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Fire Detection and Alarm System Basics

Prepared

By

EngrAL-AmranMEESHU Sharker

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Fire Detection and Alarm Systems A key aspect of fire protection is to identify a developing fire emergency in a

timely manner and to alert the buildings occupants and fire emergency organizations

This is the role of fire detection and alarm systems Depending on the anticipated fire scenario building and use type number and type of occupants and criticality of contents and mission these systems can provide several main functions

First they provide a means to identify a developing fire through either manual or automatic methods

Second they alert building occupants to a fire condition and the need to evacuate

Another common function is the transmission of an alarm notification signal to the fire department or other emergency response organization

They may also shut down electrical air handling equipment or special process operations and they may be used to initiate automatic suppression systems

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Fire Detection PrinciplesManual Fire Detection - Pull Stations

Manual fire detection is the oldest method of detection In the simplest form a person yelling can provide fire warning In buildings however a persons voice may not always transmit throughout the structure For this reason manual alarm stations are installed The general design philosophy is to place stations within reach along paths of escape It is for this reason that they can usually be found near exit doors in corridors and large rooms

The advantage of manual alarm stations is that upon discovering the fire they provide occupants with a readily identifiable means to activate the building fire alarm system The alarm system can then serve in lieu of the shouting persons voice They are simple devices and can be highly reliable when the building is occupied The key disadvantage of manual stations is that they will not work when the building is unoccupied They may also be used for malicious alarm activations Nonetheless they are an important component in any fire alarm system

2007 NFPA 72 33633 Manual Fire Alarm Box A manually operated device used to initiate an alarm signal

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Fire Detection PrinciplesAutomatic Detectors ndash Spot type

2007 NFPA 72 334321 Spot Type Detector A device in which the detecting Element is concentrated at a particular location Typical examples are Bimetallic detectors fusible alloy detectors certain pneumatic rate-of-riseDetectors certain smoke detectors and thermoelectric detectors

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Fire Detection PrinciplesAutomatic Detectors ndash Photoelectric

2007 NFPA 72 331814 Light Scattering Smoke Detection The principle of using a light source and a photosensitive sensor arranged so that the rays from the light source do not normally fall onto the photosensitive sensor When smoke particles inter the light path some of the light is scattered by reflection and refraction onto the sensor The light signal is processed and used to convey an alarm condition when it meets preset criteria

Hochiki SLR-24V detector

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Fire Detection PrinciplesAutomatic Detectors ndash Photoelectric

A ndash Light Source

In the normal case the light from the light source on the left shoots straight across and misses the sensor

When smoke enters the chamber however the smoke particles scatter the light and some amount of light hits the sensor

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Fire Detection PrinciplesAutomatic Detectors ndash Ionization

Ionization smoke detectors use an ionization chamber and a source of ionizing radiation to detect smoke This type of smoke detector is more common because it is inexpensive and better at detecting the smaller amounts of smoke produced by flaming fires

Inside the ionization detector is a small amount (perhaps 15000th of a gram) of Americium-241 The radioactive element americium has a half-life of 432 years and is a good source of alpha particles

An ionization chamber is very simple It consists of two plates with a voltage across them along with a radioactive source of ionizing radiation

2007 NFPA 72 331812 Ionization Smoke Detection The principle of using a small amount of radioactive material to ionize the air between two differentially charged electrodes to sense the presence of smoke particles Smoke Particles entering the ionization volume decrease the conductance of the air by reducing ion mobility The reduced conductance signal is processed and used to convey an alarm condition when it meets preset criteria

Hochiki SIJ-24 detector

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Fire Detection PrinciplesAutomatic Detectors ndash Ionization

Ionization Smoke detectorsThe alpha particles generated by the americium have the following property They ionize the oxygen and nitrogen atoms of the air in the chamber To ionize means to knock an electron off of When you knock an electron off of an atom you end up with a free electron (with a negative charge) and an atom missing one electron (with a positive charge) The negative electron is attracted to the plate with a positive voltage and the positive atom is attracted to the plate with a negative voltage (opposites attract just like with magnets) The electronics in the smoke detector sense the small amount of electrical current that these electrons and ions moving toward the plates represent

When smoke enters the ionization chamber it disrupts this current -- the smoke particles attach to the ions and neutralize them The smoke detector senses the drop in current between the plates and sets off the horn

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Fire Detection PrinciplesAutomatic Detectors ndash HeatThermal

2007 NFPA 72 33439 Heat Detector A fire detector that detects either abnormally high temperature or rate of temperature rise or both

Heat detectors are the oldest type of automatic fire detection device They began development of automatic sprinklers in the 1860s and have continued to the present with proliferation of various types of devices Heat detectors that only initiate an alarm and have no extinguishing function are still in use Although they have the lowest false alarm rate of all automatic fire detector devices they also are the slowest in fire detecting A heat detector is best situated for fire detection in a small confined space where rapidly building high-output fires are expected in areas where ambient conditions would not allow the use of other fire detection devices or when speed of detection is not a prime consideration Heat detectors are generally located on or near the ceiling and respond to the convected thermal energy of a fire They respond either when the detecting element reaches a predetermined fixed temperature or to a specified rate of temperature change In general heat detectors are designed to operate when heat causes a prescribed change in a physical or electrical property of a material or gas

