
determinirebuli. Tumca sawarmos gadawyvetile-
bebSi garedan gasaTvaliswinebelia mravalricxo-
vani gavlenebi gasaRebis, finansuri Tu SromiTi
bazrebis, aseve sasamarTlos ganaCenis, politikis
da sxv. mxridan. miuxedavad amisa, sawarmos mniS-
vnelovnad SeuZlia Tavad gasces pasuxi Semdeg
kiTxvebs: <<risi gakeTeba gvsurs?>> da <<rogor
gvsurs amis keTeba?>>. sawarmos (Tavisufali) gad-
awyvetilebebis analizi centralur sakiTxadac
ki iTvleba biznesadministrirebaSi.8 samarTlis
formisa da adgilmdebareobis arCevaniT dawye-
buli, produqti-bazari-strategiebis, konkretuli
strategiebis struqturuli modelebisa da war-
moebis meTodebis arCevaniT gagrZelebuli, da op-
eratiuli RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebeb-
is siuxviT damTavrebuli warmoadgens sawarmos
gadawyvetilebebis erTobliobas. miuxedavad ami-
sa, mimdinare biznessaqmianobaSi upirveles yov-
lisa mainc swored sawarmos gadawyvetilebebzea
saubari SesaZlebeli, radgan individebis perspeq-
tiviT – magaliTad mmarTvelobiTi Zala (menejeri)
sawarmos <<Sida struqturis>> gadawyvetilebebs
arsebiTad gansazRvravs. es <<Sida struqtura>>
ar aris organizaciuli struqturiT Semofar-
gluli. piriqiT, arsebobs ufro metad vrceli or-
231
ganizaciis realobis msazRvreli gadawyvetileba,
romelic ase vTqvaT adreuli gadawyvetilebaTa
sediments asaxavs.
am Sida struqturas miekuTvneba strategiuli
gzebi, romlebic moicavs arsebul teqnikas, manqana-
danadgarebs da Senoba-nagebobebs, sawarmos qcevis
formebsa da meTodebs, personals, sainformacio
da sakomunikacio sistemebs; ofisebs, stimulebis
sistemebs, saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebs, mzard
kulturul normebsa da a.S. rogorc sawarmoa
ekonomikuri wesrigis CarCoebiT garemoculi da
misiT ganicdis garkveuli saxis restriqciebs,
aseve mniSvnelovnad zemoqmedebs <<Sida struqtu-
ra>> sawarmos calkeul xelmZRvanelze gadawy-
vetilebaTa miRebisas.
amitom, SesaZlebelia aseve swored imis Sesaxeb
saubari, rom sawarmo <<intencionalurad>> moq-
medebs; mag., maZieblis samsaxurSi ayvanis an Tan-
amSromlis samsaxuridan gaTvaisuflebis, bazarze
Sesvlisa Tu iqidan ukan daxevis, garemos dabinZure-
bisa Tu mofrTxilebis dros da a.S. calkeulma
TanamSromelma SesaZloa saWirod cnos sawarmo-
saTvis imgvari gadawyvetilebis miReba, romelsac
rogorc <<kerZo piri>> ar moiwonebda.
magram arsebuli Sida struqtura piriqiT Ta-
vad aris intencionalurad Secvladi. swored es
SemTxvevaa nagulisxmebi, rodesac <<organizebul
swavlebaze>> aris saubari, gansakuTrebiT e.w.
<<double–Loop Learning>>9-is formis dros. rodesac sawarmos gadawyvetilebebi da moqmedebebi ekono-
mikuri an moraluri kuTxiT iqneboda aradamakmay-
ofilebeli, maSin double-Loop Learning-Tan daismebo-
da kiTxvi imis Taobaze, Tu savaraudod romelma
CarCopirobebma gamoiwvies amgvari gadawyvetile-
bebi da Sesabamisad moqmedebebi. koreqtura iwyeba
232
ara pirdapir calkeuli gadawyvetilebebiTa da
moqmedebebiT (es iqneboda single Loop Learning), ara-med mmarTvelobiTi cvladebiT (governing variables), Sesabamisad Sida struqturiT, romelic swored
rom am moqmedebebs uwyobs xels. organizaciuli
swavleba Sida struqturis Secvlazea damokide-
buli.
organizaciuli swavlebisaTvis aucilebel, ma-
gram arasakmaris pirobebs asaxavs individualuri
swavleba. imisaTvis, rom ganxorcieldes Sida
struqturis cvlileba, Tavdapirvelad mizezTa ga-
nurCevlad saWiroa dadgindes sawaros aqamde ar-
sebuli romeli <<outputs>> miiCneva sakoreqturod. cicabi ierarqia, gadawyvetilebaTa mZlavri cen-
tralizacia, mkveTrad gamoxatuli Sromis dan-
awileba, dajarimeba Secdomebis sajarod gacx-
adebisaTvis, kolegebs Soris arsebuli SiSisa da
Sejibris atmosfero magaliTad is CarCopirobebia,
romlebic arTulebs individualuri swavlebis Se-
motanas.10 am azriT sawarmo cxadia Tavad SeiZle-
ba iyos gansxvavebuli Semecnebisa da Seswavlis
unaris mqone. dabolos, sawarmos aseve SeiZleba
miekuTvnos relacionarulobisa da komunikaciis
unari. xSirad urTierTobaTa movlis special-
izirebuli saagentoebi da departamentebic ki ar-
sebobs, mag., iseTi rogoric aris sazogadoebasTan
urTierTobis (Public Relations), momxmareblebTan
urTierTobis (Customer Relations) an investorebT-
an urTierTobis (Investor Relations) dawesebulebebi
Tu ganyofilebebi. sawarmos rasakvirvelia aseve
Riad SeuZlia hqondes urTierToba rogorc or-
ganizaciis SigniT sakuTar TanamSromlebTan, ise
garesamyarosTan. is informirebs momxmarebels,
urTierTobs mimwodeblebTan, Tavs icavs maso-
brivi sainformacio saSualebebis braldebaTagan,
233
gamodis arsebuli sazogadoebrivi azris, garkveu-
li politikis momxred an mowinaaRmdeged. cxadia,
adamianebma Riad unda gamoTqvan sakuTari azri
kritikul viTarebaSi, magram rogorc wesi, samwux-
arod xSirad isini mxolod sawarmos Sexeduleba-
Ta gamxmovaneblad da maT ruporad gvevlinebian.
rogori Zlieri unaric ar unda gaaCndes sawarmos
Sida Tu gare samyaros survilTa aRsaqmelad da
maT moTxovnaTa arsSi Casawvdomad, is mainc Sida
struqturis sakiTxia. aqedan gamomdinare, sawar-
mos, rogorc pasuxismgeblobis unaris mqone sub-
ieqtis statusis mikuTvnebisaTvis yvela piroba
Sesrulebulia. sawarmoebi, rogorc intencion-
alurad moqmedi subieqtebi zemoqmedeben sxvebze,
romlebTanac isini amiT axdenen komunicirebas.
radgan Sida struqtura asaxavs sawarmos komuni-
kaciis, Semecnebisa da Seswavlis unarebs da indi-
videbis gadawyvetilebebi da qmedebebi sawarmoSi
mniSvnelovan, SeiZleba iTqvas gadamwyvet gavlena-
sac ki axdens, Sida struqtura gadataniTi mniS-
vnelobiT sawarmos sindiss warmoadgens.11
2.2.4. individebis Tanapasuxismgebloba sawar-
moSi
ar SeiZleba sawarmoSi mxolod calkeulTa
moralisa da sindisis imedad darCena, imisaTvis
rom sawarmo pasuxismgeblobis SegnebiT iqceodes.
ase rom yofiliyo, es iqneboda individis mimarT
gadaWarbebuli moTxovna, vinaidan am mxriv is mx-
olod agentia firmis saqmianobaSi da moqmedebs
gawerili instruqciiT. magram, bunebrivia am ur-
TierTdamokidebulebaSi kvlav unda gaesvas xazi
mas, rom es TavisTavad ar SeiZleba individualur
eTikaze uaris Tqmas niSnavdes. ramdenadac firma
saerToekonomikuri CarCo-wesrigiT aris deter-
minirebuli, imdenad aris sawarmos wevri Tavad
234
sawarmos Sida struqturiT determinirebuli.
calkeul ekonomikur aqtiors sawarmoSi SeuZlia
• gadaamowmos arsebuli Sida struqtura,
iseve rogorc aqedan gamomdinare gadawyvetile-
bebi da moqmedebebi.
• monawileoba miiRos karg Sida struqtura-
Si.
• SegnebiT (da ara ekonomikuri angariSiT)
daemorCilos karg wesebs.
• sicariele da bundovaneba daZlios CarCo
(zRvrul) pirobebSi da
• rogorc <<novatorma>> maRali eTikuri
standartebiT Tavad misces sxvebs magaliTi gad-
awyvetilebebsa Tu moqmedebebSi.
amasTan mimarTebiT arsebobs sawarmos pasux-
ismgeblobis (CSR), rogorc mTlianobis da indi-
videbis Tanapasuxismgeblobis ori racionaluri
midgoma, romlebsac SeTanxmebuli moqmedebebi
marTebT. prof. gidensis mosazrebiT SesaZlebeli
iqneboda am ori midgomis erT <<struqturis du-
alizmis>>12 konceptad formulireba. struqturis
dualizmi erTdroulad individualur moqmedeba-
Ta mediums da rezultats gulisxmobs. magaliTi-
saTvis, mocemuli ierarqiuli damokidebulebis
Tanaxmad xelmZRvanelis mier gacemul miTiTebebs
/ gankargulebebs mosdevs xelqveiTis mier misi
(dauyovneblivi) aRsruleba. am mxriv struqtu-
ra aris garkveuli qcevis gadacemis / xelSew-
yobis mediumi. imave dros xelqveiTis morCileba
daiyvaneba masze, rom <<virtualuri>> subordi-
naciidan, romelic jer kidev mxolod qaRaldzea,
iZens realuri marTvelobiTi urTierTobis for-
mas. amdenad, struqtura warmoadgens moqmedebaTa
Sedegs. mas araviTari efeqti aqvs iqamde, vidre ar
moxdeba misi moqmedebaSi ganxorcieleba.
235
kompaniaSi Sida sawarmoo CarCo wesrigi (Semd-
gari magaliTad organizaciuli sistemebiT, strat-
egiebiT, sainformacio sistemebiT da a.S.) SeiZleba
iqces moqmedebaTa mediumis moralis adgilad da
am mimarTulebiT is ayalibebs sawarmos pasux-
ismgeblobis sruliad arsebiT aspeqts. magram ima-
vdroulad sawarmoSi arian individebi, romlebic
am CarCowesrigs mxolod qmedebaSi reproducire-
ben an avseben da cvlilebebi SeaqvT masSi. ara
formalur struqturas ekisreba pasuxismgebloba,
aramed mxolod sawarmos <<cocxal urTierTo-
baTa sistemas>>, romelsac aseve ekuTvnian konk-
retuli adamianebi sakuTari roliT (sawarmoSi),
rogorc TanamSromlebi an rogorc marTvelobiTi
Zalebi (menejerebi).13
literatura:
1. Georges Enderle, Wirtschaftsethik im Werden., Stuttgart, 1988, S.56
2. Georges Enderle, Zur Grundlegung einer Unternehmen-sethik: das Unternehmen als moralischer Akteur, in: Homann, Karl (Hrsg.): Aktulle Probleme der Wirtschaftsethik, Berlin, 1992, S. 143-158; Peter A. French., The Coproration as a Marl Person, in: American Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 16, 1979, S. 207-215; Kenneth E. Goodpaster; John B. Matthews, Können Unternehmen ein Gewissen haben? In: Harvard Manager, Un-ternehmensethik, Band 1, S. 9-18.
3. Joachim Fetzer, die Verantwortung der Unternehmung, Gütersloh, 2004, S. 124
4. Hans Jürgen Drumm, Personalwirtschaftslehre, 5 A., Berlin, 2005, S. 656
5. ix. wyaro 3, gv. 134
6. ix. wyaro 3, gv. 142
7. Robert Nieschlag, Erwin Dichtl, Hans Hörschgen, Mar-
236
keting, 18 A., Berlin, 1997, S. 609.8. Hans-Ulrich Küpper, Arnold Picot, Gegenstand der
Unternehmensethik, in: Korff, Wilhem (Hrsg.): Handbuch der Wirtschaftsetik. Bd. 3: Ethik wirtschaftlichen Handelns, Güter-sloh 1999, S. 132
9. Chris Argyris, On Organizational Learnig, Cambridge Mass, Oxford 1994, P. 8
10. ix. wyaro 9, gv. 27
11. Kenneth E. Goodpaster, John B. Matthews, Können Un-ternehmen ein Gewissen haben? In: Harvard Manager, Unterneh-mensethik, Band 1, S. 9-18.
12. Anthony Giddens, Die Constitution der Gesellschaft, Grundzüge einer Theorie der Strukturierung, Frankfurt a.M. 1988, S. 430
13. ix. wyaro 3, gv 159
237
$2.3. makro done
2.3.1. ekonomikur instituciaTa eTikuri Se-
faseba
ara mxolod ekonomikuri aqtiorebi, aramed
aseve ekonomikuri saqmianobis institucionaluri
CarCopirobebi eqvemdebareba eTikur Sefasebas da
Sesabamisad, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom maTi zneo-
briobis xarisxic iyos gacilebiT maRali an da-
bali.
ekonomikuri instituciebi es aris komerciuli
organizaciebi (iseTebi, rogoric arian mewarmee-
bi, biTumad an calobiT movaWreni da myidvel-
ebi), romlebic awarmoeben, anawileben da iZenen
saqonelsa da momsaxurebas,1 da aqve, romlebic
urTierTdamokidebulebiT qmnian samarTliT, mo-
raliTa da mizniT determinirebul qcevis erTian
sistemas, romelic Rrmad aris fesvgadgmuli sa-
zogadoebriv cxovrebaSi.
instituciebi ayalibeben qcevis garegan Car-
Coebs individebis moqmedebebisaTvis. Tumca sab-
oloo angariSiT isini mniSvnelobas iZenen mx-
olod maSin, rodesac adamianebisagan xdeba maTi
rogorc gare, mza mocemulobis qmedebaSi (valde-
bulebaTa Sesrulebisas) aqceptireba da repro-
ducireba sakuTar moqmedebaTa marTvis, SezRudvisa
da gakontrolebis dros. es marTva da kontroli
nawilobriv warimarTeba gaucnobierblad. es ex-
eba sazogadoebaSi socializaciis procesSi erTi
SexedviT SeumCnevel, garkveul gabatonebul Ri-
rebulebaTa konkretuli gamovlenis formebs, ro-
goric aris mag., materialuri orientacia, romel-
ic sayovelTaod miRebuli da aRiarebulia. garda
amisa marTva nawilobriv aseve cxadad SeigrZnoba
238
da SeZlebisdagvarad mxolod survilis gareSe
aqceptirdeba. ase magaliTad, gadasaxadebis gadax-
da, wesebis dacva da sxv. Sinagani mrwamsis, konk-
retuli faseulobebis gareSe, mxolod sasjelTa
SiSiT realizdeba.
instituciebi individualur qmedebebze gavle-
nas axdenen imiT, rom isini SesaZlo RirebulebaTa
da miznebis CarCoebs winaswar adgenen.
ekonomikur saqmianobaTa institucionaluri
CarCopirobebis eTikuri Sefasebisas gamoiyofa
ori (urTierTdamokidebuli) aspeqti: I. SesaZlebe-
lia daisvas kiTxva imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda
Sefasdes Tavad institucia magaliTad, gansaz-
Rvruli eTikuri principebisa (adamianuri Rirse-
ba, samarTlianoba) da sasurveli miznebis (materi-
aluri keTildReoba, Tavisufleba) Tavsebadobis
SemTxvevaSi; II. SesaZloa Tu ara im mastimulire-
beli efeqtebis problematizireba, romlebic in-
stituciaTa individualuri qmedebebidan, iseve
rogorc sazogadoebisaTvis maTgan warmoebuli
Sedegebidan gamomdinareobs. aq orive aspeqtis
Seswavla xdeba sabazro ekonomikis instituciebT-
an mimarTebaSi.
2.3.2 sabazro ekonomikis upiratesobani da
problemebi
makro doneze bizneseTikis centraluri sak-
iTxia is, Tu ekonomikis romeli tipi (sabazro an
gegmuri ekonomika) SeiZleba iyos umjobesi. iTv-
leba ra, rom ekonomikis arssa da mizans adamianTa
saqonliT uzrunvelyofa warmoadgens, gamomdin-
are aqedan ekonomikuri wesrigis (wyobis) sabazro
ekonomikur tips da masTan kavSirSi myof kerZo
sakuTrebasa da xelSekrulebiTi Tavisuflebis
bazarze dafuZnebul instituciebs ekonomikuri
wesrigis (wyobis) gegmuri ekonomikis tipTan
239
mimarTebiT gaaCnia <<moraluri> upiratesobani,
radgan is zneobrivad misaReb karg mizans (sa-
Tanado keTildReoba, rogorc saSualeba kargi
cxovrebisaTvis) ukeT asrulebs. papi ioane pavle
Tavis socialur enciklikaSi <<Centesimus annus>> gansakuTrebulad amaxvilebs yuradRebas amgvar
pozitiur efeqtebze.2 sabazro ekonomika aseve
umjobesad iTvleba imitom, rom is sakmaod didi
zomiT uSvebs centraluri individualuri Tavisu-
flebis uflebis arsebobas.3 amasTan, SeiZleboda
samarTlianad miCneuliyo bazris Sedegebi, radgan
sabazro ekonomika konkurenciaSi misaRebi Sanseb-
is Tanasworobisas bolos da bolos saqonlis
samarTlian ganawilebas uwyobs xels.
bazridan gamomavali stimulebi iTvleba prim-
itiulad. mogebis interesTan kavSirSi konkuren-
ciam unda SeZlos gansakuTrebiT inovaciur,
klientTaTvis xelsayrel da araZviradRirebul
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis arseboba imavdrouli
mwiri resursebis momWirne gamoyenebis pirobebSi.
aqedan gamomdinare, sabazro ekonomika uwinare-
sad ekonomistebis mier xasiaTdeba saerTo keTil-
dReobaze orientirebulad, moralurad, socialu-
rad da gansakuTrebiT, - solidarulad.4
Zlier pozitiuri Sefasebisas, sabazro ekono-
mikuri CarCo-wesrigi ra Tqma unda xSirad eqvem-
debareba Semdeg institucionalur, gansakuTrebiT
ki samarTlebriv CarCo-pirobebs, romlebic Tavis-
ufali bazris potenciur xarvezebsa da naklo-
vanebebs, e.w. bazris warumateblobas zRudaven. ase
magaliTad:
• antitrestuli kanonmdebloba iZleva
konkurenciis SenarCunebis SesaZleblbas xangr-
Zlivi droiT, radgan bazris logika mimwodeblebi-
saTvis mimzidvels xdis monopoliisaken swrafvas
240
da aqedan aRmocenebul Zalauflebas momxmareb-
lis eqsploataciisaTvis.
• ikrZaleba garkveuli saqonliT (narkotiki,
iaraRi da sxv.) vaWroba radgan is astimulirebs
bazars daakmayofilos nebismieri moTxovna.
• iblokeba eko-resursebis usindiso eqsp-
loatacia, romlebic bevrgan Tavisufali gayidvis
saqonlad miiCneva.
• aseve exeba im adamianebis saarsebo mini-
mumebiT uzrunvelyofas, romelTac ar SeuZliaT
monawileoba miiRon bazarze, radgan isini Sez-
Ruduli SesaZleblobebis gamo arian Sromis uun-
aroni.
• Zlierdeba momxmareblis pozicia magali-
Tad, mimwodeblis garkveuli sainformacio valde-
bulebebiT, radgan winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi adgili
aqvs arsebuli sainformacio asimetriis negati-
uri efeqtebis gamovlinebas momxmarebelTan mima-
rTebaSi.
• xelisuflebis (Zalauflebis) asimetriu-
lobis problema ixsneba gansakuTrebiT Sromis
bazarze gansazRvruli dacviTi dadgenilebis
saSualebiT.
dasavleTis industriul qveynebSi dRes arse-
buli umetesi ,,Tavisufali” sabazro ekonomikebi
saxelmiwfoebrivad ar aris Zlier reglamentire-
buli, radgan sasurveli Sedegis miRweva aseve
SesaZlebelia mxolod bazris CarTulobiT sxva-
dasxva instituciis mxridan SemuSavebul siste-
maSi.
2.3.3 ubiZgebs Tu ara uzneobisaken bazari?
amgvar SexedulebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT baz-
ris mravalricxovani flanguri RonisZieba miiC-
neva saWirod, radgan konkurencia mimwodeblebs
241
bazarze <<gakotrebis sasjeliT>> aiZulebs sa-
kuTari mogebis maqsimizirebas eTikurad saeWvo
saSualebebis daxmarebiTac ki. aseT SemTxvevaSi,
miiRebda ra erTi konkurenti uzneo moqmedeb-
iT ekonomikur sargebels, maSin sxva danarCeni
konkurentebi iZulebulni gaxdebodnen myisve am
cudi magaliTiT exelmZRvanelaT da msgavsad mo-
qceuliyvnen, raTa Tavidan aeridebinaT mosalod-
neli ekonomikuri zarali. mimwodeblebs ekono-
mikur konkurenciaSi SeuZliaT (da valdebulnic
arian) ar Seurigdnen mogebis danakargebs, Tuki ar
surT maT riskis qveS daayenon kompaniis Semdgo-
mi arseboba. am mizeziT, nawilobriv ekonomikuri
aqtiorebis, gansakuTrebiT mewarmeTa da menejer-
ebis individualuri morali, rogorc sawarmoTa
xelmZRvanelebis TvisebebSi myofis, _ iTvleba
SeuZleblad da morali mxolod da mxolod, da
isic mudam sistemuri formiT CarCo-wesrigis Ta-
maSis wesebSi, upirvels yovlisa kanonmdeblobaSi
poulobs adgils.5 es TamaSis wesebi warmoadgens
Tanabarzomierad savaldebulos yvela mimwodeb-
lisaTvis Sesasruleblad, ase rom ekonomikur,
gamorCeulad ki moralurad moqmed ekonomikur
aqtiorTa eqsploatacia xdeba SeuZlebeli.
aseT viTarebaSi namdvilad SeiZleba daeWveba:
moqmedebs Tu ara mimwodeblis moraluri qmedebebi
<<saWiro efeqtianobis xarjze>> da maSin Cndeba
Tu ara myis ekonomikuri kraxis realuri saSiS-
roeba. rogorc wesi, sawarmoebs aseve Zalian kar-
gad SeuZliaT sargeblis (mogebis) <<maqsimumis>>
qveviT arseboba, radgan Tavad moraluri mosazre-
bebiT gamowveuli mogebis danakargebi normalur
SemTxvevaSi pirdapir jer kidev ar axdens sawar-
mos funqcionirebaze ,,damRupvel” zemoqmedebas.
garda amisa, aseve mudam arsebobs SesaZlebloba,
242
rom swored moraluri qmedeba xdeba konkurenci-
ul WrilSi momgebiani, rodesac momxmareblebi an
investorebi eTikur aspeqtebs sakuTari yidvis Tu
investiciis gadawyvetilebis dros iTvaliswine-
ben.
magram aseve, roca SeuZlebelia ueWveli mtkice-
ba imis, rom eTikurad umwiklo qmedeba avtomatu-
rad iwvevs ekonomikur kraxs, unda daisvas kiTx-
va imis Sesaxeb, Tu rasTan gvaqvs saqme roca es
SemTxveva xdeba?
magaliTi: Tu garkveul garemoebaTa gaTval-
iswinebiT mwarmoebeli Tavs valdebulad Tvlis
kakaos mimwodeblebs nedleulisaTvis sabazro
fass zeviT e.w. faire price gadauxados, bunebrivia es sagemovno Tvisebebis Seucvlelad gaaZvirebs sab-
oloo produqtis fass. Semdeg ki Tu davuSvebT,
rom momxmarebeli sakuTari moxmarebis gadawy-
vetilebis dros orientirebuli iqneba fasze da
msgavsi sagemovno Tvisebebis mqone iaf Sokolads
SeiZens, maSin savaraudod, patiosani mewarme gay-
idvebis (brunvis) da mogebis mniSvnelovani dana-
kargebiT SesaZloa didi albaTobiT bazridanac
ki iqnes gamoZevebuli.
es aris ekonomikuri dilemis idealur-tipi-
uri situacia, romleSic morali da ekonomikuri
warmateba negatiurad korelirebs. amgvar moce-
mulobaSi aris ki mwarmoebeli mimwodeblebis
winaSe kvlavindeburad Fairess formatSi valdebu-
li? sazogadod SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva: ra xdeba
imgvar situaciaSi, romleSic moraluri moqmede-
bebi TviTinteresebs kveTs?
moralis ekonomistebisaTvis eTikur normaTa
dacvis / SenarCunebis sruliad araviTari val-
debuleba arsebobs im wamidan, ra droidanac is
ekonomikur naklovanebebs ukavSirdeba. vinaidan
243
bazari mimwodeblebs aramoralur moqmedebisaken
aiZulebs, calkeuli mimwodebeli movaleobaTa
ekonomikiT gamarTlebulia moralurad imoqmedos
iqamde, vidre sxva mimwdebeli swored am damokide-
bulebas sakuTari ekonomikuri interesebisaTvis
gamoyenebas SeZlebs.
ara eTikur normaTa safuZvlianobis, aramed
maTi ganxorcielebadobis TvalsazrisiT aris
saintereso moralsa da bazris warmatebas Soris
arsebuli dilema-situaciis SeZlebisdagvarad
Tavidan arideba.
2.3.4. saxelmwifo CarCo-wesrigi
ekonomikuri dilemis gadawyveta SesaZlebelia
CarCo-wesrigis cvlilebebiT.
situacia ise unda Seicvalos, rom samarTli-
anad da savaldebulod aRiarebuli qmedebaTa
formebi mimzidveli iyos da Sesabamisad, maTgan
gadacdomebi ki – aramimzidveli.
es SesaZlebelia aseve sadagadasaxado da safi-
nanso politikis daxmarebiT ganxorcieldes, raTa
garkveuli sasurveli qmedebaTa formebi am kuTx-
iT iqnas waxalisebuli, an moxdes subsidiebis
Semcireba/gauqmeba, romlebic aqamde astimulire-
ben sxvadasxva negatiur movlenebs (mag., garemos
dabinZurebas da sxv.). amgvar RonisZiebaTa miRma
arsebuli mTavari idea yovelTvis mdgomareobs
masSi, rom instituciurma CarCo-pirobebma xeli
Seuwyos garkveul qmedebebs, radgan isini ekonomi-
kur sargebelTan kavSirSi imyofebian, da ekonomi-
kur aqtiorTa mxridan warmoudgenelia am stimu-
lirebis ignorireba. amitom, politikosebi msgavsi
CarCo-pirobebis dadgenisas gulisyuriT unda moe-
kidon adamianTa ekonomikur interesebs, raTa maT
qcevebs miznobrivi swori mimarTulebis micemaSi
daexmaron.
244
2.3.5 zesaxelmwifo CarCo-wesrigi
aseTi institucionaluri-eTikuri mosazrebe-
bi dRes Sidasaxelmwifo donidan zesaxelmwifo
donemde unda ganivrcos.
ara mxolod qveynis SigniT arsebobs mimwode-
blebs Soris konkurencia, aramed aseve ufro da
ufro meti – qveynebs Soris konkurencia kompa-
niaTa mozidvisa da masTan dakavSirebul samuSao
adgilebsa da sagadasaxado gadasaxdelebTan mima-
rTebaSi.
ekonomikuri dilemis argumentacia meordeba
dakvirvebis sxva sibrtyeze: rodesac calkeuli
sawarmoebi qveynebSi Tavs arideben garemosa Tu
Sromis dacvis, Tu Sromis patiosani anazRaurebis
sakiTxebs da maT ar aniWeben did mniSvnelobas, Se-
degad garemoebisda mixedviT isini iReben ekono-
mikur problemebs, rac dauSveblad iTvleba. amis
gamo xdeba sul ufro meti samuSao adgilis ,,eqs-
portireba”, rac bolos da bolos iwvevs mTliani
saxalxo meurneobisa da pasuxismgeblobis mqone
politikosebis Seviwroebas. mTeli qveyana aRmoC-
ndeba ra ekonomikuri dilemis winaSe, ismeba kiTxva
Tu ramdenad SeuZlia mas mihyves marTebulad aRi-
arebul qmedebaTa (mag., garemos dacvis) formebs.
Segueba e.w. <<race to the bottom>>-Tan aris saSiSi.
magaliTi: Ppakistanis teqstilis fabrikaSi ga-
manadgurebeli xanZris Semdeg, rasac 250-ze meti
adamianis sicocxle emsxverpla, pakistanis te-
qstilis sazogadoebam, romlesac rasakvirvelia
pirvel rigSi marTebda samarTliani poziciis
dakaveba momxdarTan dakavSirebiT ukmari usa-
frTxoebis, cudi SromiTi pirobebisa da dabali
xelfasebis problemaTa win wamowevis nacvlad, pa-
raleli gaavlo bangladeSis analogiuri teqsti-
lis warmoebis kidev ufro cud pirobebTan, da mi-
245
iCnia, rom pakistanis wamyvan dargs am garemoebaTa
gamo ar unda midgomoda ziani, vidre is dasavlur
standarts miaRwevda.
ganviTarebul qveynebSi arsebuli standartis
Rarib qveynebSi gadmosatanad arsebobs saukeTeso
opcioni, rac saerTaSoriso CarCo-pirobebs bizne-
seTikis makro doneze gaxdis savaldebulos. am
SemTxvevaSi es SeiZleba yofiliyo msoflio ekono-
mikuri wesrigi. mxolod am donezea aseve Sesa-
Zlebeli qveynebs Soris arsebuli materialuri
sikeTis samarTliani ganawilebis problemis gad-
awyveta.6 globaluri standartis ganmaxorciel-
eblad nawilobriv swored multinacionaluri
korporaciebi, rogorc globaluri moTamaSeni
(Global Player) gvevlinebian gansakuTrebiT Sesaf-
eris instituciebad. maSasadame, maSin rodesac ar-
sebuli mocemuloba sawarmosagan korporaciul
moqalaqeobas (Corporate Citizenship) anu sazogadoe-briv CarTulobas iTxovs, es swored rom multi-
nacionaluri korporaciebis aqtiur politikur
rolze mianiSnebs.
literatura:
1. What are economic institutions? definition and meaning. www.businessdictionary. com/definition/economic-institutions.html
2. Reinhard Marx, Helge Wulsdorf, Christliche Sozialithik, Paderbon, 2002, S. 291
3. Bruno Molitor, Wirtschaftsethik, München, 1989, S. 704. Bruno Molitor [Wirtschaftscthik] 73; Homann/Blome-
Dress [Unternehmensethik] 26, 495. ix. Homann/Blome-Dress [Unternehmensethik] 34, 356. Arthur Rich, Wirtschaftsefhik II, Marktwirtschaft, Plan-
wirtschaft, Weltwirtschaft aus sozialethischer Sicht, 1. A., Güter-sloh, 1990, S. 345
246
Tavi 3. biznesis eTikis Teoriebi
biznesis eTika SeiZleba diferencirdes or far-
To mimarTulebad. pirveli es aris<<normatiuli
biznesis eTika>>, romelic umTavresad efuZneba
filosofiur msjelobas da cdilobs Cawvdes Tu
ra aris moralurad swori an araswori moqmede-
baTa msvlelobis specifikur situaciebSi. meore
es aris <<deskrifciuli (pozitiuri) biznesis
eTika>>, romelic umTavresad efuZneba fsiqolo-
giur da eTnografiul gamokvlevebs da cdilobs
gaerkves Tu rogor xdeba sinamdvileSi eTikur
gadawyvetilebaTa miReba biznesSi, da ra axdens
gavlenas am gadawyvetilebis procesebsa da Se-
degebze.1 aqedan Cven SegviZlia gamovyoT norma-
tiuli da deskrifciuli eTikuri Teoriebis ori
intencia: pirveli, romelic miekuTvneba normati-
uls Tu ra unda gaakeTon saqmianma adamianebma,
da meore, romelic miekuTvneba deskrifciuls –
ras akeTeben da kidev ufro mniSvnelovani, ratom
akeTeben mas sinamdvileSi es saqmiani adamianebi.
$3.1. normatiuli eTikuri Teoria
normatiulSi igulisxmeba eTikuri Teoriebi
romlebic cdilobs gviCvenos moqmedebis moralu-
rad koreqtuli forma. e.i. eTikuri Teoriebi aris
wesebisa da principebis erToblioba, romlebic
adgens sworsa da araswors yovel mocemul sit-
uaciaSi.
normatiuli eTikuri Teoriebi iyofa tradici-
ul da Tanamedrove eTikur Teoriebad.
tradiciuli eTikuri Teoriebi
tradiciuli eTikuri Teoriebi Cveulebriv
247
gvTavazoben garkveul wesebsa da principebs, rom-
lebic SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnas nebismier moce-
mul situaciaSi. es Teoriebi ZiriTadad diferen-
cirdeba ori jgufis saxiT (ix. nax. 1)
arakonsekvencialisturi
eTika
konsekvencialisturi
eTika
nax. 1 konsekvencialisturi da arakonsekvencialis-
turi Teoriebi biznesis eTikaSi
nax. 1-is marjvena mxares Cven gvaqvs Teoriebi,
romlebic moralur gansjas afuZneben gansaz-
Rvrul qmedebaTa Sedegebze. Tu es Sedegebi aris
sasurveli, aseT SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisi moqmedeba/
moqmedebebi moralurad sworia. Tu moqmedebaTa
Sedegebi aris arasurveli moqmedeba/moqmedebebi
moralurad arasworia. amgvarad, moraluri gansja
konsekvencialistur TeoriebSi aris dafuZnebuli
moqmedebaTa savaraudo miznebsa da Sedegebze.
konsekvencialisturi eTika xSirad aseve aRiniS-
neba terminiT <<teleoligiuri>>, rac warmodgeba
berZnulidan da aRniSnavs <<mizans>>.
meore mxriv Cven gvaqvs is Teoriebi, romlebic
moralur msjelobas gadawyvetilebaTa mimRebis
motivaciis ZiriTad principebze afuZneben. es ara-
konsekvencialisturi midgomebi Zlier mWidrod
248
aris dakavSirebuli iudaistur-qristianul az-
rovnebasTan da iwyeba calkeul pirovnebaTa
uflebebisa da movaleobebis Sesaxeb argument-
aciiT. aRniSnul filosofiur Teoriebs aseve
ewodeba <<deontologiuri>>, rac berZnulidan
<<movaleobas>> niSnavs.
qvemoT SesaZlebloba gveqneba axlos gavec-
noT filosofiuri Teoriebis orive mimarTule-
bas. naxati 2. gvTavazobs Sesabamisi filosofiuri
skolebisa da maTi azrovnebis ZiriTadi elemen-
tebis mokle mimoxilvas.
naxati 2. ZiriTadi normatiuli Teoriebi biznesis
eTikaSi
konsekvencialisturi Teoriebi
konsekvencialisturi Teoriebi ZiriTadad cno-
bilia rogorc:
249
• egoizmi
• utilitarizmi
miuxedavad imisa, rom am TeoriaTagan orive ex-
eba gadawyvetilebis Sedegebis mixedviT sworisa
da arasworis sakiTxebs, maT SedegebTan mainc gan-
sxvavebuli Semxebloba gaaCniaT. kerZod, egoizmi
fokusirdeba gadawyvetilebis mimRebis Sedegebze,
xolo utilitarizmi – sazogadoebis (Temis) far-
glebSi arsebul farTo socialur Sedegebze.
egoizmi. egoizmi erT-erTi uZvelesi filosofi-
uri cnebaa, romelic ukve kargad cnobili da gan-
sjis sagani iyo antikuri saberZneTis filoso-
fosebTan, upirvelesad platonTan. ukasknel sam
saukuneSi man sakmao gavlena SeiZina Tanamedrove
ekonomikaSi, gansakuTrebiT adam smitis liber-
aluri ekonomikis monaxazSi. egoizmi SeiZleba
ganisazRvros Semdegnairad:
egoizmis Teoriis mixedviT moqmedeba moralu-
rad sworia, rodesac gadawyvetilebis mimRebi
Tavisuflad iRebs gadawyvetilebas imisaTvis, rom
mihyves rogorc moklevadian survilebs, ise gr-
Zelvadian interesebs.
egoizmis gamarTleba emyareba adamianis fuZem-
debel princips: vinaidan adamaini SezRudulia sa-
kuTar moqmedebaTa Sedegebis ganWvretaSi, amitom
kargi cxovrebis misaRwev saTanado strategias
warmoadgens sakuTari survilebisa da interesebis
miyola. adam smitis azriT ekonomikur sistemaSi
individualuri piradi interesis amgvari miyola
misaRebia, radgan is bazris <<uxilavi xeliT>>
sazogadoebisaTvis awarmoebs moralurad sasur-
vel Sedegs. maSasadame, moraluri Sedegis, rogorc
sistemis saboloo produqtis miReba efuZneba
Tavisufal konkurenciasa da karg informacias.
magaliTad, Tu mewarme qmnis da yidis uvargis
250
produqts, momxmareblisaTvis, romelic yidulobs
mis saqonels, yidva-gayidvis mxolod drois es
mokle monakveTi iqneba erTi mxriv mewarmisaTvis
misaRebi da momxmareblisaTvis miuRebeli. Tum-
ca grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, momxmareblis mier
alternatiuli variantebis gacnobis SemTxvevaSi,
bunebrivia, rom aRniSnuli mewarmis produqciis
warmoeba-gasaRebasac gardauvlad Seeqmneba mZime
problemebi, rogorc ki momxmarebeli gadainacv-
lebs sxva mwarmoeblisaken. amitom, mewarme pi-
radi interesis gamo Seecdeba moeridos aras-
rulfasovani, uvargisi produqtis warmoebas. ase
rom iqmneba situacia, romelic orive mxarisaTvis
xelsayrelia. swored am niSniT, awarmoos farTo
socialuri sargebeli – sacnobi xdeba garkveuli
kavSiris arseboba egoistur praqtikebsa da util-
itarul Sedegebs Soris.
adam smitis azriT es meqanizmi aris bazari. Tum-
ca, miuxadavad imisa, rom umetes SemTxvevaSi bazari
brwyinvaled muSaobs, arsebobs mravali situacia
rodesac egoizmi calkeul aqtiors ayenebs arax-
elsayreli Sedegis winaSe. mimdinare anti-glo-
balizaciis moZraoba didwilad ganpirobebulia
swored im garemoebiT rom globalur doneze baz-
rebi srulyofilad ar funqcionirebs da rom Cven
yvelani mowmeni varT mTeli msoflios masSta-
biT simdidris aSkarad uTanabro ganawilebisa. aq
aseve SeiZleba motanil iqnes mdgradi ganviTareb-
is Tanmxlebi problemebic: dRevandeli arsebuli
resursebis umowyalod gamolevis msxverpls war-
moadgens momavlis generacia, romelic jer kidev
ar iRebs monawileobas bazris nebismier saxeoba-
Si. yovelive es naTlad aCvenebs egoizmis Teoriis
garkveul pirveldawyebiT limitaciebs.
utilitarizmi. utilitarizmis filosofia
251
erT-erTi yvelaze ufro sayovelTaod misaRebi
eTikuri Teoria iyo anglo-saqsur samyaroSi. is
ukavSirdeba britaneli filosofosisa da ekono-
mistis ieremia bentamisa da jon stiuart milis
saxelebs da romelmac zogadad didi gavlena
iqonies mTel Tanamedrove ekonimikaze. utilita-
rizmis ZiriTadi principi SeiZleba ganisazRvros
Semdegnairad:
utilitarizmis Tanaxmad moqmedeba aris mor-
alurad swori, rodesac mas Sedegad moaqvs meti
sikeTe ufro meti adamianisTvis, (vidre am moqmede-
baTa Sedegad dazaralebulia).
es principi aseve iwodeba udidesi bednierebis
principad, da warmoadgens saboloo konsekven-
cialistur princips, ramdenadac is fokusirebs
martoden moqmedebaTa Sedegebze, kargi da cudi
Sedegebis urTierTSedarebaze, da sabolood
stimuls aZlevs imgvar moqmedebebs, rasac moaqvs
meti sikeTe yvela adamianisTvis. egoizmisagan gan-
sxvavebiT, misi mzera mimarTulia ara mxolod Ti-
Toeuli pirovnebisaken kiTxviT – sruldeba Tu
ara maTi individualuri survilebi Tu intere-
sebi, aramed is fokusirdeba koleqtiur keTil-
dReobaze, rac gansazRvruli gadawyvetilebebiT
iwarmoeba.
