FCH

December 2009

Fuel Cell & Hydrogen 2OO9-2O1O

Development of Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technologies

Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology Development DepartmentMUZA Kawasaki Central Tower 20F, 1310 Omiya-cho, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa 212-8554 JapanT e l: +81-44-520-5260Fax: +81-44-520-5263http://www.nedo.go.jp/english/

New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)

Background ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2

Political Measures and Industrial Trends in Japan …………………………………………………………………… 2

Activities of NEDO's Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology Development Department ………………………………………… 2

Projects of Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology …………………………………………………………………… 3

CONTENTS

PROJECT

Introduction

MORE INFORMATION

Fuel Cell

Codes and Standards

Hydrogen

Demonstration

1. Strategic Development of PEFC Technologies for Practical Application ………………………… 4

2. Strategic Development of PEFC Technologies for Practical Application/ Research on Nanomaterials for High Performance Fuel Cells ………………………………… 8

3. Fuel Cell Cutting-Edge Scientific Research Project …………………………………………10

4. Development of System and Elemental Technology on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) ………………12

5. Development of Technologies for Hydrogen Production, Delivery and Storage Systems ……………14

6. Fundamental Research Project on Advanced Hydrogen Science ………………………………16

7. Advanced Fundamental Research on Hydrogen Storage Materials ……………………………18

8. Establishment of Codes & Standards for Hydrogen Economy Society …………………………20

9. Demonstration of Residential PEFC Systems for Market Creation ………………………………22

10. Demonstrative Research on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) ……………………………………24

11. Japan Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Demonstration Project ………………………………………26

NEDO 2008 Roadmap for Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology Development Overview of 2008 Roadmaps for Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology ……………………………………………………28

Digest : Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (PEFC) Roadmap (Stationary fuel cell systems) ………………………………………29

Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (PEFC) Technology Roadmap (Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV)) …………………………………30

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) Technology Roadmap ……………………………………………………………31

Hydrogen Storage Technology Roadmap ……………………………………………………………………32

On-site Hydrogen Station Technology Roadmap ………………………………………………………………33

Off-site Hydrogen Station Technology Roadmap ………………………………………………………………34

TOPICS Industry Results and Trends ……………………………………………………………………………………35

Basic Knowledge Hydrogen basics ……………………………………………………………………………………………36

Basics of fuel cells …………………………………………………………………………………………38

Introduction to the NEDO website ………………………………………………………………………………40

In Japan's Cool Earth-Innovative Energy Technology Program, which was announced in March 2008, stationary fuel cell systems, fuel cell vehicles, as well as hydrogen production, delivery, and storage systems, were designated as priority technologies. As part of the program's goal of dramatically reducing carbon dioxide emissions by 2050, the research and development of fuel cells and hydrogen for practical use is being actively undertaken in both the public and private sectors. At the industrial level, a commercialization scenario for fuel cell vehicles and hydrogen stations has been developed, with the aim of commercialization for the general public by 2015.

With the heightened awareness of global environmental issues in recent years, the development of fuel cell and hydrogen-related technologies, centered around the polymer electrolyte fuel cell, has been ongoing and increasingly active worldwide. A number of measures to promote development and commercialization have been proposed and the competition to develop the technology has intensified around the world.

Political Measures and Industrial Trends in Japan

Background

Given the background and trends described above, NEDO's Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology Development Department is promoting technological development projects encompassing basic research, experimental studies, and the establishment of benchmarks and standards in cooperation with industry, academic institutions and government. Currently, NEDO is undertaking 11projects in three fields: stationary fuel cell systems, fuel cell vehicles and hydrogen infrastructure. In particular, the development of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC), solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), and hydrogen production, delivery and storage systems is being promoted. Concerning the development of PEFCs, NEDO is promoting research to significantly improve performance, extend operating life, and reduce costs. An integrated approach is being undertaken for the development of basic production technology, such as mass production technology, and next-generation fuel cell technology.The Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology Development Department is collecting various on-road performance, reliability and fuel cell vehicle fuel consumption data from test runs on public roads. Furthermore, NEDO is involved in reviewing national regulations to encourage the dissemination of these technologies throughout Japan. Aiming to enhance Japan’s competitiveness in international markets, NEDO is also promoting the collection of various data and the establishment of testing/evaluation methods to be proposed for the development of international standards.

Activities of NEDO's Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology Development Department

Hydrogen

Infrastructure

Dev

elop

men

t of S

yste

m a

nd

Elem

enta

l Tec

hnol

ogy

on

Solid

Oxi

de F

uel C

ell (

SOFC

)

Tech

nolo

gyD

evel

opm

ent

Dem

onst

rativ

e Re

sear

ch

on S

olid

Oxi

de

Fuel

Cel

ls (S

OFC

)

Adv

ance

d Fu

ndam

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l Res

earc

h on

Hyd

roge

n St

orag

e M

ater

ials

Dem

onst

ratio

n of

Re

side

ntia

l PEF

C S

yste

ms

for M

arke

t Cre

atio

n

Stationary Fuel Cell System

Fuel Cell Vehicle

Stan

dard

izat

ion

Dem

onst

ratio

n

Proj

ects

of F

uel C

ell a

nd H

ydro

gen

Tech

nolo

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Stra

tegi

c D

evel

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of P

EFC

Tec

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sfo

r Pr

actic

al A

pplic

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Fuel

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and

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Soci

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Fund

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esea

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Proj

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Hydr

ogen

Sci

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Stra

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of P

EFC

Tec

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r Pr

actic

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sear

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ells

4

Duration FY2005 – FY2009FY2008 budget ¥4.69 billionBackground Fuel cells can provide higher overall efficiency compared to conventional internal combustion

engines and greatly reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The use of fuel cells also represents an oil-alternative form of transportation as various types of fuel, including natural gas and methanol, can be used. Furthermore, the use of fuel cells produces important environmental benefits, such as a reduction in the emission of air pollutants like nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides and the quietness of the system leads to a reduction in noise pollution.

Objective Given their high output density and superior start and stop capabilities, there are high hopes that PEFCs will be fully commercialized as next-generation energy supply systems for fuel cell vehicles and residential cogeneration systems. This project is focused on establishing the technologies required for the full-scale practical application of PEFCs.

Outline To increase efficiency and reliability, and reduce costs, which are essential for the commercialization of PEFCs, this project comprehensively promotes the ongoing development of technology for practical application during the initial introduction stage, the development of elemental technology for the full introduction stage and the development of next-generation technology for the full dissemination stage. Moreover, in order to encourage further research and development breakthroughs in these technologies, in addition to establishing fundamental technology for the practical application of PEFCs this project will promote fundamental and common research into the clarification of fuel cell stack reaction and degradation mechanisms and measurement evaluation technologies. This will be carried out through an industrial-academic collaborative approach, as well as a vertical collaborative framework incorporating systems, materials and components.

Under Strategic Development of PEFC Technologies for Practical Application, the following four technological development sub-projects are being promoted. The targeted technological advancements for PEFCs are expected to be achieved during the full-scale commercialization stage (2020 to 2030), when fuel cell vehicles, like conventional vehicles, are expected to have a lifespan exceeding 100,000 kilometers and residential stationary fuel cells are expected to be as durable and have a service life comparable to that of home appliances and cost are reduced to several tenths of current costs.

(1) Development of technology focused on basic and common issuesNEDO has formed a number of academic-industry consortia to carry out intensive research focused on clarifying the degradation mechanisms of unit cell and fuel cell stacks and to develop technology to improve the endurance of PEFCs. These represent the basic and common issues that must be addressed for fuel cell vehicles and the residential PEFC systems to be commercialized.Each sub-project is promoted in an integrated approach; a project leader is assigned to each consortium to manage and promote an individual project while regular meetings of project leaders, chaired by the senior program manager of NEDO, are held to facilitate information sharing and promote discussion on common issues.A separate brochure "Industry-academic partnership project on PEFC," describes this sub-project in more detail (in Japanese). (See next page for additional information.)

Strategic Development of PEFC Technologies for Practical Application

Project overview1

Project features2

Strategic development of PEFC

technologies for practical application

5

Strategic development of PEFC

technologies for practical application

Strategic technological development concerning the practical application of PEFC

1) Basic and common issues (clarifying the reaction and degradation mechanisms)

2) Elemental technology development

3) Technology development for practical application (development of basic production technology)

4) Next-generation technological development

Academic-

industrial collaboration

Com

petitive development

Next-generation

Formation of consortia through academic-industrial collaboration and implementation of research and development into basic and common issues, in order to achieve breakthroughs in relation to improved durability and lower costs.

Implementation of cutting-edge elemental technology development relating to electrolyte membranes and electrode catalysts, MEA, peripheral equipment and reformers, with a view to achieving substantial improvements in durability, cost reductions and improved efficiency.

Implementation of technology for mass production processes relating to the electrodes, separators, MEA, etc. required for the practical application of PEFC.

Implementation of basic and innovative research and development relating to revolutionary approaches to technological issues that should be tackled in order to achieve the technological level required for the full-scale popularization phase of fuel cell vehicles, and basic research and development aimed at scientifically clarifying the various reaction mechanisms and mass transfers within fuel cells stacks thereof.

Project overview

Technology overview

Stacked configuration

Fuel cell stackFuel storage tank

Hot well

Stable air supply device

PEFC stack

Fuel treatment device

DirectcurrentDirectcurrent

Exhaustheat

Exhaustheat

HotwaterHot

water

AirAir Exhaust heat recovery equipment

Inverter

Back-up burner

Air

City gas

Electricity storage systemAir compressor

Control device

Motor

Example of a PEFC system

Catalyst layer

Cell

Stack

Separator

Fuel cell vehicle Stationary fuel cell system

Electrolyte membrane

HydrogenHydrogen

Power

Hotwater

FY2005 - 2009

6

Strategic Developm

ent of PEFC Technologies for Practical A

pplication

Introduction to the brochure “Industry-academic partnership project on PEFC”A detailed brochure that describes the consortium-type projects promoted under this project is available at the website of NEDO’s Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology Development Department. Please visit the site at http://www.nedo.go.jp/kankobutsu/pamphlets/bunya/07nenryo.html. (From the top page of the NEDO website, select “Departments, Branches and

Overseas Offices”, “Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology Development Department,” and then “Pamphlets and Publications" (Japanese only).

FCHFuel Cell & Hydrogen 2OO9-2O1O

Development of Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technologies

Industry -Academia ConsortiumPEFC ProjectTo Shed Light on Fuel Cell Mechanism

(2) Development of elemental technologyIn order to markedly improve the durability, efficiency, and cost effectiveness of PEFCs, NEDO is undertaking the development of advanced elemental technologies for each fuel cell component, including electrolyte membranes, separators, cell stacks, peripheral equipment, and reformers, setting specific development targets to be achieved for both vehicle and stationary applications.

(3) Development of technology for practical applicationNEDO is promoting the development of process technologies and mass production technologies to produce components and materials for cell stacks, membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs), separators, and other peripheral systems.

(4) Development of next-generation fuel cell technologyNEDO is providing support to selected researchers at universities and other institutions who are taking innovative approaches to challenge existing concepts to promote the basic research and development of next-generation elemental technologies that are required when fuel cell vehicles are expected to be fully commercialized (2020-2030). As part of this, NEDO is promoting efforts to search for completely new high-performance materials, to design and control nano-level molecular structures, and to provide scientific clarification of the mechanisms related to the reaction and mass transfer that take place in fuel cell stacks.Selected research themes are reviewed each year to determine whether they are to be continued for another year. New proposals are also solicited as a means of encouraging additional research themes. This process encourages selection and focus in order to breakthrough barriers impeding the development of next-generation technologies.

Leveraging the collaborative efforts of the government, industrial, and academic sectors, this five-year project (FY2005-FY2009) is being strongly promoted by NEDO with the aim of ensuring that Japan leads the world in the creation of a PEFC market, thereby building an international competitive advantage. NEDO is supporting the full-scale commercialization of PEFCs in Japan by encouraging technological breakthroughs to improve performance, durability, and reduce production costs.

Future development3

7

Strategic Developm

ent of PEFC Technologies for Practical A

pplication

Technology overview

－ ＋Electron Electron

e－ e－

Cathode(Air electrode)Cathode

(Air electrode)Anode

(Fuel electrode)Anode

(Fuel electrode)

Solid polymerelectrolyte Solid polymerelectrolyte Polymer electrolyte membranes

・Development to increase durability・Maintenance of conductive properties at high temperatures and/or low humidity・Reducing the cost of the electrolyte membrane・Clarification of degradation mechanism

Separators・Making separators thinner, lighter in weight and cheaper・Improved electrical and thermal conductivity ・Improved channel design and corrosion resistance

Electrodes (fuel electrode & air electrode)・Reducing the quantity of platinum used・Developing catalysts that are a substitute for platinum・Developing a high-CO poisoning-resistant catalyst (fuel electrode)・Improved resistance to stop-start operation and the electrical potential cycle・Clarification of the cell degradation mechanism and technologies for evaluating this

Major technological issues relating to PEFC

Hot well

Stable air supply device

PEFC stackFuel treatment device

DirectcurrentDirectcurrent

Exhaustheat

Exhaustheat

HotwaterHot

water

AirAir Exhaust heat recovery equipment

Inverter

Back-up burner

Air

City gas

HydrogenHydrogen

Power

Hotwater

Running conditions・Expansion of the scope of conditions permitting running (temperature, humidity)・Improvement of durability (running in low humidity conditions, etc.)・Increasing efficiency (running at high temperatures, etc.)・Starting at low temperatures (starting in the range -40 - -30˚C)

Systems・Cost reductions and increased durability of peripheral equipment・Increased operating life and efficiency of reformers・Development of reform-type platinum-substitute catalysts

8

Strategic Development of PEFC Technologies for Practical Application/Research on Nanomaterials for High Performance Fuel Cells

Strategic Developm

ent of PEFC Technologies for Practical A

pplication/Research on N

anomaterials for H

igh Performance Fuel C

ells

Duration FY 2008 – FY 2014FY2009 budget ¥2.0 billionPL Masahiro Watanabe, Professor and Director, Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center, University of YamanashiBackground There are high hopes in industrial circles that there will be innovative breakthroughs that will

satisfy the diverse issues that need to be addressed in order to achieve full-scale commercialization of fuel cells, namely cost reductions and improvements in performance, durability and reliability. Since FY2005, under Strategic Development of PEFC Technologies for Practical Application, NEDO has been conducting basic research into challenges such as clarifying the reaction and degradation mechanisms of fuel cells. In the future, it will be necessary to expand the knowledge gained through this project into the development of innovative materials.

Objective By blending knowledge about reaction and degradation mechanisms with cutting-edge technologies, such as nanotechnology, this project aims to contribute to the full-scale commercialization of PEFCs by conducting research into new materials, such as catalysts, electrolyte membranes and MEAs, and establishing basic technologies that make the production of highly efficient, high-performance, highly reliable and economic fuel cells practical.

