fisiologi respirasi.pptx

8/17/2019 FISIOLOGI RESPIRASI.pptx

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FISIOLOGI

SISTEM

RESPIRASI

Carolin

IndraNovyan


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Function of the

Respiratory System• Gas exchanges (O2 & CO2)

between the bloo an externalen!ironment

• "xchange of gasses ta#es placewithin the lungs in the al!eoli(onlysite of gas exchange$ otherstructures passageways

• %assageways to the lungs purify$warm$ an humiify the incomingair


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Organs of the Respiratory

system

• ose

• %harynx

•

'arynx• rachea

• ronchi

•

'ungs *al!eoli


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Figure +,-2

.pper Respiratory ract


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/natomy of the asal

Ca!ity• Olfactory receptors locate in mucosa on

the superior surface

• he rest of the ca!ity is line with

respiratory mucosa

moistens air$ trapsincoming foreign particles

• 'ateral walls ha!e pro0ections calleconchae

F1 3 4 surface area3 4 air turbulence within the nasal ca!ity)

• he nasal ca!ity is separate from the oralca!ity by palate


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%aranasal Sinuses

• Frontal bone

• Sphenoi bone

• "thmoi bone

• 5axillary bone


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Function of the sinuses

• 'ighten the s#ull

• /ct as resonance chambers forspeech

• %rouce mucus that rains into thenasal ca!ity

%/R//S/' S6.S"S


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%harynx (hroat)

• 5uscular passage from nasalca!ity to larynx

• hree regions of the pharynx

• asopharynx

• Oropharynx

• 'aryngopharynx

• he oropharynx an

laryngopharynx are commonpassageways for air an foo


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Figure +,-2

.pper Respiratory ract


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'arynx• Routes air an foo into proper channels

• %lays a role in speech

•

5ae of eight rigi hyaline cartilages an a spoon3shape flap of elastic cartilage(epiglottis)

Structure of the Larynx• hyroi cartilage

• "piglottis

• 7ocal Cor

• Glottis


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rachea

• Connects larynx with bronchi

• 'ine with ciliate mucosa

•eat continuously in the oppositeirection of incoming air

•"xpel mucus loae with ust an otherebris away from lungs

• 8alls are reinforce with C3shapehyaline cartilage


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%rimary ronchi

•Forme by i!ision of the trachea

•"nters the lung at the hilus

•Right bronchus is wier$ shorter$an straighter than left

•ronchi subi!ie into smaller


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'ungs

• Occupy most of the thoracic ca!ity

• /pex is near the cla!icle (superiorportion)

•ase rests on the iaphragm (inferiorportion)

•"ach lung is i!ie into lobes byfissures

•'eft lung * two lobes

•Right lung * three lobes


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'ungs

Figure

+,-9b


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Co!erings of the 'ungs

• %ulmonary (!isceral) pleuraco!ers the lung surface

• %arietal pleura lines the wallsof the thoracic ca!ity

•

%leural flui fills the areabetween layers of pleura toallow gliing


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Respiratory ree :i!isions

• %rimary bronchi

•

Seconary bronchi• ertiary bronchi

• ronchioli

• erminal bronchioli


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ronchioles

Figure

+,-;a

• Smallest branches

of the bronchi• /ll but the smallest

branches ha!ereinforcing cartilage

• erminalbronchioles en inal!eoli


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Respiratory


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/l!eoli

•Structure of al!eoli• /l!eolar uct

• /l!eolar sac

• /l!eolus

•Gas exchange


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Respiratory 5embrane

(/ir3loo arrier)

•

hin s=uamous epithelial layerlining al!eolar walls

• %ulmonary capillaries co!er

external surfaces of al!eoli


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Respiratory 5embrane

(/ir3loo arrier)

Figure

+,->


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Gas "xchange

• Gas crosses the respiratory membrane byiffusion

•Oxygen enters the bloo

•Carbon ioxie enters the al!eoli

• 5acrophages a protection

• Surfactant coats gas3expose al!eolarsurfaces


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"!ents of Respiration

• %ulmonary !entilation * mo!ing air in an out ofthe lungs

• "xternal respiration * gas exchange between

pulmonary bloo an al!eoli

• Respiratory gas transport * transport of oxygenan carbon ioxie !ia the bloostream

• 6nternal respiration * gas exchange betweenbloo an tissue cells in systemic capillaries


