Garrett Moler

A paradigm shift occurred in musical culture Revered old works now called “classics began to rival new works A professional collegiality developed during this time on concert programs among a

diverse age and taste of music Iconic composers

Haydn Mozart Beethoven Schubert Schumann Mendelssohn

Other composers came from Italy, France and Britain Most famous were opera collections and songs Collegiality Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven dominated and were known as the trinity in the “classics” In the 1810’s a new more educated generation of composers began to look at these works

as truth rather than simply entertainment Survival and canonicity Evolution of canonic repertoire is traceable from the 18th to the 19th century Even through the natural evolution of music old works survived Many old protestant hymns and psalmodies still remained in churches Pre 1800 canonic composers did not perform older works as they did not want to be out of

date The term classical music first appeared in 1810 Opera was not considered to be in the classics

Romantic style A closer relationship was seen in music as it was transitioning Around 1720 baroque shared a close relationship to classical music it was transitioning to from the early 19th century another close transition from classical to modern was seen composers borrowed aspects of classical style and inserted it in their own works this created a very undefined era of “romantic music” neoclassical pieces were common by “romantic” composers such as

Spohr Camille Saint-Saëns Georges Bizet

Canonic authority had been established by the mid 19th century Canonic composers The discussion of classics of the mid 19th century almost always centers on the symphony But the principle had survived from the eighteenth century for concerts to have

Vocal pieces Opera selections

Most common composers of vocal music Giovanni Pergolesi Mozart Giovanni Paisiello

By the 1850s a broad selection of opera had introduced the middle class to something relatively unknown by all but the rich

Included a wide selection of pieces such as Operas Symphonies Overtures

Chamber music programs excluded vocal pieces Beethoven and Andreas Rhomberg were popular on these

bills Sporh became famous for his cosmopolitan style and

chamber music Wrote operas, symphonies and quartets Endowed svelte melodies with sophisticated harmonic activity

German and Austrian composers were prominent in chamber concerts

George Onslow a British composer, also received notoriety but like Spohr had most of it removed after his death

By 1840 prominent philharmonic groups were slightly straying from the musical trinity

Americans were influenced by music coming from Europe

American composers put their own style on the classics Less prominent than European counterparts

Evolution Slowly older composers made their way out

of concert bills and were replaced by newer composers

These newer composers based many ideas from the “classics”

Ben Bolt The poem first written by Thomas Dunn in English in 1842 Set to music by Nelson Kneass (1823-1868)

Kneass was a music teacher and conductor in New York First sung in Philadelphia in 1848 gained popularity Burl Ives cites the song as “a famous example of the new sentimental type of song

that became popular after the 1830’s America

Words written by Samuel Francis Smith in Boston on July 4, 1832 Original tune was God Save the King

Arkansas Traveler The Arkansas Traveler was a hit play in the 1850’s

In the play a traveler finds a squatter playing the tune The entire play depends on the effort of the squatter to remember the end of the tune Often played in different keys due to improvisation Writing of the words

Credited to David Stevens The song was first printed in New York in 1850

The Buffalo A popular emigrant song Was printed on multiple broadsides

There are six different printings in the Bodleian Library

Gaily the Troubadour Written in the 1820’s by English dramatist and songwriter Thomas

Haynes Bayly (1797-1839) other works include long, long ago

Lilly Dale The words and music were written by H.S. Thomson in 1852 The tune was popular in the 1850s and played in concerts and dance halls

The Star Spangled Banner The music was first published in England in the 1780’s The melody was most likely written by British composer John Stafford

Smith The originals words were written by Ralph Tomlinson, both were members of

the Anacreon society in England, made of wealthy men The melody was particularly popular during the war of 1812 and several

Americans wrote patriotic tunes to it The most famous of these was the one written by Francis Scott Key

Written as he witnessed the bombardment of Ft. Mchenry on a British ship to secure the release of a lawyer friend

Wrote the poem The Defense of Ft. Mchenry when the battle was over The poem was published anonymously on a broadside in 1814 The sheet music was published in 1815 Recognized as Americas National Anthem in 1931 by congress