Outline The goal of this project is to develop, by the end of FY2014, an MEA that can start at temperatures as low as -30% and that can operate at relative humidity levels of 30% and temperatures up to 100˚C; with a view to the application of fuel cells in vehicles, this project will seek to reduce the quantity of platinum used in the electrode catalyst to one-tenth of the amount currently used, with a target efficiency rating of 25%, and a low heating value (LHV) of 64%. Additional targets include attaining durability that will permit 5,000 hours of operation and 60,000 starts and stops.

In order to achieve these targets, a number of researchers have been brought together under the project leader to carry out comprehensive, integrated research and development into the following four themes within a concentrated research framework:

1) Analysis of degradation mechanisms 2) Development of a highly active, highly durable catalyst 3) Development of an electrolyte membrane that can operate within a wide temperature range and at low humidity 4) Research into creating a high-performance, highly reliable MEA for vehicles

In order to achieve the aforementioned targets, research and development is being conducted with regard to the following themes.(1) Analysis of degradation mechanisms

In order to feed back the results of the analysis of degradation mechanisms into new materials development, as well as to develop accelerated testing methods for each degradation mode, the degradation speed and degradation mechanism resulting from impurities and changes in the load on electrode catalysts will be analyzed. In addition, the degradation speed and degradation mechanism of hydrocarbon-based electrolyte membranes at high temperatures and low humidity will be analyzed and the degradation mechanism and reaction distribution within the cells will be clarified.

(2) Development of a highly active, highly durable catalystIn order to combine high activity with the ability to withstand a large number of load changes, highly active platinum-alloy catalysts with low solubility; high-potential, stable substrates and supported catalysts; and highly active, highly durable, low steam/carbon ratio (S/C) fuel-reforming catalysts will be developed and evaluated based on knowledge gained through the analysis of degradation mechanisms.

(3) Development of an electrolyte membrane that can operate within a wide temperature range and at low humidityIn order to respond to a wide temperature range and low humidity conditions in which it is envisioned fuel cells for use in vehicles will operate, highly shape-stable hydrocarbon-based electrolyte membranes with high proton conductivity, and hydrocarbon-based electrolyte membranes with high oxidation and high ability to withstand hydrolysis will be developed and evaluated. In addition, efforts will be made to improve their characteristics under high and low temperatures and low-humidity conditions.

(4) Research into creating high-performance, highly reliable MEAs for vehiclesA hydrogen-based MEA with a high catalyst usage rate and a hydrocarbon-based MEA that is stable under changes in load and temperature cycles will be developed and evaluated, in response to the operating conditions envisioned for fuel cell vehicles.

Project overview1

Project features2

9

Strategic Developm

ent of PEFC Technologies for Practical A

pplication/Research on N

anomaterials for H

igh Performance Fuel C

ellsAchieving the objectives related to the production of high-performance and highly reliable materials for components, such as catalysts, electrolyte membranes and MEAs, would mark a breakthrough in Japan’s PEFC technologies and would greatly contribute to the full-scale commercialization of PEFCs.

Future development3

Project overview

Technology overview

New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)

Toray Research Center 1) (Electrolyte degradation mechanism analysis)

Panasonic 1) (Evaluation of cells and stacks for practical use)

Waseda University 1) (Fuel cell reaction analysis)

Shimadzu Corporation 1) (Analysis of reaction distribution)

Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo 2) (Evaluation of the utility of catalysts)

Kaneka Corporation 3) 4) (Electrolyte membrane synthesis and development of MEA)

University of Yamanashi

1) Analysis of degradation mechanisms2) Development of a highly active, highly durable catalyst3) Development of an electrolyte membrane that can operate within a wide temperature range and at low humidity4) Research into creating high-performance, highly reliable MEA for cars

Project Leader : Masahiro Watanabe (Professor, and Director, Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center University of Yamanashi)

<Joint Implementation>

Fuji Electric Holdings 2) (Evaluation of catalyst stacks)

Degradation mechanism analysis

Promoted in a comprehensive,

integrated mannerDevelopment of electrolyte membranes that can operate within a wide temperature range and in low humidity

Development of a highly active, highly durable catalyst

Research into developing a high-performance, highly reliable MEA for use in cars

Mutual feedback

Image of an electrolyte membrane Electron microscope image of a catalyst Image of the catalyst layer

Mutual feedback

Application of development outcomes

Catalyst aggregate Refined

ionomer

Application of development outcomes

10

Fuel Cell Cutting-Edge Scientific Research Project

Fuel Cell C

utting-Edge Scientific Research Project

Duration FY 2008 – FY 2009FY2009 budget ¥850 millionPL Hiroshi Hasegawa, Research Center Director, Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Cutting-Edge

Research Center (FC-Cubic), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)

Background In order to achieve technical breakthroughs that will satisfy the diverse issues that need to be addressed for PEFCs to be fully commercialized, including reductions in costs and increases in performance, durability and reliability, research and development that returns to basic science is required.

Objective The aim of this project is to develop innovative measurement, evaluation and analysis technologies related to electrode catalysts, electrolyte materials and material transfer, which are essential technologies for PEFCs; another aim is to promote a fundamental understanding of substances/materials and reaction mechanisms, and, by extension, to establish these technologies as fundamental technologies for PEFCs.

Outline In order to achieve reduction in cost and increases in performance, durability and reliability, challenges that currently inhibit the commercialization of PEFCs, research and development that goes back to basic science will be conducted. With regard to the following three themes that are essential to a breakthrough, this project aims to make extremely precise measurements in situ, envisioning the actual operating situation, and to analyze these in order to establish measurement and analysis technology, as well as provide guidelines for breakthroughs in industrial circles.

1) Clarification of electrode catalyst reaction mechanisms 2) Clarification of material transfer and reaction mechanisms in electrolyte materials 3) Clarification of material transfer mechanisms in cell component elements and interfaces

With the aim of providing guidelines for breakthroughsv toward industry, this project will focus on research and development that goes back to basic/elemental science.With regard to the research topics, efforts will be developed in three areas that are essential technologies for PEFCs: electrode catalysts, electrolyte materials and material transfer. Research will be conducted in the following three areas, incorporating requests from industry.1) Clarification of electrode catalyst reaction mechanisms

In order to drastically improve electrode catalyst performance and facilitate potential cost reductions, reaction mechanisms will be clarified by understanding the connection between the structure of electrode catalysts and substrates (including their electron structures) and catalyst activity and durability, as well as establishing techniques for the kinetic measurement of electrochemical reactions in electrode catalysts.

2) Clarification of material transfer and reaction mechanisms in electrolyte materialsIn order to drastically improve the performance of electrolyte materials and the facilitate potential cost reductions, material transfer and reaction mechanisms will be clarified by such means as quantitatively understanding the connection between proton conduction, gas permeation and chemical durability, as well as establishing techniques for clarifying the higher order structure in environments equivalent to actual operating environments.

3) Clarification of material transfer mechanisms in cell component elements and interfacesIn order to achieve improvements in material transfer speeds in cell component elements and interfaces, the structure of the catalyst layer and the gas diffusion layer in environments equivalent to actual operating environments will be clarified. In addition, the material transfer mechanisms will be clarified by such means as quantitatively understanding the impact of those structures on material transfer and thermal and electrical conduction.

This research will lead to an understanding of the limits of current technology, present guidelines for development aimed at overcoming those limitations, and facilitate the realization of new technologies (new materials, new structures, new systems, etc.) that will result in dramatic cost reductions.

Project overview1

Project features2

Future development3

11

Fuel Cell C

utting-Edge Scientific Research Project

Project overview

Technology overview

<Joint Implementation>

New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)

Project Leader : Hiroshi Hasegawa, Research Center Director, Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Cutting-Edge Research Center (FC-Cubic), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)

Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Cutting-Edge Research Center (FC-Cubic), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)

1) Clarification of electrode catalyst reaction mechanisms

2) Clarification of material transfer and reaction mechanisms in electrolyte materials

3) Clarification of material transfer mechanisms in cell component elements and interfaces

Ochanomizu University1) Reduction in the quantity of platinum, platinum dissolution mechanisms, etc.

Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology1) (Model catalyst synthesis)

Sophia University2) (Development of hydrocarbon-based model electrolyte materials)

University of Texas at Austin 3) (Catalyst modeling)

Substrates

Industry needs

Research issues

SeparatorsGas diffusion layer

Catalyst layer

ElectrolyteCatalyst layer

Air

Hydrogen

Carbon Platinum

Gas diffusion layer

Separators

Material transfer and reaction mechanisms in electrolyte materials

Ensuring ability to operate at high temperatures(Ensuring ability to operate at low temperatures)Improving durabilityImproving cost potential

Image of higher order structures and water clusters

1) Establishing measurement techniques for electrolyte structure and material transfer2) Clarifying the relationship between electrolyte structure and the material transfer phenomenon

Clarifying the reaction mechanism of electrode catalysts

Revolutionary reductions in the quantity of catalyst platinum (non-noble metal catalysts)Improvement in the durability of catalysts and substrates

1) Establishing techniques for searching for electrochemical reactions on the catalyst surface2) Clarifying the relationship between electrode catalyst structures and electrochemical reactions

Clarifying the material transfer mechanisms in cell component elements and interfaces

Improving performance (water management control technology)Improving durabilityImproving cost potential

Electrolyte Catalyst layer MPL Gas diffusion layer Separators

1) Establishing kinetic measurement techniques2) Clarifying the transfer phenomenon

12

Developm

ent of System and Elem

ental Technology on Solid Oxide Fuel C

ells (SOFC

)

Development of System and Elemental Technology on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)

Duration FY 2008 – FY 2012FY2009 budget ¥1.20 billionPL Harumi Yokoyama, Invited Research Scientist, Energy Technology Research Institute, National

Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)Background Relative to other fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) have a high power generation efficiency

and can operate with a diverse variety of fuels, such as natural gas and coal gas. As such, there are high expectations with regard to their practical application, as they are highly adaptable and can be used in a wide range of systems within small-scale distributed systems and alternative systems to large-scale thermal power systems. There is a pressing need to establish SOFC system technology in Japan and to establish elemental technologies that are needed for next-generation SOFC systems that will be used in the full market introduction stage.

Objective The objective of this project is to conduct the basic research and elemental technology development required in order to establish those basic technologies and to introduce SOFC systems to the market as soon as possible.

Outline 1) Research and development on fundamental common issues Through basic research focused on improving the durability and reliability of SOFCs, the

prospects for 40,000 hours of operation (voltage reduction rate of 0.25%/1,000 hours) and the prospects for 250 starts and stops will be determined. In addition, the development of technologies to reduce the costs of materials and cell stack modules will be promoted.

2) Technological development for improving practical utility Stop-start technology, aimed at improving operability, and high-pressure operation technology,

aimed at achieving ultra-high-efficiency operation will be established

Under this project, the following research and development will be conducted.1) Research and development on fundamental common issues

i) Establishing the foundations for improving durability and reliability Durability and reliability are must be improved in order for SOFC systems to be practically applied.

Accordingly, using thermodynamic, chemical, and mechanical analyses, efforts will be made to clarify degradation mechanisms, formulate measures, verify results, and establish accelerated tests. In particular, with regard to the triphasic interface, which has a significant impact on performance, this project will seek to establish the correlation between the degradation phenomenon and changes in the microstructure. Moreover, durability evaluation techniques that will enable users to easily assess the remaining life of the cell will be established.

ii) Technological development aimed at reducing the cost of raw materials and other materials, and at creating a low-cost cell stack module

Cost reductions will be required for cell stacks to become fully commercialized. Accordingly, stack manufacturers and material manufacturers are collaborating with regard to common raw materials and other materials that will be used, in order to develop low-cost manufacturing methods. Moreover, with regard to cell stacks, development is taking place with regard to designs and manufacturing techniques that will facilitate low-cost manufacturing.

2) Technological development for improving practical utilityi) Stop-start technology for improving operability In cogeneration systems in the several tens of kilowatt-class, flexible operability is required with regard to

stopping and starting, and load changes. Under this project, the development of cell stack modules that will not result in degradation or breakdown of the cells in such operating states and the development of system configuration and control methods is being undertaken.

ii) High-pressure operating technology for ultra-high-efficiency operation As the temperature of exhaust heat from SOFCs is extremely high, creating a structure based on a combined

power generation cycle with gas turbines or other such equipment will, in theory, result in power generation at an efficiency of 60% or higher. Since this significantly surpasses the 40% average power generation efficiency for thermal power systems, there are high hopes for this form of power generation to become a substitute for thermal power generation. Highly pressure-resistant cells that can be combined with gas turbines, and safe stop-start control technology is being developed under this project as infrastructure technologies for SOFCs.

Project overview1

Project features2

13

Developm

ent of System and Elem

ental Technology on Solid Oxide Fuel C

ells (SOFC

)

Future development3

Project overview

Technology overview

<Organizations commissioned to assist in the project><Organizations commissioned to assist in the project>

<recommissioned organization><recommissioned organization>

FY 2008 ‒ FY 2012

Development of System and Elemental Technology of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)PL : Harumi Yokoyama, Invited Research Scientist, Energy Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)

New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)

Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry

Mitsubishi Materials Corporation

Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc.

TOTO Ltd.

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd.

Kyushu University

Gifu University / Nagoya University

Tohoku University / Kyoto University

University of Tokyo

Hitachi Metals, Ltd.

TOTO Ltd.

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd.

Mitsubishi Materials Corporation

AGC Seimi Chemical Co., Ltd.

KCM Corporation

Tokyo Institute of Technology

Mitsubishi Materials Corporation

DAIHEN Corporation

TOTO Ltd.

Mitsubishi Materials Corporation

Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc.

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. Toyota Motor Corporation

Technological development for improving practical utility

Technological development aimed at reducing the cost of raw materials and other materials, and at creating a low-cost cell stack module

Stop-start technology for improving operability

High-pressure operating technology

Basic research for improving durability and reliability

Establishing the foundations for improving durability and reliability

円筒縦縞形セルバンドル 円筒横縞セルと数100kW加圧モジュール

数10kWコジェネシステム 数100kWコンバインドサイクルシステム

SOFCセル・モジュール例

SOFCシステム例

Example of SOFC cell modules

Example of SOFC systems

Vertical cylindrical cell bundles

Cogeneration system in the several tens of kilowatts class

Horizontal cylindrical cells and several hundred kilowatt pressurized module

Several hundred kilowatt combined-cycle system

Because improving the durability and reliability of SOFCs is an important challenge, this project is being conducted applying a multidisciplinary approach. In collaboration with Demonstrative Research on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (see p. 24-25), this project will clarify degradation mechanisms and countermeasures and promote the practical application of SOFCs.

