ECOC-100C 2003 Proceedings - Vol. 2 Paper Tu3. 4.2

FUTURE OF lP BACKBONE NETWORK SERVICES

COMPRtStNG GMPLS BASED HIKARl (PHOTONtC MPLS) ROUTERSSatoru Okamoto, Akira Misawa, and Naoaki Yamanaka

NTT Network lnnovation Laboratories, NTT Corporation

9-1 1 Midori-Cho 3-Chome Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8585 Japan

E-mail: okamoto.satoru@lab.ntt.co.jp

Abstract GMPLS-based H/FMRl reuters (PhotonI'c MPLS routers) were developed to create future /P backbone

netwol*S. This paper presents new network sewices provided through H/IMRl edge router systems.

1. htroduction

The growth in the amount of lP data tra仲ic is st川

remarkable even after the optical bubble has broken.

To enhance SDH/SONET based lP transport seⅣices,

the Generic Framing Procedure (GFP)川and Link

Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS) [2] were

deve一oped. These technologles are applied to the

next generation SDH/SONET boxes such as

GeneraJized MultiProtocoI Label Switching (GMPLS)

【31 controlled inteH9ent Cross-COnneCt boxes and

mufti-service multiplexlng boxes. OpticaJ technology

can enrich the quality of existing IP services and can

produce new IP seⅣices. NTT has proposed "HIKARI

serv至ces" [4】, a generic name for new broadband

servJCeS. HIKARI servICeS are Provided through Fiber

to the Home (FTTH) techno一ogies and H暮KARl router

(Photonic MPLS router) [517] technologies. A HIKARIrouter is an lP router system incorporating

MultiProtocoJ Label Switching (MPLS) [8] and GMPLS

contro"ed switching systems. The HIKARl router can

be divided into two types: the HlKARL core router and

the HIKARl edge router. Both HIKARl routers use the

same core optical switching systems. The HlKARl

edge router has many service trunks. This is the main

difference between the two systems. This paper

presents the architecture of the HIKARl edge routerl

system and new HIKARI service candidates that w‖

be provided throL唱h the HIKARl router networks.

2. GMPLS and Photonic MPLS

While the proliferation of broadband accessnetworks has progressed rapidly similarly to

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADLS), Cable

internet, and FTTH, high-Speed wideband backbone

networks have been expected to support broadband

services. Figure 1 shows the extension of the volume

of backbone traffic in Japan. The number of ADSL

and FTTH users will soon exceed 10 Mi"ion. These

users can enlOy HlKARI services. The bandwidth

(Year)

Fig. 1 Extension of backbone traffic volume･

236

demand on lP backbone networks wi" become larger

and larger. To support this bandwidth explosion,

there has been much progress in enhanclng

Wavelength Division.　Multipfexing　(WDM)

transmission technologles and photonic network

technoIog旧S.

GMPLS is attracting attention as a way to control the

next generation transport networks. GMPLS is a

technology that enables unified control management

of the network layers such as packet switching, Layer

2 (L2) switching, Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

circuit switching, Iambda (wavelength) switching, and

optical fiber switching. tn the conventional transport

network, each layer network, such as packet (e.g. rP),

TDM, and wavelength is constructed independentJy.

Conventional technologleS requrre that each network

layer be independently contro"ed by operators who

specialize in that corresponding network layer.

Standardization of GMPLS is advanclng mainly by

the efforts of the lnternet Engineenng Task Force

(fETF). A proposal detailing the basic function ofGMPLS slgnaling was released as a Proposed

Standard in February 2003, registration number RFC

3471-3473 【9-1 1】.