Dancehalls in America Accompanying music in America was dance Dancing helped spur new music styles and the

other way around The romantic era

The waltz Originally received criticism Slowly made its way into ballrooms, aided by society

figures The polka

Came from Bohemia and became an overnight sensation in 1844

Had a light hearted quality The overall spirit of dance and dance music was that of

exuberance and excitement By 1850s the ballroom had reached its zenith

Concert halls in America In the 19th century commercialized entertainment became

popular in America Working class could finally pay for entertainment and had

spare time for such activity The puritans negative view of entertainment was mocked Concert halls were popular for entertainment

Brooklyn Academy of Music Center of progressive performance

Philadelphia Academy of Music Built in 1857 The oldest Opera house in the United States still used for its original

purpose Hosted Opera and classical concerts

Mechanics Hall Features a large concert hall on the third floor Built to house cultural and educational activities A pipe organ was installed in 1863

George Whitefield Chadwick (1854-1931) Representative composer of the New England

School of American Composers Works are influenced by the realist movement Was one of the most influential composers in

creating a body of original American classical music

Composed in almost every genre Opera Chamber music Choral works Songs

Popular songs The battle hymn of the republic

Written by Julia Ward Howe Born in New York in 1819 to banker Samuel Ward

On the way back from a trip to Washington her group sang “John Brown’s Body” to a group of roadside soldiers who applauded and she was inspired to write the famous lyrics

Music in the military Robert E. Lee once remarked that without music there would be no war Music was very important between the states It was a form of entertainment for soldiers and voiced opinions more

strongly than words Stephen Sears citing an incident during the Battle of Williamsburg

Federal corps commander Heintzelman was trying to rally troops back together

Finding several regiment bands he told them to play Yankee Doodle One of General Hookers men remarked it saved the battle

Survivors of General George Pickett’s charge at Gettysburg remember Confederate martial bands positioned in trees playing stirring martial airs

When volunteer bands were assembled a regiment band was always attached to it 24 members in each regimental band used for dress rehearsals, marching and parades

brigade bands were formed to serve the entire brigade of a division there were fewer confederate and because there was less musicians and instruments were expensive and

difficult to obtain Generals Lee and Jackson were serenaded by confederate music in camp and enjoyed music Drums

Each company of an infantry regiment was supplied with a drummer Drums woke the soldiers up, called the to meals, signaled sick call and guard duty, and played at night Drums on the battlefield issued out orders and directed troops The drums were made out of layers of wood steamed and pressed together with a calfskin head

Fife A high pitched instrument, similar to a piccolo, and commonly made out of rosewood Fifers, like drums, were also an important part to a regiment’s band

When fighting appeared imminent musicians were often told to stay behind and assist surgeons Some commanders brought their brigade bands into battle to play patriotic tunes as the battle went on The bugle was used in the cavalry instead of a drummer Bugle calls were unique and directed troops

Civil war bands by: John Newsom Gilmore’s band attached to the 24th Massachusetts Volunteer infantry contained 68 pieces and was on of the

largest during the war Boston bandmaster E.B. Flagg received $3000 a month for serving in the 44th Massachusetts volunteer militia Some bands dressed themselves in traditional French military garments including Frank Rauschers military band Bands were formed out of existing groups and troops sometimes volunteered and learned to play instruments Many accommodations were made during the war to be able to maintain regimental bands Members of bands were often also surgeons or aided in nursing the wounded

Music after the war The spread of African American music The Frisk Jubilee singers

Organized as a fundraising effort at Frisk university an all black college established after the civil war They toured throughout the united states to raise money By doing this they popularized the traditional African Spiritual to the white United States After singing in Boston in 1872 the group was invited to sing for president Ulysses S. Grant They also performed for the queen of England in 1873 The original choir disbanded in 1878