ZiriTadi idea aris sargeblianobis cneba,
romelsac bentami cxovrebis saboloo miznad
ganixilavs. adamiani danaxulia rogorc hedon-
isti, romlis mizani cxovrebaSi aris siamovnebis
maqsimizireba da tanjvis minimizireba. utilitar-
ianizmis am hedonistur rendiciaSi sargeblianoba
ganizomeba siamovnebasa da tanjvasTan kavSirSi
(hedonisturi xedva). sargeblianobis sxva inter-
pretaciebi erTi mxriv ganixileba bednierebisa da
ubedurebis konteqstSi (“eudomonistikuri” xedva),
252
meore mxriv – yvela faseuli adamianuri sike-
Tis konteqstSi (“idealuri” xedva). garda amisa es
sikeTeni Cveulebriv aseve moicavs iseT aspeqtebs,
rogoric aris megobroba, siyvaruli, erTguleba
da a.S.
utilitarizmis Teoria sami ZiriTadi proble-
miT xasiaTdeba:
• subieqturoba. am Teoriis sargeblobisas
aSkarad saWiroa ufro metad kritikuli azrovne-
ba, da imgvari Sedegebis Sefaseba, rogoric aris
siamovneba da tkivili, analizis warmoebisas Sesa-
Zleblia Znelad iyos damokidebuli pirovnebis
subieqtur perspeqtivebze.
• raodenobis problemebi. agreTve sakmaod
Znelia TiToeuli situaciis dadebiTi da uary-
ofiTi mxareebis Sefaseba. es SeiZleba sakmaod
ioli iyos pirovnebebis uSualod transaqciebSi
CarTulobasTan dakavSirebul magaliTze, magram
namdvilad rTuli – bavSvebis SemTxvevaSi (gansa-
kuTrebiT iZulebiTi Sromis pirobebSi), ramdena-
dac maTi siamovneba da tkivili ar aris raodeno-
brivad daTvladi.
• sargeblianobis distribucia. dasas-
rul, SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom umravlesobisaTvis
udidesi sikeTis Sefasebisas, umciresobis inter-
esebi aris gamorCenili.
miuxedavad imisa, rom sargeblianoba dgas
moraluri gadawyvetilebebis centrSi, romel-
ic farTod gamoiyeneba ekonomikaSi da romelic
moqmedebaTa (ekonomikur) faseulobebis sazoms
warmoadgens, zemoT aRniSnul sirTuleTagan
gamomdinare, utilitaristebs rasakvirvelia yov-
elTvis kargad esmodaT maTi Teoriis dasazRvru-
lobis sakiTxi.
253
arakonsekvencialisturi Teoriebi
biznesis eTikaSi tradiciulad gamoiyeneba ara-
konsekvencialisturi eTikuri Teoriebis ori Zir-
iTadi tipi:
• movaleobaTa eTika
• uflebebisa da samarTlianobis eTika
orive am midgomas Soris arsebobs Zlier didi
msgavseba, romlebic gamomdinareoben sworisa da
arasworis mTavar universalur principTa Sesaxeb
daSvebulobidan, Tumca ki maT Soris aseve Sesa-
mCnevia garkveuli gansxvavebulobac. kerZod, Tu
uflebebsa da samarTlianobaze dafuZnebuli Te-
oriebi miiswrafvis samarTlebrivi Sefasebisaken
da Semdeg movaleobaTa advokatirebiT uflebaTa
dacvisaken, movaleobaTa eTika garkveul situa-
ciebSi upirveles yovlisa iwyebs qmedebaTa mov-
aleobis SefasebiT.
movaleobaTa eTika. movaleobaTa eTikis mTa-
vari kontributori, germaneli filosofosi ima-
nuel kanti fiqrobda, rom morali da gadawyvetile-
bebi swor da araswor moqmedebaTa Sesaxeb ar iyo
damokidebuli calkeul situaciaze, aRarafers
vambobT Tavad moqmedebaTa Sedegebze. kantisaTvis,
morali iyo zogierTi maradiuli, abstraqtuli
da ucvleli principis sakiTxi, riTac adamianebi
isargeblebdnen yvela eTikuri problemis dros.
aqedan gamomdinare, misi Teoria mWidro kavSir-
Sia iudaistur-qristianul moralTan, romelic
amodis gansazRvrul (“divine” anu RvTivboZebul)
moralur principebidan. kanti darwmunebuli iyo,
rom am principTa identificirebisaTvis adamians
ar sWirdeboda RmerTi, eklesia, Tu sxva zemdgomi
avtoriteti. is adamianebs ganixilavda rogorc
racionalur aqtiorebs, romlebsac sakuTari
TavisTvis Tavad SeeZloT am principebidan arCe-
254
vanis gakeTeba. Sesabamisad, misTvis adamianebi da-
naxuli iyo rogorc damoukidebeli moraluri
aqtiorebi, romlebsac sworis da arasworis Tao-
baze aseve Tavad SeeZloT mieRoT racionaluri
gadawyvetilebebi.
kantma ganaviTara Teoriuli safuZvlebi, saidan-
ac CvenTvis cnobilia “kategoriul imperativad”
wodebuli es principebi. amiT mas mxedvelobaSi
hqonda is, rom am Teoriuli safuZvlebis gamoyen-
eba SesaZlebeli iyo yovel moralur sakiTxTan
(sirTulesTan) mimarTebiT, miuxedavad imisa Tu
vis SeiZleba mieRo masSi monawileoba, vis SeiZle-
ba esargebla an ezarala am principiT, mas Semdeg
rac isini gamoyenebuli iqnebodnen konkretul
situaciebSi.
kategoriuli imperativi Sedgeba sami nawilisa-
gan:
maqsima 1: imoqmede mxolod im umaRlesi prin-
cipiT, romelic Sen amave dros SegiZlia aqcio
sayovelTao wesad.
maqsima 2: imoqmede ise, rom adamiani SenTvis
iyos umaRlesi faseuloba, saboloo mizani, da ara
mxolod rogorc saSualeba.
maqsima 3: imoqmede mxolod ise, rom Seni saqcie-
li mimarTuli iyos saerTo keTildReobisaken.
kantis Tanaxmad samive maqsima SeiZleba gamoy-
enebuli iqnas rogorc testebi yovel SesaZlo
moqmedebisaTvis, da Sesabamisad esa Tu is moqmede-
ba moralurad, Tu winaaRmdegobaSi ar mova yvela
sam testTan. e.i. es niSnavs, rom morali xasiaT-
deba sami mniSvnelovani elementiT, romleTagan
TiToeuli gamoicdeba am maqsimebiT.
uflebebisa da samarTlianobis eTika.
uflebebis cneba dakavSirebulia britanel
filosofos jon lokTan. man moaxdina “bune-
255
brivi uflebebis” cnebis, Sesabamisad moraluri
moTxovnebis konceptualizacia, raSic igulisxme-
ba is, rom adamianebs gaaCniaT pativiscemis ufleba,
da romlebic unda iqnen pativcemulni da daculni
(maT Soris pirvel rigSi saxelmwifos mxridan).
yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovan uflebebs Soris, lok-
isa da Semdgomi uflebaTa Teoretikosebis mier
formulirebuli iqna sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa
da sakuTrebis uflebebi. mogvianebiT es ufle-
bebi gafarTovda sityvis Tavisuflebis, sindisis,
Tanxmobis, monacemTa dacvis / piradi cxovrebis
xelSeuxeblobisa da samarTliani sasamarTlo
procesis miRebis uflebaTa saxiT.
eTikuri Teoriis TvalsazrisiT Cven SegviZlia
ganvsazRvroT uflebebi Semdegi mimarTulebiT:
bunebrivi uflebebi aris gansazRvruli sabazi-
so, mniSvnelovani, ganuyofeli dadgenili norma,
romelic pativcemuli da daculi unda iyos yo-
vel calkeul moqmedebaSi.
adamianis uflebebis eTikur midgomas gaaCnia
gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba ekonomikur da
biznesgadawyvetilebebTan. yovelTvis, roca ori
mxare Sedis ekonomikur transaqciaSi xarjebsa
da sargebelTan mimarTebaSi mxareebs Soris unda
arsebobdes SeTanxmeba. am SeTanxmebis realizeba
miRwevadia bazris saSualebiT. Tumca ara mxolod
transaqciebSi Cndeba distribuciasTan dakavSire-
buli problemebi, romlebic gacilebiT farTo
masStabiT vlindeba:
• rogor unda gadauxados sawarmom Tavis
aqcionerebs, marTvelobiT Zalebs (menejerebs) da
Cveulebriv rigiT muSakebs ise, rom TiToeulma
maTganma miiRos samarTliani kompensacia maT mier
gaRebuli wvlilisaTvis korporaciaSi?
• rogor unda miiRos sawarmom mxedveloba-
256
Si adgilobriv TemTa, muSakTa da aqcionerTa
moTxovnebi sainvesticio dagegmarebisas garemoze
sagrZnobi gavlenebis gaTvaliswinebiT?
• rogor unda moaxdinos xelisuflebam fu-
ladi alokaciebi ganaTlebisaTvis ise, rom sa-
zogadoebis TiToeul nawils SeeZlos hqondes
ganaTlebis miRebis patiosani Sansi.
cxadia, rom individualuri uflebebi gansaz-
Rvrul socialur konteqstSi imgvarad unda re-
alizirdes, rom isini Tanasworad da samarTli-
anad iqnes miCneuli da mowonebuli. aq ukve Cndeba
samarTlianobis Zalzed sensibeluri sakiTxi.
samarTlianoba SeiZleba definirdes rogorc
individebis erTdroulad samarTliani moqceva
mocemul situaciaSi SedegiT – TiToeuli iRebs
damsaxurebisamebr.
aq sakvanZo moraluri sakiTxi aris mainc is
sakiTxi, rasac swored samarTlianoba aRniSnavs
situaciaSi, Tu ra standartebiT SegviZlia Cven
gadavwyvitoT ras SeiZleba dasabuTebulad imsax-
urebdes adamiani. boSampis da bovies2 mixedviT,
samarTlianobis Teoriebi Cveulebriv SeiZleba
danaxuli iqnes ori mTavari mimarTulebiT:
• samarTliani procedurebi. samarTliano-
ba ganisazRvreba imis mixedviT gaaCnia Tu ara
Tanabari SesaZlebloba TiToeuls miaRwios
samarTlian jildos misi ZalisxmevisaTvis. Cveu-
lebriv es iwodeba procesualur samarTlianobad.
• samarTliani Sedegebi. samarTlianoba gan-
isazRvreba imis mixedviT samarTliani formiT
aris Tu ara ganawilebuli Sedegebi. Cveulebriv
es iwodeba rogorc socialuri samarTlianoba.
samarTlianobis umetesi xedva SeiZleba ide-
alurad cdilobdes samarTlianobis orive tipis
miRwevas, Tumca es yovelTvis ar aris SesaZle-
257
beli.
samarTlianobis cnebebi ukve farTod aris
gamoyenebuli bizneseTikis problemebTan mimarTe-
biT, gansakuTrebiT dasaqmebis/saqmianobis praqtike-
bsa da diskriminaciis sakiTxebSi. samarTlianoba
aseve warmoadgens sakvanZo sakiTxs globaliza-
ciasa da mdgrad ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebul
debatebSi. aq mTavaria socialuri da ekonomikuri
samarTlianobis sakiTxebi – Temebi, romlebic
didi xania gascda wminda ekonomikur sistemis
farglebs da exeba mis eTikur mxares.
simdidris samarTliani ganawilebis am
problemis gamokveTa sazogadoebaSi da sazoga-
doebebs Soris mniSvnelovania ori poziciidan.
esenia: egalitarizmi da araegalitarizmi.
egalitarizmis midgoma amtkicebs, rom
samarTlianoba aris igive Tanasworoba, sadac
jildoc da simZimec samarTlianad unda iqnes
gadanawilebuli da sadac deviaciebi Tanasworo-
bidan miuRebuli da arasworia. ramodenime aseu-
li miliardelis arseboba, romelTa simdidre
planetis mosaxleobis qonebis naxevars Seadgens,
naTlad mianiSnebs usamarTlobaze egalitari-
anuli poziciidan. ekonomikuri sistemis egali-
tarianuli midgomis ganviTarebis yvelaze naTeli
magaliTia komunisturi reJimi, sadac yvelas aqvs
Tanabari xelfasi, aqvs ufleba flobdes Tanabar
qonebas, ixdis saxelmwifos mier dadgenil erT-
nair fasebs da a.S.
egalitarianul midgomas gaaCnia rigi proble-
mebi, rac gamomdinareobs adamianTa gansxvavebulo-
bidan. mag., SeuZlebelia bejiTi da zarmaci muSaki
iRebdes Tanabar anazRaurebas; aseve, egalitari-
anuli midgoma midrekilia araefeqtianobisaken,
radgan ar arsebobs iniciativebi inovaciebTan
258
da mzard efeqtianobasTan mimarTebiT nebismier
pirobebSi TiToeuls Tanasworad dajildovebidan
gamomdinare; garda amisa, isini iwveven individu-
alur TavisuflebaTa restriqciebs, mag., monawile
aqtiorebs Soris uTanasworoba, ris demonstrire-
basac naTlad axdens Tavisufali sabazro ekono-
mikis sistema.
araegalitarianuli midgoma speqtris sxva bo-
los amtkicebs, rom samarTlianoba ekonomikur
sistemaSi sabolood warmoadgens Tavisufali
bazrebis patiosani procesis produqts. aqtio-
rebi garkveuli saWiroebebiT xvdebian aqtiorebs,
visac ZaluZT maTi moTxovnaTa dakmayofileba, da
Tu maT Soris arsebobs Tanxmoba transaqciebSi,
samarTlianoba ganisazRvreba bazris moTxovna-
miwodebis ZalebiT. es midgoma 1980-ian wlebSi
popularuli iyo dasavleTis bevr qveyanaSi. Tum-
ca mainc aCvena mniSvnelovani tendencia uTanas-
worobisaken. bazris cneba gulisxmobs sruli-
ad Tanaswori monawileobis arsebobas bazarze
samarTliani Sedegebis misaRwevad. magram, ramde-
nadac adamianebi gansxvavdebian SemosavlebiT, un-
arebiT, janmrTelobiT, socialuri da ekonomikuri
statusiT da a.S., bazrebs SeuZliaT gamoiwvion
Sedegebi, risi mixedviTac calkeuli adamianebi
metad aRar ganixilebian Tanasworad. globalur
doneze es naTlad warmoCndeba dabalganviTare-
buli qveynebis mosaxleobis maRalindustriuli
qveynebis mosaxleobasTan metoqeobis magaliTze,
rac Formula 1-Si Ferrari-s gverdiT velosipedis yof-
nas hgavs, sadac es ukanaskneli patiosani TamaSis
wesebis pirobebSic ki ubralod ganwirulia.
cxadia, rom es ori gansxvavebuli pasuxi kiTx-
vaze Tu saxeldobr ras niSnavs samarTlianoba
ekonomikur konteqstSi aris aradamakmayofile-
259
beli. magram SesaZloa pasuxi swored am ors So-
ris arsebobdes. am problemis gamorCeulad pop-
ularuli midgoma warmodgenili iqna amerikeli
jon roulsis <<samarTlianobis Teroiis>> sax-
iT. <<samarTlianobis Teoria>> adgens qmedebaTa
orientacias _ ,,samarTlianoba” utilitaruli
,,sargeblis” nacvlad.
samarTlianobis cneba am azriT, romelsac mas
roulsi aniWebs, zemoT aRniSnuli Teoriis cen-
trSi iZleva subieqtis moqmedebaTa gansazRvruli
,,patiosani TamaSis” wesebis dadgenis SesaZle-
blobas.3
ukanaskneli ramodenime dekadis ganmavlobaSi
biznesis eTikis dargSi ganviTarda Tanamedrove
eTikuri Teoriebi, romlebmac am dargisTvis
didi mniSvneloba SeiZines. Tanamedrove eTikuri
TeoriaTagan SeiZleba gamoiyos oTxi ZiriTadi:
• saTnoebis eTika
• feministuri eTika
• diskursis eTika
• postmodernis eTika
saTnoebis eTika
aqamde Cven sworisa da arasworis sakiTxebs
ZiriTadad ganvixilavdiT calkeul moqmedebaTa
eTikis mixedviT. saTnoebis eTika ki iwyeba gan-
sxvavebuli perspeqtividan: TiToeuli calkeuli
moqmedebis misive Sedegebisa Tu ZiriTadi princ-
ipebis mixedviT Sefasebis nacvlad, es midgoma
yuradRebas uTmobs gadawyvetilebebis mimRebis
aspeqts. arsebiTad, am Teoriuli xedvis mesiji
uxeSad SeiZleba Semdegnairad formulirdes –
“ kargi qmedebebi modis kargi pirovnebebidan”.
maSasadame, SesaZlebelia, misi amgvari gansazRvra:
260
saTnoebis eTika amtkicebs, rom moralurad kore-
qtuli moqmedebebi aris is moqmedebebi, romlebic
aqtiorTa mxridan saTno xasiaTis matarebelia.
e.i. saTno xasiaTis formireba pirveli nabijia
moralurad koreqtuli qcevebis mimarTulebiT.
saTnoebani aris SeZenili xasiTais TvisebaTa
erToblioba, romelic adamians kargi cxovrebisak-
en svlis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. isini SeiZleba
diferencirdes inteleqtualur da moralur saT-
noebad. inteleqtualur saTnoebaTa yvelaze cno-
bili maxasiaTebelia “sibrZne”, xolo moraluri
saTnoebani moicavs iseT maxasiaTebel TvisebaTa
grZel CamonaTvals, rogoric aris patiosneba, va-
Jkacoba, megobroba, gulmowyaleba, erTguleba,
Tavmdabloba, sulgrZeloba da sxv. yvela es saT-
noeba manifestirdeba moqmedebebSi, romlebic war-
moadgens saTno adamianTa qcevis WeSmarit nimuSs.
xasiaTis es Tvisebebi Cven dabadebidan ar gvergeba,
aramed maT swavlis dros viZenT da gansakuTre-
biT – cxovrebiseuli praqtikiT sxva adamianeTan
saqmian urTierTobebSi4.
saTnoebis eTikis centralur ideas <<kargi
cxovrebis>> idea warmoadgens. aristotelesaTvis,
rogorc saTnoebis eTikis Tavdapirveli mxardam-
WerisaTvis, is Sedgeba bednierebisagan ara Sez-
Ruduli hedonisturi, siamovnebaze orientirebuli
azriT, aramed gacilebiT farTo mniSvnelobiT. is
pirve rigSi farTod moicavs saTno qcevebs, ro-
gorc kargi cxovrebis integralur nawils: bed-
nieri saqmiani adamiani unda iyos ara mxolod is
vinc saqmis dasasruls did fuls gamoimuSavebs,
aramed is vinc imave dros saTno xerxiT miRweuli
warmatebiT ganicdis siamovnebas. biznesis konte-
qstSi ,,kargi cxovreba” niSnavs gacilebiT mets,
vidre rentabeluri kompaniis arsebobas. aq aseve
261
Tanabarad mniSvnelovania TiToeuli TanamSrom-
lis keTilganwyoba, sawarmos wevrebs Soris kargi
urTierTobebi da yvela steikholderTan harmo-
niuli damokidebuleba. amgvarad, rogorc erTi
mxriv sawarmos mogeba, xolo meore mxriv aRniSnu-
li Sida da gare urTierTobani aris medlis ori
mxare, rac warmoadgens saTnoebis eTikis politi-
kur xedvas. maSasadame, saTnoebis eTika biznesis
eTikisaTvis aseve aqtualuria im kuTxiTac, rom
sworisa da arasworis gadawyveta ar SeiZleba
mxolod konkretuli normebisa da principebis
gamoyenebiT, aramed Cven aseve gvWirdeba drois
msvlelobaSi gamocdilebiTa da monawileobiT
miRebuli Cvenive codnisa da gadawyvetilebebis
kultivireba eTikis sakiTxTan mimarTebiT.
feministuri eTika
biznesis eTikis feministuri midgomebi iwyeba
hipoTeziT (daSvebiT), rom mamakacebs da qalebs
gaaCniaT sakmaod gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba
socialuri cxovrebis organizaciasTan mimarTe-
biT, rac eTikur konfliqtebze mniSvnelovan gav-
lenebSi vlindeba5.
feministur eTikas aqvs midgoma, romelic ada-
mians uyurebs rogorc Rrmad Cakiruls inter-
personalur urTierTobaTa qselSi. Sesabamisad,
pasuxismgebloba am qselis wevrebisaTvis da
dakavSirebulobis mxardaWerisaTvis, da ara ab-
straqtuli moraluri principebis erTguleba
aris feministuri eTikis aRiarebuli sazruna-
vi. xSirad es midgoma iwodeba rogorc ,,zrun-
vis eTika”6, moraluri problemebi aris pasux-
ismgeblobis konfliqtebi urTierTobebSi da ara
uflebaTa konfliqtebi adamianebs Soris, amgvarad
isini SesaZloa gadawyvetili iqnas mxolod per-
262
sonaluri, subieqturi azrovnebiT, romelic gan-
sakuTrebulad usvams xazs intuiciiisa da Seg-
rZnebis mniSvnelobas. im dros roca mamakacuri
midgomebi fokusirdeba samarTlian “fair” Sedegeze, feminsturi perspeqtivebi mianiSnebs socialur
procesebze da gansakuTrebiT mimarTulia har-
moniis emfatiisa da organizaciis aspeqtebisaken
eTikur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. mTavari mizania
zianis acileba da jansaRi urTierTobebis dac-
va-SenarCuneba. aRniSnuli deskrifciis mixedviT
SesaZlebelia Semdegi definicia:
feministuri eTika aris midgoma, romelic pri-
oritets aniWebs emfatiur, harmoniul da jansaR
socialur urTierTobebs, erTmaneTze zrunvas da
zianis acilebas abstraqtuli principebis miRma.
maSasadame, mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes, rom ro-
gorc eTikuri Teoria, feminizmi ar amtkicebs rom
swored qalebi warmoadgenen saukeTeso eTikur
aqtiorebs. feminizmi ufro metad gvTavazobs par-
tikularul urTierTobaTa gziT intuiciaze dam-
yarebuli moqmedebis formebs eTikur konfliqteb-
Si.
qvemoT nax. 1 –is saxiT vaCvenebT biznesis eTikis
kontrastul genderul xedvebs.
263
nax. 1. biznesis eTikis konkretuli genderuli xed-
vebi
wyaro: Maier, M. gender equity, organizational transforma-tion and Challenger., Journal of Business Ethics, #16, P. 949
diskursis eTika
diskursis eTikis ZiriTadi warmomadgenlebi bi-
znesis eTikaSi, profesorebi Stainmani da lori7
amtkiceben, rom eTikuri refleqsiebi unda iwye-
bodes realuri cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebidan
da ara rwmenis sistemebidan, romlebic SeiZleba
iyos gansxvavebuli. magaliTad, qristianoba, is-
lami, budizmi, iudaizmi, induizmi, aTeizmi da sxv.
264
maTi mtkicebiT eTikur sakiTxTa saboloo miza-
ni biznesSi unda iyos konfliqtebis mSvidobiani
daregulireba. amitom, konfliqtSi myofi mxareebi
erTad unda monawileobdnen saerTo diskusiebSi
warmoqmnili konfliqtebis mowesrigebis mizniT
da saboloo angariSiT unda SeeZloT yvelasaTvis
misaRebi gadawyvetilebis miReba. maTi azriT, es
,,idealuri diskursi”, rogorc mas xSirad uwode-
ben, gacilebiT metia vidre SemTxveviTi saubrebi
an saqmiani Sexvedrebi.
Cven mier aqamde warmodgenili yvela Teoriuli
midgoma arsebiTad normatiuli bunebisaa. norma-
tiulSi ki rogorc wesi swor da araswor moqme-
debaTa preskrifciebi igulisxmeba. biznesSi eTi-
kur konfliqtTa gadaWris sirTules ki swored
is warmoadgens, rom diskursis eTikis filosofi-
uri safuZvlebis Tanaxmad normebi sabolod ar
SeiZleba gamarTlebul iqnas mxolod racion-
aluri argumentebiT, aramed ,,idealuri diskur-
sis” sivrceSi eTikuri konfliqtebis msgavsi
problemebis gadasaWrelad isini iqmneba da gamoi-
yeneba yoveldRiurobis safuZvelze. amgvarad, am
mokle eqskursis gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZlebelia
ZiriTadi definiciis Semdegi saxiT postulireba:
diskursis eTika miiswrafvis eTikuri kon-
fliqtebis gadaWrisaken normaTa generaciis
pocesis pirobebSi yvela Sesabamisi monawilis
realuri cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis racion-
aluri refleqsiis saSualebiT.
postmodernis eTika
postmodernuli azrovnebis skolisaTvis fun-
damentur sakiTxs racionalurobas da morals
Soris urTierTdamokidebuleba warmoadgens, rac
niSandoblivia yvela tradiciuli eTikuri Teori-
265
isaTvis. tradiciul Teoriebs aqvT Tavisi sawyisi
modernizmSi, romlis aTvlis wertilad SeiZle-
ba meTvramete saukunis ganmanaTleblobis epoqa
iqnes miCneuli. modernis moazrovneni cdilobd-
nen samyaros racionalurad, mecnierulad axsnas
da adamianisa Tu sazogadoebis bunebaSi garkvevas
yovelmxriv Tanmimdevruli, Rrma da amomwuravi
Teoriebis formirebiT. socialur mecneirebaTa
sferoSi misi erT-erTi Sedegi gamovlinda sx-
vadasxva izmebis saxiT, mag., liberalizmi, komu-
nizmi, socializmi, racionalizmi, kapitalizmi da
a.S. rac Seexeba postmodernis moazrovneT, maTi
mtkicebiT es farTo Teoriebi, sazogadoebis es
<<didi narativi>>8 aris sakmaod ambiciuri, op-
timisturi da redukcionisturi, romlis sust mx-
aresac saboloo angariSiT warmoadgens is, rom
mas ar SeuZlia axsnas adamianuri egzistenciis
rTuli realoba.
postmodernizmi tendirebs moicavs Teoriuli
varaudisa da argumentebis mTeli speqtri. post-
modernis moazrovneebi identificireben moralis
racionaluri midgomis specifikur safrTxeebs.
zigmund baumani9. postmodernis eTikis erT-erTi
yvelaze ufro cnobili mxardamWeri asabuTebs,
rom moralis kodifikaciiT qcevis specifikuri
wesebisa da kodeqsebis farglebSi racionaluri
midgomebi uaryofs moralis realur wyaros,
romelic sxvebTan mimarTebiT aris fesvgadgmuli
moralur impulsebSi. es aris TiToeuli adami-
anis subieqturi, emociuri konvikcia sworisa da
arasworis Sesaxeb, dafuZnebuli maT gamocdilebe-
bze, grZnobebsa da instiqtebze. moraluri gansja
ufro metad aris <<good feeling>>, presentimenti anu winaTgrZnoba, vidre sxva ram, magram is gardauvlad
anulirdeba myisve, rogorc ki adamianebi ikaveben
266
organizaciul Tanamdebobebs da distancirdebian
maTgan, vinc sakuTar Tavze realurad ganicdis
am adamianTa gadawyvetilebebis Sedegebs. bizne-
sis eTikis konteqstSi esenia momxmareblebi, inve-
storebi, mimwodeblebi da sxv. am ideaTa safuZv-
elze SeiZleba movaxdinoT postmodernis eTikis
Semdegi saxis definicia:
postmodernis eTika aris midgoma, rac gansaz-
Rvravs moralis lokacias racionalurobis sfer-
os miRma emociur ,,moralur impulsSi” sxvebTan
mimarTebiT. is waaqezebs individualur aqtiorebs
yoveldriur praqtikasa da wesebSi daeWvebisaken,
mosmenisaken da maTi emociebis, Sida konvikciebis
gagebisaken da <<good feelings>> intuiciebisken, Tu
ras fiqroben isini sworisa da arasworis Sesaxeb
gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis calkeul SemTxvevebSi.
sabolod, postmodernistebi ufro skeptikurad
arian ganwyobilni biznesis eTikis mTeli riske-
bis Sesaxeb, imdenad ramdenadac eTikuri Teoriebi
mimarTulia wesebisa da principebis Ziebisaken,
romlebic gansazRvraven sworsa da araswors.
postmodernistebis varaudiT martiv, universalur
da uryev qcevis formebze dafuZnebuli eTikuri
kodeqsi arasodes iqneba napovni. postmodernis,
iseve rogorc diskursis eTikas, biznesis eTikis
Sesaxeb ar SeuZlia Cveni raime wesebiTa da princ-
ipebiT, da miTumetes arc raime receptiT uzrunve-
lyofa eTikuri gadawyvetilebebisaTvis.
literatura:
1. Wayne Visser, Dirk Matten, Manfred Pohl and Nick Tol-hurst, The A to Z of Corporate Social Responsibility, Chichester, West Sussex, 2008, P. 53.
267
2. Beauchamp, T.L. and Bowie, N.E., Ethical Theory and Business, 5th edn. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentince Hall. 1997.
3. v. xizaniSvili, ekonomikis eTikis Sesaxeb,
Jur. <<ekonomisti>> #4, 2011, gv. 52.
4. MacJntyre, A., After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory, 2ndand. Notr Dame Press, 1984
5. Gilligan, C. In a Different Voice, Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1982
6. Rabouin, M. ‘ Lyin’ T (*) gers, and “ Cares”, oh my: the case of feminist integration of business ethics’. Journal of Busi-ness Ethics, #16, P.P. 247-61
7. Steinmann, H., Löhr, A., Grundlangen der Unterneh-mensethik, 2nd edn. Stuttgart, Schäffer – Poeschel, 1994.
8. Lyotard, J. –F., The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge, trans. G. Bennington and B. Massumi. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 1984
9. Bauman, Z., Postmodern Ethics. Oxford: Blackwell., 1993.
268
$3.2. deskrifciuli eTikuri Teoria
deskripciuli eTikuri Teoriebi eZiebs aRw-
eros Tu rogor xdeba biznesSi eTikuri gadawy-
vetilebebis miReba da ra gavlenebi aqvs am gad-
awyvetilebebs Tavad procesebsa da Sedegebze.
arsebobs faqtorebi romlebic gavlenas
axdens gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesebze. es
faqtorebi SeiZleba diferencirdes or vrcel
kategoriad. esenia: individualuri da situaciuri
faqtorebi. 1’
individualuri gavlenebi eTikur gadawy-
vetilebebze
individualuri gavlenebi eTikur gadawyvetile-
bebze ukavSirdeba pirovnebis im aspeqtebs, rasac
faqtobrivad adgili aqvs gadawyvetilebebis miRe-
bis procesSi. Sesabamisad, es sakiTxi aris ara im-
denad determinirebuli mizezTa Sesaxeb Tu ratom
arian adamianebi metad an naklebad eTikurebi, ara-
med is ufro metad ukavSirdeba im faqtorebs, rom-
lebic gavlenas axdens Cvenze vifiqroT, Sevigr-
ZnoT, vimoqmedoT da aRviqvaT garkveuli formiT
is rac relevanturia eTikuri gadawyvetilebebis
miRebasTan mimarTebiT. faqtorebi da maTi Sesa-
Zlo gavlena eTikur gadawyvetilebeze gadmoce-
mulia nax. 1-Si.
269
nax. 1. individualuri gavlenebi eTikur gad-
awyvetilebaze
270
asaki da genderi
vin arian ufro eTikurni – kacebi Tu qale-
bi? eWvgareSea kiTxva TavisTavad sainteresoa, da
fordisa da riCardsonis2 Tanaxmad biznesSi eTi-
kur gadawyvetilebebze individualuri gavlenis
faqtori xSirad gamxdara kvlevis sagani. miuxe-
davad amisa, sabolood mainc ar arsebobs erTiani
Sejerebuli rezultati sxvadasxva warmoebuli
kvlevebis urTierTsawinaaRmdego Sedegebidan
gamomdinare.3
imis daSvebiT, rom erTni ufro eTikurni arian
vidre sxvani, rasakvirvelia erTi SexedviT sruli-
ad ar avlens mkafio mizezs imisas, Tu ratom Sei-
Zleba iyos aq sqesi mniSvnelovani determinanti.
magram rasakvirvelia arsebobs safuZveli viva-
raudoT, rom formebi, romlebSic orive sqesi (ro-
gorc qalebi ise kacebi) fiqrobs da moqmedebs
eTikur dilemaTa sapasuxod, SeiZleba gansxvavde-
bodes.
meore ZiriTadi faqtori romelic SesaZloa qm-
nides raime gansxvavebas eTikuri gadawyvetileb-
is miRebisas aris asaki, radgan msgavsi problema
sqesTan erTad asakTanac niSandoblivia. empiri-
uli testebi gviCvenebs sakmaod aramkafio suraTs
eTikur rwmenebsa da moqmedebebze asakis gavlen-
iT miRebul sakmaod araerTgvarovan SedegebTan
dakavSirebiT.
nacionaluri da kulturuli maxasiaTeblebi
globalizaciis tendenciis gaTvaliswinebiT
sacnobi xdeba eTikuri gadawyvetilebebis mkvle-
varTa didi daintereseba nacionalurobis, eTni-
kuri kuTvnilebisa da religiis sakiTxTa mimarT.
radgan msgavs mozaikurobas, sworsa da araswo-
ris, gansxvavebul faseulobebsa da sxva msgavs
271
faqtorebs Soris arsebuli rwmenaTa sxvadasxvao-
bas rasakvirvelia Seaqvs garkveuli koreqtivebi
eTikuri gadawyvetilebebis dros gansxvevebul
erebSi, religiebsa da kulturebSi. rogorc es
aCvena sxvadasxva kvlevam4 nacionalobas SeuZlia
mniSvnelovani efeqtis moxdena eTikur rwmenebze.
gert hofstedes kvlevebi5 gansakuTrebuli
mniSvnelobis mqonea am gansxvavebulobaTa mimarT
SexedulebaTa formirebis procesSi. mTeli msof-
lios masStabiT IBM-is TanamSromlebze warmoe-
bul kvlevaTa safuZvelze, hofstede varaudobs,
rom qveynebis mixedviT kulturis codnasa da
rwmenebs Soris gansxvevbuloba SeiZleba aixsnas
oTxi dimensiis TvalsazrisiT:
• individualizmi / koleqtivizmi. gamoxatavs
xarisxs, romelTanac erT mxares aris avtonomi-
uri da upiratesad sakuTari sargeblis miRebi-
saTvis moqmedi, xolo meore mxares – ufro metad
socialuri orientaciis, romelic gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas aniWebs gundur muSaobasa da erTo-
bliv miznebs.
• distanciis Zala. gamoxatavs xarisxs,
romelTanac ierarqiuli Zalauflebisa da sta-
tusTa uTanabro distribucia aris miRebuli da
pativdebuli.
• gaurkvevlobis Tavidan arideba. zomavs sa-
kuTari upiratesobis xarisxs, sicxadis wesebisa
da absoluturi sizustis mimarT.