14

Developm

ent of Technologies for Hydrogen Production, D

elivery and Storage Systems

Development of Technologies for Hydrogen Production, Delivery and Storage Systems

Duration FY 2008 – FY 2012FY2009 budget ¥1.36 billionBackground For Japan, a country lacking indigenous energy resources, it is essential to develop next-generation energy

technology, by developing, introducing and commercializing innovative energy technology in order to achieve sustainable development. As part of these efforts, the development of fuel cell vehicles is progressing. In parallel, technology is being developed to deliver a safe, efficient supply of hydrogen to fuel such vehicles.

Objective To establish hydrogen supply infrastructure around 2015 in coordination with the coming commercialization of hydrogen energy, under this project the technological development of low-cost, highly durable equipment and systems for hydrogen production, transport, storage and refueling, as well as elemental technological development will be conducted. Next-generation technological development and scenario formulation, as well as a feasibility study, will also be carried out. Through these efforts, technology related to the equipment and systems required for the introduction and commercialization of hydrogen energy will be established.

Outline System technology: With regard to hydrogen storage and transport containers, such as hydrogen station equipment and vehicle-mounted containers, lower-cost, more compact containers will be developed and the durability of systems that combine these will be verified.

Elemental technology: the development and verification of elemental technology aimed at improving hydrogen manufacturing, transport, storage and filling equipment and systems will be conducted, making the equipment cheaper and lighter, and increasing its service life.

Next-generation technological development and feasibility study: This project will focus on the consideration of technology development scenarios aimed at the establishment of a hydrogen-based society and the development of innovative technology based on new concepts (for example, hydrogen production from sources other than fossil fuels), as well as investigating a technology development scenario for the realization of a hydrogen economy.

Development will be conducted in the following three stages, with a view to establishing a market that is envisioned to take shape in 2015.System technology development: Based on the elemental technology and equipment developed to date and in order to be prepared for 2015, development will be conducted that will lead to cheaper, more compact hydrogen storage vessels, such as vehicle-mounted storage vessels and station equipment that meet the demands of refueling at 70MPa, to build a hydrogen supply chain that encompasses multiple types of equipment; in addition, work will be carried out to establish the necessary technology and to ensure the durability of the hydrogen supply system as a whole.Development of elemental technology: With regard to elemental technology for hydrogen production, transport, storage and filling equipment and systems, to be achieved by 2015 or thereafter, technological development will be focused on improving performance, reducing costs, increasing service life and improving maintainability, taking into consideration the perspective of the user. Next-generation technological development and feasibility:i) Innovative next-generation technologies:

In order to achieve technological development breakthroughs, innovative next-generation technologies will be sought based on new concepts (including international joint research with overseas research institutions), such as producing hydrogen from sources other than fossil fuels, and the utility of such technologies will be confirmed and verified.

ii) Research and development such as a feasibility study related to technological development scenarios for the introduction and commercialization of hydrogen energy:

With a view to the introduction and commercialization of hydrogen energy, a feasibility study will be conducted focused on development scenarios that impose the least cost on society; issues affecting future technological development will be identified and beneficial information supporting the aforementioned development activities will be shared and disseminated.

In collaboration with related industrial sectors and other hydrogen-related projects, focus will be placed on the establishment and realization as soon as possible of hydrogen supply technology in order to ensure that it can be incorporated at the early fuel cell commercialization stage (2015), the target date set by the Fuel Cell Commercialization Conference of Japan (FCCJ).

Project overview1

Project features2

Future development3

15

Developm

ent of Technologies for Hydrogen Production, D

elivery and Storage Systems

Project overview

Technology overview

: Elemental technology development : Next-generation technology development

Relating to hydrogen station technology

Consideration ofstudies of

technological trends

Feasibility Study Relating to next-generation technology

Japan Petroleum Energy Center, Toho Gas Co., Ltd., Tokico Technology Ltd., Hitachi, Ltd., Taiyo Nippon Sanso Corporation, Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd., Saga University

Technova Inc.

: System technology development

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology

University of Tokyo

Yokohama National UniversityManufacture

National Institute for Materials Science, Kanazawa UniversityTransport

and supply

Tohoku University Tokai University

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tohoku University

Storage

Engineering Advancement Association of Japan

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology

Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd., NGK Spark Plug Co., Ltd.

Japan Metals & Chemicals Co., Ltd., Sumtec, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology

Toyota Central R&D Labs, Inc., Tohoku University

Japan Metals & Chemicals Co., Ltd.

Mitsubishi Kakoki Kaisha, Ltd.

Renaissance Energy Research, Kobe University, Kyoto University, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Mikuni Corporation

Tatsuno CorporationNippon Oil CorporationShimizu Corporation, Iwatani Corporation

Japan Petroleum Energy Center, Kitz Corporation, Yamatake Corporation, Japan Steel Works, Ltd., Japan Research and Development Center for Metals

Relating to hydrogen manufacture technology

CollaborationCollaboration

Informationexchange

Informationexchange

Relating to hydrogen storage technology

Hydrogen dispenserHydrogen dispenser AccumulatorAccumulator CompressorCompressor Hydrogen generation systemHydrogen generation system

Example of target equipment and systems

16

Fundamental Research Project on A

dvanced Hydrogen Science

Fundamental Research Project on Advanced Hydrogen Science

Duration FY 2006 – FY 2012FY2009 budget ¥1.12 billionPL Yukitaka Murakami, Director, Research Center for Hydrogen Industrial Use and Storage,

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)Background To build a hydrogen economy, it is necessary to devise a means of transporting and storing large

quantities of hydrogen in a compact form. In order to do this, it is inevitable that hydrogen will need to be in a liquefied form or under high pressure for efficient handling.

In particular, a clear understanding of the physical properties of high-pressure hydrogen and hydrogen embrittlement in high-pressure or liquefied hydrogen environments is especially important for the production of materials, equipment components, and to evaluate margin of safety.

(Hydrogen embrittlement: The phenomenon where the tensile strength of metals is reduced through the absorption of hydrogen.)

Objective The aim of this project is to provide industry with guidelines relating to material and equipment design and degradation evaluation methods in order to use hydrogen more safety and more conveniently.

In addition, the evaluation of hydrogen materials will be carried out with a view to also providing industry with the collected basic data, which will be required when proposing technical standards and standardization to domestic/international standards organizations.

Outline Using advanced research equipment such as material evaluation equipment, which enables the creation of an ultrahigh-pressure hydrogen gas environment, a phenomenon such as hydrogen embrittlement can be recreated. By precisely observing the behavior of hydrogen and the condition of materials, this project aims to clarify the basic principles of these phenomena.

Based on these scientific knowledge about hydrogen and materials, rational guidelines can be provided for equipment design (material degradation countermeasures) and material degradation evaluation methods to support the manufacturing necessary for building a hydrogen economy.

(1) Basic research concerning the physical properties of high-pressure hydrogenA database will be constructed related to pressure, volume, temperature(PVT), as well as the coefficient of viscosity, thermal conductivity and specific heat of high-pressure hydrogen; in addition, a software tool that can estimate the thermophysical properties of hydrogen will be developed.

(2) Understanding of the basic principles of the embrittlement of metals and other materials exposed to high-pressure or liquid hydrogen and a study of possible countermeasures

This project will observe the influence on materials exposed to high-pressure or liquefied hydrogen and clarify the hydrogen embrittlement mechanism.

(3) Study concerning the strength of metallic materials that have been exposed to pressurized or liquefied hydrogen over an extended period of time or that have been processed (materials that have been molded, welded, or which have undergone surface modifications); material strength research on the effect temperature and other factors have on metallic materials

Simple methods to evaluate the hydrogen embrittlement of materials in a short period of time by accelerating degradation will be proposed. In addition, these methods will be used to evaluate the influence of material processing or the composition of the materials. A database of properties of the materials that are used in hydrogen environments will be constructed.

(4) Study concerning the strength of polymer materials that have been exposed to pressurized or liquefied hydrogen over an extended period of time, or that have been processed (materials that have been molded, welded, or have undergone surface modifications); material strength research on the effect temperature and other factors have on polymer materials

Design guidelines will be established for hydrogen-resistant polymer materials to be used as sealing materials or liner materials that will be exposed to high pressure hydrogen by observing both the degradation of the macrostructure of materials (e.g. blister fractures), as well as micro level composition or chemical structure changes.

(5) Clarification of tribology in high-pressure hydrogen environmentsA database will be constructed of the tribological characteristics of materials used for bearings, valves, and seals in high-pressure hydrogen environments in order to offer suggested design guidelines for a hydrogen-resistant tribological system. (Tribology: the principles of friction, abrasion, and lubrication between the surfaces of two materials )

(6) Simulation study on hydrogen behavior (diffusion, leakage, etc.) in materialsTechnology that simulates hydrogen diffusion in solid materials and clarifies the mechanism of the effect of hydrogen on strength and fatigue resistance of a material will be developed. These technologies will support an understanding of the hydrogen embrittlement mechanism and assist the evaluation of the materials to use in hydrogen environments.

Project overview1

Project features2

17

Fundamental Research Project on A

dvanced Hydrogen Science

Basic physical properties of hydrogen under high pressure

High-pressure hydrogen tribology

Example of hydrogen embrittlement, SUS316 (Tensile test under high pressure)

PVT Data・Coefficient of viscosity ・Thermal conductivity・Specific heat・Solubility, etc.

Used as design data for various systems

In order to understand tribological phenomena in hydrogen, it is important to know the basic properties of tribointerface, where various physical and chemical processes occur.

Solid

Hydrogen

Lubricant

Adsorption and reaction

Surface layer

Deformation, transformation

Relevant (target) machine elements: bearings, valves, seals, compressors

Argon 70 MPa Argon 70 MPa 70 MPa Hydrogen 70 MPa Hydrogen

Reduced tensile performanceReduced tensile performance

J. Japan Inst. Metals Vol. 68, No. 2 (2004)J. Japan Inst. Metals Vol. 68, No. 2 (2004)

Future development3

Project overview

Technology overview

Hydrogen Thermophysical Properties Team

Nagasaki UniversitySaga University

Sophia UniversityNational Institute for Materials ScienceFukuoka University

NOK Corporation Nagasaki University Kyoto University

Hydrogen Fatigue and Fracture Team

Hydrogen Polymers Team

Hydrogen Tribology Team

Hydrogen Simulation Team

AISTResearch Center for Hydrogen Industrial Use and Storage

PL: Prof. Yukitaka Murakami, Director, Research Center for Hydrogen Industrial Use and Storage, AIST

Kyushu University International Research Center for Hydrogen Energy

This project is being carried out mainly by the Research Center for Hydrogen Industrial Use and Storage (HYDROGENIUS), which was established on the Ito campus of Kyushu University as a research facility offering an environment for conducting high-pressure hydrogen demonstration experiments and high precision analysis. Japanese and international researchers in this field are being invited to use the facilities at which necessary experimental equipment will be installed. It is hoped that, based on collaboration with NEDO's hydrogen projects and research institutions within Japan and overseas, the mechanisms by which hydrogen affects various materials and the characteristics of hydrogen in its high-pressure and liquefied forms will be clarified, thereby facilitating the resolution of issues currently faced by industry.

18

Advanced Fundamental Research on Hydrogen Storage Materials

Advanced Fundam

ental Research on Hydrogen Storage M

aterials

Duration FY 2007 – FY 2011FY2009 budget ¥1.0 billionPL Etsuo Akiba, Deputy Director, Energy Technology Research Institute (ETRI), National Institute

of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)Background From the perspective of convenience, hydrogen storage materials (alloys that absorb and desorb

hydrogen) are attracting a great deal of attention for their potential to provide a safer, simpler, more efficient and cheaper means of storing the required amount of hydrogen on fuel cell vehicles. However, technological development results achieved to date are still insufficient to permit practical application. It is believed that significant improvements will be required for future commercialization.

Objective This project will clarify the basic principles of high performance and highly durable hydrogen storage materials and conduct cross-sectional fundamental research into a wide range of fields related to the knowledge required for applied technology. The aim of this project is to facilitate the development of a hydrogen economy and the dissemination of fuel cell vehicles by providing the results of the research to industry and also producing technological development guidelines for the development of relevant materials.

Outline Through the clarification of the basic principles of hydrogen storage materials and cross-sectional fundamental research conducted in a wide range of fields related to the knowledge required for applied technology, as well as the promotion of research in collaboration with other related hydrogen technology projects currently being implemented in parallel (Development of Technologies for Hydrogen Production, Delivery and Storage Systems and Fundamental Research Project on Advanced Hydrogen Science), the basic principles of hydrogen storage materials and the establishment of basic technology to develop material research using computing science will be clarified in this project.

In this project, the five research groups promote collaborative approaches under the leadership of the project leader.(1) Fundamental research on metal hydrides for hydrogen storage

Fundamental research based on experimental approaches to metallic materials and the clarification and evaluation of phenomena is being conducted. In addition to analyzing structures related to various scales, such as crystalline structures, local structures and defective structures, this group will identify factors that are important in considering hydrogen absorption and storage properties and clarifying reaction mechanisms and promote more sophisticated measurements and analysis techniques.

(2) Basic research of metal hydrides with light elementsIt is believed that hydrogen storage materials consist of lightweight elements, which have a greater hydrogen density by weight than alloys, will contribute significantly to achieving lighter hydrogen storage vessels, but a material that achieves the necessary performance level has yet to be discovered. This group will clarify the reaction mechanisms of non-metallic hydrogen storage materials and will establish the infrastructure technologies for applying them as high-performance hydrogen storage materials.

(3) Advanced research on hydrogen-metal interaction of hydrogen storage materialsA variety of synchrotron radiation analytical equipment installed in the world's top-performing syncrotron radiation facility (SPring-8) will be used to conduct experimental verification and clarification related to such matters as the structural properties of hydrogen storage materials, the correlation between material properties and chemical controls on material surfaces, and the status and structural changes of local electrons.

(4) Computational study on the properties and microscopic kinetics of hydrogen storage materialsBy using a computational science approach to identify the most stable position for a hydrogen atom in hydrogen storage systems, as well as to analyze electron density distribution and electron structure, candidate hydrogen storage materials that can respond to various conditions and clarify their structural characteristics will be identified.

(5) Atomic structure research of hydrogen storage materials with an advanced neutron diffractometerThis group will develop and improve total neutron scattering instruments at the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) and use these to conduct structural research into hydrogen storage materials in order to clarify the basic principles of hydrogen storage mechanisms.

Project overview1

Project features2

19

Advanced Fundam

ental Research on Hydrogen Storage M

aterials

Future development3

Project overview

Technology overview

Project Leader (PL):Dr. Etsuo Akiba,

AIST

Metal Hydrides

Dr. YumikoNakamura,

AIST

- AIST- Los Alamos National Laboratory*

- Hiroshima University- Hokkaido University- Sophia University

- Japan Atomic Energy Agency- University of Hyogo- Kobe University- Osaka University- Gifu University- JASRI / SPring-8- Hiroshima University- Tohoku University

- AIST- National Institute for Materials Science- Tohoku University

- High-Energy Accelerator Research Organization, KEK- Japan Atomic Energy Agency*- Kyoto University*- Yamagata University*- Fukuoka University*- Kyushu University*- Niigata University*

*: recommissioned

Inorg.Comp.