Photonic MPLS 【71 covers a" photonic label

switching technologFeS. Some parts of the photonic

Iabel switching technologleS overlap GMPLS label

switching technologleS. Figure 2 shows the regl0nS

that GMPLS and photonic MPLS cover. Examples of

photonic labe一s are (a) physicaHabels such as

wave一ength(S), waveband, and modes (or phases) of

lightwaves; (b) optical data labels that ar.e multiplexed

by Optical Code Division MultiplexLng (OCDM)

technologleS Or optical sub-carrier multiplexlng

technologies; and (C) time slot labels such as in the

case of Optica一 Time Division Multiplexing (OTDM)

transmission･ These labels are added to Gigabit

Ethernet (GbE) streams, 10-GbE streams, SDH/STM

streams, optical channel (OCh) 【12] streams, optical

Fig. 2 Regions covered by GMPLS and Photonic MPLS.

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ECOC-/DOC 2003 ProceedI'ngs - Vol. 2

bursts that are defined as short hold streams, and

optical packets that are transported in a store and

forward manner.

Due to the use of GMPLS and Photonic MPLS,

network operation can be unified. Significant

reductions in network operation cost can be expected.

Network cost reduction is also expected by uslng

muftifayer cut-through techniques. [5]･ Moreover,

several kinds of communication equlPment Such as lP

routers and Optical Cross-connects (oxcs) Could belmPlemented into one multi-layer switch box and thus

simplify the equrpment management. Jn addition,

novel network seⅣices can be created such as a

wavefength-dedicated ‖ne that changes wavefength

path connection points according to the user demand.

3. HIKARJ Router

NTT demonstrated HIKARf router prototypes in 2001

[13]･ Figure 3 shows the function configuration of the

HJKARJ core router. The HIKARI core router

compnses five functional blocks: a WDM function unit,an optical switch unit, a Layer 1 (Ll) - trunk unit, a

Layer 2/ Layer 3 (L2/L3) - trunk unit, and a network

element manager (NE-manager). The optical switch

unit is based on a Planer Lightwave Circuit (PLC)

Switch･ The control plane of the HIKARl router

PrOtOtyPeS is operated by a proprietary MPLSsJgnaFHlg Protocol extended for photonic network

controF r7, 131･ Now, GMPLS signaling and routing

protocols are currently being fmPlemented.

FE Forwardlng Englne

SW Swllch

LICOnV Lamb血convoFter

NE Network E)emeFlt

Fig･ 3 HfKARI core router configuration.

HIKARJ core routers can provide high speed and

wideband MPLS based lP backbone networks. Main

service interfaces are defined and provided JLn the L21

trunks and L3-trunks･ The L1-trunks are only used to

provide enhanced transmission functions. To create

new HIKARI services, the service interfaces of

HIKARl routers should be enhanced･ We designed

the HIKARl edge router system based on the Secure

Wide Adaptive Transparent (SWAT) network concept."Secure":　network based security system

(Distributed Denial of ServJ-ce (DDoS) prevention),highly reliable network, and highly available

network."Wide": high-speed, broadband, and scalable.

"Adaptive": self network reconfiguration with

distributed network contro一 mechanism, easy

operation, easy administration, and easy m]gration

from existing networks."Transparent": service transparency･ All services

are provided by integrated service and transport

networks.

237

川gher layer service trunks

Fig･ 4 HJKARl edge configuration.

Figure 4 shows the function connguration of the

川KARl edge system･ The川KARl edge system

comprlSeS nVe functional blocks: a WDM function unit,a switch unit･ an L1-trunk unit, a NE-manager, and

service trunk units･ The switch unit is constructed

uslng electricaJ or optical switches. Jf a traffic

groomlng function is required, the electricaf switches

can be implemented･ lnterfaces (lFs) of the HlKARl

edge system are divided into two types･ Network side

interfaces are used to connect the HJKARl edge

System tO neighboring HJKARI core routers. User side

lFs are used to connect the HfKARf edge system to

FTTH systems via service distribution switches.

Service trunks provide new HfKARI services. Each

service requ-res its own service trunk･ In Fig. 4, two

types of service trunks are depicted as examples: the

L1-Virtual Private Network (VPN) and Optical VPN

(OVPN) service trunk･ The other is a higher 一ayer

service trunk. A description of the L1-VPN service

and examples of higher layer services are gJVen in the

next section.