• mamakacuroba / qaluroba. xarisxi, romelT-
anac aqcenti keTdeba fulisa da nivTebis Sefase-
basa (mamakacuroba) da adamianebsa da urTierTo-
baTa Sefasebas (qaluroba) Soris.
maSasadame, hofstedes dimensiebi SeiZleba dan-
axul iqnas eTikur gadawyvetilebeSi garkveul gan-
sxvavebulobaTa axsnis kuTxiT. magaliTad, maSin
272
rodesac vinme Crdilo evropisa Tu amerikis indi-
vidualisturi kulturidan didi albaTobiT Sesa-
Zlebelia gamoirCeodes sakuTari damoukidebeli
gadawyvetilebebis miRebiT, samxreT evropisa Tu
amerikis koleqtiuri kulturis warmomadgeneli
msgavs situaciaSi albaT konsultaciebs gaivl-
ida farTo jgufebTan. msgavsad amisa, nebismieri
maRali Zalauflebis distanciis kulturidan (e.i.
is vinc pativs scems da iRebs Zalauflebisa da
statusTa stratifikaciis), rogoricaa iaponia da
CineTi, albaT naklebad isurvebda eWvqveS daey-
enebina zemdgomidan miRebuli brZanebis siswore,
maSinac ki, rodesac adgili eqneboda aSkarad raime
eTikurad saTuo brZanebis Sesrulebas. empiriuli
Sroma rogorc wesi ZiriTadad tendirebs amgvari
saxis urTierTobaTa mxardaWerisaken.
ganaTleba da samsaxuri
pirovnebis miRebuli ganaTlebis tipi da
xarisxi, iseve rogorc misi profesiuli momzadeb-
is done da gamocdileba SeiZleba aseve iqnas
miCneuli individualuri gavlenebis faqtorebad
eTikur gadawyvetilebebze. magaliTad, kvlevebma
aCvena, rom biznesis studentebi dasavleTSi sxva
mag., samarTlis studentebisagan ara mxolod mor-
aluri ganviTarebis rangiT dganan dabla, aramed
akademiuri TaRliTobis, kerZod plagiatis mxri-
vac gamoirCevian.6
amasTan, biznesis studentebi sxva studentebi-
sagan gansxvavebiT metad amJRavneben egocentris-
tul faseulobebs.7
aSkaraa, rom eTikis komponents moklebul bi-
znesganaTlebas ZaluZs gaamyaros miTi amoraluri
biznesis Sesaxeb8 _ idea, romelic bizness ar ga-
nixilavs moralis sakiTxebTan kavSirSi. amgvarad,
273
miuxedavad imisa, rom individualuri (individis)
moralis zogierTi aspeqti SesaZlebelia ganvi-
Tardes aRzrdisa da saerTo ganaTlebis saSuale-
biT, aseve mainc rCeba adgili eTikuri treiningeb-
isTvis admianTa unarebis asamaRleblad, raTa
samuSao adgilebze moxdes arsebul problemaTa
Secnoba da gadaWra.9 biznesis eTikis Seswavla
iZleva analitikuri unar-Cvevebis zrdisa da sru-
lyofis SesaZleblobas eTikur sakiTxebTan da
problemebTan urTierTdamokidebulebaSi. maSasa-
dame, ganaTleba da samsaxuri is faqtorebia, rom-
lebsac aseve SeuZliaT iTamaSon mniSvnelovani
roli Cveni eTikuri rwmenebisa da faseulobebis
formirebaSi.
fsiqologiuri faqtorebi
fsiqologiuri faqtorebi dakavSirebulia kog-
nitur procesebTan, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
sinamdvileSi Tu rogor fiqroben adamianebi. eTi-
kuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis TvalsazrisiT, cod-
nas gansxvavebulobis Sesaxeb individTa kognitur
procesebSi SeuZlia dagvexmaros gaverkveT Cveni
warmodgenis gaumjobesebaSi Tu rogor iReben
adamianebi gadawyvetilebebs moqmedebaTa kursis
moralurad sworTan an arasworTan dakavSirebiT.
qvemoT gTavazobT ori yvelaze ufro cnobili
fsiqologiuri faqtoris, - kognituri moraluri
ganviTarebisa da kontrolis lokusis mimoxil-
vas.
kognituri moraluri ganviTareba
kognituri procesebis asaxsnelad gamoiyen-
eba fsiqologiuri disciplinis wiaRSi myofi
yvelaze ufro ganviTarebuli lourens kolber-
gis10 kognituri moraluri ganviTarebis Teoria
274
(kmg). faqtobrivad, biznesSi eTikuri gadawyvetis
praqtikulad yvela Tanamedrove modeli sarge-
blobs am TeoriiT11, Tu masac gaviTvaliswinebT,
rom am Teoriis Tavdapirveli ganviTareba moxda
ara biznesis konteqstSi.
kolbergma ganaviTara kmg-is Teoria, rac
mdgomareobs gansxvavebul mosazrebaTa proceseb-
is axsnaSi, romlebic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas
eTikuri gansjisaTvis, da asaxavs momwifebis pro-
cess bavSobidan zrdasrulobamde. amgvarad:
kognituri moraluri ganviTareba exeba gansjis
gansxvavebul doneebs, rac SeiZleba gamoyenebuli
iqnes eTikur sakiTxebTan da problemebTan.
kolbergis mixedviT SeiZleba ganvasxvaoT mor-
aluri ganviTarebis sami farTo done:
pirveli done. individi avlens damokidebule-
bas TviTinteresTan (angarebasTan) da gareSe jil-
dosTan da sasjelTan.
meore done. individi iqceva ise, rogorc misgan
moelian sxvani.
mesame done. individi aviTarebs ufro metad av-
tonomiur gadawyvetilebebs dafuZnebuls ufle-
bebisa da samarTlianobis principebze, vidre gar-
egan gavlenebze.
am TeoriaSi mniSvnelovania ara is Tu ra aris
gadawyvetili, aramed is Tu rogor aris es gadawy-
vetileba miRweuli individis gansjis procesis
TvalsazrisiT – or adamians sxvadasxva doneze
SeuZlia msgavsi gadawyvetilebis miReba, magram
azrovnebis gansxvavebuli saSualebebis gziT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom kmg-is Teoria dominirebda
eTikuri gadawyvetilebebis mimarTulebis speci-
fikur literaturaSi, adgili hqonda aseve mrav-
alricxovan kritikasac. da mainc kmg-is Teoria
farTod iqna aRiarebuli, rogorc mniSvnelovani
275
elementi (individualur) individis gavlenebSi
eTikur gadawyvetilebebze.
kontrolis lokusi
meore fsiqologiuri faqtori, Cveulebriv gan-
sazRvruli rogorc gavlena eTikur azrovnebaze
aris kontrolis lokusi (adgili).
individis kontrolis lokusi gansazRvravs
xarisxs, sadac mas sjera, rom gaaCnia kontroli
movlenebze missave cxovrebaSi. ase rom vinmes
maRali Sinagani kontrolis lokusiT sjera, rom
movlenebi mis cxovrebaSi SeiZleba ganviTardes
sakuTari ZalisxmeviT, maSin rodesac vinme sxva
maRali garegani kontrolis lokusiT Tvlis, rom
movlenebi rogorc wesi ukavSirdeba sxvebis moq-
medebaTa Sedegs, iRbalsa da bedisweras.
mTlianobaSi, kontrolis lokuss metwilad
gaaCnia mxolod relatiurad limitirebuli gav-
lena eTikur gadawyvetilebebze. miuxedavad amisa,
imis gageba floben Tu ara firmis TanamSromlebi
Sinagan an garegan kontrolis lokuss, SesaZloa
mniSvnelovani iyos prognozirebisaTvis imis
Sesaxeb Tu rogor reagirebas moaxdenen isini bi-
znesis eTikis problemebze da gansakuTrebiT gak-
icxvis an Seqebis Taobaze, rodesac amgvar gadawy-
vetilebaTa pirispir dgebian.
personaluri erTianoba
sityva, romelic eTikuri gadawyvetilebebis
miRebasTan kavSirSi yovelTvis ufro metad Cans
zedapirze, aris erTianoba.
erTianoba ganisazRvreba rogorc moraluri
principebisa Tu faseulobebis mimarT erTguleba.
sityvis Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba ukavSirdeba
mTlianobas, sadac Cans, rom moraluri principebis
276
erTguleba aris simtkice da erTianoba rwmenebsa
da moqmedebaSi, rac miuxedavad raime ganzraxviT
an cdunebiT misgan gadasaxvevad, SenarCunebulia.
aq Zalze mniSvnelovania e.w. <<whistleblowing>>-is sakiTxi, romelic Cveulebriv biznesis eTikis mkv-
levarTa da studentTa interesis sagans warmoad-
gens. whistleblowing anu faqtebis gamoaSkaraveba
exeba moqmedebebs, rac rangisa da kvalifikaciis
miuxedavad TanamSromlebis mxridan damsaqmebleb-
isaTvis SemCneuli eTikuri darRvevebis warmoCena
– SetyobinebaSi mdgomareobs.
unda aRiniSnos, rom amgvari situacia warmoSobs
urTierTobaTa radikalizaciis molodinebs sa-
warmoSi, rac arc Tu sasurvel formebSi SeiZleba
iqnes gamovlenili. swored amitom aRniSnuli er-
Tianobis realizeba xSirad saWiroebs proteqci-
is garkveul dones SesaZlo rekomendaciis gamo.
erTianobis sakiTxis mniSvnelobis mzardi
yuradRebis miuxedavad, eTikuri gadawyvetilebeb-
is miRebis umetesi deskrifciuli modeli12 ar
eswrafvis misi anu whistleblowing-is, rogorc gav-
lenis faqtoris gaTvaliswinebas biznesis eTikis
sakiTxTa gadawyvetaSi, radgan mraval swavluls
mainc sakmaod bundovnad da aradamajereblad
eCveneba is Tu rogor da ratom zemoqmedebs per-
sonaluri erTianoba eTikur gadawyvetilebaTa
miRebis procesebze.
moraluri warmosaxva
dasasruls, kidev erTi individualuri faqtori,
romelsac ukanaskenl aTwleulSi sul ufro
mzardi yuradReba eTmoba biznesis eTikaSi aris
moraluri warmosaxva. moraluri warmosaxva nak-
lebad exeba moralur faseulobaTa krebuls, da
metad – SesaZlo sakiTxebis gadawyvetilebaTa da
277
Sedegebis farTo speqtris warmosaxvis unars13. es
niSnavs, rom moraluri warmosaxva aris Semoqmede-
ba, riTac individs ZaluZs asaxos eTikuri dile-
ma, vidre Cveulebrivi organizaciuli receptis
miReba prioritetulobaze da sagnebTan damokide-
bulebaze dakvirvebisaTvis, moraluri warmosaxva
individs SesaZleblobas aZlevs gaiTvaliswinos
moraluri problemebi, perspeqtivebi da Sedegebi
erT mTlianobaSi.
moraluri warmosaxva CarTuli unda iyos eTi-
kuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis tipobriv model-
ebSi da naklebad unda eqvemdebarebodes empiriul
testirebas.
da bolos, aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, rom
moraluri warmosaxva flobs mniSvnelovan po-
tencials Cven dasaxmareblad, _ axsnas da gamo-
avlinos vitaluri sakiTxi masTan dakavSirebiT,
Tu ratom arsebobs variaciebi individebs Soris
samuSao konteqstis efeqtSi maTi eTikuri gadawy-
vetilebis miRebaze.
situaciuri gavlenebi gadawyvetilebis miRe-
baze
situaciuri gavlenebi Tanabari da SesaZloa
ufro didi mniSvnelobis iyos Cveni eTikuri gad-
awyvetilebebis formirebisas. qvemoT naxati 1.-is
saxiT gTavazobT situaciur gavlenebs eTikuri
gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze.
278
nax. 1. situaciuri gavlenebi eTikuri gadawyvetilebis
miRebaze
279
Sesabamisad Cven SegviZlia gamovyoT situaci-
uri gavlenis ori ZiriTadi tipi:
• sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebi
• konteqstTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebi
movaxdinoT am or kategoriaSi warmodgenili
ZiriTadi faqtorebisa da eTikuri gadawyvetileb-
is miRebaze maTi mosalodneli gavlenis deta-
luri aRweris ganxilva.
sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebi
sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebi sul ufro
metad aRiarebulia rogorc mniSvnelovani gavle-
nebi biznesgadawyvetilebebis miRebis dros eTi-
kur problemebTan pirispir aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi.
esenia moraluri intensivoba da moraluri CarCo-
struqtura.
moraluri intensivoba
moraluri intensivobis cneba Tavdapirvelad
SemoTavazebuli iqna Tomas jonsis14 mier, rogorc
eTikur gadawyvetilebis miRebis modelTa ganvr-
cobis saSualeba, masSi ideis CaTvliT, romelsac
gaaCnia eTikur sakiTxTa relatiuri mniSvneloba
da gavlena im procesebze, sadac gadawyvetilebis
mimRebni pirispir Cndebian eTikur problemebTan.
jonsis mixedviT15 sakiTxTa intensivoba varirebs
eqvsi faqtoris Tanaxmad, romlebzedac aris is
damokidebuli:
• Sedegebis sidide. es aris zaralis (an
sargeblis) mosalodneli saerTo odenoba maTTvis,
vinc problemebiTa da moqmedebebiT ganicdis gav-
lenas. cxadia, problema SeigrZnoba gacilebiT in-
tensiurad, roca Sedegebi aris sagrZnobi. magali-
Tad iseTi, rogoric aris janmrTelobis problema
an sikvdili, gamowveuli defeqturi produqtebis
280
mizeziT.
• socialuri konsensusi. aq adamianebi Tan-
axmdebian eTikasTan dakavSirebul problemebsa
Tu moqmedebebze. moraluri intensivobis zrda
mosalodnelia im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac moqmedeba
sxvaTa mier miiCneva araeTikurad.
• efeqtebis albaToba. es exeba albaTobas, rac
faqtobrivad zaraliT (Tu sargebliT) gamowveul
xdomilebasTan kavSirSia.
• droebiTi uSualoba. es dakavSirebulia im
siswrafesTan, riTac SeiZleba Sedegebi dadges.
rodesac Sedegebis dadgomas didi efeqtis misaR-
wevad sWirdeba wlebi, gadawyvetilebis mimRebebma
moraluri intensivoba SeiZleba drulad verc
ki SeniSnon - magaliTad, mowevis Tu sxva mavne
produqtebTan dakavSirebiT.
• siaxlove. am faqtors gaaCnia (socialuri,
kulturuli, fsiqologiuri Tu fizikuri) siax-
lovis gancda, riTac gadawyvetilebis mimRebi
piri gadawyvetilebis miRebisas ganicdis gavle-
nas. magaliTad, ganviTarebuli qveynis fabrika-
qarxnebSi cudi Sromis pirobebi, rogorc inten-
siuri moraluri sakiTxi, SeiZleba ufro metad
iyos Secnobili, vidre msoflios ganviTarebad
qveynebSi.
• efeqtis koncentracia. igi aRniSnavs xarisxs,
rac exeba moqmedebaTa Sedegebs koncentrirebuls
met-naklebad mciresa Tu bevrze. mravali SeiZleba
grZnobdes, rom adamianis TaRliToba asi evroTi
ufro metad moralurad intensiuria, vidre imave
Tanxis odenobiT Cadenili TaRliToba uamravi
msxvili multinacionaluri aqcioneris mxridan.
jonsis moraluri intensivobis originaluri
formulireba aris Teoriuli (dafuZnebuli upi-
281
ratesad socialur fsiqologiaze), Tumca Semdgom
misi mtkicebulebaTa kargi mxardaWera uzrunve-
lyofili iqna empiriuli testirebis warmoCenis
gziT.16 unda aRiniSnos, rom sakiTxis intensivoba
aris ara obieqturi, faqtiuri cvladi, aramed is
ufro damokidebulia masze, Tu es sakiTxi da misi
intensivoba rogor aris gagebuli da aRqmuli
organizaciis SigniT.
moraluri CarCo-struqtura
Tumca SesaZlebelia, rom jonsis eqvsi cvladiT
gadawyvetilebis mimRebTa mier moraluri sak-
iTxis intensivobis xarisxi iqnas gansazRvruli,
cxadia gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom
adamianebi sxvadasxva organizaciul konteqstSi
SesaZloa gansxvavebulad aRiqvamdnen am inten-
sivobas. msgavsi problema Tu dilema SeiZleba
aRqmuli iyos Zalzed gansxvavebulad imisda
mixedviT Tu rogor da ra gziT aris aRniSnu-
li sakiTxi struqturizebuli. maSasadame, formas
romelSic formulirebulia moraluri sakiTxebi,
sakvanZo gavlena aqvs eTikur gadawyvetilebebze.
moraluri CarCo-struqturis yvelaze ufro
mniSvnelovani aspeqti, romelSic formulirebu-
lia moraluri problema aris ena. moralis eniT
sargebloba (iseTi sityvebis gamoyeneba, rogori-
caa – erTianoba, patiosneba, samarTlianoba, wesier-
eba, an sicrue, TaRliToba, qurdoba) albaT ufro
metad ukavSirdeba moralur azrovnebas, radgan
es cnebebi mibmulia arsebul kognitur katego-
riebs romlebsac moraluri Sinaarsi gaaCniaT”.17
problema aris is, rom bevri adamiani biznesSi
uxalisod ekideba moraluri kondiciebiT Sefu-
Tos Tavisi saqme, maSinac ki, rodesac isini moqme-
deben moraluri mosazrebebiT, anda rodesac maT
282
moqmedebebs aSkarad mosdevs moraluri Sedegebi.
zogierTi mkvlevari mas axasiaTebs rogorc mor-
alur mdumarebas.18 dasavleTSi farTod citire-
bul kvleviT proeqtSi, rac menejerebTan intervi-
uebs efuZneba, gamovlinda, rom menejerTa jgufebi
eswrafvis moralur moqmedebaTa, motivebisa da
saubrebis restruqturizacias, nacvlad imisa, Tu
rogor moqmedeben praqtikuli mosazrebebis or-
ganizaciis interesebisa da ekonomikuri azris
gaTvaliswinebiT. bairdisa da veitersis Tanaxmad
(1989), mosalodneli safrTxeebis SiSiT menejerebi
SesaZloa iqceodnen imgvarad, rom mxedvelobaSi
hqondeT Semdegi garemoebebi:
• harmonia. menejerebs rogorc wesi miaCniaT,
rom moraluri saubrebi arRvevs organizaciul
harmonias konfrontaciis provocirebiT, rekrimi-
naciiT / urTierTbraldebebiTa da erTmaneTisaken
TiTis gaSveriT.
• efeqtianoba. menejerebi xSirad grZnoben,
rom moralurma saubrebma SeiZleba bundovani gax-
ados sakiTxebi, rac xdis gadawyvetilebis miRebis
process ufro rTuls, xangrZlivsa da mouqnels.
• Zalisa da efeqturobis imiji. menejerebi
aseve Tvlian, rom maTi sakuTari imiji SesaZloa
dazaraldes, ramdenadac eTikasTan kavSirSi is
SeiZleba danaxul iqnes rogorc idealuri, utopi-
uri da sakmarisad arasaimedoobis mqone efeqturi
marTvisTvis.
sakuTari saqmianobis potenciuri moraluri di-
mensiebidan distancirebuli da gaTavisuflebuli
erTi mxriv, da aRniSnuli marginalizaciis SiSi
meore mxriv is garemoebiTi faqtorebia, rac eWvS-
euvlad aCens sawarmos personaslis, pirvel rigSi
ki menejerTa amoralizaciis procesSi CarTvis sa-
frTxes.
283
konteqstTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebi
situaciuri gavlenis meore jgufs miekuTvne-
ba konteqstTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebi. kon-
teqstSi igulisxmeba organizaciuli konteqsti,
sadac moiazreba organizaciaSi dasaqmebuli Tan-
amSromlebi. magram, amave dros masSi gansakuTre-
biT igulisxmeba saqmian adamianebTan samuSao
garemos farglebSi warmoqmnili molodinebi da
moTxovnebi, romlebsac ZaluZT gavlena iqonion
maT aRqmebze moralurad swori kursis garkvev-
asTan dakavSirebiT. es faqtorebi gansakuTrebu-
li mniSvnelobis mqonea eTikuri gadawyvetileb-
is miRebis formirebisas organizaciebs SigniT.
biznesis eTikis menejmentisaTvis arsebobs aseve
mniSvnelovani ZiriTadi faqtorebi, romlebic sa-
muSao adgilebze xels uwyoben eTikuri gadawy-
vetilebis miRebis procesis gaumjobesebas.
dajildoebis sistemebi
mravli organizacia Tavisi TanamSromlebis
motivirebisaTvis iyenebs dajildoebis sistemas
bonus – sakomisio formis saxiT. magaliTad, gay-
idvebis zrdis miRwevisaTvis gamyidvelebi iRe-
ben Sesabamis jildos, magram aq sayuradReboa
is garemoeba, rom amgvar SemTxvevaSi ufro meti
sakomisio – bonusis gamomuSavebis mizniT maTi
mxridan momxmareblebTan urTierTobaSi SesaZloa
adgili hqondes garkvel eTikur standartebTan
kompromiss, rac rasakvirvelia pirdapir aisaxeba
gamyidvelTa eTikur qcevebze. amgvar gamovline-
baTa efeqtur prevencias warmoadgens sawarmos
xelmZRvanelobis mier araeTikurad moqmedi Tan-
amSromlebis mimarT (rac SeiZleba gamoixatos
momxmareblisaTvis saqonlis upiratesobaTa gada-
Warbebasa Tu momxmarebelTa SecdomaSi SeyvanaSi
284
konkurentebis saqonlis Taobaze) gamafrTxilebe-
li Tu sxva dasjadi RonisZiebebis gatareba. daus-
jelobis SemTxvevaSi ki savsebiT SesaZlebelia,
rom eTikur moTxovnaTa sakmaod martivad darRve-
vis faqtebi xSirad meordebodes. amitom, eTikuri
principebisa da standartebis mimarT erTguleba
is saukeTeso gamosavalia, rac gameorebis nakleb
Sanss tovebs mTlianad kompaniaSi.
miuxedavad jildoebisa da eTikur qcevebs So-
ris arsebuli urTierTdamokidebulebis Zlie-
ri akademiri mxardaWerisa, zogierTma kvlevam19
mainc aCvena araeTikuri qcevebis dajildoebasa
da amgvar moqmedebaTa gagrZelebas Soris arse-
biTi korelaciis SemTxvevebi da maTi negatiuri
mxareebi. amitom, menejerebi faqtobrivad irCeven
dabalansebul midgomas, ramdenadac pragmatuli
interesebi da mastimulirebeli jildoebi Seg-
nebulad aris gadaxlarTuli moralur mosazre-
bebTan gadawyvetilebis miRebis menejmentSi20.
xelmZRvaneloba
aqedan Cven SegviZlia ganvixiloT xelmZ-
Rvanelobis sakiTxi. cnobilia, rom adamianebi
xSirad ar akeTeben swored mas, rac jildos im-
saxurebs. isini, rogorc wesi akeTeben mas, risi ga-
keTebac maT ubrZanes. es SeiZleba iyos pirdapiri
instruqcia ufrosis mxridan raimes Sesasrule-
blad, ra drosac xelqveiTebi savaldebulod ar
miiCneven eWvqveS daayenon an uaryon msgavsi mi-
TiTebebi maTi ierarqiulad dabla myofi statu-
sis gamo. sxva dros xelqveiTebma SesaZlebelia
menejerTagan miiRon arapirdapiri instruqciebi
raimes araeTikurad Sesasruleblad, sadac isini
aucileblad igrZnoben mcire opcions, Tumca moq-
medebis saeWvo formebSi.
285
menejerebs cudi magaliTis micemiT aseve Seu-
ZliaT hqondeT gavlena sakuTar TanamSromle-
bze. poznerisa da Smitis21 Tanaxmad, aSS-is erTi
mesamedi dabali da saSualo rangis menejerebi
namdvilad ganicdian moraluri principebis erT-
gulebis simwires, rasac adasturebs maTi xSiri
CarTuloba kompaniis SigniT mimdinare araeTikur
procesebSi. SedarebiT gviandeli monacemebi22 ki
mowmobs, rom msxvili da saSualo masStabis or-
ganizaciaTa TanamSromlebis naxevarze naklebis
SefasebiT, maTi xelmZRvanelebi sakmaod maRali
dadebiTi pirovnuli niSanTvisebebiT gamoirCevian.
dasasruls, cxadia, rom xelmZRvanelobas
xelqveiTTa meSveobiT ZaluZs gavlena iqonios
eTikur gadawyvetilebebze, maSin rodesac isini
aRmoCndebian potenciur problemaTa pirispir.
biurokratia
jildo-sasjelisa da xelmZRvanelobis gav-
lenis safuZvladdeba biznesorganizaciebSi war-
moadgens biurokratiis xarisxs. biurokratia
aris formaluri organizaciis tipi dafuZnebuli
racionalur principebze da xasiaTdeba deta-
luri wesebiTa da procedurebiT, arapersonaluri
ierarqiuli urTierTobebiTa da amocanaTa myari
dayofiT.
biurokratia, dafuZnebuli maqs veberis23 Srome-
bze biurokratiuli formis Sesaxeb, iseve rogorc
gviandeli diskusiebi biurokratiis irgvlil
moralis Taobaze robert jeikolTan,24 zigmunT
baumanTan25 da rene ten bosTan26 asabuTebs rigi
efeqtebis arsebobas eTikur gadawyvetilebeze:
• moraluri avtonomiis represia. individ-
is morali mimarTulia iqiTken, rom daemorCilos
286
funqcionalurad specifikur wesebsa da biurok-
ratiuli organizaciis wesebs. amgvarad, efeqturi
biurokratia arsebiTad ,,aTavisuflebs” adamians
moraluri refleqsiisa da gadawyvetilebis miReb-
isagan, ramdenadac is mxolod saWiroebs preskrif-
ciuli wesebisa da procedurebis miyolas, dadge-
nilT organizaciuli miznebis miRwevisaTvis,
ramac SeiZleba gamoiwvios TanamSromelTa ,,mor-
alur robotad” qceva, romlebic mxolod wesebs
icaven da ar fiqroben Tu ratom arsebobs isini,
an SeiZleba Tu ara maT miznebSi daeWveba.
• instrumentaluri morali. biurokratia
organizaciis wevrTa yuradRebas mimarTavs or-
ganizaciuli miznebis efeqtur miRwevaze. aqedan,
morali SesaZloa racionaluri iyos mxolod am
miznebis miRwevisaTvis dadgenil wesebTan Sesa-
bamisobis TvalsazrisiT, e.i. saqme gvaqvs instumen-
talizebul moralTan da ara Tavad miznebis mor-
alur substanciaze yuradRebis fokusirebasTan.
Sesabamisad gadawyvetilebis miReba fokusirdeba
masze, iyo Tu ara swori procedurebi, gatarebuli
gansazRvruli miznis misaRwevad, nacvlad imisa,
aris Tu ara Tavad miznebi moralurad sasikeTo.
• distancireba. biurokratia emsaxureba
Cveni sakuTari moralis Semdgom CaxSobas Cveni
distancirebiT Cvenive moqmedebaTa Sedegebisgan.
• moraluri statusis uaryofa. dasasrul,
biurokratia gardaqmnis moralis obieqtebs, ro-
goric aris adamianebi Tu cxovelebi, sagnebi Tu
niSan-TvisebaTa erToblioba. amgvarad, TanamSrom-
lebi xdebian humanuri <<resursi>> zogierTi or-
ganizaciuli miznisaTvis; momxmareblebi daiyvane-
bian prefinanciaTa erTobliobamde marketingis
monacemTa bazaSi; cxovelebi xdebian produqci-
is erTeuli, romlebic ganicdian teqnologiur
287
damuSavebas fabrika-qarxnebSi. saqme imaSia, rom
amocanaTa dayofisa da efeqtianobaze fokusire-
bis gziT adamianebi, rogorc moraluri arsebebi
dakargulia da saboloo angariSiT isini uaryo-
filni arian WeSmariti moraluri statusisgan.
samuSao rolebi
rogorc davinaxeT, Sromis biurokratiuli or-
ganizacia adamianebs ganawesebs konkretul spe-
cializaciebsa Tu amocanebSi, romlebic (Sromis)
samuSao rolebs warmoadgenen. qcevis es model-
ebi gulisxmobs sxvadasxva pirTagan gansazRvru-
li poziciis dakavebas organizaciaSi.27 samuSao
rolebi SeiZleba iyos funqcionaluri _ magali-
Tad, buRaltris, inJinrisa Tu gamyidvelis – anda
isini SeiZleba iyos ierarqiuli – magaliTad, di-
reqtoris, menejerisa Tu xelmZRvanelis rolebi.
rolebs ZaluZT moaxdinon inkafsulacia molod-
inebis mTeli nakrebisa sakiTxebis Sesaxeb: ra
unda Sefasdes, rogor urTierTob sxvebTan, rogor
unda moiqce.
es molodinebi aigeba formaluri ganaTlebiT,
treiningebiTa da gamocdilebiT da maT SeiZleba
hqondeT Zlieri gavlena adamianis qcevebze. bi-
znesis eTikis konteqstSi, miTiTebuli samuSao
rolebsa da Tanmxleb molodinebs dafuZnebulT
pirovnebis adaptur rolze, SeiZleba hqondeT mniS-
vnelovani gavlenebi gadawyvetilebis miRebaze.
Cveni individualuri morali, faseulobebi da
rwmenebi, romlebsac rogorc wesi SegviZlia rom
vflobdeT, SesaZloa iqnas CaxSobili im faseu-
lobebisa da rwmenebis SeTvisebiT, rac Cakirulia
Cven samuSao rolSi. amitom, rolebi ar warmoad-
gens Cveni pirovnulobis myar maxasiaTebelsa Tu
aspeqts, magram mas mainc didi konteqstualuri
288
gavlenebi gaaCnia Cven gadawyvetilebasa da qce-
vebze.
organizaciuli normebi da kultura
eTikuri gadawyvetilebis miRebaze sxva poten-
ciurad mZlavri gavlenis mqone aris normaTa jgu-
fi, romelic aRwers qcevis misaReb standartebs
SromiT TemSi, rogorc mSromleTa mcire jgufis,
departamentisa Tu mTeli organizaciis doneze.
normaTa jgufi gamoxatavs saSualebas, riTac xde-
ba intenciaciaTa realizacia gansazRvrul gare-
moSi an maTi SesaZlo konfrontacia organizaciis
mier dadgenil oficialur wesebTan Tu proce-
durebTan.
normaTa jgufs SesaZloa kavSiri hqondes az-
rovnebis, moqmedebis, saubris, Sefasebisa da a.S.
saSualebebTan. Sedegad, normaTa jgufi eswrafvis
moicavs faqtorTa sul ufro farTo speqtri, maT
Soris zogadi faseulobebi, rwmenebi da qcevebi,
romlebic organul kavSirSia organizaciuli
kulturis cnebasTan.
organizaciuli kultura warmoadgens er-
Tian garemos organizaciis farglebSi an mis
garkveul nawilSi. kultura Sedgeba konkretu-
li mniSvnelobebiT, rwmenebiTa da saRi azrisgan,
romlebic nawildeba organizaciis wevrebs Soris,
da warmodgenilia varaudebis, normaTa da faseu-
lobebis saxiT. organizaciuli kultura eTikuri
gadawyvetilebis formirebisas farTod aris aRi-
arebuli rogorc erT-erTi sakvanZo sakiTxi. is
aramxolod intensiurad aris CarTuli eTikuri
gadawyvetilebis miRebis modelebSi,28 aramed is
aseve farTod ganixileba empiriul kvlevebSi.29
srulebiT ar aris sakvirveli, rom kulturasa da
eTikuri gadawyvetilebebis Rrma kavSirebs Soris
arsebul mosazrebebs amyarebs mravali mowmoba
289
da mZlavri konceptualuri mxardaWera.30 cxadia,
zemoT aRniSnul saSualebebSi kompaniis Tanam-
Sromlebis socializaciis xarisxi mniSvnelovnad
gansazRvravs gadawyvetilebis miRebis formebs
maTi eTikur problemebTan pirispir aRmoCenis
dros. kulturul molodinebsa da faseulobebs
ZaluZT uzrunvelyon Zlieri gavlena masze, rac
Cven SeiZleba miviCnioT ,,sworad” an ,,arasworad”.
amgvarad, Cveni kulturuli wvdomebi da codna
SesaZlebelia mogvevlinos orive saxiT, rogorc
fasilitatori da rogorc barieri.
amgvar msjelobaTa Sedegad, mravali avtori,
rogorebicaa trevino, nelson,31 fereli da sxv32.,
saubroben eTikuri kulturis amaRlebis saWi-
roebaze eTikuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis ganmt-
kicebisaTvis. arsebobs mniSvnelovani azrTa sxva-
dasxvaoba imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor unda
moxdes es, anda sinamdvileSi ramdenad aris es
SesaZlo an sasurveli. rogorc Cans, kulturis
winaswar ganzraxuli menejmenti aris ukiduresad
Zneli, sadac Sedegebis ganWvreta SeuZlebelia.
SesaZloa ar aris mTlad garkveuli Tu rogori
damokidebuleba arsebobs organizaciuli kul-
turis gavlenisa eTikuri gadawyvetilebis miRe-
baze, magram Tavad faqti, rom arsebobs garkveuli
saxis urTierToba maT Soris, ar aris sakamaTo.
nacionaluri da kulturuli konteqsti
dasasruls, iseve rogorc organizaciis kul-
turisa da samuSao qcevis kulturas SeuZlia gav-
lenis moxdena eTikur gadawyvetilebebze, aseve
SeuZlia im qveynebsa Tu kulturebs, romleTa ar-
ealSic ganlagebulia calkeuli organizaciebi.
individualur gavlenaTa es faqtori varirebs
nacionalur da kulturul Taviseburebebs So-
290
ris: Tu winaT yuradReba maxvildeboda calkeuli
gadawyvetilebebis nacionalurobaze, axla mxed-
velobaSi miiReba erebi, sadac faqtobrivad miiRe-
ba gadawyvetilebebi ganurCevlad gadawyvetileb-
is mimRebis erovnebisa. gansxvavebuli kulturebi
jer kidev garkveuli xarisxiT icaven gansxvave-
bul mosazrebebs imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra
aris swori da ra – araswori. am gansxvavebebs
mniSvnelovani gavlena aqvs masze, aris Tu ara aRi-
arebuli moraluri sakiTxebi da individebis mier
gaziarebuli gadawyvetilebis formebi da qcevis
modelebi.
globalizaciiT gamowveuli nacionalur kul-
turaTa gansxvavebulobis waSlisas SeiZleboda
gvqonoda molodini, gvexila Zvrebi am faqtor-
is gavlenaSi, SesaZloa gacilebiT kompleqsuri
efeqtebiTa da interaqciebis gamovleniT.
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294
Tavi 4. globalizacia da biznesis eTika
$4.1. globalizacia bizneseTikis konteqstSi
globalizacia axali droebis yvelaze ufro
moduri sityvaa, xolo globalizebuli samyaro
Zalzed xSirad Tanamedrove sazogadoebis erT-
erT umniSvnelovanes sakiTxTan aris gaigivebuli.
bolo aTwleulis msoflio finansur-ekonomi-
kur krizisebamde, globalizaciis pozitiur mx-
ared miCneuli iyo msoflio ekonomikaSi mimdin-
are transnacionaluri da transkontinentaluri
kavSir-urTierTobebis mzardi dinamika da misiT
miRebuli sargebeli, romelTa Soris aRniSnavd-
nen – ekonomikur zrdas, globalur keTildReobas,
demokratias da msoflio mSvidobas1 . magram,
globalizaciis, rogorc pozitiuri ganviTare-
bis Sesaxeb, msoflioSi ar arsebobs erTsulov-
ani Sexeduleba. 1970-iani wlebis anti-birTvuli
moZraobis msgavsad, Cven mowmeni gavxdiT axali,
msoflioSi gavrcelebuli anti-globalisturi
kampaniisa, romelmac mZlavri sazogadoebrivi pro-
testis forma SeiZina ,,globaluri msoflio wes-
rigis”, ,,globaluri kapitalizmis”, ,,multinacion-
aluri diqtatis” da a.S. winaaRmdeg, da romlis
samiznes msoflio savaWro organizacia, msoflio
banki, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, aseve, didi
rvianisa Tu evrokavSiris liderTa samitebi war-
moadgenen. mRelvarebebi sietlSi, davosSi, praRasa
da genuaSi aCvenebs, rom globalizacia sazoga-
doebrivi dRis wesrigis sakmaod sakamaTo Temaa.
biznesis eTikis konteqstSi globalizaciis ir-
gvliv kamaTi TamaSobs gadamwyvet rols. bolos
295
da bolos, korporaciebi, uwinaresad ki multina-
cionaluri korporaciebi (mnk) globalizaciis
dros sazogadoebis kritikis centrSi imyofebian.
maT adanaSauleben umciresad ganviTarebuli e.w.
meoTxe samyaros qveynebSi muSaxelis eqspluata-
ciaSi, garemos ganadgurebasa da ekonomikuri sim-
Zlavreebis borotad gamoyenebis gziT e.w. <<race to the bottom>>*-is arsebobaSi.
da mainc ra aris globalizacia? globaliza-
cia aris sakamaTo termini da gansasjeli Tema
ara marto sajaro debatebSi, aramed aseve –
samecniero diskusiebSi**. endriu kreini da dirk
mateni gvTavazoben globalizaciis ganviTarebis
or formas – teqnologiurs da politikurs.2
Tanamedrove sakomunikacio da satransporto
teqnologiebis swrafi ganviTareba da gavrceleba,
miuxedavad teritoriuli daSorebebisa erTi mxriv,
da e.w. ,,rkinis fardis” gaqrobis Semdeg daZleuli
teritoriuli sasazRvro sirTuleni meore mxriv,
iZleva adamianebs Soris erTmaneTTan dakavSire-
bisa da interaqciis SesaZleblobebs mTel msof-
lioSi. globalizaciis ganviTarebis orive forma
qmnis masiur proliferacias anu swraf zrdas
zeteritoriul kavSirSi. miuxedavad formaTa amg-
*termini << race to the bottom>> aris socialur-ekonomikuri
koncepti, romelic konkretul SemTxvevaSi asaxavs process,
romlis Tanaxmad mnk-i investiciebs abandeben im umciresad
ganviTarebul qveynebSi (ugq), romlebic maT sTavazoben uke-
Tes xelsayrel pirobebs dabali sagadasaxado nixris, ekolo-
giuri regulirebis dabali donisa da muSakTa SezRuduli
uflebebis mxriv.
** globalizaciis da misi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb arsebobs
mravali literatura. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia bekis, gidensis,
heldisa da makgreis Sromebi.
