gábor gombos from civil death to full personhood: ireland's challenges to implement the crpd

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From civil death to full personhood: Ireland's challenges to implement the CRPD Gábor Gombos Adjunct professor, NALSAR Law University, Hyderabad, India and NUI Galway

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Gábor Gombos From civil death to full personhood: Ireland's challenges to implement the CRPD

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Page 1: Gábor Gombos From civil death to full personhood: Ireland's challenges to implement the CRPD

 From civil death to full personhood: Ireland's challenges to implement 

the CRPDGábor Gombos

Adjunct professor, NALSAR Law University, Hyderabad, India and NUI 

Galway

Page 2: Gábor Gombos From civil death to full personhood: Ireland's challenges to implement the CRPD

CRPD Article 12

• Legal capacity: right in and of itself as well as a precondition for enjoyment of many other rights

• Paradigm shift for persons with disabilities by making them subjects of rights from objects of charity

• Legal capacity as evolving concept  (in line with Preamble e)

• Legal capacity as accessibility

Page 3: Gábor Gombos From civil death to full personhood: Ireland's challenges to implement the CRPD

CRPD Article 12 para 1

• Article 12(1) reaffirms the right to recognition everywhere as persons before the law (ICCPR Art. 16) . Such a statement is needed because certain systems of social oppression such as racism; casteism; sexism and ableism have subsisted by denying legal personhood to the oppressed group.

Page 4: Gábor Gombos From civil death to full personhood: Ireland's challenges to implement the CRPD

CRPD Article 12 para 1• Persons with disabilities are right holders and duty 

bearers. • They are entitled to, inter alia

- registration of birth; - name; - nationality;  - and all other incidents of legal personhood and identity. (COB Peru para 23, 2011)

• All laws and procedures regarding the recognition of the identity of persons should be made in a disability inclusive manner ensuring accessibility and providing reasonable accommodation.

Page 5: Gábor Gombos From civil death to full personhood: Ireland's challenges to implement the CRPD

CRPD Article 12 para 2: to have vs to enjoy

• Declares or proclaims that all persons with disabilities have legal capacity. 

AND• Have the right to enjoy the subtsance of that 

legal capacity.  The requirement of enjoyment makes it necessary that suitable arrangements be made to ensure the exercise of legal capacity by persons with disabilities.

Page 6: Gábor Gombos From civil death to full personhood: Ireland's challenges to implement the CRPD

CRPD Article 12 para 2: In all aspects of life

• In the absence of legal capacity the realization of many other rights guaranteed by the Convention cannot be achieved. 

• Denial of legal capacity often results in - institutional placement without free and informed consent; - forced medical treatment including psychiatric treatment; - denial to live independently and in the community;- sterilization without free and informed consent;- denial of the right to marry and parenthood;- deprivation of the right to vote, stand for election and participate in public life.

Page 7: Gábor Gombos From civil death to full personhood: Ireland's challenges to implement the CRPD

CRPD Article 12 para 2: Is it really for all persons and all rights?

• Any interpretation of article 12(2) which excludes certain persons with disabilities, inter alia based on- “severity” ; - “nature of impairment” or - “difference in functioning and communication” is in contradiction with article 1 (“promote, protect and ensure the full and equal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms by all persons with disabilities”. 

• Article 1 encompasses the stated purpose of the Convention, any interpretation which is in breach of that article is totally impermissible. 

Page 8: Gábor Gombos From civil death to full personhood: Ireland's challenges to implement the CRPD

Committee on all persons

• Recognition of all persons’ legal capacity and right to exercise it (COB China, para 22 a, 2012)

Page 9: Gábor Gombos From civil death to full personhood: Ireland's challenges to implement the CRPD

Committee on Legal Capacity and some of the often denied rights

• Respect to the individual's right, in his/her own capacity, to give and withdraw informed consent for medical treatment, to access justice, to vote, to marry, to work, and to choose a place of residence. (COB Hungary, para 26, 2012)

• Adopt measures to ensure that all health care and services provided to persons with disabilities, including all mental health care and services, is based on the free and informed consent of the individual concerned, and that laws permitting involuntary treatment and confinement, including upon the authorization of third party decision-makers such as family members or guardians, are repealed. (COB China, para 38, 2012)

Page 10: Gábor Gombos From civil death to full personhood: Ireland's challenges to implement the CRPD

Committee on Legal Capacity and some of the often denied rights

• The Committee is concerned that persons with disabilities whose legal capacity is not recognized may be subjected to sterilization without their free and informed consent.

• The Committee urges the State party to abolish the administration of medical treatment, in particular sterilization, without the full and informed consent of the patient; and ensure that national law especially respects women’s rights under articles 23 and 25 of the Convention. (COB Spain, paras 37-38, 2011)

Page 11: Gábor Gombos From civil death to full personhood: Ireland's challenges to implement the CRPD

CRPD Article 12: Special protection as affirmative measure?

• Article 5(4) allows for affirmative actions to achieve de facto equality.

• Any special measure which results in the segregation or exclusion of persons with disabilities on grounds of “severity”; “nature of impairment” or “difference in functioning and communication” would be against the letter and spirit of affirmative action. 

• Any measure which interferes with the autonomy of the person with disabilities including the freedom to make their own choices cannot be deemed affirmative action under article 5(4) of the Convention.