4. New HlKARI service candidates

rn this sectl'on, We Propose three new HIKARf router

service candidates1 One is categorized into Business

to Consumer (B-to-C) and others are categorized into

Business to Business (B-to-B). For the B-to-B service

candidates･ we propose Ll/L2/L3 VPN services,

OVPN servic.e･九VPN (一ambda VPN) service, and

Hyper Mirrorlng SerVice･ For the B to C service

candidate･ we propose Hyper WWW service. The L1-

VPN･ OVPNJVPN, Hyper Mirronng, and HyperWWW services are newly provided through the

HIKARl edge system･

4･ 1 Ll･VPN, OVPN, and LVPN Services

VPN is denned as a network service that provides a

Closed User Group (CUG) With virtua"y occupied

network resources ln One Public network. To reaJize

VPN･ two functions are required. One is a connection

function･ which provides connectivity between user

networks that belong to the same CUG. The other is a

forwarding function that provides separation or

isolation between CUGs and connection selection

inside the CUGI Ll-VPN provides these two functions

in the specifJred Ll transport protocol such as

Synchronous Transport Module (STM) [14L Opticaf

Transport Unit (OTU) 【15], Optical Data Unit (ODU)

[15L Ethemet, and Fiber Channeレ On the other hand.

九VPN provides these functions in the lambda

(wave一ength) layer･ Therefore,九VPN can provide a Ll

transport protocol-free feature･ OVPN is positioned

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Fig. 5 New HtKARI service candidates.

between L1-VPN and　九VPN. An OVPN service

provider presents an acceptable LI protoco川st to the

OVPN user. The user can enjoy the Ll transport

protocol-free feature within the menu list. ln uslng the

statel0f-the-art photonic network technologleS,

reaEizatjon of the Ll transport protocol-free feature is

quite difficult. Therefore, implementation of the L1-

VPN service trunk and the OVPN service trunk are

considered the first milestones of the HIKARI edge

system.

Jn the proposed OVPN service, users can select

several high speed and wideband Ll transport links,

such as lOGbE LAN PHY〃〉AN PHY, 1000BASE-X,

Fiber Channel, and STM-0/1/4/16/64. We use OpticalUser Network lnteげace (OUNl) signa‖ng l16]

techniques deve一oped by the Optical lntemetworking

Forum (01F) [17] to enable user oriented network

design, end-to-end transport link properties, Quality of

SeⅣice (QoS), and so on. The OVPN seⅣice can

provide a transparent LI connectivity feature. Users

can freely design their own networks for their

appllCations, for example a user can construct a

conventional lP-VPN by uslng Packet over SONET/

SDH (POS) [18]'technologies or connect districted

LANs such as Transparent LAN service (TLS) [191 by

usln9 10GbE connectivity, and others can construct a

Storage Area Network (SAN) by using Fiber Channel.

A schematic of OVPN Customer Edge equJPment

(CE) and Provider Edge equipment (PE) is shown inFig. 6. We suppose that there are a variety of

implementations for CE such as an intellfgent OXC

that supports the OUNI signalLng function or an L2/L3

Fig. 6 0VPN equipment based on the HlKARL edge

system.

238

Paper Tu3. 4.2

switch or router that can be connected to a contro‖er

box for OUNI control. CE has an optical Ll interface

port for user data and a control lF for the OUNI clientside (UNトC). The data channe一 and the control

channel should be loglCa"y divl'ded. By uslng OUNl

s唱naling between the UNトC and OUNl network side

(UNl-N), the optical path setup and teardown arecontrolled. ln addition, an OVPN service registration

procedure. an OVPN service discovery procedure,and monitorlng Of the optical path status are