Guitars in American popular music Over the course of the nineteenth century guitars shed their European characteristics Christian Frederick Martin is credited with creating the first guitars in America with distinctly American

test The most important technological improvement to guitars emerging as a center for American popular

music was steel strings in 1880 Due to this innovation guitars were made in the 1890’sto withstand the pressure the strings exerted

on the guitar Steel strings allowed guitarists to play in ensembles often accompanying the popular mandolin The ability to “bend” the strings also paved the way for the guitar’s important position in African

American blues styles emerging Guitars entered the 20th century as the instrument that would define the future of American popular

music New styles of jazz and blues emerging at the turn of the century would include the guitar as one of the

center instruments

Francis Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)- One of the most prolific and prominent composers of the classical era. Haydn spent most of his life as a court musician for a wealthy Hungarian aristocratic family. He greatly influenced composers in the romantic era and on. Haydn was featured prominently in concerts of the late 18th and early to mid 19th centuries.

Ludwig Van Beethoven (1770-1827) – Beethoven was considered to be the most influential figure in the transition from the classical era to romanticism. He was a student of Haydn and pursued playing the piano. By 1793 Beethoven had notoriety for composing. Beethoven was one of the most influential and well known composers of the time.

Amy Beach (September 5, 1867- December 27, 1944) - An American composer and Pianist. Was the first successful American female to compose large scale art music. Born in New Hampshire to a wealthy family, she was a prodigy. By age 1 she could hum 40 tunes. At age 14 she received her only formal composing training. Her first major success was Mess in E Flat Minor which was performed by the Handel and Haydn Society. Her style is mainly romantic.

  Edward Macdowell (December 18, 1860- January 23,

1908) – An American composer and pianist of the Romantic era. He was best known for his piano suites “Woodland Sketches” and “Sea Pieces”. First received piano lessons from Juan Butriago a Colombian Violinist. He studied under multiple affluent pianists. Compositions include two piano concertos, two orchestral suites, and four symphonic poems. Macdowell was also a notable teacher of the piano.

Sissieretta Jones (1868-1933)- Born in Portsmouth Virginia to an African minister, she began to sing at an early age in her father’s church. She was an alumnus of the Frisk Jubilee choir and a noted opera singer. In 1887 she performed in Boston’s music hall to a crowd of 5,000. She made her New York debut in 1888 at Steinway Hall. In June 1892 she was the first African American to sing at Carnegie Hall. She toured the world and was an immensely popular and influential singer of many genres.

  John Joseph Klem (1851-1937)- One of the most famous

drummer boys of the civil war, he served in the 22nd Michigan infantry at 11 years old. Attempted to enlist with the 3rd Ohio infantry but was turned down because of his age. He survived the battles of Shiloh, Perryville, and Atlanta. He was promoted to a mounted orderly on the staff of General George Thomas. Died at 85 in San Antonio and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

Canon- consistent, note-for-note imitation of one melodic line by another, in which the second line starts after the first

Quartet- a musical composition for four voices or instruments

Symphony- an elaborate instrumental composition in three or more movements, similar in form to a sonata but written for an orchestra and usually of far grander proportions and more varied elements

Overture- an orchestral composition forming the prelude or introduction to an opera

Aria- an elaborate melody sung solo with accompaniment, as in an opera or oratorio

Concerto- a composition of one ore more principal instruments, with orchestral accompaniment

Romantic era (American) - a complex literary, artistic, and intellectual movement that was a reaction to the industrial revolution occurring in America

Suite- an ordered series of instrumental dances  Waltz- a ballroom dance in moderately fast, triple

meter

Polka- lively couples dance of bohemian origin, music in duple meter

African Spiritual- traditional African religious hymn brought to America by slaves

Regiment- a unit of ground forces consisting of two battle groups

Hymn- a song or ode in praise of god

Bugle- a brass instrument resembling a cornet and sometimes having keys, used for military signals

Cappella- music without instrument accompaniment

1. In early 19th century music, old works were known as?a. Classicsb. Outdatedc. Historicald. Irrelevant

2. A composer in what’s known as the musical trinity isa. Haydnb. Mozartc. Beethovend. All of the above

  3. The term classical music first appeared ina. 1800b. 1805c. 1810d. 1815

4. In the early 19th century a transition is music was seen from?a. Baroque to classicalb. Baroque to modernc. Classical to modernd. Classical to romantic