Dr. Prof. YoshitsuguKojima,

Hiroshima University

Solid State Phys.

Dr. AkihikoMachida,

JAEA

Modeling

Dr. HiroshiOgawa,

AIST

Neutron

Dr. Prof. ToshiyaOtomo,

KEK

Sub-leader (SL)

H2

Incident neutrons

Sample for analysis

Scattered neutrons

Neutron detector

Identification of hydrogen atom positions through a neutron total scattering device that uses a world-class neutron beam

Hydrogen solidifies within the metal Creation of a metal hydride

Entry and exit of hydrogen atomsExpansion and contraction(distortion) of metal lattice

Cutting-edge analytical device

Hydrogen absorption and emission process

Formulation of development guidelines for hydrogen-storing materials

Formulation of development guidelines for hydrogen-storing materials

In addition to making effective use of Japan's leading quantum beam facilities (J-PARC and SPring-8), the technology of leading research institutes, such as the Los Alamos National Laboratory in the U.S., will be used and researchers will cooperate with industry. Through these efforts, the development of guidelines for hydrogen storage materials with the aim for practical application will be facilitated.

Total neutron scattering instrument; Nova

20

Establishment of C

odes & Standards for H

ydrogen Economy Society

Establishment of Codes & Standards for Hydrogen Economy Society

Duration FY 2005 – FY 2009FY2008 budget ¥9.0 billionBackground In order for hydrogen and fuel cells to be widely and smoothly commercialized and to establish

a hydrogen economy with a global market closely associated with industry, it will be essential to develop, in addition to technology, soft infrastructure, such as benchmarks and standards. It will also be necessary to review related regulations and improve infrastructure for the promotion of fuel cell vehicles and stationary fuel cell systems.

Objective The aim of this project is to conduct development related to testing and evaluation techniques in order to propose sophisticated technological standards and drafts for standardization to domestic and international standards organizations to ensure safety and to obtain and evaluate data that will confirm this.

Outline In order to achieve the above objective, testing methods are being developed and performance data is being obtained and evaluated with regard to the physical properties of materials and data to confirm safety, which is required for regulatory revisions in line with government policy and industry needs, thereby supporting the formulation of sample standards. Moreover, international standards and regulatory revisions related to such matters as hydrogen supply and fuel cells are being promoted, as is the initial creation of a fuel cell market. In addition, with regard to international standards, testing and research data is being actively provided to international standards bodies such as the ISO with the aim of developing benchmarks and standards within Japan, as well as international standards that are closely aligned with these.

(1) Review of regulations relating to fuel cell vehicles and R&D for standardizationThe safety of fuel cell vehicles that use high-pressure compressed hydrogen, liquefied hydrogen, and related technology will be verified, and data that will confirm this will be acquired and evaluated. Moreover, in order to maximize convenience from the perspective of users and enhance travelling performance by extending the range of such vehicles, as well as to ensure their safety and reliability, evaluation techniques will be proposed in line with progress regarding the technological level of fuel cell vehicles. Evaluation and testing devices will be developed, and data relating to safety and reliability will be analyzed.

(2) Review of regulations relating to stationary fuel cell systems and R&D for standardizationAs efforts aimed at simplifying the systems while ensuring the safety of fuel cells are ongoing, with a view to future commercialization, relevant supporting data to be used for new regulations and standardization to match such simplified systems will be collected and the results will be reflected in the review of regulations and standardization.

(3) Review of regulations relating to hydrogen infrastructure and R&D for standardizationData that provides evidence relating to the safety and installation requirements of hydrogen infrastructure equipment that can be used with fuel cell vehicles that use ultra-high-pressure compressed hydrogen, liquefied hydrogen and hydrogen storage materials will be obtained and evaluated. Performance evaluation techniques will be established, evaluation and testing devices will be designed and the utility of these will be verified.

Data that provides evidence relating to the necessary themes will be obtained and evaluated based on trends concerning international standardization efforts and domestic regulatory revisions relating to fuel cells and hydrogen. It is hoped that this data will be reflected in the formulation of draft international standards and sample standards for the revision of regulations through FY2009, and that deregulation will be promoted as a result.

Project overview1

Project features2

Future development3

21

Establishment of C

odes & Standards for H

ydrogen Economy Society

Project overview

Technology overview

NEDOPromotion and Advisory Committee(Chairman: Michihiko Nagumo, Emeritus Professor, Waseda University)

Japan Automobile Research Institute

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology

Japan Gas AssociationJapan Gas Appliances Inspection AssociationJapan Electrical Manufacturers' Association

Japan Petroleum Energy CenterMitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd., Japan Industrial Gases Association, Japan Steel Works, Ltd., Tatsuno Corporation

Japan Research and Development Center for MetalsAichi Steel Corporation, Nippon Steel Corporation, Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd., High Pressure Gas Safety Institute of Japan

Japan Aluminium Association,Sumitomo Light Metal Industries, Ltd., Mitsubishi Aluminum Co., Ltd., Furukawa-Sky Aluminum Corp., Nippon Light Metal Co., Ltd., Kobe Steel, Ltd., Showa Denko K.K.

Research and development focused on standardization and the review of regulations concerning fuel cell cars

Research and development focused on standardization and the review of regulations concerning stationary fuel cell systems

Research and development focused on standardization and the review of regulations concerning hydrogen infrastructure

exhaust

intake

firebrick

Hydrogen stations

Gas storage containers for use at hydrogen stations

Explosion and fire testing equipment

Solid Fuel Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system

22

Demonstration of Residential PEFC Systems for Market Creation

Dem

onstration of Residential PEFC System

s for Market C

reation

Duration FY 2005 – FY 2009FY2008 budget – Background While expectations are high for fuel cells to be put into practical use as energy-efficient, CO2

emission reducing, new power sources, it is necessary to significantly reduce costs and improve durability and reliability before they can be broadly adopted. In this project, issues will be clarified when residential fuel cell systems are being installed in ordinary households, and tasks will be identified in order to commercialize fuel cells as soon as possible.

Objective Under this project, stationary fuel cell systems are being installed on a large scale across a considerable area of Japan. Verification data derived from actual usage in ordinary households is being acquired in order to understand technical and non-technical problems.

Outline Thousands of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC), supply electricity and hot water, have been installed at ordinary households across a wide area of Japan for the purposes of conducting a large-scale demonstration study. The study allows energy supply companies participating in this project to gain experience from installing the systems in ordinary households and to obtain operating data, including information on defects and efficiency levels. This data is collected, evaluated and analyzed to gain an understanding of the technological and developmental challenges facing stationary fuel cell systems.

This is a large-scale demonstrative research project involving the installation over four years of a total of 3,307 residential fuel cell systems in ordinary households. It is the first such initiative in the world. Given the scale, it is hoped that the project will spur dramatic advances in Japanese fuel cell technology and promote the development of mass production systems and manufacturing cost reductions by system manufacturers, as well as simplified system installation processes and the development of maintenance systems by energy supply companies. The project is considered vital in determining whether a fuel cell market can be established. Moreover, using household electricity and heat usage data, it will be possible to determine the energy saving effect of fuel cells. It is hoped that fuel cells will be recognized as an ecological power source for daily use.

This project, in collaboration with the Strategic Development of PEFC Technologies for Practical Application project (see p. 4-7), has resulted in substantial reliability improvements and cost reductions for systems installed in FY2008. Throughout FY2009, operating data will be collected, evaluated and analyzed. "ENE-FARM" (short for "energy farm") is a marketing term coined for the residential fuel cell cogeneration systems product category. With financial incentives supplied by the government, these systems have been marketed commercially since FY2008.

Project overview1

Project features2

Future development3

23

Figure 1 Participating manufacturers and installation sites

Dem

onstration of Residential PEFC System

s for Market C

reation

Project overview

New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)

Energy supply companies

Fuel cell manufacturers Fuel cell

manufacturers

Fuel cell manufacturers

Installation in ordinary households

Installation in ordinary households

Installation in ordinary households

Fuel cell manufacturers

Energy supply companies Energy supply companies

Cooperatingbusinesses

New Energy Foundation (NEF)

Evaluation Committee

Function Deliberation Subcommittee

54

96

1,530

340

181

529147

422

8

1,379

76

520

194

396

191

1,614

0

0

554

0

1,062

314

0

0

0

314

0

73

3,307

520

748

710

1,253

Fuel cell manufacturers LPG City gas Kerosene Total

Eneos Celltech*

* A new company established by Nippon Oil Corporation and Sanyo Electric

Ebara CorporationToshiba Fuel Cell

Power Systems Corporation

Panasonic

Hokkaido

Tohoku

Chubu

Chugoku

Kanto-Koshin’etsu

Kinki

Shikoku

Kyushu

(Performance to FY 2008)Okinawa

Toyota Motor Corporation

Total

Technology overview

24

Dem

onstrative Research on Solid Oxide Fuel C

ells (SOFC

)

Demonstrative Research on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)

Duration FY 2007 – FY 2010FY2009 budget ¥720 millionBackground Instead of expensive platinum catalysts, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) make use of ceramic

technology, for which Japan has extensive development experience and expertise. Because they operate very efficiently and at high temperatures, expectations are high regarding their application in distributed power supply systems. However, sufficient demonstration data, including durability data, has yet to be gathered and there remain a number of unknown areas. It is necessary, therefore, to identify solutions to technical issues as early as possible to facilitate research and development and commercialization efforts.

Objective Under this demonstrative research project, SOFC systems will be installed in various actual load environments and the operating data will be evaluated and analyzed in order to identify issues impeding the technological development of SOFC systems.

Outline Compact SOFC systems will be installed in a diverse range of actual load environments, including ordinary households. Technological issues will be fed back into technological development projects such as the Development of System and Elemental Technology on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells project (see p. 19-20), in order to contribute to the swift resolution of these issues and promote the practical application of such systems as soon as possible.

While there are high hopes for the use of SOFCs in distributed power supply systems, little demonstration data has been collected from ordinary households. This project narrows the focus to compact SOFC systems in the range of 1 kW to 10 kW of output power. Data on durability, operation, failure and efficiency under actual load conditions is being collected, evaluated, and analyzed to identify technological issues that must be addressed in order to promote the practical utilization of SOFCs.

In the future, under a new research implementation structure SOFC systems will be installed in a variety of demonstration sites such as actual load environments, in regions with varying environments, etc., with the aim of accumulating additional verification data. Development issues that can contribute to improved durability and reliability for SOFCs will be identified from the collected verification data in order to promote the practical application of SOFCs in collaboration with the Development of System and Elemental Technology on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells project.

Project overview1

Project features2

Future development3

25

ＴＶ温水

貯湯槽

ＴＶ温水

Operating dataFailure dataPower generation efficiency

Provision of electrical power

Hot water supply and underfloor heating

Fuel cell

Hot well

FuelNatural gas,

LPG, etc.

This data will be gathered and made use of in technological development

Dem

onstrative Research on Solid Oxide Fuel C

ells (SOFC

)

Figure 1 External appearance of an SOFC System

Main fuel cell unit

Hot well

Project overview

Technology overview

SOFC system and elemental technology

Project evaluation committee

Cooperation

Subsidization Operating data Subsidization Analisis and evaluation of result

Identifying issues

evaluation result

NEDO

Field test operator New Energy Foundation

Field test Operator: System installation snd data collectionNew Energy Foundation： Analisis and evaluation of data

Figure 2 Image of a stationary fuel cell system

26

Japan Hydrogen and Fuel C

ell Dem

onstration Project

Japan Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Demonstration Project

Duration FY 2009 – FY 2010FY2009 budget ¥990 millionBackground In the Commercialization Scenario for Fuel Cell Vehicles and Hydrogen Stations guidelines

compiled by the Fuel Cell Commercialization Conference of Japan (FCCJ), it is stated that FY2015 will mark the beginning of the commercialization of fuel cell vehicles for general users. In order for this to happen, a review of regulations will need to be completed and a national consensus to promote fuel cell vehicles and hydrogen infrastructure will need to be built through public demonstrations.

Objective Aiming to establish a hydrogen energy economy, research will be carried out in order to demonstrate the usefulness of hydrogen infrastructure and fuel cell vehicles (FCV). Through this project, data will be collected and issues identified related to technology development, cost effectiveness and safety to facilitate the commercialization of FCV and hydrogen infrastructure. The results will be utilized for related NEDO projects.

Outline The Japan Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Demonstration Project (JHFC), a government/private sector joint research effort has been making steady progress towards the commercialization of FCV and hydrogen infrastructure. In order to ensure the commencement of commercialization in FY2015, as referenced above, in addition to existing efforts, new approaches for subsequent verification tests will be clarified through the reinforcement of activities related to safety verification and regulatory review as well as the examination of commercial infrastructure models from the perspective of energy suppliers.

FY2009-FY2010 project targets1. Hydrogen infrastructure

a) Analyze and suggest future commercial infrastructure model.b) Evaluate hydrogen infrastructure data collected under actual use conditions and clarify issues for practical

application.c) Design specific programs for safety verification and review hydrogen infrastructure regulations with the aim

of widespread commercialization in FY2015.

2. Fuel cell vehiclesd) Evaluate fuel cell vehicle data collected under actual use conditions and clarify issues for the practical

application.e) Verify energy-savings effect (improved mileage) and environmental load reduction effect.

3. Common targets for vehicles and infrastructuref ) Analyze common requirements for vehicles and infrastructure and suggest coherent measures to address

those requirements.g) Analyze common issues between vehicles and infrastructure, seek collaboration and suggest

countermeasures.

4. Dissemination of research results, recognition improvement, internationalization and local demonstrationh) Enhance cooperation with other hydrogen development-related projects.i) Publicize research results and promote improved recognition/understanding of fuel cell vehicles and

hydrogen infrastructure among influential stakeholders.j) Share information with affiliated international authorities and conduct overseas verification tests; suggest

and encourage international cooperation and global standardization.k) Analyze and organize rural demonstrations

5. Future verification testingl) On the basis of the above targets a to k, design a plan for subsequent verification testing.

Project overview1

Project features2

27

NEDO<Kasumigaseki Hydrogen Station> Taiyo Nippon Sanso

Subsidization<Yokohama-Asahi Hydrogen Station> Nippon Oil Corporation

<Yokohama-Daikoku Hydrogen Station> Cosmo Oil Company

<Ariake Hydrogen Station> Showa Shell Sekiyu, Iwatani Corporation

<Funabashi Hydrogen Station> Japan Energy Corporation, Taiyo Nippon Sanso

<Senju Hydrogen Station> Tokyo Gas Company, Taiyo Nippon Sanso

<Sagamihara Hydrogen Station> Kurita Water Industry, Sinanen Company, Itochu Enex

<Kawasaki Hydrogen Station> Japan Air Gases Company/Air Liquide Japan

<Centrair Hydrogen Station> Toho Gas Company, Taiyo Nippon Sanso, Nippon Steel Corporation

<Kansai Airport Hydrogen Station> Iwatani Corporation, Kansai Electric Power Company

<Osaka Hydrogen Station> Osaka Gas Company

Osaka Science and Technology Center<JHFC Park Osaka>

Japan Petroleum Energy Center

entrustment

Japan Automobile Research Institute

Engineering Advancement Association of Japan

The Japan Gas Association

Automobile manufacturersAutomobile manufacturers that submitted vehicle driving data were selected through a public solicitation.