296
vari bunebisa, aucilebeli ar aris, rom msgavs kavS-
irebs yovelTvis hqondes globaluri gavrceleba
msoflios masStabiT. am kavSirebTan mimarTebaSi
axali midgoma mdgomareobs masSi, rom is metad
aRar saWiroebs geografiul xdomilebebs da rom
isini metad aRar izRudebian teritoriuli daS-
orebebiTa da sazRvrebiT. prof Solte3 amgvar
globalizacias axasiaTebs rogorc deteritori-
zacias. maSasadame, globalizacia aris terito-
riuli bazisis progresirebadi moSla socialur,
ekonomikur da politikur urTierTobaTa da pro-
cesebis warsamarTavad. globaluri komunikaciebi,
globaluri produqtebi, globaluri finansuri
sistemebi da kapitalis bazrebi warmoadgens det-
eritorizaciis metad mkafio magaliTebs. aqedan
gamomdinare, saxezea globalizaciis rogorc
deteritorizaciis Seuqcevadi procesi msoflio
ekonomikaSi.
globalizacia ekonomikuri saqmianobis deter-
itorizaciis TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT rel-
evanturia biznesis eTikisaTvis, rac sam ZiriTad
sferoSi vlindeba. esenia: kultura, samarTali da
angariSvaldebuleba.4
kulturuli sakiTxi. geografiuli manZilebis,
rogorc biznessaqmianobebis erT-erTi umTavresi
xelisSemSleli faqtoris, biznesze gavlenis sul
ufro Semcirebis kvaldakval, korporaciebi mzar-
dad ikaveben ucxour bazrebs, ra drosac isini
xSirad awydebian axal-axal da sxvadasxvagvar
urTierTsawinaaRmdego eTikur moTxovnebs. evrop-
uli firmebis magaliTze Tu vityviT, is moraluri
faseulobebi, romlebic Sida bazrebzea miRebuli,
SesaZloa eWqveS dadges, maTi ucxour bazrebze
SesvlasTan erTad. magaliTad, evropuli Sexed-
297
ulebebi da damokidebulebebi rasiul da gen-
derul sakiTxebze absoliturad gansxvavdeba
axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli tradiciuli xedvisagan. aseve, ekonomikuri
daqveiTebis dros CineTSi TanamSromlebis sam-
saxuridan daTxovna aRiqmeba araeTikur qmedebad,
maSin rodesac evropasa da aSS-Si mas bunebriv
procesad miiCneven. ise rogorc dasavleTisaT-
vis miuRebelia da mkacrad araeTikuria bavSvTa
Sromis gamoyeneba, xolo mraval aziur qveyanaSi
– dasaSvebi. mizezi Tu ratom arsebobs msgavsi
problemebis potenciali aris is, rom globali-
zaciis pirobebSi deteritorizaciis gamo ekonomi-
kuri urTierTobebis aCqarebis miuxedavad, umetes
SemTxvevaSi jer kidev adgili aqvs adgilobriv,
lokalur kulturebs Soris mWidro kavSirebis
arsebobas, moraluri faseulobebisa da garkveu-
li geografiuli regionebis CaTvliT.
samarTlebrivi sakiTxi. biznesis eTikis kuTx-
iT samarTlis sfero mWidro kavSirSia eTikasTan.
mravali ekonomikuri transaqcia rac ufro kar-
gavs kavSirs garkveul regionalur teritoria-
sTan, miT ufro aRwevs Tavs is Sesabamisi erovnuli
mTavrobebis kontrols. bunebrivia, xelisufleba-
Ta Zalaufleba dasazRvrulia garkveuli teri-
toriebiT, mag.: didi britaneTis kanonebi saval-
debuloa mxolod didi britaneTis teritoriaze,
da a.S. rogorc ki kompania tovebs sakuTar ter-
itorias da Sedis sxva, gansakuTrebiT mesame an
meoTxe samyaros qveynebSi, samarTlebrivi CarCoe-
bi xdeba Zlier gansxvavebuli. Sesabamisad, mene-
jerebs metad aRar ZaluZT ubralod daeyrdnon
samarTlebriv CarCoebs, rodesac biznesis praqti-
kaSi gadasawyveti xdeba ,,sworisa” da ,,arasworis”
sakiTxebi. gamomdinare iqidan, rom biznesis eTikas
298
upiratesad exeba is sakiTxebi, romlebic ar gane-
kuTvneba samarTlis sferos, an sadac ar arsebobs
gansazRvruli konsesusi Tu ra aris ,,swori” da
ra ,,araswori”, garkveuli azriT SeiZleba iTq-
vas, rom biznesis eTika iwyeba iq, sadac mTavrdeba
kanoni. amgvar mocemulobaSi deteritorizacia
zrdis moTxovnas biznesis eTikaze, radgan det-
eritorizebuli ekonomikuri saqmianobebi gamodis
erovnul mTavrobaTa kontrolis sazRvrebidan.
magaliTad, globaluri finansuri bazrebi imyofe-
bian nebismieri erovnuli xelisuflebis kontro-
lis miRma.
angariSvaldebulebis sakiTxi. mivapyrobT ra
dakvirvebul mzeras msoflio movlenebs, advilad
SevamCnevT ekonomikuri subieqtebis globalur
scenaze im dominanti multinacionaluri korpo-
raciebis arsebobas, romlebic gansazRvraven ara
mxolod calkeuli regionebis, aramed msoflio
ekonomikur politikasac. calkeuli mnk ekonomi-
kurad gacilebiT mZlavria, vidre ara mxolod gan-
viTarebadi, aramed mravali ganviTarebuli qveynis
mTavroba. miuxedavad amisa, nebismieri qveynis mTav-
roba angariSvaldebulia sakuTari xalxis winaSe,
maSin rodesac mnk-is menejerebi formalurad an-
gariSvaldebulni arian mxolod adamianTa Sedar-
ebiT patara jgufebis winaSe, romlebic floben
kompaniaTa aqciebs. sazogadoebriv jgufebs sxva-
dasxva qveyanaSi, romlebic pirdapir arian mnk-is
sainvesticio gadawyvetilebebze damokidebulni,
ar gaaCniaT kompaniebze gavlena, da regionaluri
Tu erovnuli mTavrobebisagan gansxvavebiT, arc
mnk-i arian angariSvaldebulni zemoT aRniSnuli
wreebis mimarT. ras niSnavs es? es niSnavs imas,
rom deteritorizaciis pirobebSi mTavrobebs
korporaciebze sul ufro naklebad SeZliaT kon-
299
trolis ganxorcieleba, da Tavis mxriv miT ufro
naklebad gaxsnilni arian korporaciebi demokra-
tiuli kontrolisaTvis dazaralebuli adamianeb-
is mxridan. amgvarad, pirdapiri mowodeba mnk-is an-
gariSvaldebulebis Sesaxeb, sul ufro xmamaRala
gaismis ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi, rasac
zemoT naxsenebi antoglobalistTa protestebic
adasturebs.
literatura:
1. Paulson, H., ‘The gospel of globalisation’., Financial Times, 2001, 13 Nov: 25.
2. Crane, A., Matten, D., Business Ethics, A EUROPIAN PERSPECTIVE (Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustain-ability in the Age of Globalization), Oxford, 2004, P. 16.
3. Scholte, I.A., Globalization: A Gritical Introduction. Bas-ingstoke: Polgrave., 2000, P. 46
4. ix. wyaro 2., gv.17
300
$4.2. globalizaciis gavlena biznesurTierTobebze
globalizaciam mniSvnelovani gavlena iqo-
nia postmodernis biznesurTierTobebze. am mxriv
aRsaniSnavia multinacionalur korporacieb-
Si dasaqmebulTa gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba da
pirobebi ara mxolod regionebis, aramed konti-
nentebis (aRmosavleT evropis zogierTi qveyana,
samxreT-aRmosavleT azia, afrika, samxreT amerika)
mixedviTac. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs dasaqmebulTa
uflebebis universaluroba, romelic Tavis mxriv
moicavs sakiTxTa imgvar wyebas, rogoricaa: dis-
kriminacia, patiosani urTierTobebi, misaRebi sam-
uSao pirobebi, samarTliani xelfasi da verbal-
uri / araverbaluri gamoxatvis Tavisufleba. es
sakiTxebi sxvadasxva kulturebSi gansxvavebulad
interpretirdeba da aseve gansxvavebul datvirT-
vas iZens. magaliTad, rasiuli, seqsualuri Tu re-
ligiuri diskriminaciis cnebebi savsebiT SesaZle-
belia gansxvavebuli iyos islandiaSi, italiaSi,
israelsa da indoneziaSi. msgavsad amisa, gamoxat-
vis Tavisuflebac SesaZlebelia gansxvavebulad
iqnas aRqmuli belgiasa da birmaSi.
qvemoT gTavazobT im ZiriTad sakiTxebs, romelTa
gaazrebis gareSec SeuZlebelia mocemul Temati-
kaSi kargad garkveva. es aris1:
• erovnuli kulturebi da moraluri faseu-
lobebi;
• absolutizmi VS relativizmi;
• e.w. <<race to the bottom>> *
*ix. v. xizaniSvili, ,,globalizacia da biznes eTika”,. Jur-
nali <<ekonomika>>, #5-6, Tb. 2013, gv. 195
301
mokled ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani
erovnuli kulturebi da moraluri faseu-
lobebi. erovnul kulturebsa da moralur fa-
seulobebs Soris arsebobs mWidro kavSir-urTi-
erToba msoflio masStabiT. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia
prof. hofsteidis2 oTxi dimensis mqone modeli,
damaxasiaTebeli sxvadasxva kulturuli faseu-
lobebiT: individualizmi/koleqtivizmi, Zalau-
flebis distancia anu masStabi, mamakacuroba
/ qaluroba, gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba. es
dimensebi bundovnad fokusirdeba zogierT sak-
vanZo aspeqtze, rac safuZvlad udevs im moralur
faseulobebs, romlebic gansazRvraven damsaqme-
belsa da dasaqmebuls Soris arsebul urTierTo-
bebs. mag., “individualizmi / koleqtivizmi” dimen-
sis SemTxvevaSi, individualuri qcevis kultura
gamoxatulebas poulobs imgvar formebSi, rom
TiToeuli dasaqmebulisaTvis misaRebia individu-
aluri pasuxismgeblobis aReba sakuTari damsaqme-
blis winaSe, maSin rodesac koleqtiuri qcevis
kulturisaTvis, rogorc wesi niSandoblivia gaer-
Tianebis saWiroeba da koleqtiuri monawileoba.
agreTve, koleqtivistebis sazogadoebaSi, pirovneb-
is unari imuSaos kargad sxvebTan erTad da Se-
Zlos TanamSromlobis safuZvelze erToblivi
gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi monawileoba, SesaZle-
belia Sefasebul iqnas swored rom maRali pro-
fesionalizmis kvalifikaciiT. rogorc cnobi-
li mecnierebi trevino da nelsoni3 gvTavazoben,
es SeiZleba niSnavdes imas, rom koleqtivistur
kulturaSi, ramdenadac Sromis maZiebeli da misi
ojaxi aris nacnobi, sando da mosawoni, imdenad am
faqtorebs aplikantis samsaxurSi asayvanad dam-
saqmeblis TvalSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba gaaC-
nia, maSin rodesac individualisturi kulturis
302
qveynebSi msgavsi ,,nepotizmi” SesaZloa aRqmuli
iqnes, rogorc cudi gavlenis momxdeni faqti da
diskriminaciuli qmedeba.
saqme imaSia, rom gansxvavebul kulturebSi gan-
sxvavebulad ganixileba dasaqmebulTa uflebebi
da movaleobebi. es niSnavs imas, rom mmarTvelTa
damokidebulebis dros sxva qveynis (gansakuTrebiT
mesame da meoTxe samyaros qveynebis) personalTan,
an sulac biznesis kritikasa da Sefasebisas, ro-
gorc mecnierTa, ise eqspertTa mxridan upiratesad
saWiroa eTikis kulturuli bazisis wvdoma da
gageba msgavs qveynebSi. rasakvirvelia, industriu-
lad ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebs So-
ris arsebuli Sromis zogaduniversaluri ufle-
bebis dacvis, maTi realizaciis xarisxis mkveTri
da aSkara Seusabamoba, warmoSobs absolutizmis
da relativizmis urTierTSepirispirebulobis
problemas.
absulutizmi VS relativizmi. absolutizmi
warmoadgens ideas imis Sesaxeb, rom Tu eTikuri
principi marTebulad iqna miCneuli, maSin is var-
gisia yvelgan. relativizmi piriqiT _, igi gaiaz-
reba imgvarad, rom eTikis arcerTi xedva ar miiC-
neva marTebulad, vinaidan is yovelTvis unda iyos
relatiuri istoriul da kulturul konteqstTan
mimarTebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia davuS-
vaT, rom eTikuri absolutizmisa da relativizmis
orive ukiduresoba ar iZleva sakmaris pasuxs im
aSkarad gansxvavebul pirobebze, romlebsac dRem-
de aqvs adgili mTel msoflioSi. relativisti-
saTvis evropidan, romelic warmarTavs Sida saqmi-
anobiT politikas ucxo kulturul konteqstSi,
sruliad zedmetia moraluri gansjis aucile-
bloba. mag., Tu pakistanis kulturaSi dasaSvebia
ToTxmetsaaTiani samuSao dRe, ratom Caanacvleb-
303
da is mas dasavluri standartebiT? maSasadame,
relativizmi uaryofs nebismier eTikur proble-
mas, wamoWrils Sromis cudi pirobebisa da eqspl-
uataciis irgvliv, vidre isini Seesabamebian moce-
muli qveynisa da kulturis standartebs. maSin
rodesac, speqtris meore bolos myofi absolutis-
tisaTvis Tu marTebulia moraluri standartebi,
maSin isini marTebuli da misaRebia yvelgan mTel
msoflioSi, da kompaniebSic, gamodinare aqedan
valdebulni arian daicvan muSakTa Sromis ufle-
bebi da mainc, rogorc Cans es ori mxare veras-
dros miva saerTo konsesusamde. amitom, Tu gvsurs
vipovnoT praqtikuli gzebi winsvlisa, saWiroa
amas SevxedoT cota sxvagvarad da ufro dakvir-
vebiT. samoqmedo orientiris ZiriTad wess Sei-
Zleba warmoadgendes adamianis uflebebi, rogorc
marTvelobiTi saqmianobis sabazo kompasi4. Tuki
garkveuli praqtika arRvevs adamianis uflebebs,
SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom es eTikurad mcdari da
miuRebelia. amgvari Sexedulebis miRma arsebobs
mosazreba, rom TanamSromelTa mimarT gansxvave-
buli midgomebi globaluri masStabiT, TavisTa-
vad ar gulisxmobs eTikurad arasworsa da miuRe-
bels, aramed damokidebulia im qveynis SedarebiT
ekonomikur ganviTarebaze, romelSic mimdinareobs
aRniSnuli praqtika. amgvar SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadi
ekonomikuri sakiTxi mdgomareobs xelfassa da
samuSao pirobebis SesabamisobaSi ganviTarebadi
qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebasTan5. magaliTad,
is ToTxmetsaaTiani samuSao dRe, romelsac fran-
guli mnk uwesebs Tavis TanamSromlebs pakistanSi,
iqneboda Tu ara misaRebi maSin Tuki safrangeTis
eqneboda igive ekonomikuri mdgomareoba rogorc
pakistans?
e.w. ‘race to the bottom’. ucxoeTSi dasaqmebis
304
standartebis adaptaciisa Tu ara adaptaciisagan
damoukideblad, profesorebi Sereri da smidi6
amtkiceben, rom mnk-i aseve TamaSoben garkveul
rols standartebis mxriv am qveynebSi. kerZod,
ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris gaCaRebulia didi Se-
jibri, erovnuli interesebis mkveTri SezRudvis
xarjze mnk-Tvis saukeTeso sainvesticio garemos
SesaTavazeblad, ucxouri investiciebis mozid-
vis mizniT. xolo am konteqstSi, globalizacia,
romelic ekonomikur sivrceTa deteritorizacia-
sTan asocirdeba, ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis qm-
nis uzarmazari arCevanis Tavisuflebas biznesis
sawarmoeblad.
globalizaciis mravali kritikosi7 amtkicebs,
rom investiciebis mosazidad dawyebul am gamale-
bul konkurenciaSi sakvanZo faqtorebs warmoad-
gens mnk-Tan arsebuli xarjebi, rac dakavSirebu-
lia ekologiur regulaciebTan, gadasaxadebTan
da tarifebTan, dasaqmebulTa socialur keTil-
dReobasTan, janmrTelobisa da usafrTxoebis
sakiTxebis uzrunvelyofasTan. Sedegad, msxvili
investorebi irCeven iseT qveynebs, romlebic maT
sTavazoben SedarebiT umjobes pirobebs, rac
xSirad niSnavs regulaciebisa da socialuri uz-
runvelyofis udables dones dasaqmebulTaTvis.
amitom, msgavsi Sejibrebebi qveynebs Soris kidev
ufro auaresebs maT eko-socialurs mdgomare-
obs da mihyavs isini e.w. << race to the bottom>>-is
arsebobamde. msgavsi umisamarTo srbolebis uz-
runvelyofis umTavres subieqtad ki swored mnk-i
gvevlinebian8 miuxedavad SeuzRudavi Tavisufali
vaWrobis momxreebis sapirispiro mosazrebebisa,
romlebic ar iziareben aRniSnul pozicias da mi-
aCniaT, rom qveynebs Soris arsebuli konkurenciis
negatiur argumentad motana ara mxolod Secdoma,
305
aramed winaaRmdegobaSia Tavisufal vaWrobasTan
da bazris deregulirebasTan, SeuZlebelia imis
uaryofa, rom mnk-is mier warmoebuli samsaxovani
(socialuri, ekonomikuri, ekologiuri) interven-
ciebi mesame da meoTxe samyaros qveynebSi dRemde
grZeldeba.
globalizaciis konteqstSi multinacionalur
kompaniebs akisriaT sakmaod didi potenciuri
pasuxismgebloba. mnk warmoadgenen saerTaSoriso
biznespraqtikis mZlavr aqtiorebs dislokaciis
qveynebSi, romlebic gansakuTrebul sakvanZo rols
TamaSoben e.w. <<instituciuri fonis>> SeqmnaSi,
da romelic moicavs iseT instituciur forme-
bs, rogorebicaa profkavSirebi, janmrTelobisa
da usafrTxoebis normebi, sxvadasxvagvari wesebi,
regulaciebi da standartebi, romlebic xels uw-
yoben mSromelTa uflebebis dacvas globaluri
ekonomikuri urTierToebebis pirobebSi.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. A. Crane, D. Matten; Business Ethics, A European Per-spective (Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustainability in the Age of Globalization). Oxford – New York, Oxford Univer-sity Press, 2004, P.253.
2. G. Hofstede; Cuture’s Consequences: International Dif-ferences in Work Related Values; Beverly Hills: Sage, 1980.
3. L.K. Trevino, K.A. Nelson; Managing Business Ethics: Straight Talk about How to do it Right, 2nd edn., New York: John Wiley., 1999., P.292
4. P. Frankental, “The UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a corporate code of Conduct”. Business Ethics: A Euro-pean Review, #11/2, 2002., P.129-33.
5. T. Donaldson, The Ethics of International Business., New
306
York: Oxford University Press., 1989. P. 101-6.6. A.G. Scherer, M. Smid., “The Downward spiral and the
V.S. model business principles: why MNEs should take respon-sibility for improvement of worldwide social and environmental conditions”., Management International Review, # 40/4, 2000; P.351-71.
7. ix. wyaro 1. , gv. 255
8. D. Spar, D. Yoffie., “Multinational enterprises and the prospects for justice”., Journal of International Affairs, #52/2, 1999, P.557-81.
307
$4.3. biznesis eTikis analizuri midgoma kompaniaTa gadawyvetile-
bebis problematikaSi
kompaniaTa funqcionirebis sabaziso doneze,
romelic exeba racionalur moqmedebaTa da eTi-
kur normaTa urTierTSesabamisobis urTules as-
peqtebs, warmoiSoba konfliqturi situaciebi, sa-
dac amgvari konfliqtebis pozitiuri gadawyvetis
safuZvels eqsplicituri analizi* warmoadgens.
amitom bizneseTikis Seswavlis centralur sa-
gnad savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom swored <<ana-
lizuri>> midgoma iqnes miCenuli, romlis arsic
biznesgadawyvetilebis miRebis dros warmoqmnili
moraluri problemebisa da maTi gadaWris gzebis
ZiebaSi mdgomareobs.
biznesis eTikis es mniSvnelovani problemuri
sfero iyofa normaTa da gadawyvetilebaTa kon-
fliqtebad.
normaTa konfliqtis Secnoba SesaZlebelia
ekonomikuri miznebsa da eTikur normebs So-
ris arsebuli damokidebulebis analiziT. nor-
maTa analizSi kvlevis obieqts warmoadgens is,
Tu ra moculobasa da TanafardobaSi imyofebian
ekonomikuri miznebi – likviduroba, erTeuli Tu
multiperiodulobis warmatebebi (mag., sezonuri
mogeba, Semosavlis odenoba, aqciis Rirebuleba),
moTxovnis dakmayofileba da a.S., iseve rogorc
aqedan nawarmoebi calkeuli komplementaruli,
konkurentuli, neitraluri operaciuli mizne-
* eqsplicituri analizi ayalibebs eTikuri diskursis
Sinaarsis, Sinaarsobrivad gansazRvrul normaTa gamoyenebis
da moralurad arasruli CarCowesrigis, anu zogadi regula-
ciebis Sevsebis safuZvlebs.
308
bi iseT eTikur normebTan mimarTebaSi, rogoric
aris humanuroba, samarTlianoba, Tavisufleba, pa-
tiosneba da sxv.1 es damokidebulebebi SeiZleba
iyos logikuri da/an empiruli saxis. logikuri
saxis damokidebulebebi aixsneba definirebuli
dasazRvrulobiTa da tavtologiuri saxecvli-
lebebiT, xolo empiriuli saxis damokidebule-
bebi xSirad konkretuli gamoyenebis sferoebiT
aris limitirebuli. ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebis
TeoriaSi miznobriv urTierTobaTa wvdomisa da
analizisaTvis SemuSavda da ganviTarda rigi saS-
ualebebi, romlebic normaTa analizisaTvis Sei-
Zleba iqnas gamoyenebuli.
sakvlev kriteriumTa SerCeva erTi mxriv damok-
idebulia ekonomikur sistemasa da masTan erTad
CarCowesrigze, iseve rogorc masSi dasaxul mizne-
bze, xolo meore mxriv – sazogadoebis moralsa da
am moralis normaTa mxedvelobaSi mimReb sazoga-
doebis wevrebze. swored amitom aqvs ekonomikuri
sistemis gaxsnilobas, farTo ekonomikur sivrc-
eTa integraciasa da globalizacias mniSvnelo-
vani gavlena bizneseTikaSi Semaval sagnebze. gan-
sxvavebul ekonomikur sistemebsa da kulturebs
Soris Sexvedrebi xsnis kvlevis axal sferoebs
bizneseTikisaTvis. aqve unda SevniSnoT isic, rom
analizuri bizneseTika efuZneba deskrifciuli
bizneseTikis** wvdomas da mianiSnebs misi Secno-
bis gardauval aucileblobaze.
** deskripciuli bizneseTikis amocanas warmoadgens biznes-
Si arsebuli normebisa da faseulobebis wvdoma da ganmarte-
ba. is biznesSi sferoebisa da masStabebis mixedviT cdilobs
gansazRvros personalze eTikuri normebisa da moraluri
faseulobebis qmediTobis xarisxi, da daadginos Tu ra gav-
lenas axdens maTi mxedvelobaSi miReba ekonomikur gadawy-
vetilebebze, moqmedebebsa da procesebze.
309
sinamdvileSi, ekonomikur da eTikur normebs So-
ris konfliqtebi Tavs iCens kompaniebSi uwinaresad
konkretuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas warmo-
qmnili problemis dros. empiruli gamocdilebe-
bi aCvenebs, rom kompaniebs msgavs miznobriv kon-
fliqtTa gadaWra mxolod garkveuli masStabiT
ZaluZT. amitom gadawyvetilebaTa konfliqtis
analizSi normaTa analizis gverdiT arsebobs
analizuri bizneseTikis meore mniSvnelovani sa-
gani. igi moicavs gadawyvetilebaTa problemis
guldasmiT damuSavebas, mis sistematizaciasa da
kvlevas iq, sadac saxezea konfliqtebi ekonomikur
da eTikur kriteriumebs Soris.2 maTi urTiergam-
ijvnisaTvis SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva imis Sesaxeb,
Tu ra zomiT arsebobs amgvari konfliqtebi ro-
gorc calkeul, ise sxvadasxva personaliebsa da
instituciebs Soris. Tanaxmad amisa, SesaZlebelia
moxdes intra _ da interpersonaluri, iseve ro-
gorc intra– da interinstucionaluri gadawy-
vetilebis konfliqtTa gamijvnac.3
eTikuri normebis mxedvelobaSi miReba da maTi
maqsimalurad gaTvaliswineba rogorc calkeul
pirebTan, jgufebTan, aseve kompaniis Sida fun-
qcionirebasa da kompaniaTaSoris urTierTobebT-
an mimarTebaSi warmoadgens qmediT saSualbas ar-
sebuli konfliqtebis gadasaWrelad. garda amisa,
gadawyvetilebaTa konfliqtebis analiziT Sesa-
mCnevi xdeba is, Tu ra efeqtebi aRZravs eTikuri
kriteriumebis dacvisa da maTTan gadawyvetilebis
miRebis SesabamisobaSi yofnis aucileblobas am
mimarTulebiT.
eTikuri kriteriumebis gavlenis sistemuri kv-
leva sawarmoo gadawyvetilebaTa problemebis
Sesaxeb aseve emsaxureba garkveul sferoTa da
Tavad gadawyvetilebebis sirTuleTa Secnobas,
310
sadac moralur konfliqtebs srulebiT ar aqvs
adgili, da Tu aqvs, mxolod umniSvnelod. es ki
gviCvenebs mas, rom kompaniaSi moRvawe nebismieri
adamiani, romelic moraluri qcevisaTvis flobs
garkveul saTamaSo sivrces, arc CarCowesrigis
da arc biznes-ekonomikuri miznebis pirobebiT
ar izRudeba. amitom am sferoebSi eTikuri nor-
mebis sapirispirod mimarTuli qcevebi aris ara
ekonomikuri, aramed individualuri niSniT de-
terminirebuli. urTierTwinaaRmdegobrivi miznis
konfliqtebis gadasaWrelad ekonomikur gadawy-
vetilebaTa miRebis Teoriis farglebSi ganvi-
Tarebuli iqna farTo meqanizmebi, miznis kompro-
misis gansxvavebuli meTodebiT dawyebuli da
interaqciul preferenciaTa formirebis wesebiT
damTavrebuli.4 es meTodebi gamoiyeneba kor-
poraciul normaTa da gadawyvetilebaTa kon-
fliqtebis gadasaWrelad gadawyvetilebis mimReb
rogorc calkeul pirovnebebTan ise jgufebTan
mimarTebaSi. amgvarad, korporaciul konfliqtTa
gadaWris midgomaTa ganviTareba ganekuTvneba ana-
lizuri bizneseTikis mesame sagnobriv sferos.
gadawyvetilebaTa Teoriuli gadaWris midgome-
bi sxvadasxva kriteriumebisa da/an pirovnebebs
Soris arsebuli konfliqtebis miuxedavad gviCven-
ebs marTebul gadawyvetilebaTa mignebis gzebsa
da potenciuri meqanizmebis moqmedebaTa sazRvris
dadgenis SesaZleblobebs. aq mTavaria is, rom
Sesabamis gadawyvetilebaTa problemebis mosag-
vareblad arsebobdes moqmedebaTa alternatiuli
formebi. problemaTa gadaWris sxva gza mdgomare-
obs axali alternativebis moZiebaSi, riTac ekono-
mikur da eTikur kriteriumTa komplementaruli
Sesruleba xdeba miRwevadi. amgvari <<moraluri
inovaciebis strategiaTa>> SemuSavebis meqanizme-
311
bis ganviTareba/analizi aseve warmoadgens anali-
zuri bizneseTikis mniSvnelovan amocanas.
am saxis analizuri eTikis midgomebs gaaCnia
didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba imdenad, ramdena-
dac isini naTlad gviCvenebs maT mWidro damok-
idebulebas konkretul problemebTan mimarTebaSi,
- kerZod ki mas, Tu ra meqanizmebiT, anu ra instru-
mentebiTa da meTodebiT miiReba kompaniaSi gad-
awyvetilebebi, romelbic zogadi eTosis fargleb-
Si moqceuli eTikis safuZvlebsa da mis ZiriTad
principebze aRmocenebul mecnierul diskursebs
emyareba.
literatura:
1. Gäfgen, G. ökonomische Jmplikationen ethischer Prin-zipien, in: Duwendag, D., Siebert, H. (Hrsg.),: Politik und Markt. Wirtschaftspolitische Probleme der 80er Jahre, Stuttgart-New York, 1980, S.191-207; Schneider, D., Undernehmensethik und Gewinnprinzip in der Betriebswirschaftshehre, in : Zeitschrift für betriebswirtschaftliche Forschung, #42, 1990, S. 869-891.
2. Hansen, U., Marketing und siziale Verantwortung, in : Die Betriechswirtschaft 48., Jahrgang, Heft 6.,1988, S. 713.
3. Kreikebaum, H., Grundlagen Der Undernehmensthik, Stuttgart, 1996, S. 229.
4. Küpper, H.-U., Controlling. Konzeption, Aufgaben und Instrumente, Stuttgart, 2. Auflage., 1997, S. 70., Laux, H., Etsc-heidungstheorie ., Berlin,4 Auflage., 1998, S. .87
312
Tavi 5. menejmentis sakiTxebi bi-znesis eTikaSi
$5.1. biznesis eTikis menejmenti
ra igulisxmeba biznesis eTikis menejmentSi?
biznesis TiToeuli sferos marTva gulisxmobs
rogorc warmoebis, marketingis, finansuri angariS-
gebis, humanuri resursebis sakiTxebs, ise marTvis
yvela im funqcias, rac ayalibebs moqmedebaTa
mTel areals, moculs dagegmvis, implementacii-
sa da kontrolis formaluri da araformaluri
saSualebebiT. Tumca, biznesis eTikis menejmentis
ZiriTadi relevanturi aspeqtebia swored is as-
peqtebi, romlebic aris aSkarad SesamCnevi da mima-
rTuli specifikurad eTikuri problemebisa da
sakamaTo sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad. gamomdinare
aqedan, SesaZlebelia misi amgvari definicia:
biznesis eTikis menejmenti aris eTikuri saka-
maTo sakiTxebisa Tu problemebis formaluri
Tu araformaluri marTvis pirdapiri mcdeloba
specifikuri politikiT, praqtikiT da programiT.
arsebobs mravali marTvelobiTi saqmianoba,
romelTagan zogierTi, rogoricaa eTikis kodeqsi,
samarTlianad aris kargad dafuZnebuli praqti-
kaSi, maSin rodesac danarCeni, iseTi rogoric
aris socialuri auditi, dasavleTSi ganviTarebis
jer kidev SedarebiT adreul stadiaze imyofe-
ba. maSasadame, rogorc qvemoT vaCvenebT, biznesis
eTikis menejmenti moicavs gansxvavebuli elemen-
tebis mTel wyebas, romelTagan TiToeuli biznes-
Si eTikur sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi SesaZlebelia
gamoyenebuli iqnas rogorc individualurad, ise
jgufur kombinaciaSi. es elementebia:
313
nax.1. biznesis eTikis menejmenti 1
SevecadoT mokled ganvixiloT TiToeuli maT-
gani:
korporaciis gacxadebuli misia anu faseu-
lobebi. arsebobs ZiriTadi ganacxadi korporaci-
is ganzraxvebis, SexedulebaTa da faseulobebis
Taobaze.
amgvari ganacxadi xSirad Seicavs sxavdasxva
saxis socialur miznebs2 da aRniSnavs eTikuri
moqmedebis valdebulebas.
eTikis kodeqsi. gansazRvruli organizaciis,
profesiisa Tu industriis farglebSi eTikuri
TvalsazrisiT yovelTvis arsebobs garkveuli
safuZvlebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu moqmedebaTa ra tipi
SeiZleba iyos sasurveli da mosalodneli.
saangariSo moxsenebis /Setyobinebis arxebi.
eTikuri sakiTxebis Sesaxeb Tavmoyrili informa-
cia aris mniSvnelovani input * efeqtiani menejmen-
tisaTvis, da zemoT aRniSnuli arxebi SeiZleba
* aq input gulisxmobs drois, codnis, ideebis da a.S. infor-
maciul erTobas, rac SesaZloa ganTavsdes sxvadasxva saxis
SromaSi, proeqtSi da sxv., warmatebis miRwevis mizniT., Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, 7th edlition, 2010, P.801.
314
iqces potenciuri problemebis identificirebisa
da maTi gadaWris mniSvnelovan saSualebebad, amave
problemebis gamwvaveba – gasajaroebamde.
eTikis menejerebi, oficrebi da komitete-
bi. zogierT organizaciaSi, specifikuri indi-
videbi Tu jgufebi Tanxmdebian da / an iReben
pasuxismgeblobas eTikis menejmentisaTvis maTsave
organizaciebSi. daniSnuli eTikis oficeri aSS-
Si popularuli da prevelenturi, anu farTod
gavrcelebulia dRes. StatebSive dafuZnebuli
eTikis oficrebis asociacia axdens saukeTeso
praqtikebisa da sainformacio resursis biznese-
Tikis menejerTa Soris ganawilebas3.
aseve, mravalricxovan msxvil korporaciebs
gaaCniaT eTikis komitetebi, an ksp-is komitetebi,
romlebic meTvalyureoben biznesis eTikis menej-
mentis mraval aspeqts. am komitetebis pasuxismge-
bloba warmoadgens swored kps-is, prioritetebis
dadgenisa da momavali saqmianobebis dagegmvis
kompaniseul midgomaTa implementacias da mimox-
ilvas.
eTikis konsultantebi. biznesis eTikis kon-
sultantebs mokrZalebuli, magram myarad gansaz-
Rvruli pozicia gaaCniaT bazarze. biznesis eTikis
garkveul sferoTa saxelmZRvanelod, korpora-
ciebi Sida aRmasrulebel organoebze metad gare
konsultantebs aniWeben upiratesobas. sawyisi
zrda am seqtorSi gamowveulia garemos konsult-
antebis mier teqnikuri xasiaTis rCevebis SeTava-
zebiT. Tumca, kompaniebis socialuri da eTikuri
dRis wesrigi ganapirobebs momsaxurebis farTo
portfelis SeTavazebas kvlevis warmoebis, pro-
eqtis menejmentis, strategiuli rCevebis, social-
uri da garemos auditis da reportis, Semowmebis,
steikholderebis dialogisa da sxvaTa CaTvliT.
315
ganaTlebisa da treiningis eTika. biznesis
eTikis menejmentSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
eTmoba eTikis ganaTlebisa da treiningis sakiTx-
ebs, rac pirdapir kavSirSia eTikuri probleme-
bis gadaWrasTan biznesurTierTobebSi da risi
saWiroebis Sesaxeb mravali dasavleli swavlu-
li amaxvilebs yuradRebas4. situaciaTa identi-
ficireba gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi, or-
ganizaciis kulturisa da faseulobebis gaazreba,
da organizaciaze eTikuri gadawyvetilebebis gav-
lenis Sefaseba5 _ yvela es aspeqti warmoadgens
ganaTlebisa da treiningis eTikis miznebs.
steikholderebis sakonsultacio, dialogis
da sapartnioro programebi. korporaciuli gad-
awyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sxvadasxva saS-
ualebebTan erTad aqtiurad ganixileba organi-
zaciaTa steikholderebis sakiTxi korporaciuli
angariSvaldebulebis mxriv. cxadia, rom biznesis
eTika exeba marTebul saqmianobebs, sadac msgavsi
programebi Zalzed mniSvnelovania nebismieri kom-
paniis grZelvadiani warmatebisaTvis.
auditi, finansuri angariSgeba da reporti.
arsebobs mWidrod urTierTdakavSirebuli saqmi-
anobebi, romlebic exeba organizaciis gavlenis
gazomvas, Sefasebasa da komunikacias, steikhold-
erebis interesTa gaTvaliswinebiT socialur, eTi-
kur da garemos sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi.
miuxedavad biznesis eTikis menejmentis am el-
ementebis arsebobis jer kidev adreul period-
Si myofobisa, korporaciuli moqalaqeobis eraSi
maT SeuZliaT gadamwyveti roli iTamaSon korpo-
raciuli angariSvaldebulebis amaRlebis mxriv.
Sesabamisad, korporaciaTa dRis wesrigSi dgeba
biznesis eTikis menejmentis gansxvavebuli kom-
ponentebis organizebisa da kompaniaSi maTi in-
316
tegrirebis sakiTxi korporaciaTa miznebis miRw-
evisaTvis. dasasruls, biznesis eTikis menejmenti
korporaciisaTvis mniSvnelovania gansxavebul
socialur da kulturul sivrceSi, eTikuri qce-
vebis kontrolis da marTebuli eTikuri gadaw-
yevtilebebis konteqstiT.
literatura:
1. Andrew Crane, Dirk Matten., Business Ethics; A EURO-PEAN PERSPECTIVE ( Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustainability in the Age of Globalization)., Oxford, New York, 2004, P.145
2. Starkey, K., Durkheim and the limits of corporate cul-ture: Whose Culture ? Which Durkheim ? Journal of management Studies, 35/2, 1998, P.125.
3. www.eben.org4. Thore Leclair, D. and Ferrell, L. ,, Innovation in expe-
riential business ethics training”. Journal of Business Ethics, 23 (3/1), 2000, P.313.
5. Kirrane, D.E., ,,Managing values: a systematic approach to business ethics”. Training and Development Journal, Nov: 53-60, 1990.
317
$5.2. bizneseTikis menejmentis organizeba
imisaTvis, rom kompaniam SeZlos sakuTari miz-
nebis miRweva, misi funqcionirebis garkveul etap-
ze savsebiT SesaZlebelia dRis wesrigSi dadges
sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor SeZlos man sxva-
dasxvagvari komponentebis saukeTesod organizeba
da maTi integrireba Tavissave wiaRSi.
arsebobs bizneseTikis menejmentis ori, formar-
maluri da araformaluri midgoma, romelTa saS-
ualebiTac SesaZlebeli xdeba msgavsi amocanis
gadawyveta.
formaluri midgoma moicavs Tanxmobis, faseu-
lobebis, gare da dacvis mimarTulebebs1, rac sqe-
maturad SeiZleba Semdegnairad gamoisaxos:
bizneseTikis menejmentis
organizebis oTxi
saSualeba
Tanxmobis mimarTuleba
faseulobebis mimarTuleba
gare mimarTuleba
dacvis mimarTuleba
• Tanxmobis mimarTuleba. am midgomis arsi
mdgomareobs kanondarRvevaTa prevenciaSi, gam-
ovlenasa da dasjaSi. personali informirebu-
lia arsebul wesTa Sesaxeb da marTebul fun-
qcionirebas SiSis faqtori ganapirobebs. amgvari
midgoma efuZneba im mosazrebas, rom muSakTa sa-
kuTari faseulobebis miuxedavad, konkurentulma
garemom SesaZloa waaqezos TanamSromlebi saqmis
nebismieri formiT keTebisaken, maTSoris arale-
galuri Tu araeTikuri moqmedebebis CaTvliT2
• faseulobebis mimarTuleba. es midgoma
efuZneba organizaciuli faseulobebis gansaz-
318
Rvrasa da mosamsaxureTa valdebulebebis Ses-
rulebis saimedobas, WeSmaritad eTikuri miswrafe-
biT. 3 trevinosa da misi kolegebis 4 Tanaxmad,
faseulobebis midgoma ,,fesvgadgmulia person-
alur TviTmarTvaSi” da garkveuli saSualebebiT
uzrunvelyofs eTikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRe-
bis process, sadac calkeul wesTaTvis adgili
aRar rCeba.