Heat detectors can be sub-divided by their operating principles

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Fire Detection Principles

Automatic Detectors ndash Fixed Temp

2007 NFPA 72 33437 Fixed-Temperature Detector A device that responds when its operating element becomes heated to a predetermined level

Fixed-temperature heat detectors are designed to alarm when the temperature of the operating elements reaches a specific point The air temperature at the time of alarm is usually considerably higher than the rated temperature because it takes time for the air to raise the temperature of the operating element to its set point This condition is called thermal lag Fixed-temperature heat detectors are available to cover a wide range of operating temperatures - from about 135F (57C) and higher

Hochiki DFE Series Heat Detector

Higher temperatures detectors are also necessary so that detection can be provided in areas normally subject to high ambient temperatures or in areas zoned so that only detectors in the immediate fire area operate

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Fire Detection Principles

Automatic Detectors ndash Rate-of-Rise

2007 NFPA 72 334318 Rate-of-Rise Detector A device that responds when the temperature rises at a rate exceeding a predetermined value

however will function when the rate of temperature increase exceeds a predetermined value typically around 12 to 15F (7 to 8C) per minute Rate-of-rise detectors are designed to compensate for the normal changes in ambient temperature that are expected under non-fire conditions

Hochiki DSC-EA Heat Detector

One effect that flaming fire has on the surrounding area is to rapidly increase air temperature in the space above the fire Fixed-temperature heat detectors will not initiate an alarm until the air temperature near the ceiling exceeds the design operating point The rate-of-rise detector

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Fire Detection PrinciplesAutomatic Detectors ndash Combination

2007 NFPA 72 33434 Combination Detector A device that either responds to more than one of the fire phenomena or employs more than one operating principle to sense one of these phenomena Typical examples are a combination of a heat detector with a smoke detector or a combination of rate-of-rise and fixed temperature heat detector This device has listings for each sensing method employed

Combination detectors contain more than one element which responds to fire These detectors may be designed to respond from either element or from the combined partial or complete response of both elements An example of the former is a heat detector that operates on both the rate-of-raise and fixed-temperature principles Its advantage is that the rate-of-rise element will respond quickly to rapidly developing fire while the fixed-temperature element will respond to a slowly developing fire when the detecting element reaches its set point temperature The most common combination detector uses a vented air chamber and a flexible diaphragm for the rate-of-rise function while the fixed-temperature element is usually leaf-spring restrained by a eutectic metal When the fixed-temperature element reaches its designated operating temperature the eutectic metal fuses and releases the spring which closes the contact

Hochiki DCD Series Fixed TempRate of Rise Heat Detector

Hochiki PhotoelectricHeat Smoke Detector

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Fire Detection PrinciplesAutomatic Detectors ndash Flame

2007 NFPA 72 33438 Flame Detector A radiant energy-sensing detector that detects the radiant energy emitted by a flame

2007 NFPA 72 334316 Radiant Energy-Sensing Fire Detector A device that detects radiant energy such as ultraviolet visible or infrared that is emitted as a product of combustion reaction and obeys the laws of optics

A flame detector responds either to radiant energy visible to the human eye (approx 4000 to 7700 A) or outside the range of human vision Similar to the human eye flame detectors have a cone of vision or viewing angle that defines the effective detection capability of the detectorWith this constraint the sensitivity increases as the angle of incidence decreases Such a detector is sensitive to glowing embers coals or flames which radiate energy of sufficient intensity and spectral quality to actuate the alarm Each type of fuel when burning produces a flame with specific radiation characteristics A flame detection system must be chosen for the type of fire that is probable For example an ultraviolet (UV) detector will respond to a hydrogen fire but an infrared (IR) detector operating in the 44 micron sensitivity range will not It is imperative therefore that a qualified fire protection engineer is involved in the design of these systems along with assistance from the manufacturers design staff

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Fire Detection PrinciplesAutomatic Detectors ndash Flame

Due to their fast detection capabilities flame detectors are generally used only in high-hazard areas such as fuel-loading platforms industrial process areas hyperbaric chambers high-ceiling areas and atmospheres in which explosions or very rapid fires may occur Because flame detectors must be able to see the fire they must not be blocked by objects placed in front of them The infrared-type detector however has some capability for detecting radiation reflected from walls

Hochiki HF-24 Flame Detector

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Fire Detection PrinciplesAutomatic Detectors ndash Linear Type

2007 NFPA 72 334310 Line-Type Detector A device in which detection is continuous along a path Typical examples are rate-of-rise pneumatic tubing detectors projected beam smoke detectors and heat sensitive cable

2007 NFPA 72 334315 Projected Beam-Type Detector A type of photoelectric light obscuration smoke detector wherein the beam spans the protected area2007 NFPA 72 331813 Photoelectric Light Obscuration Detection The principle of using a light source and a photosensitive sensor onto which the principal portion of the source emission is focused When smoke particles enter the light path some of the light is scattered and some of the light is absorbed thereby reducing the light reaching the receiving sensor The light reduction signal is processed and used to convey an alarm condition when it meets preset criteria

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Fire Detection PrinciplesAutomatic Detectors ndash Air Sampling

2007 NFPA 72 33431 Air Sampling-Type Detector A detector that consists of a piping or tubing distribution network that runs from the detector to the area(s) to be protected An aspiration fan in the detector draws air form the protected area back to the detector through air sampling ports piping or tubing At the detector the air is analyzed for fire products