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Mekanisme Pernapasan

Inhalasi (proses aktif)→ udara masuk Gas berpindah dari tempat yang

bertekanan tinggi ke tempat yang

bertekanan rendah Selama inspirasi → diafragma

terdorong ke bawah dan paru-paru

mengembang Pada waktu paru-paru mengembang, volume meningkat → tekanan dlmparu-paru menurun

ekanan dalam paru lebih rendah


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Respirasi

"espirasi eksternal → pertukaran %&dan '%& antara permukaan respirasidan darah

"espirasi internal → pertukaran %&dan '%& antara darah dan sel-seltubuh

"espirasi seluler → proses dimanasel-sel menggunakan %& untukmemproduksi P


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Respirasi Eksternal

Pertukaran %& dan '%& antara

alveolus dan darah ekanan parsial %& lebih tinggi

dalam alveolus daripada dalamdarah → %& berdifusi ke dalam darah

ekanan parsial '%& lebih tinggi

dalam darah daripada dalamalveolus → '%& bergerak masuk ke

alveolus pada arah yang berlawanan

dan diekshalasikan ke luar


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Respirasi Internal

Pertukaran %& dan '%& antara darah

dan *aringan ekanan %& lebih tinggi dalam darah

daripada dalam *aringan → %& keluarke dalam *aringan

ekanan '%& lebih tinggi dalam

*aringan daripada dalam darah →'%& berdifusi dgn arah berlawanan

ke dalam darah

'%& merupakan produk buangan


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Kontrol Pernapasan

Pernapasan diatur oleh pusatpernapasan dalam medulla otak

+edulla merangsang otot-ototpernapasan


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Kontrol Pernapasan

aktor yang palingpenting yangmempengaruhi pusatpernapasan adalah '%&

Peningkatan '%& arteri→ meningkatkankeasaman 'S

Peningkatan keasaman

'S dideteksi olehsensor p dimedulla +edulla meningkatkan

ke.epatan dankedalaman respirasi


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Pertukaran Gas

tmos/r bumi terdiri dari 012 3 dan &42%&

Paru-paru sehat mempunyai 566 *uta

alveolus b dapat mengikat 7 molekul %& 8ang ter*adi pada udara yang kita hirupGS I39!: !;9!:

%& &6042 47


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LUNG VOLUMES

ial 7olume (7)

he amount of air that mo!es into lungs

with each inspiration or the amount that

mo!es out with each expiration;?? ml


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LUNG VOLUMES

6nspiratory Reser!e 7olume (6R7)

he air inspire with a maximal inspiratory

effort

,??? ml

"xpiratory Reser!e 7olume ("R7)

he !olume expelle by an acti!eexpiratory effort after passi!e expiration

+2?? ml


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RESIDUAL VOLUME

Resiual 7olume (R7)

he air left in the lungs after a maximal

!oluntary expiratory effort

(a!oiing collaps of the lungs)

+2?? ml @ FRC * "R7

Functional resiual capacity (FRC)he !olume of gas present in the lung at

en expiration uring tial breathing-


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LUNG CAPACITY

otal lung capacity ('C) is the !olume

of gas in the lungs after maximal

inspiration$ or the sum of all !olume

compartments-

otal 'ung Capacity

7 A 6R7 A "R7 A R7 ;B?? ml


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LUNG CAPACITY

6nspiratory Capacity

6R7 A 7 ,;?? ml

Functional Resiual Capacity"R7 A R7 29?? ml


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VITAL CAPACITY

7ital Capacity he largest amount of air that can be expire after a maximal

inspiratory effort$ (fre=uently measure as an inex ofpulmonary function)

9?? ml 7ital capacity (7C) is the !olume change at the mouth

between the positions of full inspiration an complete

expiration-

Gi!es useful information about the strength of respiratorymuscles an other aspects of pulmonary function-

Force 7ital Capacity (F7C) 5aximal inspiration followe by

maximal exhale as fast as possible


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VITAL CAPACITY

he measurement may be mae in one of the following ways

+- 6nspiratory !ital capacity (67C) the measurement is

performe in a relaxe manner$ without unue haste or

eliberately holing bac#$ from a position of full expiration

to full inspiration-

2- "xpiratory !ital capacity ("7C) the measurement is

performe in a relaxe manner$ without unue haste or

eliberately holing bac#$ starting from a position of full

inspiration to full expiration-

,- Force !ital capacity (F7C) the !olume of gas which isexhale uring a force expiration starting from a position

of full inspiration an ening at complete expiration-


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Respiratory !olumes as isplaye by a spirometer- 7olumes shown are those of

a typical ault male


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RESPIRATORY DEAD


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RESPIRATORY DEAD

SPACE Respiratory ea space

he space in the conucting Done of airways

occupie by gas that oes not exchange with

bloo in the pulmonary !essels-

6t plays no role in remo!ing CO2 from the boy or

aing O2-

6mportant in humiification of inspire gas an in

temperature conser!ation-

7olume can be estimate as + ml1lb boy weight-

For an a!arage ? #g man$ 7: @ ? x 2$2 x + E

+;? ml

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