Japan Hydrogen and Fuel C

ell Dem

onstration Project

Project overview

Technology overview

Chubu Area○ Test drives for commercialization

Fuel cell bus demonstration in cooperation with Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and TourismShuttle bus and ramp bus operations in/around the Chubu International Airport

○ City gas reforming & off-site production hydrogen stationVerification of large-scale hydrogen supply system and assessment of future prospects

Kansai Area○ Urban hydrogen station, simplified hydrogen supply equipment

Verification of hydrogen supply for various uses○ Verification of emergency equipment

Emergency equipment powered by fuel cells○ New hydrogen applications and verification of fuel cell systems

Metropolitan Area○ Test drives for commercialization

FCV demonstrat ion in designated areas conducted by third parties

○ �Hydrogen stations using various feedstocks and production methodsVerification of safety, reliability and performance

○ Verification of 70MPa hydrogen supply systemTest runs of 70MPa-compatible FCVs on public roads

Nationwide Activities○ Public relations and educational activities

Holding and participating in eventsOrganizing tours to JHFC ParkEducational activities for stakeholders

○ �Evaluation of domestic and international trends, promotion of international cooperationSurvey on FCV and hydrogen infrastructure policies and technologies

28

Overview

of 2008 Roadmaps for Fuel C

ell and Hydrogen Technology

Overview of 2008 Roadmaps for Fuel Cell and Hydrogen TechnologyNEDO's Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology Development Division has formulated roadmaps for six technological fields in order to efficiently and effectively promote research and development of these technologies.

⃝Objective i) To clarify technical issues that must be tackled for the development of fuel cell and hydrogen technologies, to

provide direction for technological development, and to serve as a point of reference that leads the way to efficient, precise research and development initiatives in this field at all industry and academic levels.

ii) To share technology development scenarios with stakeholders and ensure efficient, effective implementation in line with these scenarios.

iii) To promote further research and development and encourage new participation through broad dissemination of the roadmaps.

⃝Roadmaps for six technological fields

Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell (PEFC) Technology Roadmap (stationary fuel cell systems)

Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell (PEFC) Technology Roadmap (fuel cell vehicles (FCV))

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Technology Roadmap

Hydrogen Storage Technology Roadmap

On-site Hydrogen Station Technology Roadmap

Off-site Hydrogen Station Technology Roadmap

To contribute to CO2 emissions reduction through early commercialization of the world's most advanced high-efficiency household cogeneration systems

To contribute to CO2 emissions reduction through the future commercialization of next-generation clean energy vehicles (FCVs)

To achieve high-efficiency power generation through the establishment of small-scale system technology and to scale this technology up for medium and large-scale systems

To develop light, compact, low-cost, safe hydrogen storage vessels for FCVs

To supply low cost hydrogen by producing hydrogen cost effectively on-site

To supply low cost hydrogen through the establishment of safe delivery and efficient production systems, including by-product hydrogen supply systems

Overviews of the roadmaps are shown on the following pages.A full version of each roadmap was published in the NEDO 2008 Roadmap for Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology Development pamphlet and is available at the following website:URL : https://app3.infoc.nedo.go.jp/informations/koubo/events/FA/

nedoeventpage.2008-06-18.1414722325/

29

Overview

of 2008 Roadmaps for Fuel C

ell and Hydrogen Technology

90,0

00 h

rs40

,000

-90

,000

hrs

40,0

00 h

rs40

,000

hrs

2

90℃

2020

-20

30Fu

ll di

ssem

inat

ion

Dur

abili

ty(s

tart

/sto

p op

erat

ions

)

Syst

em c

ost3

Ope

ratin

g te

mpe

ratu

re70

℃70

℃70

-90

℃

33%／

37%

33%／

37%

33

%／

36%

El

ectr

ic e

ffici

ency

133

%／

37%

＞36

%／

40%

<0.4

mill

ion

yen

<0.4

mill

ion

yen

2015

Dis

sem

inat

ion

2010

Early

dis

sem

inat

ion

2008

Dem

onst

ratio

n to

ear

ly in

trod

uctio

nPr

esen

t（en

d of

FY2

007）

20,0

00 h

rs

70℃

Foot

note

s

1.El

ectri

c ef

ficie

ncy

is

expr

esse

d in

HH

V/L

HV

.

2.40

,000

-hr d

urab

ility

by

2008

cor

resp

onds

to 1

0-ye

ar d

aily

sta

rt an

d st

op

(DSS

) ope

ratio

n.

Pro

gres

s in

sta

ck a

nd c

ompo

nent

cos

t re

duct

ion

Pro

gres

s in

redu

cing

sys

tem

cos

ts th

roug

h st

anda

rdiz

atio

n of

spe

cific

atio

ns fo

r com

mon

B

OP

and

ver

tical

coo

pera

tion

deve

lopm

ent

Pro

gres

s in

var

ious

fund

amen

tal a

naly

sis

and

eval

uatio

n m

etho

ds

Acc

eler

atin

g te

st m

etho

ds

and

impr

ovin

g st

ack

dura

bilit

y te

chno

logi

es

Red

ucin

g co

st o

f sta

cks

and

deve

lopi

ng m

ass

prod

uctio

n te

chno

logy

Opt

imiz

ing

BO

P→

Impr

ovin

g du

rabi

lity

and

redu

cing

cos

ts

Est

ablis

hing

var

ious

fu

ndam

enta

l ana

lysi

s an

d ev

alua

tion

met

hods

Inst

alla

tion

and

oper

atio

n of

ove

r 2,0

00 P

EFC

sy

stem

s at

priv

ate

resi

denc

es in

Jap

an s

ince

20

05

To re

duce

CO

2 em

issi

ons

thro

ugh

early

com

mer

cial

izat

ion

of w

orld

’s m

ost a

dvan

ced

high

-effi

cien

cy re

side

ntia

l cog

ener

atio

n sy

stem

s

Est

ablis

hing

tech

nolo

gies

for

mas

s pr

oduc

tion

of s

tack

s→

Red

uce

cost

s

Est

ablis

hing

mas

s pr

oduc

tion

tech

nolo

gies

for h

igh-

effic

ienc

yst

ack

com

pone

nts

→R

educ

e co

sts

Impr

ovin

g ro

bust

ness

bas

ed o

n ne

xt-g

ener

atio

n te

chno

logi

es

Opt

imiz

e hi

gh-e

ffici

ency

sta

ck

com

pone

nts

→Im

prov

e pe

rform

ance

and

du

rabi

lity

Impr

ove

perfo

rman

cefu

rther

and

redu

ce c

osts

PEFC

tech

nolo

gy tr

ends

MEA

s an

d ce

lls fo

r hig

h-te

mpe

ratu

re, l

ow-R

H o

pera

tion

(incl

udin

g el

ectro

lyte

mem

bran

es a

nd c

atal

ysts

)

Nex

t gen

erat

ion

tech

nolo

gies

for M

EAs,

cel

ls, a

nd s

tack

sN

ext g

ener

atio

n te

chno

logi

es fo

r MEA

s, c

ells

, and

sta

cks

Iden

tific

atio

n of

reac

tion

and

mat

eria

l tra

nsfe

r mec

hani

sms

in/a

t cat

alys

ts, e

lect

roly

te m

embr

ane,

and

cel

l int

erfa

ces

Non

-hum

idifi

catio

n M

EA

s, n

on-P

t cat

alys

ts (e

.g. c

arbo

n al

loys

, oxi

des,

etc

.), h

ighl

y-ac

tive

cath

ode

cata

lyst

s, e

tc.

Enha

ncem

ent o

f lon

gEn

hanc

emen

t of l

ong --

term

bas

ic/fu

ndam

enta

l tec

hnol

ogie

ste

rm b

asic

/fund

amen

tal t

echn

olog

ies

Pro

gres

s in

fact

or a

naly

ses

on d

egra

datio

n m

echa

nism

s th

roug

h st

rong

er c

oope

rativ

eef

forts

am

ong

indu

stry

-uni

vers

ity-g

over

nmen

t

Tech

nica

l cha

lleng

es fo

rea

rly d

isse

min

atio

nTe

chni

cal c

halle

nges

in

ear

ly in

trod

uctio

nTe

chni

cal c

halle

nges

for d

isse

min

atio

nan

d fu

ll di

ssem

inat

ion

For 7

0-90

℃op

erat

ion （at

<65

%R

H）an

d 40

,000

-hr d

urab

ility

For 7

0-90

℃op

erat

ion （at

<65

%R

H）an

d 40

,000

-hr d

urab

ility

Dur

abili

ty im

prov

emen

t sta

cks

for h

igh-

tem

pera

ture

, low

-RH

ope

ratio

nFo

r 90℃

oper

atio

n （at

<30

%R

H) a

nd 4

0,00

0 -9

0,00

0-hr

dur

abili

ty

Dur

abili

ty im

prov

emen

t sta

cks

for h

igh-

tem

pera

ture

, low

-RH

ope

ratio

nFo

r 90℃

oper

atio

n （at

<30

%R

H) a

nd 4

0,00

0 -9

0,00

0-hr

dur

abili

ty

Foot

note

s

3. S

yste

m c

osts

co

rres

pond

to s

hipm

ents

of

1 k

W re

side

ntia

l fue

l ce

ll sy

stem

s by

m

anuf

actu

rers

.(N

umbe

r of s

yste

ms

liste

d be

low

sys

tem

cos

t doe

s no

t exp

ress

mar

ket s

ize.

)

4. A

ssum

ed te

chno

logy

co

st a

t a p

rodu

ctio

n le

vel

of 1

,000

sys

tem

s/

com

pany

/yea

r.M

arke

ting

stra

tegi

es w

ill al

so fa

ctor

into

the

actu

al

mar

ket p

rice.

2 -2

.5 m

illio

n ye

n (a

t ear

ly in

trodu

ctio

n in

200

9)4

(1,0

00 s

yste

ms/

com

pany

/yea

r)

4.8

mill

ion

yen

(ave

rage

for l

arge

-sca

le

dem

onst

ratio

n pr

ojec

t)

4.8

mill

ion

yen

(ave

rage

for l

arge

-sca

le

dem

onst

ratio

n pr

ojec

t)

0.7

-1.2

mill

ion

yen

(in c

a. 2

012)

(10,

000

syst

ems/

com

pany

/yea

r)

0.5

-0.7

mill

ion

yen

(in c

a. 2

015)

(100

,000

syst

ems/

com

pany

/yea

r)

Poly

mer

Ele

ctro

lyte

Fue

l Cel

l （PE

FC）

Tech

nolo

gy R

oadm

ap(S

tatio

nary

fuel

cel

l sys

tem

)

30

Overview

of the 2008 Roadmap for Fuel C

ell and Hydrogen Technology

>5,0

00 h

rs5,

000

hrs

3,00

0 hr

s2,

000

hrs

-40℃

to 1

00-1

20℃

2020

–20

30Fu

ll co

mm

erci

aliz

atio

n

Dur

abili

ty**

Stac

k pr

oduc

tion

cost

Ope

ratio

n te

mpe

ratu

re(in

clud

ing

star

t-up

tem

pera

ture

)

Hun

dred

s of

thou

sand

s of

yen

/kW

Hun

dred

s of

thou

sand

s of

yen

/kW

-30℃

to 8

0℃-3

0℃to

90℃

50,0

00-6

0,00

0 ye

n/kW

50,0

00-6

0,00

0 ye

n/kW

-30℃

to 9

0-10

0℃

10,0

00 y

en/k

W10

,000

yen

/kW

50%

(42%

)50

%(4

2%)

Vehi

cle

effic

ienc

y*(1

0-15

mod

e)

<4,0

00 y

en/k

W<4

,000

yen

/kW

Ca.

201

5Ea

rly d

isse

min

atio

n

2010

Tech

nolo

gy d

emon

stra

tion

to p

ublic

dem

onst

ratio

n

2008

Tech

nolo

gy d

emon

stra

tion

Pres

ent

(end

of F

Y200

7)

1,00

0 hr

s

80℃

Abou

t 120

FC

Vs h

ave

been

regi

ster

ed a

nd p

artic

ipat

ed in

the

JHFC

proj

ect s

ince

200

2, lo

ggin

g ab

out 6

00,0

00 k

m a

nd a

ccum

ulat

ing

data

co

nsta

ntly

.FC

V’s

effic

ienc

y, m

easu

red

by c

hass

is d

ynam

o m

eter

s, h

as b

een

incr

ease

d fro

m a

ppro

x. 5

0% (i

n 20

04) t

o ap

prox

. 56%

(200

7) (t

op

runn

er v

alue

s of

JH

FC d

emon

stra

tion

proj

ect).

Pro

gres

s in

impr

ovin

g st

ack

perfo

rman

ce (l

ight

er, m

ore

com

pact

and

mor

e po

wer

, etc

.)

Impr

ovin

g st

ack

dura

bilit

y(e

.g.

for s

tart/

stop

load

s)

Hig

h-te

mpe

ratu

re a

nd lo

w-R

H

oper

atio

n (e

.g. M

EAs

)

Red

ucin

g no

ble

met

al lo

adin

g

Impr

ovin

g st

ack

perfo

rman

ce a

nd

effic

ienc

y ba

sed

on n

ext-g

ener

atio

n te

chno

logi

es

Opt

imiz

ing

Nex

t-gen

erat

ion

BOP

sR

educ

ing

cost

of

Nex

t-gen

erat

ion

BOP

s

Impr

ovin

g pe

rform

ance

bas

ed o

n lo

ng-te

rm b

asic

/fund

amen

tal

tech

nolo

gies

Mas

s pr

oduc

tion

(sta

cks

and

ME

As)

Opt

imiz

ing

next

gen

erat

ion

stac

k co

mpo

nent

s

Opt

imiz

ing

tech

nolo

gies

for s

tack

du

rabi

lity

impr

ovem

ent

(for h

igh-

tem

pera

ture

ope

ratio

n)R

educ

ing

cost

and

impr

ovin

g du

rabi

lity

of

nex

t-gen

erat

ion

stac

ks

Red

ucin

g co

st o

f st

acks

and

com

pone

nts

Impr

oved

col

d st

art p

erfo

rman

ce(s

tart-

up a

t -30

℃is

pos

sibl

e)

Est

ablis

hing

mas

s pr

oduc

tion

tech

nolo

gies

for s

tack

s--

> R

educ

ing

cost

s

Esta

blis

hing

mas

s pr

oduc

tion

tech

nolo

gies

for h

igh

perfo

rman

ce s

tack

com

pone

nts

--> C

ost r

educ

tion

Est

ablis

hing

eva

luat

ion

met

hods

for c

ells

and

sta

cks

To re

duce

CO

2em

issi

ons

by d

isse

min

atin

g ne

xt-g

ener

atio

n cl

ean

ener

gy v

ehic

les,

FC

Vs, i

n th

e fu

ture

(Ass

umin

g ap

prox

. 100

kW

/FC

V s

tack

.)(A

ssum

ing

appr

ox. 1

00 k

W/F

CV

sta

ck.)