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Building NotificationNotification Appliances

2007 NFPA 72 33113 Notification Appliance A fire alarm system component such as a bell horn speaker light or text display that provides audible tactile or visible outputs or any combination thereof

2007 NFPA 72 331131 Audible Notification Appliance A notification appliance that alerts by the sense of hearing

2007 NFPA 72 331133 Visible Notification Appliance A notification appliance that alerts by the sense of sight

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Fire Alarm Circuit Classes2007 NFPA 72 6421 Class Initiating device circuits notification appliance circuits and signaling line circuits shall be permitted to be designated as either Class A or Class B depending on their performance during no simultaneous single circuit fault conditions as specified by the following

(1) Initiating device circuits and signaling line circuits that transmit an alarm or supervisory signal or notification appliance circuits that allow all connected devices to operate during a single open or a no simultaneous single ground fault on any circuit conductor shall be designated as Class A

(2) Initiating device circuits and signaling line circuits that do not transmit an alarm or supervisory signal or notification appliance circuits that do not allow all connected devices to operate beyond the location of a single open on any circuit conductor shall be designated as Class B

2007 NFPA 72 6422 An open or ground fault condition shall result in the annunciation of a trouble signal at the protected premise within 200 seconds as required in 447

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Class B Initiating Device Circuit

47KEOLR

47KEOLR

Class B Notification Appliance Circuit

Class B Circuits

End of line supervision resistors are required to supervise the integrity of the loop

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Single open circuit condition causes a trouble on the panel and renders all devices beyond the fault inoperative

Class B Initiating Device Circuit

47KEOLR

47KEOLR

Class B Notification Appliance Circuit

Class B Circuits

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Class A Initiating Device Circuit

Class A Notification Appliance Circuit

Class A Circuits

End of line supervision resistors are not necessary as the loop returns to the panel and is driven from both ends

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Class A Initiating Device Circuit

Class A Notification Appliance Circuit

Class A Circuits

Single open circuit condition causes a trouble on the panel All devices on the loop remain operative

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Addressable Device - A fire alarm system component with discreet identification that can have its status individually identified or that is used to individually control other functions

Analog Addressable Sensor - An initiating device that transmits a signal indicating varying degrees of condition as contrasted with a conventional or addressable initiating device which can only indicate an offon condition

Signaling Line Circuit (SLC) - A circuit or path between any combination of circuit interfaces control units or transmitters over which multiple system input signals or out put signals or both are carried

SLC Interface - A system component that connects a signaling line circuit to any combination of initiating devices initiating device circuits notification appliances notification appliance circuits system control outputs and other signaling line circuits

Protocol - A language for communicating between control panels and their proprietary devices

Additional Fire Alarm Terminology

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Conventional control panels range in size from 1 zone to over 100 zones

Zones typically consist of some or all of the initiating devices in an area or floor of a building

Some control panels zone capacity is expandable while others are not limiting its usefulness if a facility adds additional buildings or rooms

Comparing System TypesTo better understand todayrsquos newer technology a firm understanding of the types of systems available is necessary The three most popular types of systems installed today are

bull Conventionalbull Addressablebull Analog Addressable

Conventional Systems

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Conventional SystemsZone 1

47KEOLR

Zone 2FIREFIRE

SILENT KNIGHT

FIREFIRE

SILENT KNIGHT

FIREFIRE

SILENT KNIGHT

FIREFIRE

SILENT KNIGHT

FIREFIRE

SILENT KNIGHT

FACP

NAC 1

Multiple devices are combined into a single zone Zones can contain 30 or more devices

47KEOLR

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Conventional Systems

Care must be taken when laying out zones to comply with code requirements

Zone 1

47KEOLR

Zone 2FIREFIRE

SILENT KNIGHT

NAC 1

47KEOLR

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Zone Considerations

bull 2007 NFPA 72 68552 Limits the number of waterflow switches in a single zone to 5

bull 2007 NFPA 72 68562 Limits the number of supervisory devices in a single zone to 20

bull 2007 NFPA 72 Annex A4466 Suggests that the maximum number of square feet in a single zone be limited to no more than 22500

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Conventional Systems

Wiring must be installed in a supervised manner either Class A or Class B with an EOLR

Zone 1

47KEOLR

47KEOLR

Zone 2

NAC 1

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Conventional Systems

Alarm conditions are annunciated by zone only Inspection is required to determine the device

Zone 1

47KEOLR

47KEOLR

Zone 2

NAC 1

FIRE

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Conventional Systems

Trouble conditions are annunciated by zone only Inspection is required to determine the cause

47KEOLR

Zone 147KEOLR

Zone 2

NAC 1

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Conventional Systems

Information transmitted to the central station is by zone at best Many panels send Alarm Supv Trbl only

RJ RJ

Zone 1

47KEOLR

47KEOLR

Zone 2

NAC 1

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Addressable Systemsbull An addressable systems point capacity is

determined by the amount of SLC ldquoSignaling Line Circuitsrdquo it contains

bull Each SLC circuit provides power communication amp supervision for all of the devices connected to it

bull Each SLC can accommodate over 100 addressable devices depending upon the manufacturer

FACP

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Addressable Systems

FACP

Each SLC loop can contain a variety of addressable devices Non-addressable devices are connected via addressable module