• rac Seexeba gare mimarTulebis midgomas,
is naklebad fokusirdeba kompaniis faseulobe-
bze, da metad _ gare steikholderebis (klientebi,
sazogadoeba da aqcionerebi) dakmayofilebaze .5
aq samarTlianad miiCneva is, rac mosalodneli an
misaRebia umTavresad gare subieqtebisaTvis.
• dacvis mimarTuleba. dasasruls, zogi-
erTi programebi6 upiratesad orientirebulia
top - menejmentis dacvaze, eTikuri problemebi-
sa Tu samarTlebrivi darRvevebis braldebebisa-
gan. aRniSnuli midgoma firmis TanamSromlebisa
da sxva steikholderebisaTvis aris ufro metad
eTikis menejmentis Sesavlis sfero, vidre mene-
jerTaTvis legaluri safaris Seqmnis mcdeloba,
zogierTi saxis samarTaldarRvevis SemTxvevaSi.
bizneseTikis menejmentis Cven mier ganxiluli
formaluri midgomis oTxi mimarTulebidan, aSS-
Si gabatonebulia Tanxmobis mimarTuleba,7 ma-
Sin rodesac evropaSi dominirebs gare da faseu-
lobebze dafuZnebuli mimarTulebebi. aqve unda
aRiniSnos isic, rom yvela es midgoma ar aris ur-
TierTsawinaaRmdego da urTierTSeuTavsebadi. 8
magaliTad, mravali eTikuri kodeqsi efuZneba Zir-
iTad korporaciul faseulobebsa da principebs,
maSin rodesac amgvari kodeqsis efeqtianoba aseve
damokidebulia saTanado implementaciasa da Sem-
dgom RonisZiebebze. rogoricaa, sxvadasxva saxis
319
darRvevebze TanamSromelTaTvis disciplinaru-
li sasjelis daweseba ( Tanxmobis mimarTuleba).
faseulobebis, gare da Tanxmobis mimarTulebaTa
gaerTianebis mizniT, analogiurad mkacrad kon-
troldeba steikholderebTan Sexvedrebsa da kon-
sultaciebze dafuZnebuli eTikuri auditis pro-
cesebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom gansxvavebuli midgomebis
(da midgomaTa kombinaciebis) efeqtianobis Sesaxeb
warmoebuli kvleva sakmaod mwiria, mainc aRsaniS-
navia gasuli saukunis bolos aSS-Si, mecnierTa
erTi jgufis9 mier eqvs umsxviles kompaniis 10
000 met TanamSromelze ganxorcielebuli dakvir-
veba, ramac aCvena, rom faseulobebis mimarTuleba
yvelaze efeqtiani erTaderTi mimarTulebaa eTi-
kuri qcevebis waxalisebis kuTxiT, Tumca Tanx-
mobisa da gare mimarTulebebi naklebi xarisx-
iT aseve SeiZleba iyos gamosadegi. rac Seexeba
dacvis midgomas, is calsaxad saziano mimarTule-
badaa miCneuli. maTi mniSvnelobis miuxedavad,
es formaluri elementebi warmoadgens biznese-
Tikis marTvis mxolod erT-erT aspeqts. mravali
dasavleli mecnieri10 gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom
firmis kulturasa da garemoSi arsebuli far-
To eTikuri konteqsti didi zemoqmedebis mqonea
eTikuri gadawyvetilebebis formirebis procesSi.
amgvarad, bizneseTikis menejmentis organizebisas,
aseve mniSvnelovania firmis eTikuri kulturis
mxedvelobaSi miReba.
araformaluri midgoma dakavSirebulia swored
organizaciis eTikur kulturasTan. organizaci-
is kulturas da normebs gaaCnia sakmaod didi
gavlena eTikur gadawyvetilebebze, rac zogierT
mkvlevars bizneseTikis mzardi mniSvnelobis
mxardasaWerad aZlevs kulturis cvlilebisa da
320
misi ,,ufro gaeTikurebis” Tqmis SesaZleblobas.
,,eTikuri gadawyvetilebebis formirebis srulyo-
fa adasturebs organizaciis faseulobaTa marT-
vis transformaciis saWiroebas, raTa SesZlebeli
gaxdes kulturaTa ufro metad gaeTikureba”.11
amitom, maTi azriT, sasurveli iqneboda Tuki kom-
paniebi aqtiurad ganaviTarebdnen eTikur organ-
izaciul kulturasa da kulturis cvlilebiT
moaxerxebdnen ,,eTikur problemebTan” gamklave-
bas.12
kulturuli cvlilebis midgomis popularobis
miuxedavad, sakmaod mwiri yuradReba eTmoba Ta-
vad am kulturul xdomilebaTa mizez-Sedegobriv
process: rogor aris SesaZlebeli msgavsi trans-
formacia, ra ganapirobebs mas, an SesaZlebelia ki
misi yvelaze ganvrcoba? amgvar situaciaSi auci-
lebladaa gasaTvaliswinebeli is garemoeba, rom
kulturis winaswarganzraxuli marTva warmoad-
gens rTulsa da xangrZliv process da calkeu-
li gamonaklisis garda, rogorc wesi iSviaTad
Tu aris warmatebuli. Zalze Znelia imis dasab-
uTeba, rom eTikuri qcevebis sferoSi namdvilad
iyos SesaZlebeli kulturis marTva. arsebuli
kulturuli rwmenebi da faseulobebi sworisa
da arasworis, kargisa da cudis Sesaxeb, rogorc
cnobilia did winaaRmdegobaSi imyofeba cvlile-
bebTan. amitom, faseulobaTa calkeuli jgufis
konformizmze dafuZnebuli ,,eTikuri kulture-
bis” Seqmnis naclad, misaRebia dasavleTSi ukve
aprobirebuli kulturaTa Seswavlis midgoma,
romelic fokusirdeba firmis SigniT myof mcire
subkulturul jgufebze. swored asea SesaZle-
beli kulturaTa adaptacia organizaciis menej-
mentSi, rac Tavsmoxveul avtoritarul ideolo-
giur kontrols gamoricxavs.
321
aSkaraa, rom orive, formaluri da araform-
aluri eTikuri menejmentis midgomas gaaCnia Ta-
visi Rirseba da nakli. umTavresi, rac maT gan-
sakuTrebul mniSvnelobas sZens aris is, rom
kompaniis xelmZRvanelebs, yvela donis menejerebs
maTi gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZlebloba eZlevaT mar-
TvelobiT procesSi miiRon firmis strategiul
miznebTan TanxvedraSi myofi Sesabamisi eTikuri
gadawyvetilebebi.
literatura:
1. Treviño, L.K., Weaver, G.R., Gibson, D. G., and Toffler, B.L., ,,Managing ethics and legal compliance: what works and what hurts”. California Management Review, 1999, #41/2, P. 131-51.
2. Hoffman, W.M., Driscoll, D. –M., and Painter-Morland, M., ,,Integrating ethics”. In C. Moon and C. Bonny (ads.), Business Ethics: Facing up to the Issues. London: The Economist Books, 2001, P. 38-54.
3. Paine, L.S. ,, Managing for organizational integrity”. Har-vard Business Review, 1994, Mar.-Apr., P. 106-17.
4. ix. wyaro 1
5. ix. wyaro 1
6. ix. wyaro 1
7. Weaver, G., Treviño, L.K., and Cochran, P.L., ,,Corporate ethics programs as control systems: influences of executive com-mitment and environmental factors”. Academy of Management Jurnal, 1999, #42/1, P.41-57.
8. ix. wyaro 7
9. ix. wyaro 1
10. Andrew Crane, Dirk Matten., Business Ethics: A Europe-an Perspective (Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustainabil-ity in the Age of Globalization), Oxford University Press, Oxford,
322
2004, P. 17211. Chen, A.Y.S., Sawyers, R.B. and Williams, P.F., ,,Rein-
forcing ethical decision making through corporate culture”. Jour-nal of Business Ethics, 1997, #16, P. 855-65.
12. Treviño, L.K. and Nelson, K.A., Managing Business Eth-ics: Straight Talk about How to do it Right, 2nd edn., New York: John Wiley., 1999, P.204.
323
$5.3. riskebisa da Sansebis menejmen-ti sawarmos mdgradi ganviTarebis
konteqstSi
sawarmos saqmianobis farglebSi misi menej-
menti regularulad konfrontirebs riskebTan
da SansebTan. riskebi da Sansebi sawarmos bi-
znesprocesebTan ganuyofladaa dakavSirebuli.
maT gavlena aqvT sawarmos materialur da ara-
materialur aqtivebze. sawarmos ZiriTad miznebs
Sorisaa qonebis usafrTxoebis, saTanado Semosav-
lebis miRebis, iseve rogorc sawarmos Rirebuleb-
is zrdis sakiTxebi. am miznebis misaRwevad au-
cilebelia riskebisa da Sansebis permanentuli
da sistematuri Sefaseba. riskebisa da Sansebis
mudmivi dakvirveba aseve warmoadgens sawarmos
mdgradi ganviTarebis menejmentis sagans.1 riskis
cnebis qveS iglisxmeba mcdari gadawyvetilebis
SesaZlebloba (safrTxe), rasac Sedegad erTi an
mravali araxelsayreli movlena axlavs da ramac
SesaZloa miznidan sruli acdenac ki gamoiwvios.
riskebad miiCneva yvela ganviTareba da movlena,
romlebsac sawarmos raodenobrivi da xarisxo-
brivi miznebis miRwevaze, gansakuTrebiT ki Sedeg-
ze negatiuri gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT. riskebi
aseve SeiZleba iyos xelidan gaSvebuli da cudad
gamoyenebuli Sansebi. riskebis gaTvaliswinebis
mzaoba warmoadgens winapirobas Sansebis sarge-
blobis SesaZleblobisaTvis. riskebi da Sansebi
gamomdinareobs momavalTan kavSirSi myofi ara-
saimedoobebisa da albaTobis kategoriebidan. sa-
warmosaTvis arasaimedoobebi yovelTvis niSnavs
riskebsa da Sansebs. amitom, maTi imavdrouli
win wamoweva da asaxva sagegmo da saprognozo
angariSgebebSi Zalzed mniSvnelovania sawarmos
324
Semdgomi funqcionirebisaTvis.
Sansebad SeiZleba moazrebul iqnas Sida da
gare, operatiuli da strategiuli ganviTarebebi,
romelTa Tanmimdevruli gamoyeneba pozitiur gav-
lenas axdens sawarmos materialur da aramate-
rialur aqtivebze. Sansebi SesaZlo warmatebebia,
romlebsac wvlili SeaqvT miznis miRwevis saqme-
Si. Sansebis menejmenti aris sawarmoo saqmianobis
proaqtiuli uwyveti amocana, imisaTvis rom uzrun-
velyos sawarmos warmatebebi xangrZlivi droiT.
Sansebis menejmenti ZiriTadad Sedgeba sawarmos,
Sesabamisad moqmedebis arsis miznebisa da strat-
egiebisagan da zrunavs Sansebsa da riskebis sa-
Tanado urTierTobebisaTvis, sadac gansakuTrebu-
li yuradReba mis srul potencialze dakvirvebas
unda daeTmos. saTanado RonisZiebebis saidenti-
fikaciod, Sesafaseblad da samarTavad riskebisa
da Sansebis sargeblobisaTvis riskebis menejmen-
tis sistemebi gamoiyeneba.
riskebis menejmenti moicavs yvela dagegmviT
da organizaciul process, romlebSic winaswar
xdeba riskebis identificireba da alternatiuli
marTvis zomebis miReba da gatareba. riskebisa da
Sansebis Sesacnobad, Sesafaseblad da Sesabamis
moqmedebaTa SesaZleblobisaTvis xdeba integ-
rirebuli dagegmviTi, marTviTi, kontrolisa da
moxsenebiTi/saangariSgebo sistemebis gamoyeneba.
riskebisa da Sansebis menejmenti aris arsebiTi
warmatebis faqtori integrirebuli mdgradi gan-
viTarebis menejmentis midgomaSi.
riskebisa da Sansebis menejmentis Semotani-
sas sawarmoebi pirvel rigSi koncentrirdebian
riskebis gazomvisa da riskebis marTvis, aseve San-
sebis Secnobis validuri instrumentebis sruly-
ofa-ganviTarebaze. garda amisa, mas aseve miekuT-
325
vneba mTeli sawarmos masStabiT korporaciuli
,,riskebis kulturis” srulyofa da implementire-
ba. es niSnavs mas, rom ara mxolod warmatebuli
riskebis menejmentis farglebSi xdeba uaxlesi
kontrolisa da marTvis sistemebis ganviTareba,
aramed riskebisa da Sansebis menejmentis matare-
blebTan aseve xdeba specifikuri aRqma da miReba
,,mentaluri cvlilebis” (mental Change) farglebSi.
am TvalsazrisiT riskebisa da Sansebis menejmen-
tis dros saqme gvaqvs bevrismomcvel, farTo inte-
grirebul mmarTvelobiT sistemasTan. es niSnavs,
rom mis gankargulebaSi Semxvedri gadawyvetile-
bebisaTvis unda arsebobdes Sesabamisi codna,
gamocdileba da informacia. sawarmoebs ara mx-
olod operatiuli riskebis Sefaseba da sakuTar
gadawyvetilebebSi Sesabamisi daskvnebis (Sedegeb-
is) integrirebis moxdena unda SeeZloT, aramed
aseve strategiuli riskebis menejmentisaTvis –
Tavisi ZiriTadi riskebis, iseve rogorc Sansebis
sakuTari konkurentuli upiratesobebis Tvals-
azirisiT generireba da gamoyeneba. strategiuli
riskebis menejmenti dakavebulia sawaros mTavari
kompetenciebis strategiuli mniSvnelobiT, e.i. –
ZiriTadi da araZiriTadi riskebis Sedgeniloba/
arsebobis sakiTxebiT aRniSnul riskebTan ur-
TierTobis sakiTxTa mxedvelobaSi miRebiT. war-
matebuli sawarmoebi gamoirCevian imiT, rom isini
didi strategiuli mniSvnelobis riskebs, e.i. Ziri-
Tad riskebs maRali riskebis menejmentis kompe-
tenciiT marTaven.
operatiuli riskebisa da Sansebis menejmenti
exeba mag. gasaRebisa da miwodebis bazrebis gan-
viTarebas da teqnikur riskebs. SerCeuli Sanseb-
is potenciali da riskebi aisaxeba saprognozo
angariSebSi. is iZleva informacias ekonomikuri
326
ganviTarebis Sefasebisa da aqedan gamomdianre
Sansebis Sesaxeb sferoebisaTvis, funqciebisaTvis,
nedleulis fasebisaTvis da gamoTqvams sakuTar
azrs ganviTarebis molodinebze. am riskebis mar-
Tvas, monitorings da aseve Sida kontrolis sis-
temas korporaciuli marTvis (Corporate Covernance) farglebSi wvlili SeaqvT riskebisa da Sansebis
menejmentis saqmeSi.
riskebisa da Sansebis menejmenti xorcieldeba
mravalsafexurian standartizirebul procesSi
da uzrunvelyofs, rom sawarmoo gadawyvetilebebi
da mimdinare sawarmoo aqtivobebi riskebis saz-
Rvrebis farglebSi movides moqmedebaSi da Seesa-
bamebodes samarTlebriv moTxovnebs.
principebi, procesebi da pasuxismgeblobebi
sistematuri da xarjebTan mimarTebiT efeqturi
riskebis menejmentisaTvis xSirad sayovelTaod
miRebuli saerTo organizaciuli/korporaciuli
politikis safuZveli da msazRvrelia. riskebisa
da Sansebis menejmenti Semdegi fazebiT aRiniS-
neba:
• riskebisa da Sansebis identifikacia
• riskebisa da Sansebis ganviTareba
• riskebisa da Sansebis marTva
• riskebisa da Sansebis monitoringi da kon-
troli
• riskebisa da Sansebis agregacia da angariS-
geba
Sedegebi da daskvnebi riskebis inventarizacia-
Si aisaxeba, fasdeba da sawarmoo da centraluri
funqcionirebis sferoebSi xdeba maTi periodu-
li gadagzavna. riskebis perspeqtivaSi dakvirveba/
gaanalizeba aris mimdinare mravalsafexuriani
dagegmvis, kontrolisa da marTvis procesi, rac
reportingisa (Reporting) da regularuli komuni-
327
kaciis saSualebiT rogorc savaldebulo ise pe-
rioduli moxsenebebiT xorcieldeba sawarmos me-
nejmentsa Tu kontrolis organoebSi.
institucionaluri riskebis menejmenti exeba
organizaciul sawarmoo erTeulebs, romlebic
amocanebis Sesrulebas centralizebuli an de-
centralizebuli formiT axdenen. rogorc xSir-
ad praqtikaSi, aseve aqac aqvs adgili Sereuli
sistemebis arsebobas.
pirdapiri pasuxismgebloba Sansebis winas-
wari da regularuli identificirebisaTis, ana-
lizisaTvis da marTvisaTvis akisria operatiul
menejments centralur sawarmoo erTeulebsa da
Sesabamisad sawarmoo dargebSi, riTac is dageg-
mvis, marTvisa da kontrolis sistemebis inte-
gralur Semadgenel elements warmoadgens. aqve
unda SevniSnoT, rom Sansebi ganixileba rogorc
strategiuli zrdis potencialis mignebis far-
glebSi, ise operatiul saqmianobaSi (biznesopera-
ciebSi) efeqtianobis amaRlebisa da Semosavlebis
zrdis, aseve xarjebis marTvis kuTxiT. es moicavs
intensiur saqmianobas bazrisa da konkurenciis
detaluri analiziT, bazris scenarebs, relevan-
turi xarjebis gamomwvevs, warmatebis kritikul
faqtorebsa da sawarmos politikis sistemas.
aqedan iwarmoeba konkretuli sawarmoo sferos
specifikuri Sansebis potencialic. RonisZiebebi
Sansebis potencialis gamoyenebisaTvis upirveles
yovlisa aris: aqtiuri safaso politika, bazris
seleqciuri damuSaveba, bazris moTxovnebis Sesa-
bamisi produqtebis ganviTareba, efeqtianobisa da
zrdis programebis danergva, aseve akviziciebi da
strategiuli kooperaciebi.
riskebisa da Sansebis menejmentis sistemaSi yo-
velTvis arsebobs ekologiuri, socialuri da
328
ekonomikuri gamowvevebis integracis sirTule.2
riskebis Sefaseba xdeba rogorc xarisxobrivi ise
raodenobrivi maCveneblebiT.
ekologiuri gamowveva uwinaresad mdgomareobs
sawarmos garemosTan TavsebadobaSi, kerZod – pro-
cesebisa da produqtebis.
socialuri gamowveva riskebis analizSi moi-
cavs steikholderebis miswrafebebs, interesebsa
da SiSebs.
ekonomikuri gamowveva upiratesad exeba sawar-
mos Rirebulebis zrdasa da rentabelurobis am-
aRlebas.
zemoT aRniSnul ekologiur, socialur da
ekonomikur gamowvevebs Soris arsebobs Rrma
mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri, sadac sawarmos gr-
Zelvadiani ekonomikuri warmateba uzrunvelyo-
filia mxolod da mxolod ekologiuri da so-
cialuri riskebisa da Sansebis srulyofili
marTvis pirobebSi, rac riskebisa da Sansebis gaT-
valiswinebiT ekonomikuri miznis realizaciis
procesSi gulisxmobs: I. garemos potenciuri da-
zianebis Tavidan acilebis an mosalodneli zi-
anis xarisxis Semcirebis SesaZleblobas, riTac
SesaZlo xdeba eko-efeqtianobis gaumjobeseba; da
II. rogorc riskis misaRebi wonasworobis damyare-
bas, ise personalis da sazogadoebis socialuri
problematikis gaTvaliswinebas mag., Sromisa da
janmrTelobis dacvis kuTxiT.
maSasadame, ekonomikis mdgradi ganviTareba pir-
dapir kavSirSia erTi mxriv riskebis minimalize-
basTan da meore mxriv axali miznebis SesaZle-
blobebisaTvis Sansebis aRmoCenasTan. riskebisa
da Sansebis saidentifikaciod da gamosayeneblad
aucilebelia riskebisa da Sansebis menejmenti.
mdgradi ganviTarebis ZiriTadi principi – ekono-
329
mikuri, ekologiuri da socialuri miznebis gawo-
nasworebuloba, sawarmosaTvis imavdroulad aris
Sansebi da gamowvevebi. socialuri da ekologi-
uri aspeqtebi integrirdebian biznesprocesebsa
da sawarmos marTvelobiT koncefciaSi, imisaTvis
rom riskebi iqnas Tavidan acilebuli da ekono-
mikuri warmateba generirebuli. am azriT ekono-
mikis mdgradi ganviTareba aris ganviTarebisa da
gaumjobesebis uwyveti procesi, rac samive aspeq-
tis harmoniul ganviTarebaSi mdgomareobs.
literatura:
1. Ioachim Hentze, Bjőrn Thies,Unternehmensethik und Nachhaltigkeitsmanagement,Haup Velag, Bern. Stuttgart.Wien, 2012., S. 3
2. Stefan Schaltegger u.a. (Hrsg)., Nachhaltigkeits-management in Unternehmen.Bundesministerium Fűr Um-welt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (BMV), Referat Őffentlichkeitsarbeit, 2007, S.11
330
Tavi 6. korporaciis pasuxismgeblo-bis saxeebi
$6.1. korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgebloba
farTo gagebiT, korporacia aris biznesis
erTianobis dominanturi forma Tanamedrove
globalur ekonomikaSi.1
korporacia miCneulia, rogorc avtonomiuri so-
cialuri erToba, rac korporaciis Sida da gare
dainteresebul mxareTa (The internal and external stake-holders) kooperaciaSi vlindeba. msgavsi praqtika
ayalibebs korporaciis moralur erTobas, misi
moraluri kriteriumebisa da standartebis gan-
sazRvris saxiT, ris Semdegac SesaZlebeli xdeba
korporaciis moralur pasuxismgeblobaze saubari,
anu SeuZlia Tu ara korporacias pasuxismgebeli
iyos sakuTar moqmedebaze?
arsebobs ori umTavresi argumenti am Tvalsaz-
risis mxardasaWerad. pirveli, – yovel organiza-
cias gaaCnia korporaciuli Sida gadawyvetilebis
struqtura, romelic korporaciuli gadawyvetile-
bebis dros winaswargansazRvruli miznebis Sesa-
bamisad xelmZRvanelobaSi mdgomareobs.2 prof.
peter frenCis mtkicebiT, zemoT naxsenebi korpo-
raciuli Sida gadawyvetilebis struqtura uzrun-
velyofs sakmaris safuZvels korporaciebisaTvis
moraluri mxardaWeris mizniT.3 meore, _ yvela
kompanias gaaCnia ara mxolod organizebuli kor-
poraciuli Sida gadawyvetilebis struqtura, ara-
med rwmenebisa da faseulobebis erTobac. msgav-
si erToba korporaciaSi SesaZleblobas iZleva
yuradReba gamaxvildes kargisa da cudis, sworisa
da arasworis, e.i. organizaciuli kulturis sak-
331
iTxebze.4 es faseulobebi da rwmenebi did gavle-
nas axdens individualuri, eTikuri gadawyvetile-
bebis miRebasa da qcevebze kompaniebSi.
1970 wels, swored biznesis eTikis moZraobis
didi talRis Semdeg, nobelis premiis laureat-
ma milton fridmanma5 gamoaqveyna statia korpo-
raciis socialuri rolis Sesaxeb. provokaciuli
saxelwodebis qveS <<biznesis socialuri pasux-
ismgebloba aris is, rom man gazardos sakuTari
mogeba>>, is energiulad aprotestebda korporaci-
is socialuri pasuxismgeblobis cnebas. prof.
fridmani Tavis arguments afuZnebda sam mTavar
wanamZRvarze:
• mxolod adamianebs aqvT pasuxismgebloba
sakuTar qmedebebze. misi pirveli arsebiTi momen-
ti iyo is, rom korporacia ar aris adamiani da
swored amitom mas ar ZaluZs WeSmariti moraluri
pasuxismgeblobis aReba sakuTari qmedebebisaTvis.
ramdenadac korporacia iqmneba calkeuli adami-
anebis mier, es adamianebi Semdgom iReben pirad
pasuxismgeblobas korporaciis moqmedebebze.
• es aris menejeris pasuxismgebloba imoqme-
dos mxolod aqcionerTa interesebidan gamomdi-
nare. misi meore momenti iyo is, rom iqamde vidre
korporacia icavs samarTlebriv CarCo-wesrigs
(struqturas), Seqmnils biznesisaTvis, korporaci-
is menejerTa erTaderTi pasuxismgebloba aris
mogebis miReba, radgan es Seesabameba im amocanas,
risTvisac kompania iqna dafuZnebuli da menejer-
ebi daqiravebulni. yvela sxva ganzraxviT moqme-
deba warmoadgens Ralats aqcionerTa gansakuTre-
buli pasuxismgeblobis winaSe, rac arsebiTad
aqcionerTa jibidan fulis parvas niSnavs.
• socialuri sakiTxebi da problemebi war-
moadgens saxelmwifos saTanado moqmedebis sfer-
332
os, vidre korporaciuli menejerebis. fridmanis
mesame ZiriTadi momenti iyo is, rom menejerebs ar
evalebaT da ar SeuZliaT imis gadawyveta Tu ra
warmoadgens sazogadoebis saukeTeso interesebs.
es xelisuflebis saqmea. menejerebi arc gatre-
ningebulni arian socialuri miznebis miRwevaSi,
arc politikosebisagan gansxvavebiT demokratiu-
lad arian arCeulni, rom amis qmna itvirTon.
sistemuri msjeloba korporaciuli social-
uri pasuxismgeblobis (ksp) konceptualuri Car-
Co-wesrigis (struqturis) Sesaxeb daiwyo aSS-Si
naxevari saukunis win (Carroll 1999).6 am drois ganma-vlobaSi gansxvavebuli konceptebi da principebi
iqna saaSkaraoze gamotanili da ganxiluli ksp-is
Taobaze.
msgavsi debatebi fokusirdeba or sakvanZo sak-
iTxze:
• ratom SeiZleboda gvemtkica, rom sawarmos
aqvs socialuri da finansuri pasuxismgebloba?
• ra aris am socialuri pasuxismgeblobis
buneba?
ratom unda hqondeT sawarmoebs socialuri
pasuxismgebloba? warsulSi, am pirvelma sakiTxma
Sva usazRvrod didi azrTa sxvadasxvaoba, Tum-
ca ukve dReisaTvis farTod iqna aRiarebuli is,
rom sawarmoebs mogebis miRebis garda namdvilad
gaaCniaT socialuri pasuxismgebloba. es efuZne-
ba rig gansxvavebul, magram monaTesave arguments,
romelTagan mravali rogorc wesi formulirebu-
lia gacnobierebuli egoizmis TvalsazrisiT, e.i.
korporacia iRebs socialur pasuxismgeblobas.
magaliTad:
• korporacia aRiqmeba ra socialuri pasux-
ismgeblobis mqoned, is jildod iRebs gacilebiT
333
ufro kmayofil momxmarebels, xolod rogorc ki
is warmoCindeba arapasuxismgeblobis mqoned, san-
acvlod myis iRebs boikotebsa da sxva arasasur-
vel moqmedebebs momxmarebelTa mxridan. magali-
Tad, 2001 wels Exxon Mobil-s uars xeli moewera
kiotos globaluri daTbobis protokolze, mohyva
momxmarebelTa didi armiis organizebuli boiko-
ti bevr evropul qveyanaSi.
• agreTve TanamSromlebis gacnobierebuli
CarTulobiT msgavs procesebSi, korporacia iRebs
socialurad pasuxismgeblobis mqone wevrebs.7
• nebayoflobiTi monawileobiT socialur
aqciebsa da programebSi uzrunvelyofs sawarmos
did korporaciul damoukideblobas (da sakanonm-
deblo xelSeuxeblobas) xelisuflebis mxridan.
• pozitiuri kontribuciis Setana sazogadoe-
briv cxovrebaSi, SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes, rogorc
grZelvadiani investiciebi ufro metad usafrTxo,
ganaTlebuli da samarTliani sazogadoebisaTvis,
rac SemdgomSi sargeblis momtani iqneba kompa-
niisTvis imgvari gaumjobesebuli da stabiluri
konteqstis SeqmniT raSic iqmneba biznesi.
yovelive es upirveles yovlisa aris kargi
biznesafuZvlebi imisaTvis, Tu ratom aris kor-
poraciisaTvis xelsayreli imoqmedos socialu-
rad pasuxismgeblobis formiT. kps-is sapirispiro
mosazrebis dasabuTebaSi, fridmani sinamdvileSi
ar kamaTobs amgvar moqmedebaTa validurobis
Sesaxeb, aramed amtkicebs, rom rodesac isini xor-
cieldeba egoizmis (TviT-interesis) mosazrebiT,
srulebiT warmoudgenelia maTi kps-is saxiT aR-
qma, radgan misi azriT es sxva araferia, Tu ara
socialuri pasuxismgeblobis safarqveS korpo-
raciis mogebis maqsimizacia. SesaZloa es aseve
iyos swori da garkveuli xarisxiT damokidebuli
334
– gadawyvetilebis mimRebis ZiriTad motivebze8.
naklebad mniSvnelovania, aRmocendeba Tu ara so-
cialur moqmedebaTagan Semdgom mogeba, upirve-
les yovlisa mniSvnelovania, iyo Tu ara mogeba
an altruizmi mTavari safuZveli amgvar moqmede-
bebisaTvis. rogorc ar unda iyos, rTulia, zogjer
SeuZlebelic ki aris korporaciul motivTa gan-
sazRvra. ufro metic, miuxedavad mravalricxovani
akademiuri kvlevisa, socialur pasuxismgeblobasa
da mogebas Soris pirdapiri kavSiris arsebobis
Sesaxeb calsaxad damtkiceba praqtikulad Seu-
Zlebeli aRmoCnda. Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos,
rom rig pozitiur urTierTobaTa mTeli sicxadiT
warmodgenis SemTxvevaSic ki rCeba kauzalurobis
sakiTxi. rodesac warmatebuli kompaniebi ganix-
ileba moqmedi kps-is programebis farglebSi, ra
Tqma unda gonivruli ar iqneba imis daSveba, rom
ksp-is arsebobas wvlili ar Seaqvs kompaniaTa
warmatebis saqmeSi. maSasadame, am biznesargumen-
tebis gverdiT kps-Tan kavSirSi aseve mniSvnelova-
nia kps-is Semdgomi moraluri argumentebis mxed-
velobaSi miReba:
• korporaciebi iwveven socialur proble-
mebs da amitom valdebulni arian gadawyviton es
problemebi da aseve izrunon samomavlod warmo-
qmnil socialur problemaTa prevenciisaTvis;
• rogorc mZlavri socialuri aqtiorebi
mniSvnelovani resursebis daxmarebiT korpora-
ciebi movaleni arian pasuxismgeblobiT gamoi-
yenon sakuTari Zalaufleba da resursi sazoga-
doebaSi;
• yvela korporaciul qmedebas gaaCnia so-
cialuri gavlenebi ama Tu im saxiT, iqneba es saqon-
lis Tu momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofiT, mSromelTa
dasaqmebiT, Tu sxva korporaciuli aqtivobebiT.
335
amgvarad, korporacias ar SeuZlia Tavi aari-
dos pasuxismgeblobebs msgavs zemoqmedebaTagan
gamowveul SedegebTan miarTebaSi, rogoric ar
unda iyos isini. iqnebian pozitiuri, negatiuri, Tu
neitraluri;
• korporaciebi eyrdnobian klienturisa Tu
sxva steikholderebis gacilebiT farTo speqtris
kontribucias sazogadoebaSi (rogorebic arian:
momxmareblebi, mimwodeblebi, lokaluri Temebi),
da ara mxolod aqcionerebs, da swored amitom
valdebulni arian isini gaiTvaliswinon rogorc
aqcionerTa ise yvela dainteresebuli mxaris miz-
nebi da interesebi.
ra aris korporaciuli socialuri pasux-
ismgeblobis buneba? kps-is albaT ufro metad
Camoyalibebul da miRebul models, romelsac
exeba Cveni meore sakiTxi aris <<korporaciuli
socialuri pasuxismgeblobis oTxnawiliani mod-
eli>>, romlis Tavdapirveli warmodgena9 da Sem-
dgom gamocemebSi misi dazusteba10 ganxorcielda
prof. kerolis mier.
dasavleTSi cnobili da aRiarebulia e. kero-
lis korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis
piramidis formis modeli:
336
figura 1. kerolis piramiduli k.s.p. modeli
wyaro: Carroll, A. B., ‘The pyramid of corporate social re-sponsibility: toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders’ - , Business Horizons., 1991, July-Aug.: P. 39-48
keroli yuradRebas amaxvilebs korporaciul
pasuxismgeblobaze (ksp), rogorc multifenovan
konceptze, romelic SeiZleba diferencirdes oTx
urTierTdakavSirebul aspeqtad – ekonomikur,
legalur, eTikur da filanTropiul pasuxismge-
blobad.
ekonomikuri pasuxismgebloba. kompaniis
aqcionerebi kompaniisagan iTxoven Sesabamis sarge-
bels maTive investiciebidan. kompaniis mosamsax-
ure personali dainteresebulia gaweuli Sromis
garantirebuli da samarTliani anazRaurebiT.
kompaniis klientebis molodini ki dakavSirebu-
lia kargi xarisxis produqciasTan samarTliani
fasebiT da a.S. kompaniis amgvari gaazreba iZleva
misi, rogorc ekonomikuri erTeulis funqcionire-
bisa da biznesSi arsebobis gamarTlebis SesaZle-
blobas.
ksp – is pirveli fena, warmodgenili modelis
337
yvela Semdgomi pasuxismgeblobis formis safuZ-
velia. ekonomikuri pasuxismgeblobis pirobaTa
dakmayofileba TiToeuli korporaciisaTvis Tana-
brad moTxovnadia.
legaluri pasuxismgebloba. korporaciis
legaluri pasuxismgebloba moiTxovs, rom sa-
warmoebi Tanabrad icavdnen kanonsa da TamaSis
wesebs. kanonTa krebuli sazogadoebis moralur
SexedulebaTa kodifikaciaa, da maSasadame am
standartebis mudmivi dacva aris yoveli Semdgomi
msjelobis aucilebeli prerekviziti socialuri
pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb.
ekonomikuri pasuxismgeblobis msgavsad, le-
galuri pasuxismgeblobis dakmayofileba yvela
korporaciisaTvis aris Tanabrad moTxovnadi da
savaldebulo.
eTikuri pasuxismgebloba. pasuxismgeblobis es
forma korporaciebs ubiZgebs swori, samarTliani
da patiosani moqmedebebis ganxorcielebisaken
maSinac ki, rodesac isini eTikurad da legalurad
movaleni ar arian amgvari qmedebebisaTvis. gamom-
dinare aqedan, eTikuri pasuxismgebloba arsebiTad
Sedgeba ekonomikuri da legaluri moTxovnebis
maRla myofi sazogadoebis zneobrivi molodineb-
isagan.
filanTropiuli pasuxismgebloba. dasas-
ruls, piramidis wverSi, ksp – is meoTxe dones
warmoadgens korporaciis filantropiuli pasux-
ismgebloba, rac biznesis konteqstSi gulisxmobs
korporaciaSi dasaqmebulTa, lokaluri Temebisa
da zogadad, sazogadoebis cxovrebis xarisxis
gaumjobesebas korporaciis diskreciaSi. kps-is es
aspeqti mimarTulia sakiTxTa im nairsaxeobisaken,
romlebic moicavs muSakTaTvis da maTi ojaxebi-
saTvis qvelmoqmedebis sxvadasxva formebs, garTo-
338
bisa da dasvenebis pirobebs, adgilobrivi sabavSo
baRebisa da skolebis finansur mxardaWeras, spor-
tisa da xelovnebis sferoTa sponsorobas. kor-
poraciisaTvis, filanTropiuli pasuxismgebloba
aris ubralod sasurveli da naklebad mniSvnelo-
vani, vidre danarCeni sami kategoria.
mniSvnelovani ekonomikur-eTikuri sakiTxebi
anglo-amerikul enobriv sivrceSi, ekonomikur
praqtikasa da sazogadoebaSi xSirad ganixile-
boda da ganixileba korporaciuli socialuri
pasuxismgeblobis (ksp) cnebis qveS. diskusia ksp-
is irgvliv TariRdeba 1930-iani wlebiT, ramac uka-
nasknel or aTwleulSi hpova farTo gavrceleba.
dawyebuli iqidan am dromde sakamaTo rCeba is, Tu
zustad ra igulisxmeba ksp-Si. miuxedavad amisa,
korporaciulma socialurma pasuxismgeblobam
gamoiwvia farTo samecniero disputebi, iseve ro-
gorc – mravalricxovani empiriuli kvlevebi. Tum-
ca bolo xans ksp-as, rogorc sawarmoo koncepts
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daeTmo politikaSi11
ase magaliTad, ksp-is koncepti, romelic sawarmos
safuZvelia, Tavis samewarmeo saqmianobasa da dain-
teresebul mxareebTan urTierTdamokidebulebaSi
(steikhoderebTan korelaciaSi) socialur da
garemo interesTa nebayoflobiT bazisze integ-
rirebas gulisxmobs.12 korporaciuli socialuri
pasuxismgeblobis swored es daxasiaTeba iqca mis
Semdgom centralur msazRvrelad. maSasadame, wina
planze wamoiwia sawarmoTa urTierTobebma Tavis
lokalur da nacionalur jgufebTan Tu erTo-
bebTan mimarTebiT.13 rac daefuZna gagebas, romlis
mixedviTac saxelmwifos <uflebisa>> da <<mmarT-
velobis>> sistemis Sesaxeb martos ar Seswevs
Zala ise mimarTos ekonomikur aqtiorTa qcevebi,
339
rom maTma mogebaze orientirebulma moqmedebaTa
Sedegebma ar daazianos sazogadoebrivi keTil-
dReoba14.
