Expectations from open science - Shared andunshared challenges for Europe and Japanオープンな科学の展望:ヨーロッパと日本

にとっての共通課題、固有課題

Syun Tutiya土屋俊

The National Institution for Academic Degrees and University Evaluationto be The Institution for Academic Degrees and Quality Enhancement of Higher Education

from April, 2016

October 14, 2015at Kobe University

Outline

Caveat: While respecting EU’s pro-open science decisions, Idon’t and can’t quite say anything really constructive, butwill confine myself to trying to better understand perceivedchallenges.

“Open science” is an oxymoron, to begin with. Science hasbeen esoteric, monopolized by experts, sages, savants, gurus,authority etc. But, anyway,

1. Terminological reflections A la FOSTER

2. Open access and open data in Japan, 2020: Targetsand predictions

3. Possible innovations and possible breakthroughs: Socialand economic impacts of “open” science, really?

4. Obstracles and hindrances

5. Agenda to be shared

10/14/15 1/18

Outline

Caveat: While respecting EU’s pro-open science decisions, Idon’t and can’t quite say anything really constructive, butwill confine myself to trying to better understand perceivedchallenges.

“Open science” is an oxymoron, to begin with. Science hasbeen esoteric, monopolized by experts, sages, savants, gurus,authority etc. But, anyway,

1. Terminological reflections A la FOSTER

2. Open access and open data in Japan, 2020: Targetsand predictions

3. Possible innovations and possible breakthroughs: Socialand economic impacts of “open” science, really?

4. Obstracles and hindrances

5. Agenda to be shared

10/14/15 2/18

Outline

Caveat: While respecting EU’s pro-open science decisions, Idon’t and can’t quite say anything really constructive, butwill confine myself to trying to better understand perceivedchallenges.

“Open science” is an oxymoron, to begin with. Science hasbeen esoteric, monopolized by experts, sages, savants, gurus,authority etc. But, anyway,

1. Terminological reflections A la FOSTER

2. Open access and open data in Japan, 2020: Targetsand predictions

3. Possible innovations and possible breakthroughs: Socialand economic impacts of “open” science, really?

4. Obstracles and hindrances

5. Agenda to be shared

10/14/15 3/18

Open Science in “Openness movement”

I Open access: “free and unrestricted online availability”of “peer-reviewed journal literature”(BOAI, 2002);

I Open data: “Data that can be freely used, re-used andredistributed by anyone - subject only, at most, to therequirement to attribute and sharealike”(Open DataHandbook, 2011-2012);

I Open source: Apache License, BSD license, GNUGeneral Public License, and many more;

I Open reproducible research: “The act of practicingOpen Science to enable the independent reproducibilityof the research results”(Stodden, 2009); and

I And, Open educational resources(OER) and MOOCs:“materials offered freely and openly to use and adaptfor teaching, learning, development andresearch”(Commontwealth of Learning)

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Naive quesitons(1): Is open science a better science?

1. Open access: “Accelerate research, enrich education,share the learning of the rich with the poor and thepoor with the rich”

2. Open data: Decreases costs, promotes new research,facilitates education of future researchers, expandsunnoticed possibility etc

3. Open source: “Given enough eyeballs, all bugs areshallow,” ( i.e. the more widely available the sourcecode is for public testing, scrutiny, and experimentation,the more rapidly all forms of bugs will be discovered.)

4. Open reproducible research: Improves reliability ofscientific research

5. Open educational resources: Promotes education

10/14/15 5/18

Naive quesitons(2): Is “Open science” a scholarlycommunication concept, or a science practice concept?

1. Is open science cheaper?Good science does not have to be cheap, right?

2. Is open science “innovative”?Probably no

3. Is open science consistent with industrial innovations?Industry does not pay if it does not have to.

4. Is open science sustainable?Who pays for science?

Everything ending up with, or starting with MONEY!

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Open access in near future

I Funders emergingI RCUKI NWOI GRC

I Open access is easy to achieve when it is tied up to“research accessment, ” a lesson from UK’s REF2014,2020l

I Open access secularized into business modelsI “Cascade” editing may be going to be prevalent with

publishers with quality journalsI No sales to libraries unnecessary any moreI The Second Flipping

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[Picture]

I “Predatory” publishers emerging anyway, with qualityassurance yet to be lost

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Flipping for the second time

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[BACK]

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Flipping for the second time

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[BACK]

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Flipping for the second time

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[BACK]

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Flipping for the second time

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[BACK]

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Will citizens be more educated and “scientific”?