(<H

undr

eds

of th

ousa

nds

of y

en/k

W)

(<H

undr

eds

of th

ousa

nds

of y

en/k

W)

>50%

(42%

)60

%(5

1%)

>60%

(51%

)

Tech

nolo

gica

l cha

lleng

es

in d

emon

stra

tion

Tech

nolo

gica

l cha

lleng

es

for e

arly

dis

sem

inat

ion

Tech

nolo

gica

l cha

lleng

es

for f

ull c

omm

erci

aliz

atio

n

For 9

0-10

0℃op

erat

ion （at

<30

% R

H) a

nd 3

,000

-hrd

urab

ility

For 9

0-10

0℃op

erat

ion （at

<30

% R

H) a

nd 3

,000

-hrd

urab

ility

For 1

00-1

20℃

oper

atio

n （w

ithou

t a h

umid

ifier

) and

5,0

00-h

rdur

abili

tyFo

r 100

-120

℃op

erat

ion （w

ithou

t a h

umid

ifier

) and

5,0

00-h

rdur

abili

ty

Foot

note

s

*Val

ues

are

expr

esse

d in

LH

V; H

HV

sar

e no

ted

as re

fere

nce.

**D

urab

ility

incl

udes

to

lera

nce

of

star

t/sto

p tim

es a

t re

quire

d op

erat

ing

cond

ition

s.

PEFC

tech

nolo

gy tr

ends

Pro

gres

s in

fact

or a

naly

ses

on d

egra

datio

n m

echa

nism

s th

roug

h st

rong

er c

oope

rativ

eef

forts

am

ong

indu

stry

-ac

adem

ia-g

over

nmen

t

MEA

san

d ce

lls fo

r hig

h-te

mpe

ratu

re a

nd lo

w-R

H o

pera

tion

(incl

udin

g el

ectro

lyte

mem

bran

es a

nd c

atal

ysts

)

Nex

tN

ext --

gene

ratio

n te

chno

logi

es fo

r MEA

s, c

ells

, and

sta

cks

gene

ratio

n te

chno

logi

es fo

r MEA

s, c

ells

, and

sta

cks

Iden

tific

atio

n of

reac

tion

and

mat

eria

l tra

nsfe

r mec

hani

sms

in/a

t cat

alys

ts, e

lect

roly

te m

embr

ane,

and

cel

l int

erfa

ces

Non

-hum

idifi

catio

n M

EA

s, n

on-P

t cat

alys

ts (e

.g. c

arbo

n al

loys

, oxi

des,

etc

.), h

ighl

y-ac

tive

cath

ode

cata

lyst

s, e

tc.

Enha

ncem

ent o

f lon

gEn

hanc

emen

t of l

ong --

term

bas

ic/fu

ndam

enta

l tec

hnol

ogie

ste

rm b

asic

/fund

amen

tal t

echn

olog

ies

Dur

abili

ty im

prov

emen

t sta

cks

for h

igh-

tem

pera

ture

and

low

-RH

ope

ratio

nD

urab

ility

impr

ovem

ent s

tack

s fo

r hig

h-te

mpe

ratu

re a

nd lo

w-R

H o

pera

tion

Poly

mer

Ele

ctro

lyte

Fue

l Cel

l （PE

FC）

Tech

nolo

gy R

oadm

ap（Fu

el c

ell v

ehic

les （FC

V））

31

Overview

of the 2008 Roadmap for Fuel C

ell and Hydrogen Technology

Indu

stria

l co

gene

ratio

n sy

stem

(med

ium

: hun

dred

s of

kW

-se

vera

l MW

)

Util

ity o

r priv

ate

pow

er g

ener

atio

n(la

rge:

sev

eral

ＭＷ

-)

Bus

ines

s-us

e co

gene

ratio

n sy

stem

(med

ium

: sev

eral

-hun

dred

kW

)

Solid

Oxi

de F

uel C

ell （

SOFC

）Te

chno

logy

Roa

dmap

2020

-20

3020

1520

10

To a

ttain

hig

h ef

ficie

ncy

pow

er g

ener

atio

n th

roug

h te

chno

logi

cale

stab

lishm

ent o

f sm

all-s

cale

sys

tem

s an

d ex

tens

ion

of m

ediu

m a

nd la

rge-

scal

e sy

stem

s

Res

iden

tial

coge

nera

tion

syst

em（Sm

all:

Ca.

1kW

-se

vera

l kW）

Dev

elop

men

t and

dem

onst

ratio

n140

%／

44%

2

5,00

0 hr

(con

tinuo

us o

pera

tion)

3

Tens

of m

illio

ns y

en/k

W4

Early

intr

oduc

tion

40%／

44%

40,0

00 h

r pro

spec

t (c

ontin

uous

ope

ratio

n)1

mill

ion

yen/

kW (a

t sev

eral

MW

/yr)

Dis

sem

inat

ion

>40%

／44

%90

,000

hr p

rosp

ect (

cont

inuo

us o

pera

tion)

< 0.

4 m

illio

n-ye

n/kW

Syst

em d

evel

opm

ent

40%／

44%

3,00

0 hr

ope

ratio

n ve

rific

atio

nM

illio

ns -

tens

of m

illio

ns y

en/k

W

Dev

elop

men

t and

de

mon

stra

tion

40%／

44%

10,0

00-2

0,00

0 hr

pro

spec

tM

illio

ns o

f yen

/kW

Red

ucin

g co

st o

f cel

l and

sta

ck

mat

eria

ls a

nd c

ompo

nent

s

Impr

ovin

gdu

rabi

lity

and

relia

bilit

y

Impr

ovin

g op

erat

iona

l fea

sibi

lity

(Est

ablis

hing

sta

rt/st

op

tech

nolo

gy)

Esta

blis

hing

tec

hnol

ogie

s fo

r hi

gh-p

ress

ure

oper

atio

n

Early

intr

oduc

tion

40%／

44%

40,0

00 h

r pro

spec

t1

mill

ion

yen/

kW(a

t sev

eral

MW

/yr)

Dis

sem

inat

ion

>45%

／50

%90

,000

hr p

rosp

ect

< 0.

2 m

illio

n ye

n/kW

(at 1

50 M

W/y

)

・Pr

ogre

ss in

cel

l and

sta

ck te

chno

logi

es fo

r 1 k

W-c

lass

sy

stem

s

Laun

ch o

f dem

onst

ratio

ns w

ith re

al lo

ad c

ondi

tions

・3,

000

hr-o

pera

tions

usi

ng te

ns o

f kW

-cla

ss s

yste

ms

→Id

entif

icat

ion

of te

chni

cal c

halle

nges

, suc

h as

dur

abili

ty

・Pr

ogre

ss b

y in

dust

ry-u

nive

rsity

-gov

ernm

ents

ecto

rs in

U

SA in

fund

amen

tal s

tudi

es s

uch

as o

n id

entif

ying

de

grad

atio

n m

echa

nism

s to

enh

ance

dur

abili

ty a

nd

relia

bilit

yS

imila

rly in

Jap

an, j

oint

rese

arch

will

be

fully

sta

rted

in F

Y200

8.

Tech

nolo

gica

l cha

lleng

es

in d

evel

opm

ent a

nd d

emon

stra

tion

SOFC

tech

nolo

gy tr

ends

Hyb

rid s

yste

m d

evel

opm

ent

48%／

52%

－ Mill

ions

-te

ns o

f mill

ions

yen

/kW

Dev

elop

men

t and

de

mon

stra

tion

50%／

55%

10,0

00 -

20,0

00 h

r pro

spec

t1

mill

ion–

mill

ions

yen

/kW

Dis

sem

inat

ion

>55%

／60

%90

,000

hr

pros

pect

< 0.

15 m

illio

n ye

n/kW

(at 2

00 M

W/y

r)

Stud

y on

app

licab

ility

of

inte

grat

ed c

oal g

asifi

catio

n fu

el c

ell

com

bine

d cy

cle

(IGFC

) >6

0%／

65%

Early

intr

oduc

tion

>50%

／55

%

40,0

00 h

r pro

spec

tH

undr

eds

of th

ousa

nds

–1

mill

ion

yen/

kW

Red

ucin

g co

st o

f st

acks

and

mod

ules

Intro

duci

ng te

chno

logi

es to

im

prov

e st

ack

dura

bilit

y

Esta

blis

hing

flex

ible

fuel

te

chno

logi

es

Opt

imiz

ing

syst

em c

onfig

urat

ions

and

sim

plify

ing

BO

Ps

Tech

nolo

gica

l cha

lleng

es

in e

arly

intr

oduc

tion

App

licat

ion

in c

ombi

ned

pow

er g

ener

atio

n sy

stem

s fo

r util

ity a

nd p

rivat

e pl

ants

>60%

／65

%(>

70%

HH

V du

ring

diss

emin

atio

n)Te

chno

logi

cal c

halle

nges

in d

isse

min

atio

n

Impr

ovin

g pe

rform

ance

and

du

rabi

lity

of n

ext-

gene

ratio

n st

acks

Red

ucin

g co

st

thro

ugh

mas

s pr

oduc

tion

Iden

tific

atio

n of

deg

rada

tion

mec

hani

sms

(i.e.

ther

mod

ynam

ic, c

hem

ical

, and

mec

hani

cal c

halle

nges

, thr

ee-p

hase

in

terfa

ce a

naly

sis

with

mul

tidis

cipl

inar

y ap

proa

ches

)

Acc

eler

ated

dur

abili

ty te

st m

etho

ds, d

urab

ility

impr

ovem

ent,

and

rem

aini

ng li

fe a

sses

smen

t met

hods

Cos

t red

uctio

n, p

rovi

sion

s fo

r inf

luen

ce o

f im

purit

ies

and

fuel

var

iatio

ns, e

tc.

Enha

ncem

ent o

f fun

dam

enta

l tec

hnol

ogy

Enha

ncem

ent o

f fun

dam

enta

l tec

hnol

ogy

Not

es

1. S

yste

m c

osts

repr

esen

t the

tota

l co

st o

f pow

er g

ener

atio

n co

mpo

nent

s,

excl

udin

g he

at re

cycl

ing

parts

. (H

owev

er, c

ost o

f hot

wat

er s

tora

ge

tank

is in

clud

ed fo

r res

iden

tial

syst

ems.

)Th

e va

lue

in p

aren

thes

es fo

r eac

h sy

stem

doe

s no

t exp

ress

mar

ket s

ize

in e

ach

FY, b

ut is

use

d fo

r est

imat

ing

syst

em c

osts

.

2. H

ybrid

sys

tem

s re

fers

to

coge

nera

tion

syst

ems,

whe

re S

OFC

an

d ga

s tu

rbin

es a

re c

ombi

ned

and

ex

haus

t hea

t is

reco

vere

d. T

he

com

bine

d po

wer

gen

erat

ion

syst

ems

that

are

a c

ombi

natio

n of

SO

FC, g

as

turb

ines

, etc

., re

cycl

e ex

haus

t hea

t on

ly fo

r pow

er g

ener

atio

n.

Foot

note

s

1. R

esea

rch

or b

usin

ess

stag

e2.

Ele

ctric

effi

cien

cy (H

HV

/LH

V)

3. D

urab

ility

(ope

ratin

g ho

urs)

4. S

yste

m c

ost

Pres

ent

(end

of F

Y200

7)

32

Overview

of the 2008 Roadmap for Fuel C

ell and Hydrogen Technology

Vehi

cle

rang

eH

ydro

gen

stor

age

Cos

t of s

tora

ge s

yste

m*

Pros

pect

s fo

r FC

Vs

300-

500

km3-

5kg

3-5

mill

ion

yen

500

km5

kgC

ost r

educ

tion

thro

ugh

mat

eria

l dev

elop

men

tan

d m

anuf

actu

ring

tech

nolo

gy

500-

700

km5-

7kg

Cos

t red

uctio

n th

roug

h m

ass-

prod

uctio

n

700

km7

kgD

rast

ic c

ost r

educ

tion

(~hu

ndre

ds o

f th

ousa

nds

yen)

Hyd

roge

n st

orag

e te

chno

logy

: A

chie

vem

ents

and

Cha

lleng

es

500

km p

rosp

ect w

ith h

igh

pres

sure

tank

tech

nolo

gy

Expe

ctat

ion

of M

H w

ith 3

%

stor

age

capa

city

(Wor

ld’s

to

p le

vel c

apac

ity)

Verif

icat

ion

of s

afet

y of

hig

h pr

essu

re ta

nks

Hig

her p

erfo

rman

ce h

ydro

gen

stor

age

mat

eria

ls

Liqu

id h

ydro

gen

Met

al h

ydrid

es

Inor

gani

c m

ater

ials

Low

cos

t, lig

ht w

eigh

t, co

mpa

ct,

dura

ble,

and

saf

e hy

drog

en

stor

age

syst

em

Dev

elop

men

t of m

ore

com

pact

, lig

hter

tank

s

Sear

ch fo

r new

sto

rage

m

ater

ials

Hyd

roge

n St

orag

e Te

chno

logy

Roa

dmap

Hyd

roge

n St

orag

e Te

chno

logy

Roa

dmap

Brea

kthr

ough

s ba

sed

on fu

ndam

enta

l res

earc

h(e

.g. u

nder

stan

ding

of h

ydro

gen

stor

age

mec

hani

sm)

Dev

elop

men

t of i

nnov

ativ

e hy

drog

en s

tora

ge m

ater

ials

and

sys

tem

s

To d

evel

op li

ght,

com

pact

, low

-cos

t, sa

fe h

ydro

gen

stor

age

tank

s fo

r FC

Vs

Dev

elop

men

t of H

2st

orag

e m

ater

ials

with

6 –

9 m

ass%

-Impr

oved

cap

acity

and

des

orpt

ion

rate

-Low

er H

2de

sorp

tion

tem

pera

ture

-Les

s de

grad

atio

n-O

ptim

ized

mat

eria

l com

posi

tion

-Hig

her d

urab

ility

and

low

er c

ost

-Fur

ther

dev

elop

men

t of r

educ

tion

and

utili

zatio

n of

BO

G(e

.g. 7

kg,

110

L, 3

5 kg

, B

oil-o

ff ra

te: 0

.5-1

%/d

ayTi

me

at w

hich

boi

l-off

begi

ns: 2

00 h

rs )