performed via OUNI.The PE is provided by a part of the HIKARl edge

system. The OVPN service is provided by OVPN

trunks depicted in Fig. 6 that includes an optical

switch and Ll adapter trunks. According to the type of

LI slgnal that is specified by the user via UNl-C, UNJ-

N selects a suitable Ll adapter trunk and controls the

optica一 switch to connect the user data slgnal to the

selected Ll adapter trunk, A user data slgnal is

mapped to the providerTs universal frame at the Ll

adapter trunk･ (n this way, the user data (Ll) signal is

tra,nsmitted transparently by changlng an arbitrary

user's LI sIgnals into the provider's universal frame

uslng PE. An end-to-end path between the CE via PE

is setup on the HIKARl router network, which is

constructed by HIKARl edge routers and HJKARJ core

routers. A route through the HIKARl router network is

determined by both UNl-Ns. GMPLS signa‖ng and

routing techniques are used to setup the optjcal path

route.

A provider can simply choose the universal frame

that is easiest to use. The G.707 [14] SDH frame, and

G･709 [15】 Optical Transport Network (OTN) frame

are candidates. The Ethernet frame, which will

enhance the Operation Administration and

Maintenance (OAM) capability as defined by the

Institute of EIectrical and Electronics Engineers

(lEEE) 802.3 working group l20】, may become a new

universal frame candidate. A provider does not need

to construct an individual backbone for each LI

protocol, and should have Just One unified backbone

network. Additions and chan9eS tO the LI seⅣice

menu can be realized with an Ll adapter trunk

extension or a change to the HIKARl ed9e System.

The proposed OVPN enables the user to choose the

optimal Ll type according to traffic and demand

changes･ When two or more Ll types are supported

by the CE, the optimal LI can be selected through

automatic discovery among sets of CE.

For an end user, it is possible to change freely the

high-Speed LI connection conditions online through

ECOC-/DOC 2003 Proceedings - Vol, 2

0UNI slgnallng. For a provider, the ability to offer

quickly a variety of LI services with an integrated

backbone network is attained through extension,

substitution, and developlng new types of Ll adapter

trunks. By upgrading the Ll adapter trunks at the PE,

OVPN service upgradeability can be guaranteed to

users. Furthermore, We can expect to curtai一 the

management cost by uslng the unified universal

frame.

4. 2 Hyper Mirrorlng and Hyper VW ServicesGMPLS signaling and routing technologleS enhance

the distributed ultra-fast call management feature.

The hyper mirrorlng Service realizes ultra-fast

contents mirrorlng between the contents seⅣer and

mirror servers. As shown in Fig. 5, bu一k data are

transferred from the contents server to a mirror server

The entire bandwidth of the wavelength channel

(optical path) is used for this bulk data transmission

within i seconds. The reservation of the wavelength

channel is performed usrng the GMPLS RSVP･TE

s唱naling method. A凡e｢ t seconds, the reseⅣed

wavelength channel is released, and the next

wavelength channel reservation for another mirronng

session is initiated. A 10-Gb/s wavdength channe一

can transfer the contents of one movie within　2

seconds. We can determine a semi-delay systemtype service that defines the maximum bulk data size

and wavelength channe一 holding time. Figure 7 shows

the multip一exed wavelength number versus the

blocking probabiJity of the wave一ength channel

reservation.

50VVQVe I engt hslOO　　1 50

llllll

A..｢三二二

Vt､､...A..Lニ芸=冠-.

＼Y...-a.fL::d=0去.=L::d≡0:7 ～..-捕-LoQd=08+LoQd=0 ＼＼＼二

Fig. 7 Applicabiljty of the short-hold bulk transmission

Service.