1990-iani wlebis bolodan sawarmos pasuxismge-
bloba ekonomikisa da sazogadoebaSi kidev ufro
intensiurad ganixileba, risi upirvelesi arsebi-
Ti gamomwvevi mizezi ekonomikis mzardi social-
ekonomikuri globalizaciaa. erTi mxriv klebadi
saxelmwifo marTvis unarianoba da meore mxriv
sazogadoebis kulturul da faseulobaTa bazi-
sis mzardi heterogenuroba prof. habermasis mier
aRweril iqna rogorc <<postnacionaluri kon-
stelacia>>15. postnacionaluri konstelacia ax-
ali gamowvevebis winaSe ayenebs ksp-is Teoriasa
da praqtikas. am konstelaciaSi sawarmosa da misi
protagonistebis legitimuroba dgas gamocdis
winaSe. sawarmos gaZlierebuli socialuri Car-
Tuloba warmoadgens am legitimurobis xarvezis
aRmofxvris mcdelobas.
gasul wlebSi sajaro (saxelmwifo) da samo-
qalaqo sazogadoebis aqtiorTa (subieqtTa)
monawileobiT formulirebuli iqna ksp-is mrav-
alricxovani iniciativebi ksp-is standartebis
formulirebisa da implementirebisaTvis. garda
zemoT naxsenebi EU-komisiis mimarTulebisa, arse-
bobs gaerTianebuli erebis (UN) <<globaluri Se-
Tanxmeba>>, saerTaSoriso SromiTi organizaciis
(ILO) <<Sromis standartebi>>, iseve rogorc ekono-mikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organ-
izaciis (OECD) Tezisebi, romlebic erToblivad
asaxavs kargad cnobil iniciativebs. globaluri
SeTanxmebis (Clobal Compact) centrSi dgas adamianis uflebaTa, socialuri standartebisa da garemos
dacvis, iseve rogorc korporaciis winaaRmdeg br-
340
Zolis aTi principi.*
gaeros (UN) mizani aris mTel msoflioSi sawar-
moTa mier am principebis nebayoflobiTi aRiareba
da ganxorcieleba arsebul sawarmoTa gavlenis
sferoSi. amasTavane, globaluri SeTanxmeba unda
funqcionirebdes rogorc interaqciuli plat-
forma, romelic aRniSnuli aTi principis ganxor-
cielebis dros xels unda uwyobdes ekonomikur
da sxva sazogadoebriv aqtiorebs Soris urTier-
Tobas da saukeTeso praqtikis (Best Practices) gadace-mas.16 aseve <<OECD-Tezisebi multinacionaluri
korporaciebisaTvis>> asaxavs samarTlebrivad
* mdgradi ganviTarebis miznebis aTi principi
adamianis uflebebi
prinacipi 1: sawarmoebma mxari unda dauWiron da pativi
unda scen saerTaSorisod gamocxadebul adamianis ufle-
bebis dacvas; da
principi 2.: darwmundnen, rom isini ar arian Tanamonawileni
adamianis uflebebis darRvevaSi.
Sroma
principi 3: sawarmoebma mxari unda dauWiron asociaciaTa
Tavisuflebasa da uflebaTa efeqtur aRiarebas koleqtiur
molaparakebebSi.
principi 4: iZulebiTi Sromis yvela formis likvidacia.
principi 5: bavSvTa Sromis efeqturi gauqmeba; da
principi 6: diskriminaciis likvidacia Sromisa da dasaqme-
bis sferoSi.
garemo
principi 7: sawarmoebma mxari unda dauWiron frTxil
midgomas ekologiur problemebTan.
principi 8: iniciativaTa aReba didi ekologiuri pasux-
ismgeblobis xelSewyobisaTvis.
principi 9: ekologiurad usafrTxo teqnologiebis ganvi-
Tarebisa da gavrcelebis daxmareba.
korupciasTan brZola
principi 10: sawarmoebma unda imuSaon korupciis winaaRm-
deg mis yvela formaSi, gamoZalvisa da meqrTameobis CaTvliT.
wyaro: www.unglobalcompact.org
341
arasavaldebulo qcevis kodeqss, romelic gamox-
atavs rCevebs pasuxismgeblobis mqone sawarmos
marTvisaTvis adamianis uflebaTa, iseve rogorc
ekologiuri da ekonomikuri mdgradobis gaTval-
iswinebiT17 <<ILO-s ZiriTadi normebi>>18 gaerTi-
anebis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofiT, iZulebiTi
da bavSvTa Sromis gauqmebiT da diskriminaciis
akrZalviT eswrafvis yvela adamianis Sromisa da
cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebas.
amgvarad, korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismge-
bloba aris biznesis gavlena sazogadoebaze. igi
aris biznesis eTikuri qceva sazogadoebriv gaer-
TianebebTan mimarTebaSi. is gulisxmobs komerci-
uli warmatebebis miRwevas im gzebiT, romlebic
afaseben eTikur principebs, icaven kanons da pa-
tivs scemen adamians, sazogadoebasa da garemos.
ksp, rogorc pasuxismgeblobis mqone biznesis
ganviTarebuli da mis modelSi integrirebuli
korporaciuli TviTregulirebis forma warmoad-
gens imgvar aqtivobebs, romlebic Tanabrad Rire-
bulia biznesisaTvis, garemosa da sazogadoebi-
saTvis.
literatura:
1..Market And Morality: Business Ethics and the Dirty and Many Hands Dilemma, Rotterdam, 1998., P. 19
2..Franch, P., ‘The corporation as a maral person’, American Philosophical Quarterly, #16, 1979., P. 207-15.
3. Business Ethics – Ammon Allred’s Online Classroom., pro-fessorallred. wikidot...
4. Moore, G., ‘Corporate moral agency: review and implica-tions’, Journal of Business Ethics, #21, 1999, P. 329-43
5. Friedman, Milton., The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits., New York Times Magazine (13. 9. 1970),
342
P. 122-1266. Carroll, Archie B., Corporate Social Responsibility –
Evolution of a Definitional Construct., Business & Society 38/3, 1999, P. 268-295
7. Greening, D. W., Turban, D. B., Corporate Social perfor-mance as a competetive advantage in attracting a quality work-force., Business & Society, 39/3, 2000, P. 254-80
8. Bowie, N. E., New directions in corporate social respon-sibility., Business Horizons, 34 (IulyAug.), P. 56-65
9. Carroll, A. B., A three dimensional model of corporate social performance., Academy of Managment Review, #4, 1979, P. 497-505.
10. Carroll, A. B., The pyramid of corporate social responsi-bility: toward the moral managment of organizational stakehold-ers, Business Horizons, Iuly-Aug.: 1991, P. 39-48.
Carroll, A. B., Buchholtz, A. K., Business and Society: Ethics and Stakeholder Managment, 4th edn., Cincinnati: South-West-ern College., 2000, P. 27-62
11. ix. wy. 2; Crande, Andrew /McWilliams, Abagail/Mat-ten, Dirk/Moon, Jeremy/Siegel, Donald S. (Hg.), The Oxford Handbook of Corporate Social Responsibility, Oxford 2008.
12. Europäishe Kommission: Grünbuch. Europäis-che Rahmenbedingungen für die soziale Verantwortung der Unternehmen.,http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do? uri=COM:2001:0366:FIN:DE:PDF(19.3.2009).
13. ix wy. 2; Clark, J. Maurice., The Changing Basis of Economic Responsibility., The Journal of Political Economy 24/3, 1916, P. 209-229.; Steinmann, Horst., Löhr, Albert., Un-ternehmensethik-Zur Geschinchte eines ungeliebten Kinders der Betriebswirtschaftslehre., Eduard Gaugler/Richard Köhler (Hg): Entwicklungen der Betriebswirtschaftslehre. 100 Jahre Fachdiszi-plin-zugleich eine Verlagsgeschichte, Stuttgart, 2002, S. 510-535.
14. Stone, Christopher D., Where the Law Ends: The Social Control of Corporate Behavior., New York, 1975.
15. Habermas, Jürgen, Faktizität und Geltung. Beiträge zur
343
Diskurstheorie des Rechts und des demokratischen Rechtsstaats., Frankfurt a. M. 1998
16. BMZ: Der UN Global Compact., Gesellschaftlich ve-rantwortungsvolles unternehmerisches Handeln. Factsheet des Bundesministerium Für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (BMZ). http://globalcompact.de/fileadmin/PDFs/BMZ-Factsheet_UN-Global_Compact_2009. pdf(27.3.2009); Global Compact: Deutsches Global Compact Netzwerk., http://globalcompact.de (27.3.2009)
17. www.oecd.org18. ILO: ILO Kernarbeitsnormen., http://www.ilo.org/pub-
lic/german/region/eurpro/bonn/kernarbeitsnormen/index.htm (27.3.2009).
344
$6.2. korporaciuli moqalaqeoba
me-20 saukunis bolo aTwleulSi, aSS-Si Cnde-
ba axali cneba ,,korporaciuli moqalaqeoba” (km),
romelic aRniSnavs korporaciis socialur rols,
mis pasuxismgeblobas sazogadoebis winaSe. korpo-
raciuli moqalaqeoba aris Zalzed cnobili ter-
mini biznesis eTikis Sesaxeb mimdinare debatebSi
evropaSi, amerikasa Tu sxvagan.
imisaTvis, rom naTlad warmoCindes km-is arsi
da mniSvneloba, gTavazobT nax. 1, sadac asaxulia
cnobili kompaniebis damokidebuleba ,,korporaci-
uli moqalaqeobis” mimarT.
nax.1. korporaciuli moqalaqeobis valdebulebebi
kompania gancxadeba wyaro
fordi korporaciuli moqalaqeoba gaxda yovel
moqmedebaTa integraluri nawili. Cven gvjera,
rom korporaciuli moqalaqeoba aCvenebs mas Tu
vin varT Cven rogorc kompania, rogor vzrunavT
Cvens TanamSromlebze da saerTod, rogor
interaqciaSi vimyofebiT samyarosTan.
www.ford.com
nokia Cveni mizania karg moqalaqed yofna yvelgan,
sadac Cven vfunqcionirebT rogorc sazogadoebis
pasuxismgebeli da kontributori wevri.
www.nokia.com
simensi msgavsi masStaburi cvlilebebis droSi
sazogadoebasa da pasuxismgeblobis mqone
korporaciul moqalaqeobas Soris dialogi
sacicocxlod mniSvnelovania, vidre es aqamde
yofila. Cveni codna da gadawyvetilebebi
gvexmareba SevqmnaT ukeTesi samyaro, romelic
Cvens korporaciul princips warmoadgens da Cven
darwmunebulni varT, rom TiToeul organizacias
– rogorc sazogadoebis integralur nawils –
gaaCnia Sesabamisi valdebuleba wvlili Seitanos
saerTo sikeTeSi.
Corporate
Citizenship.,
Report, 2001
345
amJamad dasavleTSi arsebobs korporaciuli
moqalaqeobis sami gansxvavebuli xedva: SezRudu-
li, ekvivalenturi da gaSlili.
• km-is SezRuduli xedva Seesabameba korpo-
raciul filanTropias.
• km-is ekvivalenturi xedva Seesabameba kor-
poraciul socialur pasuxismgeblobas.
• km-is gaSlili xedva cnobs korporaciis
farTo politikur rols sazogadoebaSi.
ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.
km-is SezRuduli xedva. korporaciuli mo-
qalaqeobis es forma dRemde gaigivebulia firmis
filanTropiul rolTan da pasuxismgeblobasTan,
adgilobriv sazogadoebebSi nebayoflobiTi saqv-
elmoqmedo Sewirulobebis saxiT. km-is SezRudu-
li xedva TiTqmis srulad fokusirdeba kompaniis
uSualo fizikur garemoze, lokalur Temebze, ro-
gorc firmis mTavar steikholderebze.1 magali-
Tad, keroli2 ‘kargi korporaciuli moqalaqis’ ar-
sebobas aigivebs misave cnobil ksp-is piramidis
meoTxe donesTan, kerZod filantropiul pasux-
ismgeblobasTan. amitom igi km-s aTavsebs Tavis
ksp-is piramidis umaRles doneze imis daSvebiT,
rom es aris biznesmolodinebis miRma arsebuli
diskreciuli moqmedeba.
km-is ekvivalneturi xedva. korporaciuli mo-
qalaqeobis meore forma exeba korporaciul so-
cialur pasuxismgeblobas3 da warmoadgens mis
modernizebul saxes korporaciis axali rolis
an pasuxismgeblobis definiciis gareSe. oTxdo-
niani kps-is gansazRvris msgavsad keroli iZleva
km-is analogiur ganmartebas saxelwodebiT ,,kor-
poraciuli moqalaqeobis oTxi saxe”.4 izabel meg-
neni5 Tavis kolegebTan erTad gvTavazobs Semdeg-
nari gansazRvrebas: ‘km aris sivrce, sadac firmis
346
steokholderebis davalebiT biznesmenebi xvdebi-
an ekonomikur, legalur, eTikur da diskreciul
pasuxismgeblobebs’, - rac arsebiTad warmoadgens
kidec ksp-is keroliseuli definiciis xelaxal
SefuTvas.
km-is gaSlili xedva. rac Seexeba korporaci-
uli moqalaqeobis gaSlil xedvas, mis amosaval
wertils ,,moqalaqeobis” cneba warmoadgens,
romelic umetes industrializebul sazogadoe-
baSi dominanturia, da romlis Tanamedrove gaaz-
rebac efuZneba liberalur tradiciebs, sadac
moqalaqeoba ganisazRvreba rogorc individTa
uflebebis nakrebi6 xolo Tavad korporaciuli
moqalaqeoba ganixileba aSkarad misi politi-
kuri konotaciebis TvalsazrisiT, rogorebicaa:
moqalaqeobis uflebaTa aRWurvis korporaciuli
moTxovnebi, firmebis monawileoba globalur mar-
TvaSi, an korporaciuli CarTuloba individTa
socialuri, civiluri da politikuri uflebebis
administraciaSi. zogierTi swavluli mas ganix-
ilavs “politikuri ksp” saxiT7.
korporaciuli moqalaqeobis samive midgoma
SesaZlebelia ganxilul iqnes praqtikaSi, magram
maTgan pirveli ori xedva dominirebs biznesis
samyaroSi, maSin rodesac mesames, km-is gaSlil
xedvas mecnierebaSi didi mniSvneloba gaaCnia.
garda zemoT aRniSnuli xedvebisa, dasavleTSi
aseve arsebobs korporaciuli moqalaqeobis sami
gansxvavebuli seqtoraluri gagebac, sadac sami
seqtoris konceptis erToba warmoadgens sawarmo-
Ta pasuxismgeblobis sistematizaciis safuZvels.
maSasadame, korporaciuli moqalaqeobis gansxvave-
buli sferoebi SeiZleba aixsnas warmodgenili
konceptebis erTobiT. e.i. sazogadoeba Sedgeba
saxelmwifos, ekonomikisa da samoqalaqo sazoga-
347
doebis seqtorebisagan, sadac am sam seqtors Soris
yovelTvis ar aris zRvari gavlebuli. esenia: pi-
rveli, viwro gagebiT korporaciuli moqalaqeoba
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis WrilSi; meore, farTo
gagebiT – korporaciuli moqalaqeoba saxelmwi-
fos WrilSi; da mesame, ufarToesi gagebiT – kor-
poraciuli moqalaqeoba ZiriTadad biznesSi.
1. korporaciuli moqalaqeoba samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis WrilSi. viwro gagebiT korpo-
raciuli moqalaqeoba aRniSnavs sawarmoTa saqmi-
anobebs samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi (ix. nax. 1)
nax. 1. korporaciuli moqalaqeoba viwro gagebiT
korporaciuli moqalaqeobis amgvari gaazrebiT
sawarmoebi moqmedeben rogorc kargi moqalaqeni,
icaven ra im sazogadoebis interesebs romelSic
isini moRvaweoben. korporaciuli moqalaqeobis
es viwro gageba gansakuTrebiT dominirebs germa-
niaSi.
kompaniis samoqalaqo (civiluri) CarTuloba
samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi SeiZleba daiyos kor-
poraciuli qvelmoqmedebisa da korporaciuli
348
moxaliseobis ZiriTad formebad (ix. mag, koncep-
tualuri mosazrebebi da praqtikuli magaliTebi
bekhauz-maulTan da sxv.)8. orive am sferoSi arse-
bobs gansxvavebuli subformebi (ix. nax. 2)
korporaciuli
moqalaqeoba viwro gagebiT
korporaciuli
qvelmoqmedeba
korporaciuli
moxaliseoba
sponsoroba
Semwirveloba
TanamSromelTa
nebayoflobiTi
CarTulobis
daxmareba
samoqalaqo
CarTuloba
rogorc
anazRaurebadi
saqmianobis
elementi
fuladi
daxmareba
materialuri
daxmareba
erTjeradi
droSi
SezRuduli
gaTavisuflebebi
<<Days of
Service>>
sistematuri
xangrZlivi
samuSao adgilis
gamoyeneba'
TanamSromelTa
mivlineba
mxardaWera
SemwirvelobiT
mentoringi
korporaciuli qvelmoqmedeba SeiZleba war-
modgenil iqnas sponsorobisa Tu Semwirvelo-
bis formebSi. sponsoroba warmoadgens market-
ingis klasikur instruments, romelSic fuladi
daxmarebebi warmoebs xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad
Tavsebadi sakomunikacio sanacvlo momsaxurebis
safuZvelze. sponsoroba korporaciuli moqalaqe-
obis farglebSi orientirebulia sazogadoebrivi
keTildReobis miznebze. sazogadoebrivi keTil-
dReobis orientaciis safuZvlad devs aseve Sem-
nax.2. kompaniis samoqalaqo CarTuloba
349
wirveloba, sadac sponsorobis sapirispiroT, yo-
velgvari xelSekrulebiTi SeTanxmebis gareSe
xdeba fuladi daxmarebis Sewirulobis gaReba.
Tumca es ar gamoricxavs imas rom Semwirvelis
nebayoflobiTi sakomunikacio RonisZiebebi spon-
sorobis msgavsad, mocemuli sawarmos imijze ar
axdens an ar moaxdens pozitiur gavlenas.
rogorc SewirulobasTan, ise sponsorobasTan
dakavSirebuli saqmianoba SesaZlebelia ganx-
orcieldes erTjeradad an xangrZlivi droiT
rogorc fuladi, ise materialuri formiT (mag.,
Senoba-nagebobebis, infrastruqturis gadacema).
arsebuli formebis garda korporaciuli qvel-
moqmedeba msxvil korporaciaTa mxridan xSirad
xorcieldeba specialuri fondebis saSualebiT.
Sewirulobasa da sponsorobisagan gansxvevebiT,
korporaciuli moxaliseoba aris instrumenti, ra-
mac mxolod korporaciuli moqalaqeobis irgvliv
mimdinare diskusiaTa farglebSi miiqcia mzardi
yuradReba. korporaciuli moxaliseobisas saqme
gvaqvs kompaniis TanamSromelTa mxridan samo-
qalaqo saqmianobaTa daxmareba-Sewyobis kuTxiT
aqtiur CarTulobasTan. amgvari saqmianobebi Sesa-
Zlebelia sruldebodes nebayoflobiTi saqmi-
anobis (anu korporaciuli moxaliseobis) waxal-
isebis mizniT iseTi mimarTulebiT, rogoric aris
mag., ekologiuri organizaciebi, sportuli gaer-
Tianebebi Tu saxanZro-samaSveli jgufebi da a.S.
korporaciebi axdenen maT samsaxuridan droebiT
gaTavisuflebas samuSao saaTebis dros SromiTi
anazRaurebis datovebiT. SromiTi anazRaurebis
farglebSi samoqalaqo CarTuloba farTod aris
gavrcelebuli gansakuTrebiT aSS-Si,9 sadac tar-
deba specialuri e.w. <<Days of Service>> da sadac sawarmos erT jgufs garkveuli wvlili Seaqvs
350
sportuli moednis mowyobisa Tu sabavSo baRis
gaaxlebis saqmeSi. sxva forma, Tu rogor iyeneben
TanamSromlebi sakuTar samuSao drosa da kompe-
tenciebs samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi, aris mentor-
ingi garkveul pirTa jgufis daxamrebis saqmeSi.
magaliTad, mmarTvelobiTi Zalebis mier garkveu-
li saxis Sefobis aReba socialurad arasasike-
To mdgomareobaSi myofi axalgazrdobis nawilze,
maTTvis profesiaTa Ziebis etapze mxardasaWerad.
dasasruls, maSasadame korporaciuli moxali-
seoba aris drois Sewirulobis (an drois sponso-
robis) ZiriTadi forma da SesaZlebelia misi fu-
lad da materialur formaTa gverdiT ganTavseba.
amdenad, aq aRwerili instrumentebis srulad
gamosayeneblad, sawarmoebs marTebT samoqalaqo-
sazogadoebriv organizaciebTan mWidro inte-
raqciaSi yofna.
2. korporaciuli moqalaqeoba saxelmwi-
fos WrilSi. farTo gagebiT korporaciuli mo-
qalaqeoba samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi CarTulo-
bis gverdiT aseve moicavs wesrigis politikis
Tanapasuxismgeblobis aRebas saxelmwifos Wril-
Si (ix. nax. 3).
nax.3. korporaciuli moqalaqeoba farTo gagebiT
351
es midgoma yuradRebas amaxvilebs masze, rom
kompaniebma unda moaxerxon ara mxolod moqmed
CarCo-pirobebTan adaptireba, aramed aseve unda Se-
Zlon, aiRon pasuxismgebloba maT Semdgom ganvi-
Tarebasa da ganxorcielebaze.
wesrigis politikis pasuxismgebloba korpo-
raciuli moqalaqeobis konteqstSi mdgomareobs
masSi, rom is politikuri lobirebis gareSec sul
mcire aseve cnobs sazogadoebriv keTildReobaze
orientirebul mimarTulebas. amis naTel magaliTs
warmoadgens kopenhagenis komunike klimatis cvli-
lebasTan dakavSirebiT. kerZod, 2009 wlis bolos
pasuxismgeblobis mqone wamyvanma politikosebma
kopenhagenis klimatis samitze mouwodes biznes-
liderebs daedoT savaldebulo SeTanxmeba kli-
matis dacvis Taobaze, risi Sesruleba obligato-
ruli iqneboda yvelasTvis.
iq, sadac damakmayofilebeli savaldebulo Za-
lis mqone regulaciebi ar xorcieldeba, wesrigis
politikis Tanapasuxismgeblobas aseve ZaluZs
TviTregulireba nebayoflobiTi TviTdavalde-
bulebis formaSi gamosaxos, risi TvalsaCino
magaliTebic aris: evropis sacalo vaWrobis bi-
znesis socialuri Tanxmobis iniciativa (Business Social Compliance Initiative) socialuri standartebis
uzrunvelyofis mizniT miwodeba/momaragebis in-
dustriaSi; saerTo kodeqsis miReba yavis sazoga-
doebisaTvis yavis warmoebis (gaSeneba/damuSaveba)
xangrZlivi xelSewyobis mizniT; an gaerTianebu-
li erebis globaluri SeTanxmeba minimaluri
standartebis erTobliv dacvaze rogorc zoga-
dad adamianis uflebebis, ise mSromelTa uflebeb-
is da aseve garemos dacvis sferoSi. amasTan, wevri
kompaniebis pasuxismgebloba scdeba sakuTari
warmoebis farglebs da moicavs miRebuli wesebis
352
uzrunvelyofasa da dacvas mimwodeblebTan. maSi-
nac ki, rodesac amgvar iniciativaTa masStabebi da
forma sadavoa, is mainc aCvenebs, rom globalize-
bul msoflioSi sawarmoTa CarTuloba moicavs
zesawarmoo wesTa dadgenasa da ganxorceielbas,
da amiT _ im sferos, romelic tradiciulad sax-
elmwifos sferod moiazreboda.
3. korporaciuli moqalaqeoba aseve Ziri-
Tad biznesSi. Tavis ufarToes interpretaciaSi
korporaciuli moqalaqeobis cneba moicavs sazog-
adoebrivi pasuxismgeblobis aRebis yvela for-
mas sawarmoTa mxridan. amdenad, ZiriTad biznesSi
pasuxismgeblobis aRebac exeba korporaciuli mo-
qalaqeobis sagnobriv sferos. (ix. nax. 4).
korporaciuli moqalaqeobis es ufarToesi
definicia yvelaze ufro gavrcelebulia saer-
TaSoriso doneze.10 Tumca zogierTi swavluli
eqspluataciur damokidebulebas wesrigis poli-
tikis TanapasuxismgeblobasTan uguvebelyofs.
ZiriTadi biznesis CarTviT korporaciuli mo-
nax.4. korporaciuli moqalaqeoba ufarToesi gagebiT
353
qalaqeoba moicavs mdgradobis (mdgradi ganvi-
Tarebis) menejmentis yvela aspeqts, rogoric aris
magaliTad, globaluri reportingis moxsenebiT
CamonaTvalSi iniciativa mdgradobis (mdgradi gan-
viTarebis) Taobaze. maSasadame, saqme exeba ekono-
mikebis socialur da ekologiur gverdiT da Sem-
dgom efeqtTa mxedvelobaSi miRebas Rirebulebis
Seqmnis TanamimdevrobaTa yvela doneze. am per-
speqtivaSi, sawarmos, rogorc kvazi-sazogadoebriv
iniciativas marTebs imoqmedos ara mxolod ise,
rom iyos pasuxismgebeli sakuTar ekonomikur
warmatebaze, aramed aseve imgvarad, rom SeeZlos
negatiuri gare efeqtebis Tavidan acileba da
amave dros yuradRebis gamaxvileba pozitiuri
gare efeqtebis warmoebaze rac pirdapir an ara-
pirdapir exeba sxva biznespartniorebs Sesabamisi
dadebiTi an uaryofiTi SedegebiT.
korporaciuli moqalaqeobis eqspluataciuri
gamijvna korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismge-
blobis farTod gavrcelebul cnebisagan Zalzed
iSviaTad gvxvdeba literaturaSi, sadac miuxeda-
vad maT Soris arsebuli sagnobriv sferoTa moc-
ulobisa, es cnebebi rogorc sinonimebi xSirad im-
pliciturad gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, keroli Tavis
kargad cnobil oTxsafexuriani pasuxismgeblobis
formas ksp-is piramidis11 formiT moixseniebs mas
Semdeg, rac man is Tavdapirvelad TiTqmis oci
wlis win <<The Four Faces of Corporate Citizenship>>12 saxiT gamoaqveyna; meigneni da fereli13 [2001, 2004]
erTsa da imave koncepts publikaciebSi moixsenie-
ben rogorc <<Corporate Citizenship>>-is, ise <<Corpo-rate Social Responsibility>>-is saxelwodebiT; da rom
iseTi avtorebi, rogorebic arian habiSi, Smidpe-
teri da noiraiTeri14 am cnebebs akuTvneben urTi-
erTCamnacvlebel saTaurTa Tvisebas.
354
aRniSnul cnebaTa gamijvnasTan dakavSirebuli
movlenebi konceptualuri TvalsazrisiT asaxvas
poulobs urTierTsapirispiro definiciebSi. ase
magaliTad, germaniis garemos saministrosaTvis
warmoebul kvlevebSi korporaciuli moqalaqeoba
ganisazRvreba rogorc <<kompaniis faqtiuri biz-
nessaqmianobis miRma arsebuli CarTuloba kompa-
niis lokalur garemosa da sivrceSi socialur
problemaTa mosagvareblad>>, rac korporaciu-
li socialuri pasuxismgeblobis (ksp) nawilad
SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli15 da mis sapirispirod
samecniero wreebSi farTod xmarebuli Semxvedri
gagebis Tanaxmad korporaciuli moqalaqeoba aris
zogadi cneba, romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs kor-
poraciul socialur pasuxismgeblobas.16 am per-
speqtiviT ksp igivdeba sazogadoebrivi pasuxismge-
blobis aRebasTan ZiriTad biznesSi, maSin roca km
moicavs aseve yvela sxva sazogadoebrivi keTil-
dReobis aqtivobebs samoqalaqo sazogadoebasa da
wesrigis politikis TanapasuxismgeblobaSi.
literatura:
1. Altman, B.W., ‘Corporate community relations in 1990s: a study in transformation (dissertation abstract)’ Business an So-ciety, 37/2; P. 221-7, 1998.
2. Carroll, A. B., ‘The pyramid of corporate social responsi-bility: toward the moral management of organizational stakehold-ers’. Business Horizons, July-Aug.: P. 39-48., 1991.
3. Corporate citizenship, From Wikipedia, the free encyclo-pedia, http: //en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_citizenship
4. Carroll, A.B., ‘The four faces of corporate citizenship. ‘ Business and Society Review, 100/1: P. 1-7, 1998.
5. Maignan, I., Ferrell, O.C. and Hult, G.T. M., ’Corporate citizenship: cultural antecendents and business benefitss’, Journal
355
of the Academy of Marketing Science, 27/4: P. 455-69, 1999.6. Faulks, K., Citizenship. London: Routledge, 2000, P. 55-82.7. Scherer, A. G. & Palazzo, G. Toward a Political Concep-
tion of Corporate Responshibility: Business and Society Seen From a Habermasian Perspective. Academy of Management Re-view, 32 (4), P. 1096-1120., 2007.
8. Backhaus - Maul Holger, Biedermann Christiane, Nähr-lich Stefan, Polterauer Judith (Hg.): Corporate Citizenship in Deutschland. Gesellschaftliches Engagement von Unternehmen. Bilanz und Perspektiven. Wiesbaden, 2010.
9. Backhaus - Maul Holger, Engagementförderung durch Unternehmen in den USA. Über die produktive Balance zwischen Erwerbsarbeit, Familienleben und Bürgerschaftlichem Engage-ment., Enquete – Kommission <<Zukunft des bürgerschaftlichen Engagements>> des Deutschen Bundestages (Hg.): Bürger-schaftliches Engagement Von Unternehmen., Opladen 2003, S. 85-147.
10. Logan David., Corporate Citizenship in a Global Age., RSA journal 146, 3/4 (1998), 64-71; Marsden Chris, Andriof Jorg; Towards an Understanding of Corporate Citizenship and how to Influence it., Citizenship Studies 2,2 (1998), 329-352; Maignan Isabelle, Ferrell O.C., Corporate Citizenship as a Marketing In-strument: Concepts, Evidence, and Research Directions., Europe-an Journal of Marketing 35, 4 (2001) 457-484; Maigan Isabelle, Ferrell O.C., Corporate Social Responsibility and Marketing, An Integrative Framework., Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 32 (2004), 3-19; Wood Donna J., Logsdon Jeanne M.: Theorising Business Citizenship., Jörg Andriof/Malcolm McIn-tosh (Hg): Perspectives on Corporate Citizenship. Sheffield 2001, 83-103; Ulrich Peter., Republikanisher Liberalismus und Corpo-rate Citizenship. Von der ökonomishen Gemeinwohlfiktion zur republikanisch-ethischen Selbsbindung wirtschaftlicher Akteure., Herfried Münkler, Harald Blum (Hg.): Gemeinwohl und Gemein-sinn: Zwishen Normativität und Faktizität. Berlin 2002, 273-291.
11. Carroll, A. B., The pyramid of corporate social responsi-
356
bility: toward the moral management of organizational stakehold-ers -, Business Horizons., 1991, July-Aug.: P. 39-48
12. Carroll, Archie B.: The Four Faces of Corporate Citizen-ship., Business and Society Review 100/101, 1998, P. 1-7.
13. ix. Maignan/Ferrell [2001, 2004]14. Habisch André, Schmidpeter René, Neureiter Martin
(Hg.): Handbuch Corporate Citizenship. Corporate Social Re-sponsibility für Manager. Berlin u. a. 2007
15. Loew Thomas, Ankele Kathrin, Braun Sabine, Clausen Jens., Bedeutung der internationalen CSR-Diskussion für Nach-haltigkeit und die sich daraus ergebenden Anforderungen an Un-ternehmen mit Fokus Berichterstattung, Berlin/Münster 2004, S. 71
16. Marsden Chris, Andriof Jorg., Towards an Understand-ing of Corporate Citizenship and how to Influence it. Citizenship Studies 2, 2., 1998, P. 329-352
357
Tavi 7. steikholderebi
$7.1. firmis steikholderis Teoria
steikholderis anu dainteresebul mxareTa Te-
oria aris biznesis eTikis erT-erTi Teoriuli
mimarTuleba, _ Teoria, romelic exeba moralisa
da faseulobebis sakiTxebs organizaciis marT-
vaSi1. aseve, is ayalibebs da ganmartavs firmis
ganviTarebis strategias e.w. steikholderebis in-
teresTa gaTvaliswinebiT.2
Teoriis safuZvlebis formireba iwyeba XX
saukunis 60-ian wlebSi aSS-Si. aRniSnuli Teoriis
Tanxmad kompania aris ara mxolod ekonomikuri
mTlianoba da instrumenti mogebis misaRebad, ara-
med im garemos elementic, romelSic is moqmedebs.
is warmoadgens sistemas, romelic gavlenas axdens
Tavis garemoze * da aseve, misgan ganicdis zemoq-
medebas.
Tanamedrove saxiT << steikholderis Teoria >> gavrcelebas poulobs XX saukunis oTxmociani
wlebis SuaSi, rodesac dRis Suqze Cndeba amerike-
li profesoris robert edvard frimenis naSromi
<<strategiuli menejmenti: dainteresebul mxare-
Ta midgoma>>.3, masSi avtors Semoaqvs << dainter-
esebul mxareTa>> (stakeholder) ganmarteba, iZleva
mis gansazRvrebas da gansaxilvelad gvTavazobs
firmis organul models. frimenis idea mdgomare-
obs firmis Sida da gare garemod, rogorc firmis
saqmianobiT dainteresebul mxareTa erTobad war-
modgenaSi, romelTa interesebis da moTxovnebis
* kompaniis garemos miekuTvneba _ adgilobrivi gaerTi-
anebebi, momxmareblebi, mimwodeblebi, sazogadoebrivi organi-
zaciebi; investorebi da aqcionerebi.
358
mxedvelobaSi miReba da dakmayofileba marTebT
menejerebs.
steikholderis Teoriis mixedviT, organizaci-
is miznebis miRwevisas mxedvelobaSi miiReba sx-
vadasxva dainteresebul mxareTa gansxvavebuli
interesebi, romlebic araformaluri koaliciis
tips warmoadgenen. steikholderbs Sorisac Sei-
Zleba arsebobdes gansxvavebuli damokidebule-
ba, rac yovelTvis ar xasiaTdeba TanamSromlo-
biT, interesTa TanxvedriT, da piriqiT, xSirad
konkurentuli xasiaTis matarebalia. Sesabamisad,
yvela steikholderi SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes
rogorc erTiani winaaRmdegobrivi mTlianoba, ro-
gorc tolqmed interesTa nawili, romelic gan-
sazRvravs organizaciis ganviTarebis traeqto-
rias. amgvari mTlianoba iwodeba organizaciis
<<gavlenis koaliciad>> an <<biznesSi monawile-
Ta koaliciad>>,4
korporaciul socialuri pasuxismgeblobis
midgomisagan gansxavebiT, romelic mkacrad foku-
sirdeba korporaciaze da mis pasuxismgeblobaze,
steikholderuli midgoma aqcents akeTebs im gan-
sxvavebul jgufebze, romelTa mimarTac korpora-
cias gaaCnia pasuxismgebloba. ZiriTadi sawyisi
wertili aris is moTxovna, rom korporaciebi ara
mxolod maTive aqcionirebis (shareholders) intere-sebis mixedviT unda imarTebodnen, aramed arsebobs
mTeli rigi wyeba jgufebisa, anu steikholderebi-
sa, romelTac aseve gaaCniaT legitimuri interesi
korporaciaSi. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs
steikholderis cnebis mravalricxovani urTi-
erTgansxvavebuli ganmarteba, frimenis [ix.wyaro3.
gv.46] originaluri definicia yvelaze ufro cno-
bili da gavrcelebulia:
359
steikholderi organizaciaSi aris jgufi
an individi, romelic zemoqmedebs an
ganicdis zemoqmedebas organizaciis
miznis miRwevis procesSi.
magram, ras gulisxmobs avtori sityvebSi
,,zemoqmedebs” an ,,ganicdis zemoqmedebas”? mis
gasagebad evani da frimeni5 gvTavazoben ori marti-
vi principis gamoyenebas. pirveli, korporaciuli
uflebebis principi, romelic moiTxovs, rom kor-
poracias aqvs valdebulebebi ar daarRvios sxvaTa
uflebebi. meore, korporaciuli efeqtis principi,
romlis mixedviT kompaniebi pasuxismgebelni arian
sakuTari qmedebebis Sedegebze sxvebTan mimarTe-
baSi. am ori ZiriTadi principis safuZvelze Sesa-
Zlebelia steikholderis cnebis meti sizustiT
ganmarteba:
korporaciis steikholderi aris individi an
jgufi, romelic
• korporaciidan iRebs zarals an sargebels,
an
• visi uflebebic SeiZleba dairRves an iqnes
pativcemuli korporaciis mier.
es definicia naTelyofs imas, rom steikholder-
ebs Soris arsebuli zRvari icvleba kompaniidan
kompaniamde, swored msgavs kompaniaTa sxvadasxva
situaciebSi, miznebsa Tu amocanebSi. amitom, vsarge-
blobT ra am gansazRvrebiT, SeuZlebelia Sesaf-
erisi steikholderebis saboloo jgufis gaigiveba
romelime mocemul korporaciasTan raime mocemul
situaciaSi. qvemoT gTavazobT firmis steikhold-
eris Teoriis sqematur reprezentacias 6
360
(a) tradiciuli menejmentis modeli
mimwodeblebi
firma
TanamSromlebi
aqcionerebi momxmareblebi
(b) steikholderuli modeli
konkurentebi mTavroba
firma aqcionerebi
momxmareblebi
mimwodeblebi
TanamSromlebi samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba
(g) qseluri modeli
firma
mTavroba konkurentebi
aqcionerebi momxmareblebi
momwodeblebi samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba
TanamSromlebi
Mmimwodebeli
steikholderi 1 samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba
steikholderi 2
samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba
steikholderi 1
momxmarebeli
steikholderi 1 momxmarebeli
steikholderi 2
momxmarebeli
steikholderi 3
TanamSromeli
steikholderi 1
TanamSromeli
steikholderi 2
nax.1. firmis steikholderis Teoria
361
a. samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi igulisxmeba
gavlenis jgufebi, adgilobrivi Temebi arasamTav-
robo organizaciebi da a.S.
nax. 1 (a) gviCvenebs mmarTvelobiTi kapitalizmis
(managerial capitalism) tradiciul models, sadac kom-
pania mxolod oTx jgufTan aris dakavSirebuli.
mimwodeblebi, TanamSromlebi da aqcionerebi uz-
runvelyofen ZiriTad resursebs korporaciisaT-
vis, romelic Semdeg maT iyenebs momxmareblis
produqtebiT uzrunvelsayofad. aqcionerebi ar-
ian firmis ,,mflobelebi” da amitom isini domi-
nanturi jgufia, romelTa interesis gamtarebelia
firma.