35 M

Pa ta

nks:

Prac

tical

use

pha

se(E

st. o

f cod

es)

Dev

elop

men

t pha

se(e

.g. 3

5 M

Pa:

9.2

kg,

150

L, 4

20 k

g)

Hig

h pr

essu

re ta

nks:

-Saf

ety

assu

ranc

e(te

chno

logy

to d

etec

t de

terio

ratio

nan

d in

visi

ble

dam

age)

-Mat

eria

ls w

ith le

ss H

2em

britt

lem

ent

(e.g

. Typ

e 3;

70

MP

a: 5

kg,

120

L, 7

5 kg

)

Hyb

rid ta

nks：

・A

dvan

cem

ent o

f tan

ks a

nd h

eat-

exch

ange

rs・Sa

fety

ass

uran

ce, c

odes

(e.g

. 35

MP

a: 5

kg,

100

L, 1

65 k

g)

Hig

h pr

essu

re v

esse

ls：

・D

esig

n op

timiz

atio

n fo

r lig

hter

ves

sels

(e.g

. Typ

e 4;

70

MP

a: 7

kg,

170

L, 8

0 kg

)

Hyb

rid ta

nks：

・Li

ghte

r tan

ks a

nd h

eat-e

xcha

nger

s・Im

prov

emen

t of s

afet

y/re

liabi

lity

(e.g

. 35

MP

a: 7

kg,

115

L, 1

75 k

g)

Opt

imiz

ed H

2pr

essu

re in

tota

l sy

stem

Not

e: N

umbe

rs fo

r ta

nks

are

indi

cate

d in

th

e fo

llow

ing

orde

r: H

ydro

gen

stor

age

(kg)

, In

tern

al c

apac

ity (L

), Ta

nk w

eigh

t (kg

)

-Red

uctio

n an

d ut

iliza

tion

of B

OG

(e.g

. 5 k

g, 8

0 L,

50

kg,

Boi

l-off

rate

: 1-2

%/d

ayTi

me

at w

hich

boi

l-off

begi

ns: 1

00 h

rs)

-Dev

elop

men

t of t

anks

for

heav

y ve

hicl

es

Pros

pect

of B

CC

(TiC

rV) w

ith

3% c

apac

ityD

evel

opm

ent o

f new

sys

tem

(e

.g. M

g)

Dev

elop

men

t of H

2 st

orag

e m

ater

ials

w

ith 3

–6

mas

s%-Im

prov

ed c

apac

ity a

nd d

esor

ptio

n ra

te-L

ower

H2

deso

rptio

n te

mpe

ratu

re-L

ess

degr

adat

ion

-Opt

imiz

ed m

ater

ial c

ompo

sitio

n-S

earc

h fo

r new

mat

eria

ls

Prac

tical

use

pha

se(e

.g. <

1 M

Pa:

4.3

kg,

68

L, 8

5 kg

,B

oil-o

ff ra

te: 3

-6%

/day

Tim

e at

whi

ch b

oil-o

ff be

gins

: 30

hrs

)

Hig

h pr

essu

re

tank

s(-7

0 M

Pa)

Hyb

rid ta

nks

(con

tain

ing

MH

)D

evel

opm

ent o

f hy

drog

en s

tora

ge

mat

eria

ls w

ith h

igh

capa

bilit

y of

H2

abso

rptio

n/de

sorp

tion

Bas

ic s

cien

ce o

n hi

gh c

apac

ity

stor

age

mat

eria

ls (e

.g. L

i)

2020

-203

0Fu

ll co

mm

erci

aliz

atio

n

2015

Early

dis

sem

inat

ion

2010

Tech

nolo

gy d

emon

stra

tion

to p

ublic

dem

onst

ratio

n

Pres

ent

(end

of F

Y200

7)Te

chno

logy

val

idat

ion

*tot

al c

ost o

f all

stor

age

tank

s/sy

stem

s on

-boa

rd.

70 M

Pa ta

nks:

D

evel

opm

ent p

hase

(req

uire

s sp

ecia

l app

rova

l for

road

use

)

Hyd

roge

n ta

nks

Hyd

roge

n st

orag

e m

ater

ials

33

Overview

of the 2008 Roadmap for Fuel C

ell and Hydrogen Technology

H2

cost

*St

atio

n co

st(H

2su

pply

cap

acity

)

110-

150

yen/

Nm

3

300

mill

ion

yen

(50

Nm

3 -H2/h

)

On-

site

sta

tion:

Ach

ieve

men

tsan

d C

halle

nges

•Wor

ld-le

adin

g ke

y el

emen

tal

tech

nolo

gies

•Est

ablis

hmen

t of c

odes

, and

pr

omot

ion

of d

ereg

ulat

ion

•Dem

onst

ratio

n of

on-

site

H2

prod

uctio

n (3

5 M

Pa) f

rom

city

ga

s, L

PG, k

eros

ene

(JH

FC2)

•Dem

onst

ratio

n of

70

MPa

sta

tions

(J

HFC

2)•S

yste

m le

vel a

ssur

ance

for

dura

bilit

y an

d sa

fety

•Dev

elop

men

t of k

ey e

lem

enta

l te

chno

logi

es w

ith h

ighe

r effi

cien

cy

(impr

oved

per

form

ance

, lig

hter

w

eigh

t, hi

gher

dur

abili

ty),

and

low

er

mai

nten

ance

•Dep

loym

ent

of c

omm

erci

al

stat

ions

by

deve

lopi

ng

tech

nolo

gy to

add

ress

in

fras

truc

ture

cha

lleng

es•P

rom

otio

n of

tech

nolo

gy

deve

lopm

ent o

n hy

drog

en

prod

uctio

n fr

om re

new

able

s

On

On --

Site

Hyd

roge

n Pr

oduc

tion

Stat

ion

Tech

nolo

gy R

oadm

apSi

te H

ydro

gen

Prod

uctio

n St

atio

n Te

chno

logy

Roa

dmap

To s

uppl

y lo

w-c

ost h

ydro

gen

thro

ugh

cost

-effe

ctiv

e on

-site

hyd

roge

n pr

oduc

tion

Cle

an H

2pr

oduc

tion

tech

nolo

gy u

sing

rene

wab

les

(Lon

g-te

rm c

omm

itmen

t tow

ard

inno

vativ

e te

chno

logi

es)

Fund

amen

tal r

esea

rch

(e.g

. mat

eria

l sci

ence

on

H2

envi

ronm

ent)

Dis

pens

ers

Hig

h pr

essu

re

gas

stor

age

Com

pres

sors

Stea

m

Ref

orm

ing

(incl

. PS

A)

Hyd

roge

n m

embr

ane

reac

tor

Wat

er E

lect

roly

sis

*Hyd

roge

n co

st ta

rget

sh

ould

be

revi

ewed

with

so

cial

ext

erna

l con

ditio

ns

such

as

oil p

rice

surg

e.

80 y

en/N

m3

300

mill

ion

yen

(50

–30

0 N

m3 -H

2/h)

(40

–80

yen

/Nm

3 )15

0 m

illio

n ye

n(3

00 N

m3 -H

2/h)

40 y

en/N

m3

<150

mill

ion

yen

(300

–50

0 N

m3 -H

2/h)

Low

-cos

t, hi

gh-e

ffici

ency

, and

low

-C

O2

emis

sion

on-

site

H2

prod

uctio

n te

chno

logy

(App

licat

ion

of o

n-si

te C

CS

tech

nolo

gy w

ill

also

be

cons

ider

ed in

the

long

-term

)

On-

site

H2

prod

uctio

n te

chno

logy

Prac

tical

pha

seR

efor

min

g ef

ficie

ncy:

>70

%H

HV

Dev

elop

men

tal/d

emon

stra

tion

phas

e40

Nm

3 , 30

00-h

our O

pera

tion

Alka

line

elec

troly

sis:

dem

onst

ratio

n

PEM

ele

ctro

lysi

s: d

evel

opm

ent/d

emon

stra

tion

e.g.

Impr

oved

effi

cien

cy,

shor

ter s

tart

-tim

eR

efor

min

g ef

ficie

ncy:

75-

80%

HH

Ve.

g. L

ower

cos

t,m

ore

com

pact

H2

supp

ly te

chno

logy

e.g.

Hig

her d

urab

ility

, im

prov

ed H

2tr

ansp

orta

bilit

yR

efor

min

g ef

ficie

ncy:

>80

%H

HV

e.g.

Low

er c

ost,

high

er e

ffici

ency

e.g.

Hig

her d

urab

ility

PEM

Fe

asib

ility

of u

sing

re

new

able

ele

ctric

ity

For 3

5 M

Pa

syst

emFo

r 70

MP

asy

stem

Dev

elop

men

tal/e

xper

imen

tal p

hase

Dem

onst

ratio

n ph

ase

(JH

FC2)

Hig

her r

efue

ling

accu

racy

, Sh

orte

r ref

uelin

g tim

e

Dev

elop

men

tal/d

emon

stra

tion

phas

e

Dev

elop

men

t of C

ompo

site

-type

ves

sel,

Insp

ectio

n te

chno

logy

App

licat

ion

of te

chno

logi

es fo

r ea

rly d

isse

min

atio

n

Mee

t req

uire

men

ts o

f co

mm

erci

al-le

vel h

igh

pres

sure

on-

boar

d ve

ssel

s w

ith o

ptim

ized

pr

essu

re le

vel

Safe

, hig

hly

cost

-effe

ctiv

e,

and

high

ly d

urab

le o

n-si

te

hydr

ogen

pro

duct

ion

stat

ions

sup

plyi

ng lo

w-

cost

hyd

roge

n

Life

span

: 300

,000

cyc

les,

R

efue

ling

accu

racy

: with

in 1

%R

efue

ling

time:

<5

min

.

e.g.

Com

posi

te s

yste

m, l

arge

r/lon

ger v

esse

ls, h

ighe

r pre

ssur

e,

nond

estr

uctiv

e te

stin

g te

chni

que

Dem

onst

ratio

n ph

ase

(JH

FC2)

Dem

onst

ratio

n ph

ase

(JH

FC2)

e.g.

Low

er c

ost,

mor

e co

mpa

ctR

efor

min

g ef

ficie

ncy:

85%

HH

V

Impr

oved

com

pres

sion

effi

cien

cy

Low

er c

ost,

mor

e co

mpa

ctIm

prov

ed c

ompr

essi

on e

ffici

ency

Lo

wer

cos

t, m

ore

com

pact

Pros

pect

s fo

r FC

Vs

2020

-203

0Fu

ll co

mm

erci

aliz

atio

n

2015

Early

dis

sem

inat

ion

2010

Tech

nolo

gy d

emon

stra

tion

to p

ublic

dem

onst

ratio

n

Pres

ent

(end

of F

Y200

7)Te

chno

logy

Val

idat

ion

For 3

5 M

Pa

syst

emFo

r 70

MP

asy

stem

For 3

5 M

Pa

syst

emFo

r 70

MP

asy

stem

34

Overview

of the 2008 Roadmap for Fuel C

ell and Hydrogen Technology

H2

cost

*D

eliv

ery

cost

110-

150

yen/

Nm

3

20 y

en/N

m3

6 ye

n/N

m3

Off

Off

-- Site

Hyd

roge

n Pr

oduc

tion

Stat

ion

Tech

nolo

gy R

oadm

apSi

te H

ydro

gen

Prod

uctio

n St

atio

n Te

chno

logy

Roa

dmap

To s

uppl

y lo

w-c

ost h

ydro

gen

by e

stab

lishi

ng a

n ef

fect

ive

prod

uctio

n an

d sa

fe d

eliv

ery

syst

em fo

r by-

prod

uct h

ydro

gen

80 y

en/N

m3

10 y

en/N

m3

3-6

yen/

Nm

3

(40

–80

yen

/Nm

3 )(7

-10

yen/

Nm

3 )(3

-6 y

en/N

m3 )

40 y

en/N

m3

7 ye

n/N

m3

3 ye

n/N

m3

Stea

m

Ref

orm

ing

(larg

e-sc

ale)* Fo

r pur

ifica

tion

of h

ydro

gen,

PSA

or m

embr

ane

sepa

ratio

n pr

oces

ses

is n

eede

d.

Prac

tical

pha

se

H2

deliv

ery

tech

nolo

gy

Com

pres

sed

liqui

d

By-

prod

uct H

2 (S

teel

pla

nts,

refin

ery

plan

ts, p

etro

chem

ical

pla

nts,

sod

a pr

oduc

tion

plan

ts)

(Off-

site

H2

supp

ly te

chno

logy

is th

e sa

me

as o

n-si

te H

2su

pply

tech

nolo

gy. R

efer

to O

n-S

ite R

oadm

ap)

Com

pres

sed

H2

deliv

ery

Liqu

id H

2de

liver

y

Oth

er d

eliv

ery

Prac

tical

pha

se(S

teel

ves

sels

)

Feas

ibili

ty P

hase

(com

posi

te v

esse

ls)

Prac

tical

pha

se(ta

nker

truc

ks)

Dev

elop

men

t of

low

-cos

t del

iver

y te

chno

logy

for

larg

e-vo

lum

es o

f H

2

Hig

her e

ffici

ency

(lar

ger t

anks

)

Dev

elop

men

t of c

ompo

site

/hyb

rid v

esse

ls (c

onta

inin

g M

H),

insp

ectio

n te

chno

logi

es

Feas

ibilit

y ph

ase

(e.g

. org

anic

hyd

rides

)Fe

asib

ility

on

syst

em-d

evel

opm

ent

Feas

ibilit

y ph

ase

(hig

her i

nsul

atio

n, lo

wer

BO

G)

Feas

ibili

ty o

n sy

stem

-dev

elop

men

t

* P

rodu

ctio

n of

liqu

id h

ydro

gen

requ

ires

impr

ovem

ent o

f liq

uefa

ctio

nef

ficie

ncy.

Off-

site

sta

tion:

Ach

ieve

men

tsan

d C

halle

nges

•Hig

h po

tent

ial t

o su

pply

by-

prod

uct H

2fr

om s

teel

plan

ts,

petr

oche

mic

al p

lant

s•D

emon

stra

tion

of

off-s

ite H

2st

atio

n (J

HFC

2)

•Dem

onst

ratio

n of

70

MPa

sta

tions

(J

HFC

2)•S

yste

m le

vel a

ssur

ance

s on

du

rabi

lity

and

safe

ty•D

evel

opm

ent o

f key

ele

men

tal

tech

nolo

gies

with

hig

her e

ffici

ency

(im

prov

ed p

erfo

rman

ce, l

ight

er

wei

ght,

high

er d

urab

ility

), an

d lo

wer

m

aint

enan

ce

•Dep

loym

ent

of c

omm

erci

al

stat

ions

by

deve

lopi

ng

tech

nolo

gy to

add

ress

in

fras

truc

ture

cha

lleng

es•P

rom

otio

n of

tech

nolo

gy

deve

lopm

ent o

n hy

drog

en

prod

uctio

n fr

om re

new

able

s

Safe

, hig

hly

cost

-effe

ctiv

e,

and

high

ly d

urab

le o

ff-si

te

hydr

ogen

pro

duct

ion

stat

ions

sup

plyi

ng lo

w-

cost

hyd

roge

n

Off-

site

H2

prod

uctio

n te

chno

logy

e.g.