The hyper WWW service is categorized as a B-to-C

applrcation. This service makes fuH use of the future

10-Gb/s over FTTH bandwidth. The service outline is

the same as the conventional VVVVW service. lf a user

cHcks on a web link, RSVP signallng messages are

9enerated from the user termina一 and sent to the

HIKARl router networks. A HIKARI edge system sets

up a 10-Gb/S optical path between HIKARI edge

systems. An end-to-end 10-Gb/s Label Switched Path

(LSP) is established between the user terminal andthe HTTP server. Once the TCP session of the data

transfer ends, the 10-Gb/s LSP is released. To reaHze

the full use of the 10-Gb/s bandwidth under TCP/lP,

Some kind of TCP proxy system should be

implemented in the HIKARl edge system,

These new HIKARI seⅣices requlre high

performance and quick response backbone network s

that comprlSeS HIKARI core router systems and

川KARl edge router systems.

Conclusion

The HIKARl edge router system was new一y

proposed to develop new HlKARI services. ln this

239

Paper Tu3.4.2

paper, We described three new HIKARI servicecandidates: Ll/L2/L3　VPN, Hyper Mirrorlng, and

Hyper WWW. These services are realized through the

development of a GMPLS based fast optica一 path

setup/teardown mechanism, inter-working with OUNl

and GMPLS mechanisms, and TCP proxy

mechanisms. The proposed HIKARI services make

furl use of the next generation FTTH systems and

HIKARl router networks.

References

l1] lTU-T G.7041 "Generic framing procedure

(GドP)", 2001.

[2] lTU-T G.7042 "Link capacity adjustment scheme

(LCAS) for virtual concatenated sjgnals", 2001.

[3] draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-architecture107.txt, work

in progress, lntemet draft in www,ietf.org, 2003.

[4] http://www.hikari-sac.org/e/index-e.html

l5] K. Sato, N. Yamanaka, Y. Takigawa, M. Koga, S.Okamoto, K. Shiomoto, E. Oki, and W. lmajyuku,''GMPLS-Based Photonic Murtilayer Router

(Hikari Router) Architecture: An OveⅣiew of

Traqic Engineerlng and Signallng Technology,"

lEEE Communications Magazine Vol. 40, No. 3.

pp.96-101 , March 2002.

[6] S. Okamoto, E. Oki, K. Shimano, A. Sahara, andNL Yamanaka, ``Demonstration of the Highly

Reliable HfKARI Router Network Based on a

Newly Developed Disjoint Path Selection

Scheme," lEEE Communications Magazine VoI.

40, No. ll, pp.52-59, November 2002.

【71 S. Okamoto, "FUTURE OF IP BACKBONE

NETWORKS CREATED BY HIKARl

(PHOTONIC MPLS) ROUTERS," ECOC2002,10.2.1, September 2002.

[8】 lETF RFC3031 "Multiprotocor Label Switching

Architecture", 2001.

[9】 lETF RFC3471 "Genera一ized MultトProtocoI

Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Functional

Description", 2003.

[10] lETF RFC3472 "Generalized Mufti-ProtocolLabel Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Constraint-

based Routed Label Distribution Protocol (CR-

LDP) Extensions", 2003.

[11] lETF RFC3473 "Generalized Mufti-ProtocolLabel Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Resource

ReserVation Protocol　-　Traffic Engineerlng

(RSVPITE) Extensions", 2003.

[12] tTU-T G.872 "Architecture of Optica一 Transport

Networks", 2001.

【131 K. Shimano, A. lmaoka, Y. Takigawa, and K.

Sato, "MPLambdaS demonstration emp10ylng

photonic routers (256X256 0LSPs) to integrateoptical and lP networks",　NFOEC2001,

proceeding Vol. 1 pp. 5-13, July 2001.

[14] JTUIT G.707 ''Network node interface for thesynchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)", 2001.

[15] lTUIT G.709 "Network node interfaces for opticalt｢ansport network (OTN)", 2001.

【16】 OlトUNト01.0 "User Network lnteげace (UNl) 1.0

Signallng Specification", 2001.

[1 7] http://www.oiforum.com/

【18日ETF RFC2625 "PPP over SONET/SDH", 1999.

[1 9] draft-lasserre-vkompe=a-ppvpn-vpls-04.txt, work

in progress, lnternet draft in www.ietf.org, 2003.

[201 http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/3/index.htm

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