FIREFIRE

SILENT KNIGHT

AddressablePull Station

AddressableHeat Detector

47KEOLR

NAC 1

AddressableSmoke Detector

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

AddressableSmoke Detector

AddressableRelay Module

(Fan Shutdown)

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Addressable Systems

Each point on the SLC loop is given a unique address when installed

001 002

003

004

005

006

FACP

FIREFIRE

SILENT KNIGHT

AddressablePull Station

AddressableRelay Module

(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Detector

47KEOLR

NAC 1

AddressableSmoke Detector

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

AddressableSmoke Detector

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Addressable Systems

Supervision is accomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop

001 002

003

004

005

006

FACP

FIREFIRE

SILENT KNIGHT

AddressablePull Station

AddressableRelay Module

(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Detector

47KEOLR

AddressableSmoke Detector

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

AddressableSmoke Detector

NAC 1

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Addressable Systems

Supervision is accomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop

001 002

003

004

005

006

FACP

FIREFIRE

SILENT KNIGHT

AddressablePull Station

AddressableRelay Module

(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Detector

47KEOLR

AddressableSmoke Detector

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

AddressableSmoke Detector

NAC 1

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Addressable Systems

Supervision is accomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop

001 002

003

004

005

006

FACP

FIREFIRE

SILENT KNIGHT

AddressablePull Station

AddressableRelay Module

(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Detector

47KEOLR

AddressableSmoke Detector

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

AddressableSmoke Detector

NAC 1

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Addressable Systems

Supervision is accomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop

001 002

003

004

005

006

FACP

FIREFIRE

SILENT KNIGHT

AddressablePull Station

AddressableRelay Module

(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Detector

47KEOLR

AddressableSmoke Detector

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

AddressableSmoke Detector

NAC 1

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Addressable Systems

Supervision is accomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop

001 002

003

004

005

006

FACP

FIREFIRE

SILENT KNIGHT

AddressablePull Station

AddressableRelay Module

(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Detector

47KEOLR

AddressableSmoke Detector

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

AddressableSmoke Detector

NAC 1

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Addressable Systems

Supervision is accomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop

001 002

003

004

005

006

FACP

FIREFIRE

SILENT KNIGHT

AddressablePull Station

AddressableRelay Module

(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Detector

47KEOLR

AddressableSmoke Detector

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

AddressableSmoke Detector

NAC 1

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Addressable Systems

Supervision is accomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop

001 002

003

004

005

006

FACP

FIREFIRE

SILENT KNIGHT

AddressablePull Station

AddressableRelay Module

(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Detector

47KEOLR

AddressableSmoke Detector

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

AddressableSmoke Detector

NAC 1

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Addressable Systems

Supervision is accomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop

001 002

003

004

005

006

FACP

FIREFIRE

SILENT KNIGHT

AddressablePull Station

AddressableRelay Module

(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Detector

47KEOLR

AddressableSmoke Detector

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

AddressableSmoke Detector

NAC 1

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Addressable Systems

Supervision is accomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop

001 002

003

004

005

006

FACP

FIREFIRE

SILENT KNIGHT

AddressablePull Station

AddressableRelay Module

(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Detector

47KEOLR

AddressableSmoke Detector

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

AddressableSmoke Detector

NAC 1

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Addressable Systems

Supervision is accomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop

001 002

003

004

005

006

FACP

FIREFIRE

SILENT KNIGHT

AddressablePull Station

AddressableRelay Module

(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Detector

47KEOLR

AddressableSmoke Detector

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

AddressableSmoke Detector

NAC 1

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Addressable Systems

Supervision is accomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop

001 002

003

004

005

006

FACP

FIREFIRE

SILENT KNIGHT

AddressablePull Station

AddressableRelay Module

(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Detector

47KEOLR

AddressableSmoke Detector

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

AddressableSmoke Detector

NAC 1

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Addressable Systems

Supervision is accomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop

001 002

003

004

005

006

FIREFIRE

SILENT KNIGHT

AddressablePull Station

AddressableRelay Module

(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Detector

47KEOLR

AddressableSmoke Detector

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

AddressableSmoke Detector

FACP

NAC 1

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Addressable Systems

Supervision is accomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop

lt Replay

001 002

003

004

005

006

FACP

FIREFIRE

SILENT KNIGHT

AddressablePull Station

AddressableRelay Module

(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Detector

47KEOLR

AddressableSmoke Detector

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

AddressableSmoke Detector

NAC 1

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Addressable Systems

Alarm conditions are annunciated by point allowing responding personnel to quickly find the fire

ALARM POINT 006

LOBBY SMOKE DETECTOR

001 002

003

004

005

006

FACP

FIREFIRE

SILENT KNIGHT

AddressablePull Station

AddressableRelay Module

(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Detector

47KEOLR

AddressableSmoke Detector

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

AddressableSmoke Detector

NAC 1

FIRE

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Addressable Systems

Trouble conditions can be located more quickly by analyzing the affected points

TRBL POINT 006DISCONNECTED LOBBY SMOKE DETECTOR

001 002

003

004

005006

FACP

FIREFIRE

SILENT KNIGHT

AddressablePull Station

AddressableRelay Module

(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Detector

47KEOLR

AddressableSmoke Detector

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

AddressableSmoke Detector

NAC 1

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Addressable Systems

More detailed information can be sent to the central station aiding in a quick resolution to the problem

