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I HC NNG TRNG I HC BCH KHOA B MN KIN TRC

GIO TRNH IU KHCTI LIU THAM KHO DNH CHO SINH VIN HC NGNH KIN TRC LU HNH NI B

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CHNG I

BC U TM HIU NGH THUT IU KHC1. GII THIU V IU KHC Ngh thut to hnh gn lin vi lch s nhn loi t tha hoang s bng nhng bc bch ha trong cc hang ng, bng nhng mtp trang tr c ch tc mt cch th s: vng tay, vng c, khuyn tai... Vi qu trnh pht trin, yu t thm m c nng cao v c th hin ngy cng quy m v tinh xo. Lch s ca ngh thut iu khc theo bc chn nhn loi to nn nhng nn ngh thut v i nh Ai Cp c i vi nhng tng danh ting ca lch s m thut nh tng Nhn s khng l, tng Vin th li ngi, tng ng trng thn hay tng chn dung Hong hu NefertitiSau l ngh thut Hy Lp vi nhng kit tc nh nhng tng thn Venus, tng Laocoon, tng N thn chin thng ... Ri thi Phc Hng lm cho nc tr thnh trung tm M thut chu u vi nhng tng David, tng Pieta, tng Thn a tinNgh thut ng li c c th ring v li cho nhn loi nhng tc phm iu khc ni ting v tn gio, trong iu khc n c nh hng su rng nht. Ring ngh thut iu khc ca Vit Nam ta, k t th k 11 t n trnh ngh thut kh cao nh cc tng La Hn cha Ty Phng, tng Quan m nghn mt nghn tay cha Bt Thp, hoc nhng hnh trang tr c o c chm khc trn , g, gch rt nhiu trn cc lng tm, cung in, cha ching, nh lng. Gp mt lm phong ph thm kho tng ngh thut iu khc c sc ca dn tc l iu khc ca dn tc Chm pha Nam, dn tc , Gia Rai, Ba Na Ty nguyn. Cng vi s pht trin khng ngng ca x hi, r rng iu khc l mt b phn khng th tch ri ca cuc sng loi ngi ni chung v ngh thut to hnh ni ring. iu khc l mt loi hnh ngh thut ca ngh thut to hnh. Khc vi hi ha l din t khng gian ba chiu trn mt mt phng, iu khc c th hin bng hnh khi c th trong mt khng gian nhiu chiu.H1. Tng Nhn s. Ai Cp c i.

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H2. Tng Vin th li ngi. Ai Cp c i.

H3. Tng Hong hu Nefertiti. Ai Cp c i.

H4. Qun tng Laocoon, nm 30 tCN.

H5. Tng thn Venus Milo, th k 2 tCN.

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H6. Michelangelo. Tng David. Phc Hng (trn bn tri). H7. Michelangelo. Tng Pieta. Phc Hng (trn bn phi). H8. Tng mt Pht n Bayzon, Campuchia (phi).

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2. QUAN H IU KHC VI KIN TRC Ni n iu khc l ni n s gn kt gia tng, ph iu v khng gian xung quanh n. N to nn nt duyn dng, tnh hp dn cho cnh quan ca mt phm vi hp (cho mt cng trnh kin trc) hoc mt phm vi rng (mt thnh ph). Hnh v khi l ngn ng ca iu khc, ngn ng phi c s thng nht trong b cc ca tc phm v ph hp vi khng gian xung quanh n, t im cho khng gian xung quanh n, nh vy l mi ng nt, hnh khi ca tc phm iu khc khng ch lm p cho ring n m n c gi tr tn ti c bi s kt hp hi ha, s tng h qua li gia ni dung, ng nt, hnh khi vi v tr ca n trong khng gian. Nhng bng chng cho thy s kt hp hi ha, nhun nhuyn to nn s v i ca nhng cng trnh kin trc v ngh thut iu khc. Lng m cc Pharaon (Ai Cp). - n thp Angco (Campuchia) n Pantheon (La M).

H9. Tng Nhn s trc qun th Kim t thp Gizeh, Ai Cp c i.

H10. Tng mt Pht n Bayzon, Campuchia.

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H11. n Erechteyon, Hy Lp c i.

3. NGN NG IU KHC Ngn ng c th ca iu khc l khi v khi l ch th to nn sc sng cho mt tc phm. 4. CC TH LOI IU KHC + Tng trn. + Ph iu. + Chm lng.

H12. Trn Vn M. Gia nh th. 1983. G ng. Ph iu.

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H13. u cu thang Hin Lm Cc, i ni, Hu. Chm lng g (trn). H14. Phm Vn nh. Cm xc. 1993. G. Tng trn trong nh (phi).

H15. Phm Sinh. Hoa tnh yu. Xi mng. 1993. Tng trn ngoi tri.

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5. CHT LIU IU KHC Cht liu dng cho iu khc v cng phong ph, t cht liu ph bin nh: , xi mng, ng, g, gm, thch cao, tre, si, nha, t st, ct thm ch l giy...cho n cc vt liu mi nh nha tng hp

H16. Brancusi. C Pagany 1912. trng.

H17. Phm Hng, Tng i. Xi mng.

H.18. Dip Minh Chu. Ch V Th Su. 1960. ng.

H19. inh Gia L. Hai ngi. 1996. G.

H20. V Tin. Tm linh 1. 1996. t nung.

H21. Trn Th Chc. B pht biu. 1990. Thch cao.

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H22. Ch b l gai. Nha composite.

H23. Phm Nguyn Minh Tin. M con. 2006. t st.

H24. Vua Tutankhamon. Ai Cp c i. Vng.

H25. Duchamp. Khng kh ca Paris. Thy tinh.

H26. Duchamp. Ngun nc. S.