Nnax. 1 (b) gviCvenebs steikholderul models,
sadac aqcionerebi warmoadgenen calke jgufs
ramdenime sxva jgufs Soris; sadac kompanias
gaaCnia valdebulebebi ara mxolod erT jgufTan,
aramed aseve yvela danarCenTan, romelebzec misi
qmedeba axdens zemoqmedebas. amgvarad, korporacia
mdebareobs urTierTdamokidebul ormxriv urTi-
erTobaTa centrSi.
Nnax. 1 (g) gviCvenebs qselur models, sadac steik-
holderul jgufebs SeiZleba hqondeT garkveuli
valdebulebebi rogorc steikholderTa sakuTar
wreSi (jgufSi) ise korporaciis sxva steikhold-
erebTan.
steikholderis TeoriasTan mimarTebaSi arse-
bobs mis wiaRSi aRmocenebuli Teoriis srulad
gansxvavebuli formebi. tomas donaldsoni da li
pristoni7 gvTavazoben steikholderis Teoriis
sam formas:
• steikholderis normatiuli Teoria – es
aris Teoria, romelic cdilobs axsnas is miz-
ezebi, Tu ratom SeiZleba gaiTvaliswinon korpo-
raciebma steikholderebis interesebi.
362
• steikholderis deskripciuli Teoria –
es aris Teoria, romelic cdilobs im konkretuli
steikholderebis dadgenas, romelTa interesebic
SeiZleba iqnas korporaciebis mier gaTval-
iswinebuli mocemul momentSi.
• steikholderis instrumentaluri Teoria
– es aris Teoria, romelic cdilobs gasces kiTx-
vas pasuxi, Tu ramdenad sasikeToa korporaciisaT-
vis steikholderebis interesTa gaTvaliswineba.
steikholderis Teoriis damatebis erT-er-
Ti umniSvnelovanes mimarTulebas warmoadgens
strategiuli marTvis Teoria. strategiuli mar-
Tva, rogorc moqmedebis sfero mimarTulia or-
ganizaciis myari konkurentuli upiratesobis
formirebasa da SenarCunebaze, romlis miRwevac
SesaZlebelia mravalricxovan jgufebTan da in-
dividebTan aqtiuri urTierTqmedebebiT, ramde-
nadac maTi mxardaWera aucilebelia strategi-
is realizaciis dros. axorcielebs ra amgvar
strategias, organizacia iRebs myar konkurentul
upiratesobas, rac xangrZlivi droiT uzrunvely-
ofs mis konkurentunarianobasa da mogebis miRe-
bis saSualoze maRal dones8 .
amgvarad, steikholderis Teoria warmoadgens
korporaciis Tanamedrove midgomas, romelic
gulisxmobs socialur kontraqts firmasa da
sazogadoebas Soris. farTo gagebiT, aRniSnuli
Teoria aris zogadi xedva biznesis funqcionire-
bisa da misi efeqturad marTvis Sesaxeb, da exeba
humanuri faseulobebis Seqmnas korporaciul ur-
TierTobebSi, rac erTi mxriv, nacionaluri ekono-
mikebis damokideblobis mkveTri SezRudvisa da
faqtobrivi dakargvis, da meore mxriv, transkon-
tinenturi korporaciebis dominantur pirobebSi
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens.
363
literatura:
1. Stakeholder theory, From wikipedia, the free encyclope-dia., en. Wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakeholder __theory
2. Теория стеикхолдеров, Материал из Википедии – свободной енциклопедий, ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Теория_стеикхолдеров
3 . Freeman R.Edward, Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach., Boston: Pitman, 1984
4. Зуб А.Т. стратегический менеджмент. ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА . М.: АСПЕК ПРЕСС, 2002 ,С. 415
5. Evan, W.M., and Freeman, R. E., ,,A stakeholder theory of the modern corporation: Kantian capitalism”. In W.M. Hoff-man and R.E. Frederick (eds.) Business Ethics: Readings and Cases in Corporate Morality, 3rd edn., New York: McCraw-Hill., 1993, P.145-154.
6. Andrew Crane., Dirk Matten., Business Ethics: A EU-ROPEAN PERSPECTIVE (Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustainibility in the Age of Globalization)., Oxford, New York, 2004. P.51
7. Donaldson, T. and Preston, L.E., ,,The stakeholder theory of the corporation: concepts, evidence, and implications”. Acad-emy of Management Review, 20/1; 1995, P.65-91.
8. Солодухин К.С. Проблемы применения теории заинтересованных сторон встратегическом управлении организацией. http: www.m-ekonomy.ru/art.php 3?artid=23057., рус. // проблемы современной экономики: журнал. № 4(24).
364
$7.2. aqcionerebi da menejerebi
cnobilia, rom Tanamedrove kapitalizmis da-
sawyisi da mTlianad me-19 saukunis samrewvelo
revoluciis periodi kompaniis funqcionirebis
Zalzed martivi saerTo modeliT xasiaTdeboda,
rac misi flobisa da marTvis erTianobaSi gamoix-
ateboda. debatebis sakuTrebisa da kontorlis gam-
ijvnis Taobaze saTaves iRebs mxolod me-20 sauku-
nis 30-iani wlebidan1 Tanamedrove korporaciebi
ki, maTi winamorbedebisagan gansxvavebiT gamoirCe-
vian flobisa da marTvis funqciaTa gamijvniT.
faqtobrivad, aRniSnuli separacia gvevlineba Tan-
amedrove kapitalizmis erT-erT centralur as-
peqtad, romlis sakvanZo moments aqcionerebisa da
menejerebis korelacia warmoadgens.
aqcionerebi, romlebic korporaciis aqciaTa
anu fasiani qaRaldebis mflobelni arian da
monawileoben amave korporaciis kapitalis mar-
TvaSi iReben mogebis wils, Tumca maTi, rogorc
korporaciis mesakuTreTa umTavres sazrunavs
dividendebis miRebasTan erTad aseve warmoad-
gens maTive sakuTrebis uflebis dacva, romelic
garkveuli specifikuri uflebebis saxiT SeiZle-
ba daiyos 2
• ufleba sakuTari aqciebis gayidvaze
• xmis ufleba gaerTianebul krebaze
• ufleba kompaniis garkveul informaciaze
• saCivris ufleba menejerTa (damtkicebul)
gadacdomebze
• garkveuli sxva uflebebi korporaciis
likvidaciis SemTxvevaSi.
aqcionerebi, menejerTagan gansxvavebiT, romelTa
xelSicaa faqtobrivi kontroli korporaciaze,
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi axdenen sakuTari qonebis
365
arapirdapir da upirovno kontrols. aqcionerebi-
saTvis, menejerTagan gansxvavebiT, romelTaTvisac
upiratesia kompaniis simZlavreebis zrda yvela
arsebuli parametriT, umTavresia mogebis miReba.
rac Seexeba menejerebs, isini arian korporaci-
is mier daqiravebuli profesionali mmarTvelebi,
romelTac evalebaT aqcionerTa interesebis ga-
tareba kompaniaSi 3 , kerZod zogadi movaleoba
iyofa ufro konkretul valdebulebebad 4:
kompaniis interesebiT moqmedebis valde-
buleba• es valdebuleba SeiZleba axsnili iqnas
kompaniis moklevadiani finansuri saqmianobisa
da grZelvadiani gadarCenis TvalsazrisiT. arse-
biTad, es aqcionerebis gadasawyvetia Tu rogor
da ra saxiT surT maT kompaniis funqcionireba.
Tumca, menejerebs gaaCniaT mniSvnelovani diskre-
cia am valdebulebis praqtikuli implementacii-
saTvis.
zrunvis da unaris valdebuleba• am movaleo-
bis arseboba gulisxmobs, rom menejerebi Tavad
eswrafvian kompaniaTa yvelaze ufro profesion-
aluri da efeqturi saSualebebiT srulyofili
marTvis miRwevas.
Sromismoyvareobis (gulmodginebis) valde-
buleba• es bolo movaleoba aris yvelaze mTavari
movaleoba da asaxavs aqtiuri CarTulobis mosa-
lodnel dones kompaniis saqmeebSi. Sesabamisad, es
aris menejerebze zewolis masStaburi saSualeba,
raTa maT SeZlon mTeli Zalisxmevis investireba
kompaniis marTvaSi yvelaze ufro warmatebuli
saSualebebiT.
menejerebis samoqmedo speqtri kompaniaSi mrav-
alferovania da moicavs imdenad bevr aspeqts,
rom sakmaod rTuldeba funqciur mxareTa konk-
retuli aqtiurobebisa da iniciativebis kuTxiT
366
gamijvna: ragvari strategiebi, produqtebi da
saerTaSoriso sainvesticio produqtebi unda iq-
nas SemuSavebuli da gansazRvruli korporaciis
momavali warmatebis misaRwevad? – es aris sakiTx-
ebi, romelTa gadawyvetac xdeba ukve SeuZlebeli
insaiderebisTvis, aRarafers vambobT aqcionerebze,
romlebmac cota ram Tu uwyian korporaciis Sida
saqmianobisa da misi produqtebis, bazrebisa Tu
konkurentebis Sesaxeb.
aqcionerebsa da kompanias Soris damokide-
buleba aris relatiurad mWidro, Tumca naT-
lad gansazRvruli aqcionerTa uflebebiTa da
bundovnad gansazRvruli menejerTa an mTli-
anad firmis valdebulebebiT. aqedan gamomdinare
aRniSnuli situacia yovelTvis iyo delikaturi,
da rom menejerebsa da aqcionerebs Soris damok-
idebuleba dRemde rCeba korporaciuli marTvis
sust wertilad. amgvarad, msgavsi konfliqtebi
fokusirdeba ,,korporaciuli marTvis” sakvanZo
frazaSi. zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT is Sei-
Zleba definirdes Semdegnairad:
korporaciuli marTva aris kontrolisa da
balansis sistema 5. igi aRwers process, romelSic
aqcionerebi cdiloben uzrunvelyon, rom ,,maTi”
korporacia moqmedebdes maTive zraxvebis mixed-
viT. korporaciuli marTva moicavs miznis gan-
sazRvris, zedamxedvelobis, kontrolisa da san-
qcionirebis procesebs. viwro gagebiT is moicavs
aqcionerebsa da korporaciis menejments, rogorc
marTvis procesis mTavar monawileT. ufro farTo
gagebiT ki – marTvis procesis yvela monawiles,
romelTac wvlili SeaqvT dainteresebul mxareTa
(steikholderebis) miznebis miRwevaSi korporaci-
is SigniT da gareT [ix. wyaro 4, gv. 157].
gadavavlebT ra Tvals korporaciul marTvis
sferoSi arcTu Soreul warsulSi momxdar skan-
367
dalebsa da problemebs, SeiZleba vikiTxoT Tu
ratom Cans ase delikaturi es urTierTobebi. ai
isinic 6:
• 2002 wlis noemberSi gamJRavnebuli iqneba,
rom Jan pier garnie, britaneli farmacevtuli
gigantis GlaxoSmithKline (GSR) frangi direqtori
cdilobda Tavisi xelfasis masiur zrdas Svi-
di milioni funti sterlingiT, kompaniis dabali
ekonomikuri parametrebisa da kerZod ki, aqciebze
fasebis dramatuli vardnis miuxedavad.
ismeba kiTxva, Tu ratom unda momxdariyo amg-
vari moTxovnis ganxilva aqcionerebTan?
• rodesac xdeboda Mercedes-is Serwyma
kraislerTan, raTa Seqmniliyo axali global-
uri moTamaSe saavtomobilo industriaSi, iurgen
Srempma, Daimler-Chrysler – is direqtorma am ganz-raxvas uwoda ,,TanasworTa Serwyma”. erTi wlis
Semdeg, roca gairkva rom Chrysler Rrma finansur krizisSi imyofeboda, Financial Times – Tvis mice-
mul interviuSi man ganacxada, rom mas arasodes
ganuzraxavs Chrysler-is rogorc Tanasworuflebi-
ani partnioris miReba grZelvadian perspeqtiviT,
aramed surda amerikuli kompania exila germanu-
li konglomeratis Daimler-Benz-is nawilad.
ratom moxda, rom Chrysler-is msxvilma aqcioner-
ebma mxolod amis Semdeg aRmoaCines is, rom isini
nawilobriv iyvnen motyuebulni, radgan germanuli
menejmentis namdvili ganzraxva absoluturad
sxva iyo.
kompaniis marTvasa da mflobelobas Soris ar-
sebuli problemuri urTierTobebi formulire-
bulia rogorc e.w. saagento urTierTobebi 7. es
niSnavs, rom aqcioneri aris principali anu mTa-
vari, vinc debs xelSekrulebas momaval menejer-
Tan anu agentTan kompaniis menejmentisaTvis. nax.
368
1 gviCvenebs urTierTobis ZiriTad xedvas firmas,
menejersa da aqcioners Soris.
principali:
aqcioneri
agenti:
menejeri
cdilobs mogebis, aqciaze fasis
da a.S. zrdas
cdilobs dajildoebis, Zalauflebis,
pativiscemis da a.S. miRebasa da mopovebas
aqcionerebs, rogorc principalebs surT, rom me-
nejerebma firmaSi maTTvis Seasrulon garkveuli
saxis amocanebi. meore mxriv, menejerebs, rogorc
agentebs gaaCniaT garkveuli interesebi firmaSi.
saagento urTierTobebi aris gansakuTrebuli ur-
TierTobebi, gamorCeuli ori TvisebiT 8:
1. arsebobs Cveuli interesTa konfliqti
aqcionerebsa da menejerebs Soris. aqcionerebs
surT mogebis miReba da aqciebze fasebis zrda,
romelic menejerTa mxridan moiTxovs sakmao Zal-
isxmevas SesaZlo dabali saxelfaso anazRaure-
biT. menejerebs surT hqondeT maRali xelfasi
da aqcionerTa miswrafebebis sazianod SeeZloT
Zalauflebisa da prestiJis realizeba.
2. principals aqvs mxolod SezRuduli cod-
na da warmodgena agentis kvalifikaciis, moqmedeb-
isa da miznis Sesaxeb, rasac dasavleTSi mecnier-
ekonomistebi uwodeben informaciul asimetrias.
am orive aspeqtis kombinacia ayalibebs aqcioner-
ebis urTierTobas menejerebTan da korporaciuli
mmarTvelobis sakiTxTa mTel wyebas. maSasadame,
aqcionerebi da menejerebi korporaciis marTvaSi
warmoadgenen ZiriTad steikholderebs, romelTa
nax. 1. saagento urTierTobebi menejersa da
aqcioners Soris
369
Soris marTvis procesSi adgili aqvs interesTa
konfliqts da informaciul asimetriulobas, rac
miuTiTebs kidec orive dainteresebuli mxaris
funqcionalur gansxvavebulobaze. es ki, Tavis
mxriv garkveuli saxis siZneleebs warmoSobs
korporaciis funqcionirebaSi da Sesabamisad ar-
Tulebs dasaxuli miznis miRwevas, romelic kor-
poraciis efeqturi marTvis procesSi realizdeba
da rasac mxolod mTavari – moqmedi, principali
– agentis normalur urTierTobasa da interesTa
pativiscemaze dafuZnebuli urTierTobebis arse-
boba uzrunvelyofs.
literatura:
1. Berle, A.A., and Means, G.C., The Modern Corporation and Private Property., New York, 1932
2. Monks, R.A.G., and Minow, N., Corporate Governance, 2nd edn. Malden, Mass: Blackwell., 2001.
3. Moore, G., Tinged Shareholder theory: or what’s so spe-cial about stakeholders? , Business Ethics: A European Review, 1999, 8/2: P. 117-27.
4. Parkinson, J.E., Corporate Power and Responsibility. Ox-ford: Oxford University Press., 1993, P. 76-100.
5. Berk, J., DeMarzo, P., Corporate Finance, (2end edition), Harlow, Essex, 2011, P. 939
6. Crane, A. , Matten, D., Business Ethics : A European Per-spective (Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustainability in the Age of Globalization). Oxford- New York., Oxford University Press., 2004, P.186-187
7. Jensen, M., and Meckling, W., Theory of the firm: mana-gerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 1976, 3 :P. 305-60.
8. Shankmann, N.A., Reframing the debate between agency and skateholder theories of the firm? Journal of Business Ethics, 1999, 19: P. 319-34
370
$7.3. kompaniis TanamSromlebi
kompaniis TanamSromlebi gansakuTrebul adg-
ils ikaveben steikholderTa Soris, ramdenadac
isini mWidrod arian integrirebulni firmaSi.
aqcionerebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic ZiriTa-
dad floben firmis yvela materialur da arama-
terialur aqtivebs, personali warmoadgens kompa-
niis adamianur resurss da faqtobrivad swored is
ayalibebs korporaciis fizikur birTvs, da amave
dros warmoebis yvelaze mniSvnelovan faqtorad
gvevlineba.
korporaciis TanamSromlebis, rogorc dainter-
esebuli mxaris ukeT gasagebad, mniSvnelovania
maTsa da korporacias Soris damokidebulebis
ori, samarTlebrivi (legaluri) da ekonomikuri
aspeqtis naTlad warmoCena:1
legalur doneze kompaniasa da mis TanamSrom-
lebs Soris Cveulebriv arsebobs Taviseburi sax-
is kontraqti, orive mxaris garkveuli uflebebiTa
da movaleobebiT. msgavsi samarTlebrivi urTi-
erTobebi, romlebic mocemuli qveynisa Tu saer-
TaSoriso samarTlebrivi kanonmdeblobiT aris
uzrunvelyofili, xels uwyobs kompaniasa da mis
TanamSromlebs Soris arsebuli didi raodeno-
bis sakiTxis Sesaxeb iuridiulad kodificirebul
gadawyvetilebebis miRebas. amgvari urTierTobebi
gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa dasavleT evropisaT-
vis, radgan aq jer kidev industriuli revolu-
ciis gariJraJamde didi xniT adre aRniSnul sub-
ieqtebs Soris arsebuli damokidebulebani ukve
warmoadgenda samTavrobo regulaciebis sagans.
legaluri urTierTobebi warmoadgens mniS-
vnelovan faqtors firmis dainteresebul mxare-
Ta urTierTobebis ekonomikuri aspeqtisaTvis.2
371
firmasa da TanamSromlebs Soris urTier-
Tobebi xasiaTdeba uzarmazari raodenobis gare
faqtorebis arsebobiT orive mxridan, e.i. saubar-
ia TiToeulisaTvis potenciurad SesaZlo im
xarjebze, romlebic ar aris Setanili SromiT
xelSekrulebaSi. es latenturi anu faruli xar-
jebi SeiZleba xasiaTdebodes kompaniis aqtivebis
specifikurobiT, rac niSnavs TanamSromlebis mxri-
dan sakuTari droisa da Zalisxmevis investirebas
kompaniis aqtivebis ganviTarebaSi calkeuli dam-
saqmeblis sasargeblod da piriqiT. specifikuri
bunebis amgvarma xarjebma SesaZloa warmoSvas is,
rac biznesis eTikaSi moraluri riskebis saxel-
wodebiT aris cnobili. aRniSnuli riskebis arse-
boba mosalodnelia orive mxridan, rac warmoaCens
eTikur sakiTxTa farTo speqtrs Sida urTierTo-
baSi.
meti TvalsaCinoebisaTvis SevexoT ramodenime
aspeqts:
• samsaxurSi mowyoba samuSaos maZieblis
mxridan saWiroebs sxvadasxva saxis seriozul
gadawyvetilebebis miRebas, rac ukavSirdeba mis
sayofacxovrebo garemos cvlilebebs, aseve – mniS-
vnelovan finansur investiciebs ganaTlebasa da
spectreiningebis sferoSi da sxv.
• kompaniisaTvis xangrZlivi droiT muSaoba
warmoSobs mniSvnelovan damokidebulebas amave
kompaniaze e.i. damsaqmebeli SeiZleba gaxdes
dasaqmebulis finansuri bazisi. analogiurad,
TanamSromeli codnis didi nawiliT SesaZlebe-
lia daukavSirdes erT konkretul kompanias, rac
niSnavs imas, rom amgvarma metismetobam SesaZloa
katastrofuli gavlena iqonios mis Semdgom kari-
eraze.
• sxva aspeqtia samsaxuris qona, rac dasaqme-
372
bulis SromiTi saqmianobis umetes periods moi-
cavs, da sadac mravalTaTvis igi ar warmoadgens
mxolod yoveldRiur yofiT rutinas, aramed mniS-
vnelovani karieris gakeTebis kargi SesaZleblo-
bacaa, da rac erTi-orad zrdis dasaqmebulis dam-
saqmebelze damokidebulebis xarisxs.
yvela es aspeqti ver Tavsdeba firma-dasaqme-
bulis urTierTobebis xelSekrulebiT formatSi.
aqedan gamomdinare, arsebuli mocemuloba SeiZle-
ba ganxilul iqnes, rogorc moraluri safrTxis
Semcveli situacia, radgan, miuxedavad sakanonmde-
blo doneze arsebuli mniSvnelovani Zalisxme-
visa, gaumjobesdes dasaqmebulTa samarTlebrivi
statusi, swored damsaqmeblis subieqturi gad-
awyvetilebebi ganapirobebs didwilad umuSevro-
bis relatiurad maRal dones umetes evropul
qveynebSi, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT mesame da me-
oTxe samyaros qveynebSi am mxriv Seqmnil umZimes
mdgomareobaze. amgvarad, SromiTi personali imy-
ofeba mudmivi riskis qveS damsaqmeblis mxridan,
raTa am ukanasknelma subieqturad, sakuTari sur-
vilisamebr ar gamoiyenos TanamSromlebis masze
damokidebulebis momenti, rac bunebrivia samsaxu-
ridan maT daTxovnaSi gamoixateba.
meore mxriv, damsaqmebeli sakuTari TanamSrom-
lebis mxridan aseve awydeba moraluri safrTxis
msgavs elementebs:3
• arcerT damsaqmebels SeuZlia akontrolos
an iwinaswarmetyvelos srulad TanamSromlis
saqmianoba, Tumca kompaniam drois raRac monakveT-
Si SeiZleba aRmoaCinos personalis WeSmaritad
nayofieri saqmianobis, gunduri muSaobisa da
saimedoobis utyuari xelwera, rac gansakuTrebiT
sacnobia im kompaniebisaTvis, romlemac funqcion-
irebis krizisul fazaSi ganicades mniSvnelovani
373
zarali. swored amitom, kompanias sakuTari Tanam-
Sromlebis qcevebis mimarT gaaCnia mkacri moni-
toringisa da kontrolis interesi.
• globalur bazrebze kompaniebi indus-
trializebul dasavleTSi sul ufro didi in-
tensivobiT axdenen dabalkvalificiuri Sromis
uaxles codnaze dafuZnebuli SromiT Canacvle-
bas. aRniSnulma procesma kompaniebi miiyvana im
mdgomareobamde, roca Rirebulebis mniSvnelovani
odenobis Seqmna sruldeba maRalkvalificiuri
specialistebis mier, romleTa codnis praqticire-
bis kontroli, kompanias mxolod nawilobriv Tu
SeuZlia, rac kompaniis konkurentunarianobisaT-
vis garkveuli safrTxis Semcvelia.
• umetes Wkvian, gamocdil menejersac ki uWirs
srulad Seafasos momavali TanamSromlis namdvi-
li SesaZleblobebi. amitom, rodesac korporacia
qiraobs momaval TanamSromels da valdebulebas
iRebs moaxdinos ZviradRirebuli investiciebi
misi kvalifikaciis amaRlebaSi, TiTqmis SeuZle-
belia imis gansazRvra, Tu ramdenad produqtiuli
iqneba msgavsi kapitaldabandebebi kompaniisaTvis.
rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, damsaqmebeli –
dasaqmebuls Soris urTierTobebSi moraluri
riskebidan mravali warmoadgens kanonmdeblobis
obieqts, ramdenadac TanamSromlebi ufro metad
damokidebul da sust mxared gvevlinebian mor-
aluri safrTxis qveS myofobis TvalsazrisiT,
am kanonmdeblobis didi nawili fokusirebulia
dasaqmebulis uflebebze. Tumca arsebobs samarT-
lebrivi traeqtoriis mkafio sazRvrebi eTikuri
sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi. amas garda, damsaqmebelsa
da dasaqmebuls Soris urTierTobebis xasiaTidan
gamomdinare, xSirad iqmneba arsebuli kanonebis
aSkara gamoyenebis saWiroeba, da samarTlebrivi
374
gadacdomis SemTxvevaSi, is Zalzed xSirad eTi-
kuri gansjis sagani xdeba.
amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas rom kompaniis Tanam-
Sromlebi warmoadgenen kompaniis saxes da saku-
Tar kompanias sxva umetes steikholderTa winaSe
da moqmedeben korporaciis saxeliT maTTan mima-
rTebaSi. Sesabamisad, is faqti, rom korporaciis
TanamSromlebi gavlenas axdenen sakuTari kompa-
niis warmatebebze, SeiZleba miCneul iqnes, rogorc
maT mier gaRebuli umniSvnelovanesi kontribucia
kompaniis grZelvadiani stabiluri funqcionireb-
is saqmeSi, da rac damsaqmeblis mxridan moiTxovs
jerovan Sefasebebsa da analizs kompaniis sakadro
politikis gatarebis procesSi.
literatura:
1. Carroll, A.B., “The four faces of corporate citizenship” Business and Society Review, 1998, 100/1:P.P.1-7
2. Carroll, A.B. and Buchholz, ics and Stakeholder Manage-ment, 4th edn. Cincinnati: South-Western College., 2000
3. A. Crane, D. Matten., Business Ethics, A EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE (Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustain-ability in the Age of Globalization). , Oxford – New York, OX-FORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2004, P.226
375
$7.4. mimwodeblebi da konkurentebi
biznesis eTikis sxva steikholderebs Soris
(rogorebic arian momxmareblebi, xelisufleba,
arasamTavrobo seqtori, kompaniis TanamSromlebi
Tu aqcionerebi), mimwodeblebsa da konkurentebs
mniSvnelovani adgili ukaviaT.
steikholderis cnebis naTelsayofad Cven Seg-
viZlia moviSvelioT prof. ivenisa da frimenis
cnobili definicia: <<korporaciis steikholderi
aris individi an jgufi, romelic korporaciidan
iRebs zarals an sargebels, an romlis uflebebi
SeiZleba darRveul an pativcemul iqnes korpo-
raciis mxridan>>.1
rogorc cnobilia, mimwodeblebi arian steik-
holderebi, romlebsac korporaciis warmateb-
is Sedegad SeuZliaT mniSvnelovani sargeblis
miReba saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze gazrdili
SekveTiT, an piriqiT, maT SeiZleba ganicadon mniS-
vnelovani zarali SekveTebis arqonisa da da-
kargvis gamo. maSasadame, mimwodeblebi floben
garkveul uflebebs, romlebic gaTvaliswinebuli
da pativcemuli unda iqnes korporaciaTa mxri-
dan. mimwodeblebis uflebebSi Cven vgulisxmobT
iseT uflebebs, sadac mxedvelobaSi miiReba: kon-
traqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebis realizeba,
patiosani vaWroba, patiosani qcevis wesebis dacva
da loialobis garkveuli donis arseboba. marT-
lac, Tu kargad davakvirdebiT, organizaciebi da
maTi mimwodeblebi sakuTari warmatebiT Zalzed
mWidrod arian urTierTdamokidebulni. Tumca,
aqve unda SevniSnoT isic, rom am or mxares Soris
arsebuli urTierTdamokidebuleba sruliadac
ar aRniSnavs mas, rom maTi interesebi yovelTvis
konvergentuli, anu urTierTTanxvedria. magali-
376
Tad, kompaniis mier warmoebuli Sesyidvebis dros,
mimwodeblebis mxridan SesaZloa adgili hqondes
iafi produqciis miwodebiT xarjebis Semcirebas,
rac maT interesSia, radgan es ukanasknelni yov-
elTvis eswrafvian garigebebs saukeTeso pirobe-
biT da Semosavlebis maqsimizacias.
meore mxriv, konkurentebi Zalzed iSviaTad Tu
moixseniebian steikholderebad. prof. spensi da
sxva mecnierebi2 konkurentebs <<Zlier kargad>>
miviwyebul steikholderebsac ki uwodeben. ra
aris amis mizezi? es xdeba imitom, rom konkuren-
tebi ganixilebian klienturisaTvis, sxvadasxva
resursisaTvis Tu jildosaTvis daundobel me-
brZol mxareebad, sadac eTikuri aspeqti Zalzed
xSirad ignorirebulia da amitom, is kompaniebi,
romlebic met-naklebad daculni arian erovnuli
Tu saerTaSoriso savaWro SeTanxmebebiT, valde-
bulni arian aseve pativi scen sakuTar da sxvaTa
samarTlebliv uflebebs, romelTac ganekuTvneba
bazrebze Tavisuflad Sesvlisa da maTi datoveb-
is ufleba, yovelgvari gavleniTa da iZulebis ga-
reSe fasebze TviTregulaciis ufleba, da saku-
Tari produqciis Sesaxeb potenciuri klientebis
drouli informirebis ufleba. amgvar kanonier
uflebaTa miRma konkurentebs gaaCniaT moraluri
pretenziebi iseTi organizaciebis mimarT, rom-
lebic gadian kanoniT dadgenili CarCoebidan, mag.,
rac Seexeba e.w. <<fair play>>, <<anu patiosani Ta-
maSis>> uflebis formas Tu sxv. rasakvirvelia,
dRes aRaravin kamaTobs konkurentul situacieb-
Si organizaciebisaTvis kartblanSiT moqmedeb-
is, maTi mxridan imgvar moqmedebaTa, rogoricaa
konkurentebis mimarT motyuebis ciliswamebis,
momxmareblebisaTvis konkurentebis Sesaxeb cru
informaciis gadacemis, konkurent organizacieb-
377
is TanamSromlebze ,,nadirobisa” da sxva msgavsi
sakamaTo praqtikis warmarTvis dauSveblobaze.3
aseve aravin ayenebs eWqveS mas, rom konkurentebma,
rogorc steikholderebma organizaciebis mxridan
SesaZloa miiRon garkveuli sargebeli an gani-
cadon mniSvnelovani zarali. sabazro pirobebis
mkveTri cvlilebebis kvaldakval (rogoric aris
maTi mimwodeblebis gadasvla konkurentebis mx-
ares, am ukanasknelTa mxridan gacilebiT maRali
fasebis SeTavazebis gamo) kompaniebma savsebiT
SesaZloa dakargon an SeiZinon sakuTari wili
bazarze.
swored amgvar mocemulobaTa gaTvaliswine-
biT, sawarmoebi ganxilulni unda iqnen ara ro-
gorc ekonomikuri aqtiurobebis izolirebuli
kunZulebi, aramed rogorc subieqtebi, sxva sawar-
moebTan erTad moqmedi erT saerTo qselSi, sx-
vadasxva urTierTinteresTa valdebulebiTa da
urTierTdakavSirebuli resursis Tu jildos na-
kadiT. gamomdinare aqedan, naTeli xdeba is, rom
firmebi albaT yvelaze ukeT gagebul unda iqnes,
rogorc e.w. <<industrial network>> anu <<sawarmoo
qselis>> nawili, da ara ubralod, rogorc or
mxares Soris martivi gacvlis subieqtebi.4 amg-
vari qselis modeli mogvyavs nax. 1. saxiT, sad-
ac asaxulia korporaciisa da mis mimwodebelebs
Soris damokidebuleba, konkurent kompaniebs, mim-
wodeblebsa da maT mimwodeblebs Soris urTier-
TobaTa konteqstiT.
378
nax. 1. mimwodeblebis urTierToba sawarmoo
qselis farglebSi
sawarmoo qselis modelis Tanaxmad, mniSvnelo-
van gadawyvetilebebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor bi-
znesgarigebaSi imyofeba esa Tu is firma nebi-
smier calkeul sxva firmasTan (rogoricaa misi
erT-erTi mimwodebelTagani), SesaZloa hqondes
mniSvnelovani efeqti biznesis qselis sxva mrav-
alricxovan wevrebze, sxva mimwodeblebis, poten-
ciuri mimwodeblebisa da konkurentebis CaTvliT.
im dros, rodesac eTikuri valdebulebebi, rom-
lebic gaaCnia firmas qselis sxva wevrebis mimarT
SesaZloa rom varirebdes, es ar xdis sakamaTod
im faqts, rom maT yvelas uZevT garkveuli wili
pasuxismgeblobisa gadawyvetilebaTa ama Tu im
formaSi, - da SeswevT unari movaleobaTa msgavsi
gadanawilebis safuZvelze saerTo interesebis
gaTvaliswinebiT imoqmedon.
mimwodeblis
mimwodebeli
korporacia
mimwodebeli
mimwodeblis
mimwodebeli konkurenti
potenciuri
mimwodebeli konkurenti
mimwodeblis
mimwodebeli
potenciuri
mimwodebeli
mimwodebeli
379
literatura:
1. Evan, W.M. , and Freeman, R.E. ‘A stakeholder theory of the modern corporation: Kantian Capitalism’. In W.M. Hoffman and R.E. Frederick (eds), Business Ethics: Reading and Cases in Corporate Morality,3rd edn. New York: McGraw-Hill: P.P.145-54,1993.
2.Spence, L.J. , Coles, A., and Harris, L ‘The forgotten stake-holder? Ethics and social responsibility in relation to competi-tors’. Business and Society Review, #106/4, P. P. 331-52, 2001.
3.Crane, A.,Matten,D., Business Ethics, A EUROPEAN PER-PECTIVE (Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustainability in the Age of Globalization), OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS P.305,2004.
4. Easton, G., Industrial networks: a review. In.B. Axelsson and G Easton (eds.), Industrial Networks: A New View of Reality. London: Routledge: P. P. 3-27
380
$7.5. momxmareblebi
steikholderebs Soris, momxmareblebi aSkarad
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi steikholderebia
nebismieri organizaciisaTvis, ramdenadac momx-
marebelTa Taviseburi saxis mxardaWeris gareSe
(iseTis, rogoricaa moTxovnis, rogorc ekonomi-
kuri kategoriis bazarze gasvlis Sedegad sxva-
dasxva saxis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Sesyidva)
saeWvoa, rom romelime organizacias SeZleboda
didxans arseboba. momxmareblebSi Cven vgulisx-
mobT ara ubralod im momxmareblebs, romlebic
saboloo angariSiT iZenen mza produqcias maRa-
ziebsa Tu supermarketebSi, aramed yvela organi-
zacias, romelic debs xelSekrulebas sxva or-
ganizaciebTan saqonliTa da momsaxurebiT maTi
uzrunvelyofis Taobaze (mag., iseTi institucia,
rogoric aris universiteti, garkveuli azriT
warmoadgens aseve momxmarebels, radgan is yidu-
lobs inventars, maT Soris avejs, sakancelario
saqonels, wignebs, Jurnalebs da sxva saqonelsa
Tu momsaxurebas sakuTari biznesis, anu swavlebi-
sa da kvlevisaTvis).
dasavleTis qveynebSi sayovelTaod miRebul
praqtikad iTvleba is, rom sawarmoebi maqsimalu-
rad cdiloben iqonion saukeTeso urTierTobebi
sakuTar klientebTan. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es
midgoma namdvilad warmoadgens organizaciebis
biznesstrategiebis umTavres da umniSvnelovanes
princips, rac ganapirobebs maT momaval komerci-
ul warmatebebs, e.i. uaxloesi konkurentebis Camo-
tovebas konkurenciul srbolaSi. kompaniebi, rom-
lebic bazarze yvavian, is kompaniebia, romlebic
mudmivad uTmoben yuradRebas sakuTari klienteb-
is moTxovnaTa dakmayofilebas. xolo sapirispiro
381
SemTxvevaSi ki, kompaniebi gardauvalad kargaven
sakuTar wils bazarze, rac sabolood bunebrivia
uaryofiTad zemoqmedebs maTsave rentabelobaze.
magram SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva: miuxedavad
mwarmoebelTa da momxmarebelTa interesTa aseTi
mWidro Tanxvedrisa am ukanasknelTan mimarTeba-
Si arcTu iSviaTad ratom aqvs adgili eTikur
darRvevebs da amis fonze ratom gamoiyureba mar-
ketingisa da gayidvebis samsaxuris reputacia ase
ubadrukad? magaliTad, arc Tu Soreul warsulSi,
dasavleTSi firmebis mxridan adgili hqonda sa-
kuTar klienturaze saeWvo xerxebiT mopyrobis
mraval SemTxvevas:1
• Tambaqos mwarmoebeli kompaniebi dadana-
Saulebulni iyvnen sakuTari momxmareblebis
motyuebaSi, maTTvis janmrTelobisaTvis saSiSi
produqtis miyidvis gamo, rac mdgomareobs mwarmoe-
belTa mxridan, daavadebis gamomwvevi produqciis
saxifaTo Tvisebebis damalvasa da uaryofaSi.
