forensic ballistic
TRANSCRIPT
FIREARM INJURIES
DR VIVEK KUMARDept. Of FMT, KMCH, Katihar
Science dealing with the investigation of firearms, ammunition and the problem arising from their use.
Forensic Ballistics:
Proximal
Intermediate
Terminal Ballistics
Wound Ballistics
Let’s get the terms cleared…
Let’s get the terms cleared…
•Firearm: Any instrument which discharges a missile by the expansive force of the gases produced by an explosive function.
FIREARM
RIFLED FIRE ARM
SHOT GUNS
Parts of Firearm weapon :
Parts of Firearm weapon :
SHOT GUN :
RIFLED FIREARMS
THESE ARE THE FIREARMS WEAPON, WHICH CAN FIRE BULLETS OR MISSILES.
RIFLING OF A GUN
TO ACHIEVE A GYROSCOPIC MOVEMENT
STRAIGHT COURSE
GREATER POWER OF PENETRATION.
IT COVERS A LONGER RANGE.
IMPROVES THE ACCURACY OF HITTING THE TARGET.
PURPOSE OF RIFLING
RIFLING MARK ON BULLET
It developed on the surface of the bullet
Microscopic study of it gives an idea about the gun.
It is considered as fingerprints of firearm
IT IS DIAMETER OF THE BARREL OR BORE
• IT IS MEASURED AS THE DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO LANDS
• CALIBER- UNIT MAY BE IN INCH OR IN MILLIMETER.
CALIBER OF A GUN
SHOTGUN :
Choke bore
Cylinder bore
Range – Up to 30 mt.
MECHANISM
TRIGGER OPERATION
STRIKING OFFIRING PIN
MIXTURE IN PRIMER OR DETONATOR EXPLODES
FIRE OR FLAMES
IGNITE PROPELLANT
GENERATION OF HEAVY GAS & PRESSURE
BULLET OR PELLET EJECTEDWITH HIGHVELOCITY.
CARTRIDGE OF A SHOTGUN
CARTRIDGE CASEGUN POWDERWADPELLETS.
CARTRIDGE CASE:
ELONGATED CYLINDER MADE UP OF CARD BOARD.
LENGTH VARIES WITH TYPE OF SHOTGUN.
IT HAS TWO ENDS A) FLAT CLOSED END – BASE
B) FLAT END ( TERMINAL END)
•
Shotgun shell cross section
(Wad)
CARTRIDGE OF A RIFFLED GUN IT IS THE RIFLED FIREARM AMMUNITION.
IT CAN BE LOADED INTO THE CHAMBER OF THE GUN.
IT CAN DISCHARGE THE BULLET ON BEING FIRED.
IT IS MADE UP OF TWO SEGMENT
1. CARTRIDGE CASE
2. BULLET
IT IS AN ELONGATED METALLIC CYLINDER MADE UP OFCOPPER- NICKEL ALLOY.
CARTRIDGE CASE
Anatomy of a Bullet Cartridge
Jacket
BULLET OF A RIFFLED FIREARM :
IT HAS GOT A CONICAL SHAPE.IT HAS FOUR COMPONENT
1. BODY 2. BASE 3. NOSE OR TIP 4. LEAD CORE
IT PROVIDES THE WEIGHT AND STEADINESS FOR THE BULLET IN IT’S FLIGHT FROM MUZZLE TO THE TARGET.
MUSHROOMING OF BULLET-:
DUM - DUM BULLET-:
BASE IS NOT COVERED BY JACKET SO IT ALSO MUSHROOMS BEFORE STRIKE PRODUCING BIG ENTRY WOUND.
FRANGIBLE BULLET-:
INCENDIARY BULLET:
EXPLOSIVE BULLET:
YAWNING BULLET
TUMBLING BULLET:
Richochet bullet :
Tendem or Piggyback bullet:
Souvenir bullet:
Yawing bullet
Tumbling bullet:
PLASTIC BULLET-:
BATON ROUND USED IN SMOOTH BORE WEAPON USED FOR RIOT CONTROL.