RJRJ

001 002

003

004

005

006

FACP

FIREFIRE

SILENT KNIGHT

AddressablePull Station

AddressableRelay Module

(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Detector

47KEOLR

AddressableSmoke Detector

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

AddressableSmoke Detector

NAC 1

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Addressable Systems

Since supervision is accomplished through polling t-tapped wiring is permitted (Class B wiring)

001 002

003

004

005

006

FACP

FIREFIRE

SILENT KNIGHT

AddressablePull Station

AddressableRelay Module

(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Detector

47KEOLR

AddressableSmoke Detector

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

AddressableSmoke Detector

NAC 1

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Addressable Systems

Many systems support flexible inputoutput programming to link initiating devices to outputs

001 002

003

004

005

006

FACP

FIREFIRE

SILENT KNIGHT

AddressablePull Station

AddressableRelay Module

(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Detector

47KEOLR

AddressableSmoke Detector

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

AddressableSmoke Detector

NAC 1

FIRE

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Comparison

bull Conventionalndash Lower initial equipment

costsndash Wide range of compatible

devicesndash Can be easier to programndash Limited expansion

capability

bull Addressablendash Easier to installndash More system status

information at the panel and central station

ndash InputOutput programming much more flexible

ndash Usually much more room available to expand

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Analog Addressable Systems

bull Detectors in an analog addressable systems become ldquosensorsrdquo relaying information to the control panel corresponding to how much smoke or heat that detector is sensing

bull The control panel makes the decisions based on this information when to alarm etc

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Analog Addressable Systems

AddressableRelay Module(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Sensor

10KEOLR

AddressableSmoke Sensor

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

001 002

003

004

005

AddressablePull Station

AddressableSmoke Sensor

006

HEAT DETECTORMECHANICAL ROOMPOINT 001 A=062NORMAL F=190

Supervision is still checked by polling In addition an analog value is transmitted to the panel for processing

NAC 1

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Analog Addressable Systems

SMOKE DETECTORLOBBY NORTHPOINT 002 A=060NORMAL F=188

Supervision is still checked by polling In addition an analog value is transmitted to the panel for processing

AddressableRelay Module(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Sensor

AddressableSmoke Sensor

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

001 002

003

004

005

AddressablePull Station

AddressableSmoke Detector

006

10KEOLR

NAC 1

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Analog Addressable Systems

RELAY MODULEFAN SHUTDOWNPOINT 003 A=NANORMAL F=NA

Supervision is still checked by polling In addition an analog value is transmitted to the panel for processing

AddressableRelay Module(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Sensor

AddressableSmoke Sensor

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

001 002

003

004

005

AddressablePull Station

AddressableSmoke Sensor

006

10KEOLR

NAC 1

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Analog Addressable Systems

INPUT MODULE WATERFLOW POINT 004 A=NANORMAL F=NA

Supervision is still checked by polling In addition an analog value is transmitted to the panel for processing

AddressableRelay Module(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Sensor

AddressableSmoke Sensor

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

001 002

003

004

005

AddressablePull Station

AddressableSmoke Sensor

006

10KEOLR

NAC 1

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Analog Addressable Systems

Supervision is still checked by polling In addition an analog value is transmitted to the panel for processing

INPUT MODULE MANUAL PULL POINT 005 A=NANORMAL F=NA

AddressableRelay Module(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Sensor

AddressableSmoke Sensor

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

001 002

003

004

005

AddressablePull Station

AddressableSmoke Sensor

006

10KEOLR

NAC 1

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Analog Addressable Systems

SMOKE DETECTORFRONT DESKPOINT 006 A=061NORMAL F=189

Supervision is still checked by polling In addition an analog value is transmitted to the panel for processing

AddressableRelay Module(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Sensor

AddressableSmoke Sensor

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

001 002

003

004

005

AddressablePull Station

AddressableSmoke Sensor

006

10KEOLR

NAC 1

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Analog Addressable Systems

HEAT DETECTORMECHANICAL ROOMPOINT 001 A=062NORMAL F=190

Supervision is still checked by polling In addition an analog value is transmitted to the panel for processing

AddressableRelay Module(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Sensor Addressable

Smoke Sensor

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

001 002

003

004

005

AddressablePull Station

AddressableSmoke Sensor

006

10KEOLR

NAC 1

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Analog Addressable Systems

SMOKE DETECTORLOBBY NORTHPOINT 002 A=060NORMAL F=188

Supervision is still checked by polling In addition an analog value is transmitted to the panel for processing

AddressableRelay Module(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Sensor

AddressableSmoke Sensor

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

001 002

003

004

005

AddressablePull Station

AddressableSmoke Sensor

006

10KEOLR

NAC 1

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Analog Addressable Systems

RELAY MODULEFAN SHUTDOWNPOINT 003 A=NANORMAL F=NA

Supervision is still checked by polling In addition an analog value is transmitted to the panel for processing

AddressableRelay Module(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Sensor

AddressableSmoke Sensor

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

001 002

003

004

005

AddressablePull Station

AddressableSmoke Sensor

006

10KEOLR

NAC 1

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Analog Addressable Systems

INPUT MODULE WATERFLOW POINT 004 A=NANORMAL F=NA

Supervision is still checked by polling In addition an analog value is transmitted to the panel for processing

