Glenn Cain M.Ed., CSCS, RSCC

Doug Smith Joe Staub Jay Butler Andrea Hudy Jerry Martin Joe Bonyai Margaret Jones Sam Headley

Troy Dell Luke Bradford Ben Kenyon Vince Palone Brian Thompson Donald Ford Frances Leverett Ursula Leverett

•Introduction•Bridge the gap•Develop YOUR philosophy•Finding a topic•Apply it!•What I Did•Results/Discussion•Limitations/Suggestions•Summary•Questions/Comments

GLENN CAIN, M.Ed., CSCS

EXPERIENCE

Trenton, NJ Ewing High School, ‘03 Gettysburg College, ‘07 Springfield College, ‘09

Gettysburg College (athlete)

Intern at Rutgers/KU/UConn

Springfield College University of Kansas Frostburg State Univ. Univ. of Kansas Univ. of New Mexico

EDUCATION

scientist COACH

Research

We don’t know what is really happening unless we control the environment.

The body doesn’t know the difference

“That’s the way I was coached” does not cut it

It’s the WHY that matters

Application Does it apply to the

weight room/field of play?

Research takes too long – we need to see results now

The mind knows the difference/hard to replicate game situations

We should aim to find a happy medium between the two!

My philosophy: Efficiency is key

Time is a major factor NCAA limitations Sport Coach limitations

Effort is key (are they motivated?) It’s not the program, it’s the implementation It’s not the what, it’s the WHY

“A bad program done well is better than a good program done poorly.”

-Mike Boyle

Find what interests YOU! Understand that you don’t have all the answers

“It’s not about how much you know, it’s about how much your athletes have learned.”

Gray Cook, Athletic Body In Balance

I owe it to the athletes with whom I have the opportunity to train to be the very best I can be at my craft.

Football vs. Women’s XC I worked with Football and XC – I could easily have

overlooked the cross country team I realized my approach had to change when coaching

each team

Read other research for ideas Stumbled upon Gilson’s study

Motivation specific to a strength training session Led me to create my own topic “Gender Differences in

Motivation of Strength Training”

Gave out a questionnaire (MGOSQ) Measures 5 motivational goal orientations:

Self-enhancing Self-defeating Social-approval Work-avoidance Task

Determined dominant goal orientation(s) of male vs. female athletes

Self-enhancing: wants to appear superior to others Self-defeating: wants to avoid appearing incompetent

to others Social-approval: motivated by receiving praise from an

important person Work-avoidance: successful when achieving desired

result with minimal effort Task: success is relative to his/her own ability and is

not compared to performance of others

Self-enhancing: I feel successful during weight room competitions when I do better than other players

Self-defeating: I feel successful when I’m not last during sprints

Social-approval: I feel successful when my teammates or coaches tell me I performed well

Work-avoidance: I feel successful when the strength coach doesn’t work us too hard

Task: I feel successful in strength training when I hit a new personal record even if I’m still last when compared to my teammates

Subscale Frequency Percent

Male 59 54.1

Female 50 45.9

Senior 1 .9

Junior 23 21.1

Soph 32 29.4

Freshmen 53 48.6

Subscale Frequency Percent

Football 43 39.4

Men’s Soccer 10 9.2

Men’s Basketball 6 5.5

Women’s Soccer 17 15.6

Women’s Volleyball 13 11.9

Field Hockey 11 10.1

Women’s Basketball 9 8.3

Gender Differences between Self-Enhancing and Task Orientations Males scored significantly higher on both

Mean scores range from 1 – 5. The lower the score, the stronger the goal orientation

Self-Enhancing: Men = 1.97; Women = 2.45 Task:Men = 1.38; Women = 1.63

 

Goal orientation Gender Mean Std. Deviation

Self EnhancingMale 1.97* 0.69

 Female 2.45 0.75

Self DefeatingMale 2.61 0.64

 Female 2.43 0.56

Social ApprovalMale 1.70 0.48

 Female 1.76 0.53

Work AvoidanceMale 4.36 0.52

 Female 4.25 0.61

TaskMale 1.38* 0.35

 Female 1.63 0.45

Men had a more competitive attitude during training Competitive in the sense that they wanted to appear

superior to their peers Perhaps a ranking system would help motivate this

group?

Although men were sig. higher, Task was still the most dominant goal orientation among women Trying to outdo their teammates was not as important

as their own relative success Ranking system might not motivate this group as much

Perhaps a different approach is warranted? Find out what their individual and team goals are

rather than dictate the goals to them Evaluate individually instead of collectively

Athlete Identity Males and females tend to identify with their roles as

athletes differently due largely in part to the media (Giuliano et al., 2007). Is this changing?

Perception of Body Image Effect of the media – pressure to look a certain way

(Depcik and Williams, 2004) Approximately 75% of American women wished their

bodies looked different (Hutchinson, 1993)

Present Sample* Previous Research**

Goal Orientation Mean 1 Mean 2

Self Enhancing 2.19 2.3

Self Defeating 2.53 3.01

Social Approval 1.73 2.03

Work Avoidance 4.31 4.29

Task 1.5 1.62

*N = 109**N = 133

Take 15 minutes at the beginning of the year to administer the questionnaire Adapt the training environment to foster the desired

goal orientation(s) Are the athletes extremely high in Task orientation?

High in Social-Approval? This also suggests the need to get to know your athletes

as much as you can outside of their sport.

Division III sample Offseason is voluntary

Non-training stressors of college Mental Stress? Emotional Stress?

Success or failure of previous season Difficult to operationally define improvements

in motivation after tailoring the training environment

In season teams Better attendance at the Div. III level

Division I teams (different motivational factors) Scholarships Playing professionally

Team sport vs. individual sport Long term study

Does the motivational climate change over time?

We should strive to bridge the gap between research and application How we train our athletes should be based upon

something!

Develop your philosophy, and think of how you can logically and practically apply it

Recognize that a gender difference may exist among your athletes, which may warrant a different approach to their training regimens

Depcik, E., & Williams, L., (2004). Weight training and body satisfaction of body-image-disturbed college women. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16, 287-299.

Gilson, T. A., Chow, G. M., & Ewing, M. E., (2008). Using goal orientations to understand motivation in strength training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(4), 1169 -1175.

Giuliano, T. A., Turner, K. L., Lundquist, J. C., & Knight, J. L. (2007). Gender and the selection of public athletic role models. Journal of Sport Behaviour, 30(2), 161-198.

Hutchinson, G., (1993). Transforming body image. American Health, 12, 21.