I This is not newI William Whewell’s tidal research 1833 – 1840, made

possible by British Association for Advancement ofScience(currently, British Science Association)

I SETI@Home, SOHO, Galaxy Zoo, The Great SunflowerProject, FoldIt etc.

I PolymathI Lorenzo’s Oil(1992), Extraordinary Measures(2010), etc.

I Citizens are tools, not really beneficiaries?

I If citizen science is more or less confined to datacollection and puzzle solving, which are both features of“normal science,” it is hard to expect innovations fromcitizen science.

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Data is tough to make open

I Data sharing is necessary for sureI Explosion of data creation/generationI SizeI ReproducibilityI Constraints on resources. Budget.

I However,I Are seemingly “all-purpose,” though actually

article-oriented, “institutional” repositories toughenough?

I Cybersecurity on campus generally tends to bemiserable world wide

I What is the “given”(=datum) anyway? Isnt’ it that allobservation is theory-laden?

I “Open” means “Unwarranted,” a forgotten principle,i.e. who curates?

I Whoever cares will curate and share, but that’s what wedo now

10/14/15 13/18

Changes apparently, but nothing is new except for “digital”

I “Big science” funding since the mid-20th century, and“science for progress and prosperity” since the 19thcentury

I Scientists since the early 19th century

I Mondern university a la Humboldt with highereducation and research for “the country”

I Scholarly society/associations since the early 19thcentury

I International collaboration by scientists across borderssince a long time ago

I employment and promotion based on researchperformance in research institutions since nobody knowswhen

Is “digital” ominous for an overall restructuring?

Or will the changes be assmilated into the scientificestablishment?

10/14/15 14/18

Changes apparently, but nothing is new except for “digital”

I “Big science” funding since the mid-20th century, and“science for progress and prosperity” since the 19thcentury

I Scientists since the early 19th century

I Mondern university a la Humboldt with highereducation and research for “the country”

I Scholarly society/associations since the early 19thcentury

I International collaboration by scientists across borderssince a long time ago

I employment and promotion based on researchperformance in research institutions since nobody knowswhen

Is “digital” ominous for an overall restructuring?

Or will the changes be assmilated into the scientificestablishment?

10/14/15 15/18

What about Japan?I “Open access” is not so much of success so far, nor will

it beI Only a small number starting or turning to open access

journals as well as a low green rate of capturing articleson institutional repositories

I “Open science” is an “imported” idea, not necessarilyindigenous

I The logic is that because open science could make forthe country’s sustainable development, open science isgood and necessary, so that it is necessary to “respondto the global trend in open science.” by “the expertpanel on open science, based on global perspectives,Cabinet Office”(March, 2015)

I Open data is being discussed and will be only discussedexcept for niche fields, like bio and earth sciences, withmany difficult cases in the humanities and socialsciences

I Open source will stay10/14/15 16/18

The role of libraries/librarians ready to disappear?

I Given the progress of gold open access, authors will bereaders more literally, probably still assisted bypublishers

I Given the slow progress, hopefully, of green openaccess, repositories will be merely platforms which canbe managed by anyone, not excluding librarians butincluding many others

I Given the prograss of OER, teachers are free to chooseanything available on line, thus unburdening libraries ofthe duty of providing learning materials for students,like reserve stack

I Data is of such diversity that the relatively homogeniouslibrary methods may not handle.

10/14/15 17/18

In (place of) conclusion

I What is the role of green open access in the worldwhere gold open access is the rule? ⇒ Libraries will bepublishers of locally generated knowledge for all to share

I Data sharing is necessary and vital, as evidenced by ourpast practice. Science has long since been a communityactivity. ⇒ “Digital” has made it easier.

I Open source will be normal in various ways

I Open reproducible research will be more appreciatedthan before in the sense that research will be more“ethical.” But data sharing is more important inUNreproducible research, like geosensing, ecology, etc.

I Higher education as a place for research, why? ⇒ Thequestion will still remain.

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