AddressableRelay Module(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Sensor

AddressableSmoke Sensor

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

001 002

003

004

005

AddressablePull Station

AddressableSmoke Sensor

006

10KEOLR

NAC 1

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Analog Addressable Systems

Supervision is still checked by polling In addition an analog value is transmitted to the panel for processing

INPUT MODULE MANUAL PULL POINT 005 A=NANORMAL F=NA

AddressableRelay Module(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Sensor

AddressableSmoke Sensor

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

001 002

003

004

005

AddressablePull Station

AddressableSmoke Sensor

006

10KEOLR

NAC 1

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Analog Addressable Systems

SMOKE DETECTORFRONT DESKPOINT 006 A=061NORMAL F=189

lt Replay

AddressableRelay Module(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Sensor

AddressableSmoke Sensor

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

001 002

003

004

005

AddressablePull Station

AddressableSmoke Sensor

006

10KEOLR

NAC 1

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Analog Addressable Systems

This analog value corresponds to the amount of heat or smoke in that detectors area of coverage Higher = more

HEAT DETECTORMECHANICAL ROOMPOINT 001 A=062NORMAL F=190

AddressableRelay Module(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Sensor

AddressableSmoke Sensor

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

001 002

003

004

005

AddressablePull Station

AddressableSmoke Sensor

006

10KEOLR

NAC 1

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Analog Addressable Systems

If the analog value exceeds the alarm threshold an alarm occurs This alarm threshold is calculated by the panel

HEAT DETECTORMECHANICAL ROOMPOINT 001 A=062NORMAL F=190

AddressableRelay Module(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Sensor Addressable

Smoke Sensor

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

001 002

003

004

005

AddressablePull Station

AddressableSmoke Sensor

006

10KEOLR

NAC 1

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Analog Addressable Systems

INPUT MODULE WATERFLOW POINT 004 A=NANORMAL F=NA

Inputoutput modules do not relay analog values to the panel as they are monitoring or controlling onoff devices

AddressableRelay Module(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Sensor

AddressableSmoke Sensor

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

001 002

003

004

005

AddressablePull Station

AddressableSmoke Sensor

006

10KEOLR

NAC 1

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Analog Addressable Features

bull An analog addressable control panel is capable of several enhanced features not available on conventional and some addressable systemsndash Drift Compensation Maintenance Alertndash Adjustable Detector Sensitivityndash DayNight Detector Sensitivity Adjustmentndash UL Calibrated Sensitivity Test Instrument

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Drift Compensationbull Drift compensation is the process by which an

analog addressable control panel automatically adjusts an analog detectors alarm threshold to compensate for contaminants such as dust

bull This ensures the detector maintains a consistent sensitivity level helping to avoid false alarms due to dirty detectors

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Maintenance Alertbull Drift compensation occurs until it is nearing a point

where it can no longer compensate and remain within UL requirements This point is called ldquoMaintenance Alertrdquo

bull Some systems handle a maintenance alert condition as a trouble while others flag the condition only and continue to operate normally

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Calibration Troublebull A detector in a maintenance alert condition

will eventually go into calibration trouble if not serviced

bull A detector in calibration trouble is not functioning correctly and requires service immediately

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Adjustable (DayNight) Sensitivity

bull In order to allow for varying environmental conditions or to provide quicker detection analog systems typically allow you to change the sensitivity of a detector within a range of UL tolerances

bull This is typically made user friendly by giving the installer choices such as high-medium-low

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Adjustable (DayNight) Sensitivity

bull By changing a detectors sensitivity you are instructing the panel to adjust its alarm threshold (analog) value up or down accordingly

bull Some systems allow this sensitivity adjustment to happen automatically on a daynight schedule

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UL Calibrated Sensitivity Testbull 1996 NFPA 72 7-321

Detector sensitivity shall be tested within 1 year after installation and every alternate year thereafter After the second required calibration test where sensitivity tests indicate that the detector has remained within its listed and marked sensitivity range the length of time shall be permitted to be extended to a maximum of 5 years hellip

bull Testing Methodsndash A calibrated test method orndash Manufacturers calibrated sensitivity test instrument orndash Listed control equipment arranged for the purpose orndash Smoke detectorcontrol unit arrangement whereby the

detector causes a signal at the control unit where its sensitivity is outside the acceptable range or

ndash Other approved calibrated method acceptable to AHJ

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bull Analog addressable control panels are UL listed for the purpose of performing the calibrated sensitivity testing internally

bull A printout from the panel is usually available to provide evidence to the AHJ that the test was performed

UL Calibrated Sensitivity Test

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How Analog Works

1 2 3 45 per foot obscuration

210

60

90

120

150

180

30

240255

Detectors range of analog values

Range (5 - 4 per foot obscuration) that UL requires to be listed as a smoke detector

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How Analog Works

On the other side of the graph the range of analog values for the detector is plotted In this case the range is 0-255

1 2 3 45 per foot obscuration

210

60

90

120

150

180

30

240255

Detectors range of analog values

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How Analog Works

193

During power-up the detector performs a self test simulating 4 per foot obscuration This value is plotted in this case 193

1 2 3 45 per foot obscuration

210

60

90

120

150

180

30

240255

Detectors range of analog values

FINETUNETechnologies মানব সেবয় পরযকতি

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How Analog Works

193

The system them initializes and records the 0 per foot obscuration (normal no smoke) value for that detector In this case 60