 5. Name one romantic composera. Spohrb. Camille Saint-Saënsc. Georges Bizetd. All of the above

6. Concerts of the eighteenth century almost always includeda. Piano duetsb. Violin quartetsc. Opera selectionsd. Psalmodies

7. By the 1850s what style of music was introduced to the middle class?a. Classical b. Operac. Baroqued. Psalmody

8. Concerts of the early to mid 19th century includeda. Operasb. Symphoniesc. Overturesd. All of the above

9. Chamber music programs excludeda. The use of the violinb. A piano soloc. Vocal piecesd. Overtures

10. When did the classical and dead composers start to be less represented on concert billsa. 1820b. 1840c. 1860d. 1880

1. A2. D3. C4. D5. D6. C7. B8. D9. C10. B

1. The original tune to the song “America” wasa. God Save the Kingb. God Save the Queenc. Symphony 25 in g minord. The tune was original

2. In the “Arkansas Traveler” squatters were required tooa. Play the banjob. Memorize lyricsc. Know the tune to the endd. Sit for long periods of time

3. The lyrics to the song “Ben Bolt” were originallya. Taken off a broadsideb. A poemc. Published in the paperd. Written for a specific tune

4. The music from “The Star Spangled Banner” was originally written ina. The 1740’sb. The 1760’sc. The1780’s d. The 1810’s

5. The poem the “Star Spangled Banner” came from was originallya. Written in Englandb. Titled “The Defense of Ft. McHenry”c. Seen as unpatrioticd. Published in 1813

6. Popular styles of dance in the romantic age includea. The waltzb. The Polkac. Both A and Bd. None of the above

7. Ballroom dancing reached its Zenith ina. The 1850’sb. The 1840’sc. The 1860’s d. The 1880’s

8. Concerts became more accessible to the common man in the mid 19th century becausea. The industrial revolutionb. An influx of young workers into citiesc. New societal ideas on entertainmentd. All of the above

9. Name an American concert hall of the mid 19th centurya. Brooklyn Academy of Musicb. Philadelphia Academy of Musicc. Mechanics Halld. All of the above

10. George Whitefield Chadwick wasa. On of the most influential composers in creating a body of original American classical musicb. Influenced by the romantic movementc. A composer of only the classical genred. A representative of the Philadelphia Orchestra

1. A2. C3. B4. C5. B6. C7. A8. D9. D10. A

1. Julia Ward Howe wrote which popular Civil War song?a. Battle Hymn of the Republicb. John Brown’s Bodyc. Battle Cry of the Republicd. Stars and Stripes

2. Who remarked “without music there would be no war”?a. Stonewall Jacksonb. Ulysses S. Grantc. Robert E. Leed. George Thompson

3. music provided what to soldiersa. entertainmentb. structurec. ability to voice opiniond. all of the above

4. At the battle of Gettysburg the Confederate army places troopsa. On the front linesb. In treesc. In the back of the battled. At camp to aid surgeons

5. How many members were in each regimental band?a. 10b. 12c. 20d. 24

6. Brigade bands were formed toa. Strengthen regiment bandsb. Entertain officersc. Serve for large brigades of troopsd. Direct troops

7. Each company of an infantry regiment was provided witha. A drummer b. A full bandc. No musiciansd. A fife player

8. Which two famous generals enjoyed music in campa. Thomas and Jacksonb. Lee and Thomasc. Jackson and Leed. Pickett and Thomas

9. The frisk jubilee singersa. Helped popularize African Spiritualsb. Toured throughout America and Europec. Raised enough money to build the first permanent building at Frisk Universityd. All of the above

10. Which instrument was about to become a center of American popular music at the turn of the century?a. The saxophoneb. The guitarc. The bassoond. The mandolin

 

1. A2. C3. D4. B5. D6. C7. A8. C9. D10. B

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