Page 12: Gábor Gombos From civil death to full personhood: Ireland's challenges to implement the CRPD

The Committee on Article 12 para 2

• Repeal the laws, policies and practices which permit guardianship and trusteeship for adults (COB China, para 22, 2012)

• Abolish the practice of judicial interdiction and review the laws allowing for guardianship and trusteeship to ensure their full conformity with article 12 (COB Peru, para 25, 2012)

• Take immediate steps to derogate guardianship (COB Hungary,  para 26)

Page 13: Gábor Gombos From civil death to full personhood: Ireland's challenges to implement the CRPD

CRPD Article 12 para 3: the duty to provide access to support

• Besides abolishing norms that violate the duty of states parties to respect the human right of legal capacity, it is equally important that legislative, judicial, administrative and any other measures that protect and fulfill this right are also adopted.

Page 14: Gábor Gombos From civil death to full personhood: Ireland's challenges to implement the CRPD

Committee on enabling measures regarding access to support

• Take legislative action to replace regimes of substituted decision-making by supported decision making, which respects the person’s autonomy, will and preferences, in the exercise of one’s legal capacity in accordance with article 12 of the Convention. 

• Legislate and implement, in consultation with organizations of persons with disabilities, a blueprint for a system of supported decision-making, which includes:- Accommodations and access to support where necessary to exercise legal capacity;- Arrangements for the promotion and establishment of supported decision-making. (COB China, para 22b and d)

Page 15: Gábor Gombos From civil death to full personhood: Ireland's challenges to implement the CRPD

Committee on enabling measures regarding access to support

• Provide training, in consultation and cooperation with persons with disabilities and their representative organizations, at the national, regional and local levels for all actors, including civil servants, judges, and social workers, on the recognition of the legal capacity of persons with disabilities and on mechanisms of supported decision-making. COB Hungary, para 26, 2012)

Page 16: Gábor Gombos From civil death to full personhood: Ireland's challenges to implement the CRPD

CRPD Article 12: What if no support available?

• Provision of access to support is an enabling measure to ensure that persons with disabilities enjoy their legal capacity on an equal basis with others. 

• Legal capacity cannot be denied by reason of obtaining such support; at the same time the absence of such support cannot be a reason to deny the exercise of legal capacity to persons with disabilities; nor can persons with disabilities be obligated to obtain such support to exercise their legal capacity.

Page 17: Gábor Gombos From civil death to full personhood: Ireland's challenges to implement the CRPD

CRPD Article 12 para 3: Supported decision making or support to exercise

legal capacity?

• To provide access to support that enables persons with disabilities to exercise their legal capacity. The diverse nature of this support is also acknowledged in several other articles of this Convention. (E.g. Articles 9(2) (f); 19(b);23 (2); 24 (2) (d); 26 (1) (b) and 29(iii))

• Both article 12 (3) and all the aforementioned articles refer to support to enable persons with disabilities to exercise the particular right. Hence any system whereby persons with disabilities are prevented from exercising the right cannot be termed support.

Page 18: Gábor Gombos From civil death to full personhood: Ireland's challenges to implement the CRPD

CRPD Article 12 para 3: Supported decision making or support to exercise

legal capacity?• Any support to enjoy the substance of any other 

right in the Convention may be support under article 12(3). 

• Of particular relevance are support to:- exercise informed consent to medical treatment; - to own and manage property and exercise financial autonomy and management; - to choose where and with whom to live.

Page 19: Gábor Gombos From civil death to full personhood: Ireland's challenges to implement the CRPD

CRPD Article 12 para 3: Provision of support or access to support?

• The duty is to provide access to support as distinct from provision of support. 

• Access to support in contradistinction to support would require states  parties to take a range of initiatives: - for some persons it would be a recognition of an existing support arrangement; - for others it may necessitate the launch of schemes which assist in the creation of networks of support;- for still others the states parties may need to establish the support networks. 

Page 20: Gábor Gombos From civil death to full personhood: Ireland's challenges to implement the CRPD

CRPD Article 12 para 4: Can restriction of legal capacity be a safeguard/

• Article 3 is an integral part of the object and purpose of the Convention. Hence the safeguards shall be interpreted to advance the full and equal enjoyment of all rights by respecting the persons autonomy including the freedom to make one’s own choices, will and preferences. 

• Safeguarding substitution to decision-making presumes an interference with a person’s autonomy and hence is in conflict with article 12(4) as interpreted by this Committee in its concluding observations. 

Page 21: Gábor Gombos From civil death to full personhood: Ireland's challenges to implement the CRPD

CRPD Article 12 para 4: Safeguards

• Suitable measures to prevent the abuse and exploitation of persons with disabilities. Such measures should as far as be disability neutral. Furthermore wherever disability specific measures are needed, it would be more appropriate to devise them under article 16 which is the dedicated article on the issue.

Page 22: Gábor Gombos From civil death to full personhood: Ireland's challenges to implement the CRPD

Committee on Safeguards

• Supported decision making, which respects the person’s autonomy, will and preferences;

• Regulations to ensure that support respects the person’s autonomy, will and preferences and establishment of feedback mechanisms to ensure that support is meeting the person’s needs. (COB China, para 22 and 22c)