1 2 3 45 per foot obscuration

210

60

90

120

150

180

30

240255

Detectors range of analog values

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How Analog Works

193

A line is drawn connecting these two points This line is referred to as the detectors calibration curveCalibration Curve

1 2 3 45 per foot obscuration

210

60

90

120

150

180

30

240255

Detectors range of analog values

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How Analog Works

Once the calibration curve is established the panel can calculate an alarm threshold value for any valid sensitivity setting

145

193

1 2 3 45 per foot obscuration

210

60

90

120

150

180

30

240255

Detectors range of analog values

112

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How Analog WorksThe panel also calculates the initial ranges for the drift compensation amp maintenance alert functions

Normal

Maintenance

Calibration Trouble

Alarm

193

1 2 3 45 per foot obscuration

210

60

90

120

150

180

30

240255

Detectors range of analog values

145

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As the detector gets dirty the clear air value will increase

Drift compensation adjusts the alarm threshold value accordingly

Normal

Maintenance

Calibration Trouble

Alarm

Normal

Maintenance

Calibration Trouble

Alarm

193

1 2 3 45

per foot obscuration

210

60

90

120

150

180

30

240255

Detectors range of analog values

145

How Analog Works

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As the detector gets dirty the clear air value will increase

Drift compensation adjusts the alarm threshold value accordingly

Normal

Maintenance

Calibration Trouble

Alarm

Normal

Maintenance

Calibration Trouble

Alarm

193

1 2 3 45

per foot obscuration

210

60

90

120

150

180

30

240255

Detectors range of analog values

145

How Analog Works

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As the detector gets dirty the clear air value will increase

Drift compensation adjusts the alarm threshold value accordingly

Normal

Maintenance

Calibration Trouble

Alarm

Normal

Maintenance

Calibration Trouble

Alarm

193

1 2 3 45

per foot obscuration

210

60

90

120

150

180

30

240255

Detectors range of analog valuesHow Analog Works

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How Analog Works As the detector gets dirty the clear air value will increase

Drift compensation adjusts the alarm threshold value accordingly

Normal

Maintenance

Calibration Trouble

Alarm

Normal

Maintenance

Calibration Trouble

Alarm

193

1 2 3 45

per foot obscuration

210

60

90

120

150

180

30

240255

Detectors range of analog values

155

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How Analog Works As the detector gets dirty the clear air value will increase

Drift compensation adjusts the alarm threshold value accordingly

Normal

Maintenance

Calibration Trouble

Alarm

Normal

Maintenance

Calibration Trouble

Alarm

193

1 2 3 45

per foot obscuration

210

60

90

120

150

180

30

240255

Detectors range of analog values

160

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How Analog Works

lt Replay

Even though the detector has gotten dirty it has still maintained a 25 sensitivity level

Normal

Maintenance

Calibration Trouble

Alarm

Normal

Maintenance

Calibration Trouble

Alarm

193

1 2 3 45

per foot obscuration

210

60

90

120

150

180

30

240255

Detectors range of analog values

165

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Communication Protocols

bull Each manufacturer of (analog) addressable fire alarm systems utilize a unique communications protocol on the SLC loop to communicate between the control panel and the addressable devices

bull Most protocols are developed by detector manufacturers

bull Many manufacturers subtly modify standard protocols developed by detector manufacturers to provide a proprietary environment for their equipment amp distributors

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Communication Protocolsbull Many of the panels installation requirements and operational

parameters are based on the communication protocol usedndash SLC Loop Lengthndash SLC Loop Wire Typendash SLC Loop Communications Speedndash SLC Loop Alarm Response Time

bull Communication protocols can be broken down into two categoriesndash Non-Digitalndash Digital

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Comparing Protocols

To take a closer look at communication protocols we can look at non-digital and digital SLC Loops through an oscilloscope

AddressableRelay Module(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Detector

AddressableSmoke Detector

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

001 002

003

004

005

AddressablePull Station

AddressableSmoke Detector

006

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Non-Digital ProtocolEach detector when polled responds to the panel with square wave pulses

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Non-Digital ProtocolThe panel reads these square wave pulses and determines the values by measuring the length (time) of each

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Non-Digital ProtocolVarious sources of interference can cause these square wave pulses to round off This makes an accurate reading very difficult

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Non-Digital ProtocolMost manufacturers that utilize a non-digital protocol will specify special requirements such as twisted or shielded wire to counteract this problem

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Digital ProtocolUsing a digital protocol the panel looks for for a series of ldquo1rdquo or ldquoonrdquo bits that are detected by looking for voltage rather than the length of a pulse

0

1 1 1 1

0 0

24v

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Digital ProtocolEven if a source of interference causes rounding off of the digital pulses the voltage is still present for the panel to determine the digital value

0

1 1 1 1

0 0

24v

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Digital ProtocolDigital protocol panels do not typically require special cabling since interference does not pose any substantial signal problems