Impr

oved

effi

cien

cy,

low

er c

ost

Cle

an H

2pr

oduc

tion

tech

nolo

gy u

sing

rene

wab

les

(Lon

g-te

rm s

earc

h fo

r inn

ovat

ive

tech

nolo

gies

e.g

. sol

ar, p

hoto

cata

lyst

s, b

io-fe

rmen

tatio

n)

Fund

amen

tal r

esea

rch

(e.g

. mat

eria

l sci

ence

on

H2

envi

ronm

ent)

*Hyd

roge

n co

st ta

rget

sh

ould

be

revi

ewed

with

so

cial

ext

erna

l con

ditio

ns

such

as

oil p

rice

surg

e.

Low

-cos

t, hi

gh-e

ffici

ency

, and

low

-CO

2em

issi

on o

ff-si

te H

2pr

oduc

tion

tech

nolo

gy(A

pplic

atio

n of

CC

S te

chno

logy

sho

uld

be c

onsi

dere

d)

App

licat

ion

of te

chno

logi

es fo

r ea

rly d

isse

min

atio

n

Hig

her e

ffici

ency

(hig

her p

ress

ure,

larg

er v

olum

e)

Pros

pect

s fo

r FC

V

2020

-203

0Fu

ll co

mm

erci

aliz

atio

n

2015

Early

dis

sem

inat

ion

2010

Tech

nolo

gy d

emon

stra

tion

to p

ublic

dem

onst

ratio

n

Pres

ent

(end

of F

Y200

7)Te

chno

logy

Val

idat

ion

35

Industry Results and Trends

Industry Results and Trends

Technology developmentNEDONEDO

●Improvement of stack durability (operating in low humidity)●Improvement of efficiency (operating at high temperatures)●Low temperature starting (-30� to -40�)●Longer life, higher efficiency reformer●Development of platinum alternative catalyst for reformer●Development of low cost, highly durable auxiliary components for residential fuel cell cogeneration systems

●Improvement of stack durability (operating in low humidity)●Improvement of efficiency (operating at high temperatures)●Low temperature starting (-30� to -40�)●Longer life, higher efficiency reformer●Development of platinum alternative catalyst for reformer●Development of low cost, highly durable auxiliary components for residential fuel cell cogeneration systems

Demonstration●3,307 residential fuel cell cogeneration systems were installed in Japan through 2008.●Over the course of a year, a 32% reduction in CO2

emissions was demonstrated.

●3,307 residential fuel cell cogeneration systems were installed in Japan through 2008.●Over the course of a year, a 32% reduction in CO2

emissions was demonstrated.

Practical use ahead of the worldPractical use ahead of the worldThe Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry’ s Agency for National Resources and Energy issupporting the introduction of pioneering residential fuel cell cogeneration systems (“ENE FARM”).

Standards・criteria●Easing of Japanese regulations●Data is being collected to support international standardization. Practical use

●Easing of Japanese regulations●Data is being collected to support international standardization. Practical use

Fuel cell vehicle commercialization scenarioSpurred by the establishment of the Fuel Cell Commercialization Conference of Japan (FCCJ) in 2001, the private sector has become increasingly active in fuel cell and hydrogen technology development. FCCJ, whose members include private companies and associations, promotes fuel cell research and development and efforts to commercialize fuel cells. FCCJ developed a fuel cell vehicle and hydrogen station commercialization scenario, with a goal of commercialization starting in 2015.

Practical use of residential fuel cell cogeneration systemsAfter extensive research and development, residential fuel cell systems have now been commercialized. "ENE・FARM," an abbreviation for "energy farm," was coined by FCCJ as a name to describe the residential fuel cell cogeneration system product category. In 2009, Japan became the first country to commercialize residential fuel cell systems. The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) is supporting the introduction of the systems as part of the broader scheme of the public and private sectors working together to realize a fuel cell・hydrogen energy economy.

Year (Note: There will be a disproportionate number of hydrogen stations versus FCVs initially.)

Scenario for Dissemination of FCV and Hydrogen Stations

Phase 1TechnologicalDemonstration[JHFC-2]

Phase 2Technological Demonstration &

Public Demonstration[Next phase of demonstration testing]

Examine use of FCV & hydrogenstations from socioeconomicviewpoint

Start construction of commercial stations

Determine specifications for commercial stations

Phase 3 Early Dissemination

Phase 4Full-scale

Commercialization

Solution of technical challenges (Check and review of development progress, as needed)

Construction of stations must befront-loaded during this period

FCV production accelerates due to production line efficiencies

Contribution to energy diversification and reduced CO2 emissions

Number of stations built

Number of stations built

2015Aim to start dissemination to general public

2015Aim to start dissemination to general public

Number of FCVs

Number of FCVs

36

Hydrogen basics

Hydrogen has the simplest structure and is the lightest of all elements. The number of hydrogen molecules is the highest in space. Hydrogen is found in water (H2O) and fossil fuels in large amounts on the earth. Due to the fact that little toxic gas is produced when hydrogen is burnt and that it can be used as a fuel for fuel cells, which are more efficient than ordinary engines, hydrogen is expected to be the future energy source for automobiles, home appliances, and mobile devices. (See “Basics of fuel cells”.)

For example, fuel cell vehicles are driven by electric motors, with hydrogen used as the fuel and the electricity produced by means of a chemical reaction. Unlike ordinary automobiles driven by combustion engines, fuel cell vehicles are expected to be clean vehicles as they produce almost no exhaust gas while running. NEDO is actively engaged in various research and development activities in order to realize a society that uses clean hydrogen energy, for example, in fuel cell vehicles. As the use of hydrogen energy becomes popular, it will offer a significant advantage in reducing air pollution and preventing global warming. However, there are a number of challenges to be overcome before hydrogen energy is popularly used; it is necessary to construct a comprehensive system infrastructure to cover the production, storage, transport, and use of hydrogen.

Characteristics- No toxic gas is produced when burnt (only water is produced)- Hydrogen can be produced from various materials including natural gas, water, and biomass (i.e. organic resources originating from plants and animals that may be reused as an energy source)- It can contribute to the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, which are considered to be the major cause of global warming

Challenges- Reduction of production costs and enhancement of production capacity- Finding a compact storage method- Solving the problems inherent to hydrogen, such as hydrogen embrittlement (*)- Sufficient safety assurance- Establishment of a comprehensive system to cover production, storage, transport, and use

(*) This is the phenomenon through which the strength of metal is reduced as a result of the presence of hydrogen in metal.

Hydrogen basics

● Hydrogen basics

Gasoline　＋　Engine Hydrogen　＋　Fuel cell　＋　Motor

Gasoline-powered vehicleFuel cell vehicle

Exhaust gas:NOX, SOX,CO2, etc.

Wateronly

Figure: Concept of fuel cell vehicles

37

Hydrogen basics

● How to produce hydrogenHydrogen hardly exists at all in the natural world in the form of gas (i.e. in a form that enables it to be used as it is to provide the fuel for fuel cells). As such, it is necessary to produce hydrogen from fossil fuels, water, or biomass using some sort of energy such as heat or electricity. Today, hydrogen is mostly produced from fossil fuels (i.e. mainly from natural gas). This is because it is easier and the production cost is lower than when using other materials. While we are unable to reduce the use of fossil fuels if hydrogen is to be produced from them, we can still reduce the emission of carbon dioxide (which causes global warming) as a whole, if the usage efficiency is improved by employing fuel cell-based cogeneration systems (i.e. a system involving the combined use of electricity and heat). Also, the use of hydrogen greatly assists in the prevention of air pollution. In the future, it will be necessary to increase the quantity of hydrogen produced from other sources, such as biomass or natural energy. Regarding the use of hydrogen for fuel cell vehicles, there are two methods of production: mass production at hydrogen manufacturing hubs for transport to each area where it will be used and individual production at each hydrogen stand. It is believed that a hydrogen supply environment will be constructed in the future with various combinations of these methods.

● Realizing a society based on hydrogen energyIn order to ensure the popularization of fuel cell systems and fuel cell vehicles in the future, it will be necessary to develop a good supply system for the hydrogen that will be the fuel. As the number of hydrogen stands increase, fuel cell vehicles become more popular, together with the more common use of hydrogen in applications other than automobiles, such as home-use fuel cell systems. Then it can be reasonably expected that hydrogen may be produced increasingly from sources other than fossil fuels, such as biomass and natural energy, including wind and solar power. As a result, it will be possible to form a society based on earth-friendly hydrogen energy with a lower environmental load. In Japan, North America, and Europe, various research programs are actively ongoing in the hope of realizing a society based on hydrogen energy.

Hydrogen production methodsRaw materials Energy

Fossil fuels

By-product of industrial processes

Biomass

Natural energy

Nuclear energy

Oil, coal, natural gas

Methanol, methane gas, etc.

By-product gas (containing plenty of hydrogen)

Water

Water

Purification

Catalyst

(Water vapor reforming, Partial oxidation, Autothermal reforming, etc.)

Coke oven gas, etc.Coke oven gas, etc.

Biomass to methanol, etc.Biomass to methanol, etc.

Solar/wind power to electricitySolar/wind power to electricity

Heat

Catalyst

Electrolysis of water

Thermochemical decomposition of water

Heat

Hydrogen

Heat

Electricity

38

Basics of fuel cells

A fuel cell is a power generation system used to produce electricity using hydrogen. Thermal power stations produce electricity by burning some sort of fuel such as heavy oil, coal, or natural gas to produce heat energy that is converted to mechanical energy by way of turbines, for conversion to electrical energy. On the other hand, fuel cells use the chemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to directly produce electricity, as shown in Figure 1. Accordingly, fuel cells have the characteristics and problems described below.

Characteristics:- In theory, the efficiency of power generation is high (about 83 %)They use hydrogen as fuel, so they generate electricity by means of a reaction that does not produce carbon dioxide (CO2)- Nitrogen oxides (NOX) and sulfer oxide (SOX), which are toxic materials, are not generated- The overall efficiency is high. (As a cogeneration system, the heat energy produced in the power generation process of the fuel cells can be reused to significantly increase the overall efficiency of energy use.) - The hydrogen used as the fuel can be produced from various sources (fossil fuels such as oil, coal, natural gas, and methanol, as well as through the electrolysis of water)- Very little noise and vibration are generated

Challenges- Improved power generation efficiency as a system- Cost reduction- Improved durability- Sufficient understanding of the reaction mechanism

Fuel cells can be broadly divided into four types, based on the type of electrolyte through which the ions are passed, as shown in Table 1.

Basics of fuel cells

● Basics of fuel cells

● Types of fuel cells

Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell (PEFC)

or Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)

Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC)

Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC)

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)

Stack

Electrolyte Polymer electrolyte membrane Solution of phosphoric acid Carbonate Zirconia type

Ceramic typeYield

temperature 70℃～ 90℃ 200℃ 650℃～ 700℃ 700℃～ 1000℃

Diffusing species (ion) Hydrogen ion　H+ Hydrogen ion　H+ Carbonate ion　CO3

2 － Oxygen ion　Ｏ 2 －

System

Fuel Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen, carbon monoxide Hydrogen, carbon monoxide

Generating efficiency (HHV) 30%～ 40% 35%～ 42% 40%～ 60% 40%～ 65%

CharacteristicsLow-temperature operation, compact, portable power supply for mobile use

Distributed power supply (practical application)

No precious metals required, high efficiencyCan be combined with a gas turbine for high-efficiency power generation

No precious metals required, high efficiencyCan be combined with a gas turbine for high-efficiency power generation

Table 1. Types and features of fuel cells

Low HighYield temperature

Direct conversion

Multi-stage conversion

Heat engine (thermal power generation)

Fuel cell

Chemicalenergy

Electricenergy

Chemicalenergy

Electricenergy

Thermalenergy

Mechanicalenergy

Figure 1. Differences between fuel cells and heat engines

39

Basics of fuel cells

● Structure of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (PEFC)The fuel cells that are used in fuel cell vehicles, home-use power supplies, and mobile devices are polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC). The basic configuration of PEFC and the resulting chemical reaction are shown in Figure 2.

PEFC is constructed so that two electrodes face each other with the polymer electrolyte membrane placed between them.Here, a precious metal such as platinum is used with the electrode as a catalyst to promote electricity generation. One of the two electrodes is the fuel electrode (anode) at which the oxidation reaction takes place when the fuel hydrogen makes contact with the anode (the electron is separated and the hydrogen is ionized). The other electrode is the air electrode (cathode) at which the reductive reaction (oxygen bonded to hydrogen ions) takes place when it makes contact with air. The fuel electrode (anode) is the negative electrode and the air electrode (cathode) is the positive electrode. In this configuration, the chemical reaction in which hydrogen ions are bonded to oxygen after passing through the electrolyte produces electricity. The above combination of the electrolyte and two (positive and negative) electrodes is called the “unit cell”. In practice, as the voltage generated by a unit cell is not sufficient (i.e. up to about 1 V, which is barely enough to run a small lamp), a number of cells are stacked together.

Figure 2. Basic configuration and chemical reaction of PEFC

－ ＋

Hydrogen ＋ Oxygen → Water＋Electricity＋Heat2H2 ＋ O2 → 2H2OOverall

reaction

Fuel electrode

Electron Electrone－ e－

CathodeCathodeAnodeAnode

4H＋

2H＋Hydrogen

2H2OWater

O2Oxygen

Air

Solid polymerelectrolyte Heat

Electricity

Air electrode

40

Introduction to NEDO’s Web siteNEDO’s Web site allows visitors to access various publications, including press releases, public solicitations related to projects in a wide range of technology areas, achievement reports, technical descriptions, and event information.

URL：http://www.nedo.go.jp/english

You can also review NEDO’s fuel cell and hydrogen technology activities by visiting the Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology Development Department section (Japanese only).

URL：http://www.nedo.go.jp/nenryo/index.html

Contact information:New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology Development Department

MUZA Kawasaki Central Tower 20F, 1310 Omiya-cho, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa 212-8554 JapanTel: +81-44-520-5260Fax: +81-44-520-5263

Introduction to NED

O’s W

eb site

FCH

December 2009

Fuel Cell & Hydrogen 2OO9-2O1O

Development of Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technologies

Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology Development DepartmentMUZA Kawasaki Central Tower 20F, 1310 Omiya-cho, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa 212-8554 JapanT e l: +81-44-520-5260Fax: +81-44-520-5263http://www.nedo.go.jp/english/

New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)