PRIMERS :
•Lead•Antimony•Barium
Firearm injury-General Aspects
Position of target
Contact Close Near Distant
Gun powder
Flame
RANGE of
shooting
Burning & Singeing :
•Due to flame •On the skin –•On the hair –•Darkening and parchmentization of burnt area – After death
Blackening/Smudging:
• Carbonaceous deposition on skin which can be easily wiped off.
• Caused by deposition of SMOKE on skin
Tattooing (peppering/stippling):
• Multiple punctuate abrasions.
• Small, discrete, black specks which can’t be wiped off.
Grease collar/Dirt collar:
• Carried lubricant from the barrel of firearm on the projectile
ABRASION COLLAR:
• Recoil /Muzzle impression.• Back spatter
Rifled Firearm injury :
Contact range
Close range
Near range
Distant range
Contact Wounds
• Wound of entry – Large, triangular, stellate or cruciate shaped.• Wound track –• Muzzle imprint.• Back spatter.• Corona.• Burning, blackening and tattooing around the wound
margin – Slight or absent.• Over the cranial vault –
Close shot (Up to 15 cm)
• Up to 8 cm- effect of flame• Up to 15 cm – effect of smoke• Wound of entry – Circular, inverted surrounded by
burning, blackening and singeing of hairs.• Abrasion collar, grease collar and tattooing present.• Wound track – Pink coloured.
Near shot (Up to 50 cm)
• Tattooing present.•Wound of entry – Circular or oval in shape.• Abrasion and grease collar present.
Distant shot (> 50 cm)
• Burning, blackening, singeing and tattooing – Absent.•Wound of entry – Circular with inverted margin.• Abrasion and grease collar present.
• Over the skull -
COMPONENTS
GUN FLAMES
GUN SMOKES A) SOOT PARTICLE B) GUN POWDER 1) FINE 2) COARSE
CARDSWADSGASES
LEAD SHOTS
DISTANCE
15CM
30CM
60CM90CM
2METER1.25METERCONTACT & CLOSE SHOT
VARIES
SPECIFIC EFFECTS
HEAT COMBUSTION EFFECTS
BLACKENING
BLACKENINGTATTOOING
MINOR INJURYMINOR INJURYCHERRY RED COLORATION
WOUND OF ENTRY & WOUND OF EXIT.
Shotgun Entry wound -
1. Wound of entry – Large irregular and single hole.2. Burning, blackening, tattooing and singeing of
hairs.3. Muzzle imprint.4. Over the skull -
Contact shot :
• Close shot (Up to 1 meter) – Wound of entry
• Short range (1 to 2 meters) Wound of entry – Single and circular
• Intermediate range ( 2 to 4 meter) – Individual holes may be detected
• Long range ( > 4 meter)
Difference between Entry and Exit wound Trait Entrance wound Exit woundSize Smaller Bigger Edges Inverted EvertedBurning, blackening, tattooing.
Present Absent
Abrasion collar Present AbsentBleeding Less MoreFat No protrusion May protrudeCherry red – tissue Present AbsentFibers of cloths Turned in Turned out
Lead ring Seen in X ray AbsentSpectrography More Less metal
RAYALSEEMA PHENOMENON
KENNEDY PHENOMENON
PUPPE’S RULE
•Single entrance and multiple exits
•Multiple wound of entrance and exit from a single shot
• Entrance wound is present but bullet is not found in the body.
MEDICO LEGAL ASPECT OF FIREARM-:
TYPE OF FIREARM
RANGE OF FIRING
DIRECTION OF FIRING
CAUSE OF DEATH
MOTIVE
MEDICO LEGAL IMPORTANCE OF BULLET-:
A BULLET COULD BE CRIME BULLET, TEST BULLET OR EXHIBIT BULLET.
FIREARM RESIDUES
POWDER PARTICLESOOT
TESTS FOR THE FIREARM RESIDUES
PARAFFIN TEST ( DERMAL NITRATE TESTHARRISON AND GILROY TESTNEUTRON ACTIVE ANALYSISFLAMELESS ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY (FAAS)SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE – ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY (SEM-EDX)
DERMAL NITRATE TEST
THE BASIS OF THE TEST TO DETECT THE PRESENCE OF
NITRATES IN HAND USED FOR FIRING.
Manner of injury -
Accidental
Suicidal
Homicidal
THANK YOU