Retrofits can be done using existing cable

0

1 1 1 1

0 0

24v

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Non-digital Loop Response

bull When an alarm occurs on many non-digital protocol systems some panels must continue polling until it reaches the alarming device before an alarm is initiatedndash Larger systems with hundreds of points can cause

delays initiating an alarm

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Non-Digital Loop Response

FIREFIRE

SILENT KNIGHT

AddressableHeat Detector

AddressableSmoke Detector

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

001 002

003

004

005

AddressablePull Station

AddressableSmoke Detector

006

ABC FIRE SYSTEMS

ALL SYSTEMS NORMAL15-Jan-00 310 PM

AddressableRelay Module(Fan Shutdown)

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Non-Digital Loop Response

ABC FIRE SYSTEMS

ALL SYSTEMS NORMAL15-Jan-00 310 PM

FIRE

A fire erupts at the Heat Detector (Point 001) while the system is polling the Smoke Detector (Point 002)

FIREFIRE

SILENT KNIGHT

AddressableHeat Detector

AddressableSmoke Detector

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

001 002

003

004

005

AddressablePull Station

AddressableSmoke Detector

006

AddressableRelay Module(Fan Shutdown)

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Non-Digital Loop Response

ABC FIRE SYSTEMS

ALL SYSTEMS NORMAL15-Jan-00 310 PM

An alarm is not initiated The system continues polling until it reaches the point in alarm

FIREFIRE

SILENT KNIGHT

AddressableHeat Detector

AddressableSmoke Detector

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

001 002

003

004

005

AddressablePull Station

AddressableSmoke Detector

006

FIREAddressableRelay Module(Fan Shutdown)

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Non-Digital Loop Response

ABC FIRE SYSTEMS

ALL SYSTEMS NORMAL15-Jan-00 310 PM

An alarm is not initiated The system continues polling until it reaches the point in alarm

FIREFIRE

SILENT KNIGHT

AddressableHeat Detector

AddressableSmoke Detector

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

001 002

003

004

005

AddressablePull Station

AddressableSmoke Detector

006

FIREAddressableRelay Module(Fan Shutdown)

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Non-Digital Loop Response

ABC FIRE SYSTEMS

ALL SYSTEMS NORMAL15-Jan-00 310 PM

An alarm is not initiated The system continues polling until it reaches the point in alarm

FIREFIRE

SILENT KNIGHT

AddressableHeat Detector

AddressableSmoke Detector

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

001 002

003

004

005

AddressablePull Station

AddressableSmoke Detector

006

FIREAddressableRelay Module(Fan Shutdown)

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Non-Digital Loop Response

ABC FIRE SYSTEMSALL SYSTEMS NORMAL15-Jan-00 310 PM

An alarm is not initiated The system continues polling until it

reaches the point in alarm

FIREFIRE

SILENT KNIGHT

AddressableHeat Detector

AddressableSmoke Detector

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

001 002

003

004

005

AddressablePull Station

AddressableSmoke Detector

006

FIREAddressableRelay Module(Fan Shutdown)

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Non-Digital Loop Response

ALARMPOINT 001HEAT DETECTOR 15-Jan-00 310 PM

ALARM

FIREFIRE

SILENT KNIGHT

AddressableHeat Detector

AddressableSmoke Detector

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

001 002

003

004

005

AddressablePull Station

AddressableSmoke Detector

006

FIREAddressableRelay Module(Fan Shutdown)

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Non-Digital Loop Response

ALARMPOINT 001HEAT DETECTOR 15-Jan-00 310 PM

Systems with hundreds of points can take 15 -20 seconds or longer to respond to alarm conditions

FIREFIRE

SILENT KNIGHT

AddressableRelay Module(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableHeat Detector

AddressableSmoke Detector

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

001 002

003

004

005

AddressablePull Station

AddressableSmoke Detector

006

FIRE

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Digital Loop Response

bull When an alarm occurs on most digital protocol systems an interrupt request from the device sensing the alarm interrupts the polling sequence to immediately handle the alarmndash Systems with hundreds of points will respond to

alarms in the same amount of time that they would to smaller systems with very few points

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Digital Loop Response

ABC FIRE SYSTEMS

ALL SYSTEMS NORMAL15-Jan-00 310 PM

AddressableHeat Sensor

AddressableSmoke Sensor

001 002

003

004

005

AddressablePull Station

AddressableSmoke Sensor

006

AddressableRelay Module(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

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Digital Loop Response

ABC FIRE SYSTEMS

ALL SYSTEMS NORMAL15-Jan-00 310 PM

A fire erupts at the Heat sensor (Point 001) while the system is polling the Smoke Detector (Point 002)

AddressableHeat Sensor

AddressableSmoke Sensor

001 002

003

004

005

AddressablePull Station

AddressableSmoke Sensor

006

FIREAddressableRelay Module(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

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Digital Loop Response

ABC FIRE SYSTEMS

ALL SYSTEMS NORMAL15-Jan-00 310 PM

The Heat Sensor (Point 001) interrupts the polling process to handle the alarm immediately

AddressableHeat Sensor

AddressableSmoke Sensor

001 002

003

004

005

AddressablePull Station

AddressableSmoke Sensor

006

FIREAddressableRelay Module(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

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Digital Loop Response

ALARMALARMPOINT 001HEAT SENSOR 15-Jan-00 310 PM

AddressableHeat Sensor

AddressableSmoke Sensor

001 002

003

004

005

AddressablePull Station

AddressableSmoke Sensor

006

FIREAddressableRelay Module(Fan Shutdown)

AddressableInput Module(Waterflow)

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THE END