• multinacionaluri farmacevtuli kom-
paniebi dadanaSaulebulni iyvnen mesame samyaros
qveynebis eqspluataciaSi, rac mdgomareobs gad-
amdebi infeqciebis sawinaaRmdego medikamentebiT
vaWrobis procesSi maRali fasebis SenarCunebisa
da dabali fasebis gamoyenebis prevenciaSi.
rasakvirvelia, msgavsi magaliTebi iZleva SeS-
foTebis safuZvels msoflios nebismier qveyanaSi.
aq usaTuod Cndeba kiTxva imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramde-
nad TanxvedraSia momxmareblebis, rogorc steik-
holderebis moTxovnaTa dakmayofileba firmis
interesebTan? da Tu aris imgvari situaciebic, sa-
dac myidvelisa da gamyidvelis interesebi Sorde-
ba erTmaneTs?2 vfiqrobT, rom sabazo doneze mis
provocirebas SeiZleba axdendes alternatiuli
variantebis arseboba mxareebs Soris. magram es ar
382
unda iyos arsebiTi safuZveli amgvari mdgomareo-
bisa. Cveni azriT, aq gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs
eTikuri aspeqti. Tundac calsaxad gamokveTili
urTierTinteresis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, saWiroa
imis garkveva, Tu ra ayalibebs eTikur an araeTi-
kur qcevebs momxmarebelTa mimarT. rogorc wesi,
dasavleTSi qcevaTa es normatiuli baza efuZneba
momxmareblis uflebebis ideas, romelic SeiZleba
Semdegnairad iqnes warmodgenili:
momxmareblis uflebebi gulisxmobs TiToeuli
momxmareblis Rirsebis pativiscemas, anu mwarmoe-
blebi valdebulni arian momxmareblebi ganix-
ilon rogorc mizani, da ara mxolod maTi miz-
nis miRwevis saSualeba. maSasadame, momxmareblis
uflebebis dacva warmoadgens zneobriv imperativs,
romelic vlindeba patiosani sabazro urTierTo-
bebis procesSi.
yvela demokratiuli qveynis kanonmdeblobiT
akrZaluli saqonlis SefuTvasTan da reklamire-
basTan mimarTebaSi informaciis Segnebuli falsi-
fikaciis dros, momxmarebels sruli ufleba aqvs
ama Tu im produqtis warmomavlobasTan dakavS-
irebuli sarwmuno informaciis flobis Sesaxeb.
mxolod amgvar konteqstSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli
dasmuliyo kiTxva myidvelsa da gamyidvels So-
ris patiosani urTierTobebis Taobaze. momxmareb-
lis uflebebis swored amgvari ruxi sferoebis
sivrceSi Cndeba zemoT naxsenebi marketingisa
da gayidvebis saeWvo praqtikac, romlis preven-
cias momxmareblebisaTvis ara mxolod garkveuli
uflebebis miniWeba, aramed aseve maTi mxridan val-
debulebis nebayoflobiTi aReba warmoadgens, da
rac asaxvas korporaciebze erTgvari kontrolis
ganxorcielebaSi poulobs, rogorc lokalur, _
calkeuli momxmareblis uflebebis dacvis, ise
383
globalur, _ ekologiuri problemebis Tavidan ac-
ilebis sibrtyeze. amgvar efeqtebze udides zemoq-
medebas swored rom Cveni, rogorc momxmareblebis
mier SesyidvebTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebe-
bi axdens. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac arsebobs iseTi
precendentebi rogoric aris saqveynod cnobili
amerikuli sportuli produqciis mwarmoebeli
kompaniis “Reebok”-is damokidebuleba mesame samya-
ros muSaxelis mimarT, an aseve amerikuli navTob-
mompovebeli gigantis “ExxonMobil”-is gamoxmaureba globaluri daTbobis mtkivneul sakiTxTan dakav-
SirebiT, momxmareblebis, rogorc steikholdereb-
is adekvatur pozicias gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
eniWeba warmoebis usafrTxo da mdgradi ganvi-
Tarebis saqmeSi.
literatura:
1. Andrew Crane, Dirk Matten, Business Ethics, A European Perspective (Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustainabil-ity in the age of globalization), Oxford University Press, Oxford , 2004. P. 267
2. N.C. Smith, Marketing strategies for the ethics era., Sloan Management Review , N 36/4, 1995, P.P. 85-97
384
$7.6. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis or-ganizaciebi
arc Tu ise Soreul warsulSi, kerZod ki ori
aTwleulis win, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gaaqti-
urebis sawyis etapze socialuri da politikuri
sferos Teoretikosebs sjerodaT, rom Cven vcxov-
robdiT orseqtorian msoflioSi, romelSic ig-
ulisxmeboda bazris, anu ekonomikuri seqtori
(biznesi), da saxelmwifo seqtori (xelisufleba).
isini uSvebdnen, rom iseTi aqtualuri da saWir-
boroto sakiTxebi, rogoric aris sazogadoebri-
vi keTildReobda da garemos dacva, unda ganxi-
luliyo TiToeulis, _ erTi mxriv SromiTi da
sasaqonlo bazrebis, da meore mxriv saxelmwifo
momarageba - uzrunvelyofis WrilSi.
globaluri ekonomikuri procesebis kvaldakval
dasrulda da arsebuli forma da datvirTva SeiZi-
na samoqalaqo sazogadoebrivma seqtorma (sss), da
nacvlad orseqtoriani planetaruli mowyobisa,
miviReT samseqtoriani konfiguracia (ix. nax. 1),
saxelmwifo
seqtori
xelisufleba
bazris seqtori
biznesi
samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis seqtori arasamTavrobo
organizaciebi,presing-
jgufebi, saqvelmoqmedo
sazogadoebebi da sxv.
nax. 1. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba rogorc ,,mesame
seqtori”.
385
sadac yuradRebis centrSi fokusirdeba or-
ganizaciaTa iseTi tipebi maTive funqciuri
datvirTviT, rogorebicaa arasamTavrobo organ-
izaciebi, presing-jgufebi, saqvelmoqmedo sazoga-
doebebi, adgilobriv TemTa jgufebi, religiuri
organizaciebi da sxv., romlebic rogorc pir-
dapir, ise iribad urTierToben kompaniebTan da
mniSvnelovnad zemoqmedeben korporaciul saqmi-
anobebze da SeaqvT cvlilebebi maT miznebsa da
strategiebSi, ris TvalsaCino magaliTebsac war-
moadgens <<McDonald>> VS <<Jose Bove farmer union>>, <<Nestlé>> VS <<Baby Milk Aktion>>, da <<Shell>> VS <<Greenpeace>> Soris warmoebuli daundobeli br-
Zolebi. meti TvalsaCineobisaTvis es ukanaskneli
SemTxvevac kmara: saqme exeba 1995 wels warmoqm-
nil problemas, romlis winaSec imyofeboda bri-
tanuli navTobkompania Shell mas Semdeg, rac man gadawyvita Tavidan moeSorebina Brent Spar-is navTo-
bis sazRvao platforma da CaeZira atlantikis
okeaneSi. es gaxldaT klasikuri magaliTi imgvari
krizisuli situaciisa, romelSic kompania Shall aRmoCnda garemos damcvelTa mxridan mxolod
imitom, rom man gamoavlina sruli uunaroba sa-
zogadoebis winaaRmdegobis xarisixs SefasebaSi
platformis CaZirvis gegmebTan dakavSirebiT. mog-
vianebiT Catarebulma samecniero gamokvlevebma
aCvena, rom swored Rrmad CaZirva iyo ekologi-
urad gacilebiT usafrTxo varianti platformis
gasanadgureblad, magram kompaniis xelmZRvanelo-
bam ver SeZlo ekologiuri sazogadoebis, maT So-
ris upirvelesad Grenpeace-is darwmuneba amgvar
mosazrbaTa sisworeSi. <<mwvaneTa>> mier inspiri-
rebulma protestis farTomasStabianma kampaniam
platformis CaZirvis winaaRmdeg, kompania Shell ai-Zula uari eTqva pirvelad gegmaze da ganexila
386
alternatiuli da gacilebiT ZviradRirebuli
SesaZleblobebi am marTlacda uSvelebeli meta-
lis konstruqciis Tavidan mosaSoreblad.1 sxva
steikholderebisagan gansxvavebiT, rogoric aris
personali, momxmarebeli Tu aqcionerebi, rom-
lebic korporaciasTan mimarTebaSi Sromis, Se-
mosavlebisa da kapitalis formiT gvevlinebian
kompaniis pirdapir kontributorebad, samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis organizaciebs, iSviaTi gamonakli-
sis garda, arasodes SeaqvT pirdapiri wvlili
korporaciaTa funqcionirebaSi. Cven mier zemoT
motanili SemTxvevac swored amis maCvenebelia da
miuxedavad imisa, rom Greenpeace namdvilad ar war-
moadgens kompaniis uSualo kontributors, misi
rogorc steikholderis ignorireba SeuZlebelia,
radgan man kompania Shell-is faqtobrivad Seunar-Cuna is uamravi momxmarebeli, romelic CarTuli
iyo am saprotesto moZraobaSi.
zogadad dasavlur literaturaSi samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis organizaciebis msgavsi zewolis
jgufebis Sesaxeb, Tu saxeldobr vis warmoadgenen
isini, dominirebs ori ZiriTadi tipi:2 seqciuri
da promociuri (ix. nax.2).
seqciuri jgufebi promociuli jgufebi
wevroba daxuruli Ria
warmodgena sazogadoebis
specifikuri seqcia
sadavo sakiTxebi
miznebi TviT-interesi socialuri miznebi
tradiciuli statusi insaideri autsaideri
mTavari midgoma konsultacia argumenti
zewola
ganxorcielebuli…
. . . meSveobiT (-iT)
anulirebis muqara masmediis
sajarooba
nax. 2 samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizacieb-
is gansxvavebuli tipebi
387
• seqciuri jgufebi moicavs profesiul kav-
Sirebs, asociaciebs, studentur organizaciebsa da
sxva imgvar gaerTianebebs, romelic efuZneba saku-
Tar wevrTa survilebsa da interesebs, da romelic
miiCneva sazogadoebis gansakuTrebul segmentad.
sso-is seqciuri jgufebis wevroba Riaa mxolod
maTTvis, vinc specifikuri seqciis farglebSi as-
rulebs gansazRvrul obieqtur kriteriumebs.
magaliTad, isini warmoadgenen konkretuli sam-
uSao adgilis, profesiisa Tu geografiuli re-
gionis nawils. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organi-
zaciebi uwinaresad mihyvebian da iTvaliswineben
am wevrobis TviT-interesebs.
• promociuri jgufebi ki piriqiT, fokuris-
debian specifikuri mizezebisa Tu problemebis win
wamowevaze. garemos dacvis jgufebi, anti-Tambaqos
mwevelTa jgufebi da pro-jansaRi cxovrebis jg-
febi warmoadgenen promociuri sso-is TvalsaCi-
no magaliTebs. es organizaciebi warmogvidgebian
problemebisadmi saerTo ideologiisa Tu damok-
idebulebis mqone organizaciebad. es jgufebi na-
klebad exebian sakuTari wevrebis interesebs da
metad koncentrirdebian farTo socialuri miz-
nebis miRwevis Ziebaze.
tradiciulad, seqciuri jgufebi arian insaid-
eris statusis matarebeli, xolo promociuri
jgufebi ki autsaideris stausis mqone,3 rac ni-
Snavs imas, rom vinaidan seqciuri jgufebi ga-
nixileba rogorc specifikur, identificirebad
amomrCevelTa legitimur warmomadgenlad, vTqvaT
rogoricaa – eleqtrikosebi, fermerebi, muslimebi,
an studentebi, anu konkretuli profesiuli, reli-
giuri, Tu sxva gansazRvruli segmenti, samarTli-
anad miiCneva amave amomrCevelTan SemxeblobaSi
myofi raime problemis gadawyvetasTan dakavSire-
388
biT maTi azris gaTvaliswineba. mag.: soflis meur-
neobis politikis SemuSavebis dros xelisufleba
konsultaciebs gadis fermerul gaerTianebebTan.
rac Seexeba promociur jgufebs, rogorc wesi
maT ufro naklebad martivi wvdoma aqvT samTav-
robo Tu korporaciuli politikis SemuSavebis
procesSi. ramdenadac isini ar warmoadgenen ad-
vilad identificirebad amomrCevlebs, Sesabamisad
ar aris naTeli maTi poziciac. Sedegad, promoci-
uri jgufebi eswrafvian masobrivi sazogadoebri-
vi azris mobilizebas iqamde, vidre maT xmas gai-
gonebdnen, an iqnebian CarTulni nebismieri saxis
gadawyvetrilebis miRebis procesSi. amis safuZv-
elze, promociur jgufebs marTebT Zlier aqtiuri
CarTuloba problemaTa gadaWris saqmeSi. es Cveu-
lebriv moicavs Zlieri argumentebis formirebis,
demonstraciebis organizebisa Tu provokaciuli
media-triukebis mowyobis mxareebs, imisaTvis rom
SesaZlebeli iyos maTi mesijebis dayvana adresa-
tamde.
maSasadame, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom iseTma samo-
qalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciebma, rogoricaa
Greenpeace, Amnesty, WWF, Friends of the Earth da sxv., uka-nasknel wlebSi sakuTari moRvaweobiT SeZles
farTo sazogadoebis ndobis mopoveba da war-
moCindnen socialuri da ekonomikuri debatebis
solidur moTamaSeTa saxiT, ramac maT biznes
eTikis irgvliv warmoebul diskusiebSi SesaZle-
bloba misca yofiliyvnen imgvaradve aRiarebulni,
rogorc sxva ufro tradiciuli ,,ekonomikuri”
Tu ,,ZiriTadi” steikholderebi.
389
literatura:
1. Нефтяная платформа BrentSpar – Кризис коммуникаций с общественностью,.
http://www.adeator.com/novyj-vzglyad-na-reklamu/neftya-naya/platforma-brent-spar-krizis/
2. Smith, N.C., <<Moraliy and the Market: Consumer Pres-sure for Corporate Accountability>>., London: Routldge., 1990,P. P.105-13
3. Whawell, P. P<<The ethics of pressure groups>>,. Busi-ness Ethics: A European Review, #7/3, 1998, P. 225-45
390
$ 7.7. xelisufleba
yoveli xelisuflebis erT-erT umTavres fun-
qcias biznespraqtikis regulirebisaTvis, sakanon-
mdeblo sferoSi misi aqtiuri CarTuloba war-
moadgens. rogorc cnobilia da ris Sesaxebac Cven
agviRniSnavs, bizneseTika iwyeba iq, sadac mTavrdeba
kanoni,* raSic igulisxmeba is, rom xelisufleba
Tavis Tavze iRebs sul mcire sabaziso misaRebi
praqtikis dawesebas biznesSi. is aseve efeqturad
uzrunvelyofs ,,funqcionirebis licenziiT” biz-
ness Tavis iurisdiqciaSi.
rodesac Cven vsaubrobT ,,xelisuflebis” Sesax-
eb am konteqstSi, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs sxvadasxva
aqtiorTa, instituciaTa mTeli jgufebi da pro-
cesebi1 umetesi evropuli qveynis msgavs demokra-
tiul sazogadoebaSi xelisufleba moicavs yvela
sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel Stos, romlebic
moqmedeben saparlamento Tanxmobis safuZvelze.
maSasadame, “xelisufleba” SesaZloa ganisazRvros
Semdegnairad:
xelisufleba Sedgeba mravalgvari institucie-
biTa da aqtiorebisagan sxvadasxva doneze, rom-
lebic kanonTa gamoyenebisas inawileben saerTo
uflebamosilebebs.
kanonTan mimarTebaSi, biznesis eTikis konteqst-
Si arsebiTad Cven dakavSirebulni varT kodifi-
kaciis konkretulad im sakiTxTan, Tu ras miiCnevs
sazogadoeba Sesabamis da Seusabamo moqmedebad,
saidanac gamomdinareobs Semdegi saxis definicia:
socialuri konsensusis zust wesebSi kanonebi
* v. xizaniSvili., Jurn. ekonomika #5-6, Tb., 2013,
gv. 197
391
asruleben kodifikaciis funqcias imis Sesaxeb, Tu
ra miaCnia sazogadoebas sworad da arasworad.
swori da araswori biznespraqtikis kanonTa
kodifikaciis ganxilvisas, mniSvnelovania imis aR-
iareba, rom kanoni warmoadgens biznesregulaciis
gacilebiT farTo sferos erT-erT aspeqts. sax-
eldobr, ra igulisxmeba regulaciaSi?
regulacia srulad exeba biznesqcevebis mTel
marTvelobiT wesebs. is moicavs wesebsa da qme-
debebs, iseve rogorc kavSirSia formaluri Tu
araformaluri wesebis Seqmnisa da zemoqmedebis
sxva formebTan. regulacia aseve moicavs farTo
samTavrobo politikis mimarTulebebs, konceftebs,
miznebsa da strategiebs, yvelafer mas, rac sab-
olood SesaZlebels xdis an zRudavs biznesaqti-
orTa moqmedebs. Tumca yvela regulacia rodi wa-
rimarTeba kanonebiT; xandaxan is funqcionirebs
kreatiuli normebis safuZvelze, rac gansazRvravs
misaReb qcevebs, magram romelic arsebiTad fun-
qcionirebs mxolod sazogadoebrivi zegavleniT
da waxalisebiT.
orive es ganmarteba – rom regulacia aris
wesebis gansazRvruli tipebis Sesaxeb, da rom is
warimarTeba samTavrobo da arasamTavrobo aqtio-
rebiT, SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs movaxdinoT misi
Semdegi definicia:
regulacia SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc
wesebi, romlebic gamoicema samTavrobo aqtio-
rTa da sxva uflebamosili organoebis mier bi-
znesmoqmedebebis SezRudvis, gafarToebis, Tu wax-
alisebisaTvis. regulacia moicavs wesebs, kanonebs,
meqanizmebs, procesebs, sanqciebsa da iniciativebs.
es definicia SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs gaverkveT
biznessa da xelisuflebas Soris urTierTobis
bunebaSi da kerZod, korporaciaSi xelisuflebis
392
specifikuri wilis flobaSi.
rodesac Cven vsaubrobT xelisuflebis, rogorc
steikholderis ZiriTad rolze biznesSi, saWi-
roa gvaxsovdes, rom rogorc wesi, saqmin wreebs
araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba aqvT xelisu-
flebis mimarT. erTi mxriv, bizness uyvars “Civi-
li” hiperaqtiur xelisuflebaze, romelic bizne-
sisagan “zRvargadasuli” gadasaxadebis gadaxdas
moiTxovs, an axdens misi saqmianobis SezRudvas,
magaliTad, kompaniebis SerwymaTa blokirebas, an
produqciis usafrTxoebis axali standartebis
wamoyenebas. meore mxriv, biznesi aseve elodeba,
rom xelisufleba mudmivad monawileobdes misi
interesebis dacvaSi, iseTis, rogoric aris mag.,
qveyanaSi infrastruqturis gaumjobeseba an su-
lac proteqcionisturi politikis gatareba, rac
mkveTrad SezRudavda ucxouri kompaniebis wils
da samoqmedo areals Sida bazarze.
Tu Cven SevxedavT am urTierTobebs xelisu-
flebis perspeqtividan, situacia sruliadac ar
aris martivi. miuxedavad imisa, rom politikose-
bi aqtiurad TanamSromloben biznesTan, arCevne-
bidan arCevnebamde isini aseve iTvaliswineben sa-
kuTari amomrCevlis mier maT mimarT wayenebul
moTxovnebs, romelTa molodins biznesSi xelisu-
flebis mxridan dozirebuli kontroli warmoad-
gens imisaTvis, rom biznesi yovelTvis moqmedebs
sazogadoebis interesTa gaTvaliswinebiT.
xelisuflebis, rogorc mniSvnelovani steik-
holderis biznesze zegavlenisa da am ukanaskne-
lis mxridan masze ukuqmedebis sakmaod rTuli
urTierTobis gasarkvevad saWiroa, rom Cven gavmi-
jnoT xelisuflebis ori ZiriTadi roli, romel-
ic naCvenebia nax. 1 saxiT.2
393
nax. 1. xelisufleba rogorc biznesis steik-
holderi
es aris: pirveli, - xelisufleba, rogorc mo-
qalaqeTa interesebis warmomadgeneli; da meore,
- xelisufleba, rogorc aqtiori (an aqtiorTa
jgufi) Tavisi sakuTari interesebiT. ganvixiloT
TiToeuli maTgani:
xelisufleba, rogorc moqalaqeTa inter-
esebis arCeuli warmomadgeneli. sxva steik-
holderebisgan (mag., aqcionerebi, TanamSromlebi,
an mimwodeblebi) gansxvavebiT, xelisufleba ar-
sebiTad warmoadgens mTel sazogadoebas, imdenad,
ramdenadac is airCeva garkveuli qalaqis, region-
is, qveynisa Tu kontinentis (mag. evropis parla-
menti) moqalaqeTa mier. am kavSirSi, xelisufleba
Tavisebrivad msgavsia samoqalaqo sazogadoe-
brivi organizaciebisa, radgan isini warmoadgenen
sazogadoebis didi nawilis interesebs da am
rolSi, rogorc moqalaqeTa interesebis arCeuli
warmomadgeneli, xelisufleba umTavresad gansaz-
Rvravs kidec biznesis funqcionirebis licenziis
pirobebs.
xelisufleba rogorc
biznesis steikholderi
xelisufleba, rogorc
moqalaqeTa interesebis
arCeuli warmomadgeneli
xelisufleba, rogorc
aqtiuri (an aqtiorTa jgufi)
Tavisi sakuTari interesebiT
biznesis
SezRudva biznesis
waxaliseba biznesze
damokidebuli biznesis
konkurenti
394
praqtikaSi, funqcionirebis es definicia Cveu-
lebriv ufro SesamCnevi xdeba im sivrceSi, sad-
ac xelisufleba sakuTar amomrCevelTa mandatis
Sesrulebisas cdilobs biznesis SezRudvas. mag:
isini aweseben garemos dacviT regulaciebs, rac
aiZulebs kompaniebs filtrebis instalirebas, an
narCenebis gadamuSavebas; isini uweseben maT ga-
dasaxadebs korporaciul mogebebze; da isini
ikvleven, Tu ramdenad aris kompaniebis Serwymis
moTxovna sazogadoebis interesSi.
yovelive es RonisZieba tardeba imisaTvis, rom
biznesinteresebi mudmiv TanxvedraSi iyos sa-
zogadoebriv moTxovnebTan. kerZod, - yovelTvis
arsebobdes patiosani da Ria konkurencia momx-
marebelTa sasikeTod, da safrTxe ar Seeqmnas ax-
landel da momaval TaobaTa janmrTelobas3.
pirveli aspeqti mWidrod ukavSirdeba biznesTan
mimarTebaSi xelisuflebis dadebiT rols4. ko-
paniebis Serwymis akrZalviT an safondo bazrebze
treiderebis qcevaTa regulirebiT, xelisufleba
faqtobrivad pirvel rigSi asrulebs sakvanZo
rols biznesis waxalisebis, biznessaqmianobaTa
SesaZleblobebis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi. radgan
logikuria, rom bazrebi SeiZleba mxolod maSin
funqcionirebdes, rodesac dadgenilia ZiriTadi
wesebi da arsebobs Sesabamisi normatiuli baza.
xelisufleba rogorc aqtiori (an aqtiorTa
jgufi) Tavisi sakuTari interesebiT. motivacie-
bi, ris safuZvelzec xelisufleba aqtiurad ere-
va ekonomikaSi, drodadro SesaZloa iyos Zalian
mniSvnelovani, magram arsebiTia is, rom isini moq-
medeben uSualod maTi eleqtoratis interesebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. xelisufleba SeiZleba aseve
iqnes ganxiluli, rogorc aqtiori (an aqtiorTa
jgufi) Tavisi sakuTari interesebiT. amis erT-erT
395
mizezs warmoadgens is, rom xelisuflebas Cveu-
lebriv gaaCnia kvlav arCevis survili da inter-
esi. demokratiis umetes qveynebSi xelisuflebis
mier eleqtoratze dawesebuli kontroli ramde-
nadme iribia. Tumca Cven SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom
biznesiT dainteresebuli xelisufleba warmoad-
gens ara mxolod sakuTari eleqtoratis (irib)
warmomadgenels, aramed aseve, rogorc (pirdapir)
steikholders Tavisi sakuTari uflebebiTa da in-
teresebiT.
amgvarad, xelisufleba warmoadgens pirvel da
yvelaze metad dainteresebul mxares ekonomikuri
bumis dros, rac faqtobrivad mas xdis Zlier da-
mokidebuls biznesze. erTi mxriv, maTi saarCevno
warmatebebi damokidebulia maRali dasaqmebis,
mzardi Semosavlebis da biznessaqmianobebis, ga-
farToebis politikis mxardaWerasa da gatare-
baze. meore mxriv, arcerTi amaTTagani ar imyofeba
uSualo gavlenis qveS xelisuflebis mxridan. es
mdgomareoba ki xelisuflebas xdis sakmaod susts
da biznesze damokidebul steikholders. Tumca am
rolSi xelisufleba ara mxolod damokidebulia
biznesze, aramed aseve metoqeobs biznesTan. magal-
iTad, bevr evropul qveyanaSi saxelmwifosgan fi-
nansirebadi satelevizio kompaniebi (maT Soris
BBC did britaneTSi da ARD germaniaSi) konkuren-cias uweven kerZo operatorebs.
dasasruls SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom biznessa
da xelisuflebas Soris arsebuli urTierTda-
mokidebulebis delikaturi buneba, rodesac isi-
ni TanamSromloben an metoqeoben erTsa da imave
sferoSi, cxaddeba im garemoebaTa gamo, rom isini
xSirad funqcionireben gansxvebul da araTana-
bar ZalTa poziciidan. erTi mxriv, xelisufleba
sargeblobs gadaWarbebuli ZalauflebiT anu in-
396
stitucionaluri uflebamosilebiT, ramdenadac
mas SeuZlia gansazRvros biznesis TamaSis wese-
bi Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo bazis safuZvelze.
meore mxriv, korporaciebs, Sesabamisad bizness
drodadro ZaluZs isargeblos ekonomikuri upi-
ratesobiT (anu xelsayreli ekonomikuri pirobe-
biT), vinaidan potenciurad maT gaaCniaT finansur
wyaroTa damatebiTi resursi investiciebisaTvis,
maSin rodesac xelisuflebas zogjer ar ZaluZs
an ar surs damatebiTi gadasaxadebis generire-
biT misi realizeba. amgvari mdgomareoba kidev
ufro mgrZnobiares xdis xelisuflebasa da bi-
znesis damokidebulebas, da romelTa Soris nor-
maluri urTierTobebisaTvis, gadamwyvet rols
swored xelisufleba, rogorc biznesis warmate-
biT dainteresebuli mxare, rogorc steikholderi
TamaSobs.
literatura:
1. Andrew Crane, Dirk Matten; Business Ethics, A European Perspective (Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustainabil-ity in the Age of Globalization); Oxford University Press, 2004, P.388
2. ix. wyaro [1] gv. 3913. Thorne McAlister, D., Ferrel, O.C., Ferrel, L. Business and
Society: A Strange Approach to Corporate Citizenship. Boston: Houghton Mifflin., 2003., P.P, 97,120
4. Carroll, A.B. and Buchholtz , A.k. Business and Society: Ethics and Stakeholder Management, 4th edn. Cincinnati: South-Western College., 2000., P.P 208-15
397
boloTqma
saxelmZRvanelo wigni ,,eTikuri ekonomika”
warmoadgens siaxles qarTul samecniero sivrce-
Si, gamomdinare iqidan, rom msgavsi saxis naSromi
saqarTveloSi ar Sesrulebula da misi am form-
iT warmoCineba dRemde ar momxdara.
,,eTikuri ekonomika” aris ekonomikisa da eTikis
konvergencia da gaiazreba postmodernis, axali
msoflio eTosis WrilSi. eTikis sakiTxebi ase
Tu ise exeba ekonomikur urTierTobaTa praqti-
kulad yvela sferos. gabatonebuli eTikuri fa-
seulobebis sistema kacobriobis mTeli istoriis
ganmavlobaSi gansazRvravda da momavalSic uci-
loblad gansazRvravs ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
ara mxolod tempebs, aramed mimarTulebebsac. esa
Tu is pozicia gansazRvrul eTikur sakiTxebTan
mimarTebaSi gavlenas axdens ekonomikuri ganvi-
Tarebis mimarTulebis veqtorsa da arCeuli mima-
rTulebis moZraobis siswrafeze.
ukanasknel xans ekonomikisa da eTikis kavSi-
rurTierTobaTa sakiTxebi iZens met aqtualobas.
sagrZnobia religiis, moralis, kulturis mniS-
vnelovani gavlena adamianis da mTlianad sazoga-
doebis ekonomikur qcevebze. aseve mniSvnelovani
da sayuradReboa sabazro ekonomikis eko-social-
uri aspeqtebi, romlebmac bolo aTwleulebSi
gansakuTrebuli simwvave SeiZines. amasTan erTad
unda aRiniSnos isic, rom ekonomikisa da saerTod
sazogadoebis humanizacia warmoadgens movlenas,
rac kacobriobas aiZulebs arsebuli normebisa
da faseulobebis axleburad gaazrebas, da maSas-
adame – axlebur midgomas, romelTa pozitiuri
gadawyvetac pirdapir kavSiriSia globalur so-
cialur-ekonomikur politikasTan.
398
gasuli saukunis da Tanamedroveobis ekono-
mikuri kvlevebis erT-erT umTavres problemas
pirdapiri kavSiri gaaCnia eTikasTan. es aris in-
dividualur, zogaderovnul da zogadsakaco-
brio interesTa Soris Tanafardoba. sxvadasxva
mkvlevarTa (gamorCeulad ki germaneli ekonomis-
tis v. oikenis da amerikeli nobeliantis k. er-
ous) Sromis Sedegebma da ekonomikurma praqtikam
dagvanaxa, rom xangrZliv perspeqtivaSi individu-
aluri interesebi emTxveva sazogadoebriv inter-
esebs.
gadaWarbebis gareSe SeiZleba iTqvas, rom a. sm-
itiT dawyebuli mravali gamoCenili swavluli
ekonomisti avlebda paralels qcevaTaA eTikuri
normebis dacvasa da bazris efeqtian funqcion-
irebas Soris.
sazogadoebis zneobriv donesa da ekonomikis
efeqtian funqcionirebas Soris arsebul urTi-
erTkavSirze miuTiTebda aseve italieli ekono-
misti da sociologi v. pareto, romelsac miaCnda,
rom sabazro ekonomikis efeqtiani funqcionireba
SesaZlebelia im pirobebSi, roca sazogadoebaSi
Semosavlebis ganawileba emorCileba eTikur kri-
teriumebs.1
yoveli ekonomikuri sistema, iseve rogorc yo-
veli sazogadoeba saWiroebs eTikur safuZvels.
Tanamedrove ekonomikac aseve saWiroebs zneobriv
dasabuTebas. eTikuri normebis gareSe sazogadoe-
brivi meurneobis upiratesoba, romelSic yvela
monawile axorcielebs garigebas bazarze da rom-
lis xarjzec Sromis danawilebidan isini iRe-
ben sargebels, swrafad gaqreboda ramdenadac es
1. http:/ www.mce.biophys.msu.ru.
399
garigebebi dakavSirebuli iqneboda did danaxar-
jebTan.
ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT sruliad realis-
turia is, rom eTikuri normebis formireba xde-
boda adamianuri gamocdilebis zemoqmedebiT
aTaswleulebis manZilze. isini aRmocendnen prag-
matul-evoluciuri swavlebis procesSi. eTikuri
normebi Trgunaven uaryofiT gare efeqtebs da
piriqiT, xels uwyoben dadebiTi gare efeqtebis
gamovlenas. eTikuri normebi – es aris Sinagani
kompasi, riTac SesaZlebelia sakuTari qcevebisaT-
vis swori mimarTulebis micema.
Cveni sazogadoeba imdenad rTulia, rom mas ar
SeuZlia mxolod am normebiT funqcionireba. is
aucileblad saWiroebs institucionaluri sis-
temis wesebis damatebas, romelSic dadgindeba, Tu
rogor unda xdebodes urTierTobebi normalur
meurneobaSi. es wesebi warmoiqmnebian resursebis
gaZlierebuli SezRudvis (mag., bunebis sargeblo-
bis wesebi) Sedegad da sameurneo urTierTobaTa
sirTuleebis zrdis (mag., saaqcio sazogadoebebSi
riskebis ganawilebis wesebi) kvaldakval.
kacobriobis istoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis garTulebis Sedegad
individebis eTikuri normebi icvleboda institu-
cionaluri wesebiT. Tumca aqve unda iTqvas isic,
rom isini efuZneba eTikur normebs. amitomaa Sesa-
Zlebeli am wesTa, bazris da sabazro ekonomikis
eTikis irgvliv msjeloba.2
dRes ukve cxadi gaxda, rom sazogadoebrivi
koordinaciisaTvis mxolod wminda ekonomikuri
urTierTobani ar aris sakmarisi da rom ekono-
2. http:/ www.economicus.ru
400
mikis sferoSi aucilebelia eTikur sawyisebTan
dabruneba. Cven vimyofebiT globalizaciis epo-
qaSi, sadac saxezea erTi ekonomikuri tipis meo-
reTi Canacvlebis procesi, e.i. liberaluri sabaz-
ro ekonomikuri urTierTobebis adgils ikavebs
axali, eTikur principebsa da faseulobebze
dafuZnebuli humanuri ekonomikuri urTierTobebi.
ekonomikasa da eTikas Soris arsebuli dialeqti-
kuri kavSir-urTierTobebi Tanamedrove msoflio-
Si gaiazreba postmodernis, axali msoflio eTo-
sis WrilSi. postmodernis ekonomikis anu eTikuri
ekonomikis axali paradigma efuZneba axal msof-
lio ekonomikur eToss. dRes ukve SeuZlebelia
erovnuli ekonomikis, erovnuli bazrebis eTosze
saubari, radgan globalizaciis kulminaciur
fazaSi man SeiZina globaluri ekonomikuri eTo-
sis forma.3 msoflio ekonomikis am axali moce-
mulobis wvdoma da analizi aris dRes eTikuri
ekonomikis centraluri amocana. misi mecnieruli
midgomis umTavres sakiTxTagania ekonomikis da-
mokidebuleba ekologiasTan, kulturasTan, reli-
giasTan, tradiciebTan, esTetikasTan da eTikasTan,
raTa moxerxdes globalizebuli ekonomikis
gageba da axsna.4
eTikuri ekonomikis axali paradigma, romelic
dafuZnebuli iqneba eTikur faseulobebze _ da-
bali umuSevrobisa da inflaciis, warmoebis, vaW-
robisa da kapitalis mobilurobis amaRlebis,
warmoebis zRvruli xarjebis dacemisa da in-
formaciis gavrcelebis nulovani danaxarjebis,
3 .Peter Koslowski (Hg) Weltwirtschaftsethos (Globalisierung und Wirtschaftsethik), Passagen Verlag, Wien, 1997, S.69
4. ix. wyaro 3, gv 70.
401
transaqciebis siswrafisa da transaqciuli da-
naxarjebis Semcirebis fonze unda uzrunvely-
ofdes ekonomikis mdgrad ganviTarebas. is saWi-
roebs mimdinare globalizaciisa da msoflio
integraciis procesebis jerovan gaTvaliswine-
bas romlebic erTi mxriv iwveven yoveli nacion-
aluri ekonomikis funqcionirebis pirobaTaA cv-
lilebebs, xolo meore mxriv axali nacionaluri
ekonomikuri da saxelmwifoTaSorisi politikis
koordinaciis arCevasTan dakavSirebiT moiTxoven
axal midgomebs.5
globaluri kapitalizmi mxolod maSin aris
warmatebuli grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, roca
is sazogadoebrivadaa misaRebi6 da gamagrebu-
lia Zlieri moraluri safuZvlebiT nebismieri
ekonomikuri sistema moqmedia da funqcionirebs
gansazRvrul momentamde, magram maSinve ganicdis
kraxs, rogorc ki misi eTikuri safuZvlebi iwyeben
rRvevas, an Cndeba axali sazogadoebrivi sistema
rogorc misi realuri alternativa.7 amitom mig-
vaCnia, rom globaluri ekonomikis axali sistema,
romelic warmodgenili iqneba eTikuri ekonomikis
paradigmis saxiT, unda iyos dafuZnebuli kerZo da
sazogado interesTa Tanxvedraze, rac iqneba dar-
egulirebuli iseTi faseulobebiT, rogoricaa: hu-
manuroba, sicocxlis pativiscema da mofrTxileba,
araZaladoba, solidaroba, samarTlianoba, toler-
5А. Б. Кузнецов, «Новая экономика» и Новая экономическая парадигма (Актуальные проблемы экономической теории), экономическая наука современной Росии, №2, 2002 г. С. 7
6 Hans Küng, An Ethical Framework the Global Market Economy; Making Globalization Good. (The Moral Challenges of Global Capitalism) Edited by Hohn H. Dunning, Oxford, 2003, P. 147
7ix. wyaro 6; gv 148
402
antoba, Tanasworoba, partnioroba, erTguleba.
21-e saukunis dasawyisSi saxezea ekonomikisa da
eTikis mWidro daaxloeba. qmnian ra organul er-
Tobas ekonomikuri da eTikuri Teoriebis gaer-
TianebiT mecnierebis es ori dargi ayalibebs er-
Tian interdisciplinarul xedvas, romelic Tavis
wiaRSi aseve moicavs sociologiis, Teologiis,
polotologiis, ekologiis, kulturologiisa da
sxva fundamentur mimarTulebebs.
imisaTvis, rom SesaZlebeli iyos eTikuri
ekonomikis axali paradigmis cxovrebaSi danergva
da gatareba, saWiroa samecniero doneze moxdes
ekonomikisa da filosofiis (konkretulad ki so-
cialuri eTikis) daaxloeba da safuZveli Caeya-
ros ori mimarTulebis konstruqciul TanamSrom-
lobas.
yoveli paradigma gamomdinareobs samyaros wv-
domis sakuTari modelis erTianobidan.8 msgavsi
damokidebuleba arsebobs eTikuri ekonomikis, ro-
gorc postmodernis axali paradigmis mimarTac.
8http://www.ushakov.org/arch/oooooocf.htm
403
Vasil Khizanishvili
Ethical Economics
In the work are successively discussed the essential sides of ,,Ethical Economics”, as quite new interdiscipli-nary subject in Georgia.
The textbook is destined for the Professors and Bach-elor, Master, PhD students of all corresponding speciali-ties. It will also come to the aid of other readers which are interested in these questions.
Editor: Elguja Meqvabishvili
Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor
Reviewers: Loid Qarchava
Doctor of Business Administracion,
Associate Professor
Giorgi Sibashvili
Doctor of Philosophical Sciences,
Associate Professor
The textbook was published by KAAD financing.
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wigni aewyo da dakabadonda gamomcemloba
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