H27. iu khc trn ct.

H28. Hanson. B bo.Tng c mc o qun v t v nh ngi tht.

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6. DNG C V VT LIU DNG CHO IU KHC 6.1. Dng c: Gm bn xoay, b dao nn c cc dng khc nhau, di p t, compa. + Bn xoay: Thng lm 3 hoc 4 chn, cao t 1m n 1,30m (ty theo ngi s dng), chiu rng khong 40cm v mt bn ny c th xoay trn c khi nn tng d kim tra cc chiu. Trn mt bn xoay thng c mt tm g kch c tng ng dng lm ct cng nh khi nn tng m khng lm nh hng trc tip n bn xoay.H29. Bn lm iu khc. C 3 chn, nhn mt bn.

+ Dao nn: Thng c 4 loi khc nhau tu theo mi chc nng, di t 20 n 24cm v lm bng g, tre tt hay kim loi. Dng gii quyt v lm p khi b phn ti chi tit nh v c th din t c cht trn nhn hay th rp ca khi iu khc. Ty mi ngi m t to ra nhng kiu dao nn khc nhau ngoi 4 loi chnh nh trn, tin s dng theo thch.

H30. Bn lm iu khc 4 chn, St.

H31. B dao dng lm iu khc. G.

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+ Di p t: Di 40cm, lm theo khi hnh thang, dng p tng cc t nh vo ct tng v chia cc mng khi tng.

H32. Di p t bng g.

+ Compa: Lm bng kim loi hay g, dng o kch thc t mu tng tht sang bi nn ang lm, c tc dng ging nh que o trong v m thut. 6.2. Vt liu: Gm c t st, t xi, nilon, thch cao, ay (x), giy thp nh qun vo ct thp ln dng lm ct. + t st: L loi tt nht lm iu khc. t st c c tnh l rt do, c kt dnh tt, c mn cao v gi c nc lu khi c kn bng nilon. + t si: L loi t ha hc, trong t xi c du nn lu khng kh, rt tin s dng nhng li him, gi thnh cao. + Nilon: Dng t trc khi nn cng nh bi cho khi b kh. Sau mi ngy lm vic th vy mt t nc vo bi ri kn bng nilon gi m, nu khng t s b kh cng rt kh nn tip tc. + Thch cao: L mt cht liu rt vo khun thnh tng. Bt thch cao c c im gn ging xi mng, khi gp nc th ng rn li ngay (khong 5 pht) tuy nhin khng cng bng xi mng c. + ay (x): Ngoi ay ra cn c th dng x da trn ln vo thch cao tng thm dai v chc.TRN VN TM Trang 11

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CHNG II

CHP U TNG1. CCH LM T, LM CT 1.1. Cch lm t Chn t sch khng ln t tht hoc t pha ct, khng t ln si, sn. Nu l t st kh th phi p nh ra, cng mn cng tt v vo trong nilon. Sau ti nc u v trn t tht k, ri li tht kn bng nilon. Lm nh vy khong vi ba ln, khi t ngm nc u th ta nho li ln na cho k v lm thnh tng khi nh vin gch tin dng dn v gi m c tt hn. Nu nh lu ngy mi dng n th em t st ngm trong nc xm xp. Trc khi dng ly ra mt lng va v nho bp tht k ri nilon kn, cch vi ting ng h sau mi em ra nn l tt nht. Ch lng nc ngm va phi t st khng b t qu s b chy s hay kh qu kh nn (thng vin t trong lng bn tay m khng b dch vo tay l c). 1.2. Cch lm ct Ct tng l xng tr chu lc nng ton b khi t ca tng v gi tng khi . V vy ct phi chc chn, c th lm bng g hay st. Nghin cu k cao thp, hng ca cc khi ca mu (c th v s b mu tng ri da vo m v ct bn trong) lm ct vng chc, chnh xc v hn ch tnh trng ct b li ra ngoi tng. + G : Thanh g di ngn ty theo mu nhng phi ngn hn chiu cao ca tng 2 n 3cm, c th vung hoc trn v to khong 4cm. + St : Chiu di ca thanh st cn di gn gp bn chiu cao ca tng, st c 6 - 8 v un gp i li ri tr chiu cao nh ct g xong th phn cn li un lm chn cho chc. Chun b thm mt tm g (400 x 400 x 40) ri ng chc ct g hoc st vo bng inh. Phn u tng cha mt lng t ln v nng, nn m bo t khng b st, chy s th cn phi c ct bm treo u ct. Bm lm bng tre, ct ngn thnh tng on khong 5cm ri ct cho hai on li bng thp ch v mt u cha li mt on thp ct treo vo ct tng. Mi tng cn 6 n 10 bm di ngn khc nhau. C th dng thm dy thp ch c ct bm qun quanh ct st hoc ng inh vo ct g gip gi t thm n nh .TRN VN TM Trang 12

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H33. Bm v cch qun bm vo ct.

H34. T tri qua: Ct bng st, ct bng g thng ng, ct bng g nm nghing.

2. CCH TH HIN 1.1. Ln t Lc ln t th t nh ti ln, ln t t, lun quan st mu ln theo dng mu. 1.2. Phc hnh v ly dng ca ton b khi ln Sau khi ln t thnh mt khi vi t l tng ng vi mu, ta xc nh v tr t l u, c v b tng (nu c). Cng nh khi dng hnh trong v u tng, ta cng xc nh cc trc ngang, dc, bn ri cc ng mt, mi, mingQui thnh nhng khi, mng ln n gin.TRN VN TM Trang 13

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H35. Qui thnh khi, mng ln, n gin (v d cch1, cch2).

1.3. Phc hnh ton b khi nh (chi tit). Trn c s khi ln ng, ta tip tc phn r khi chi tit nh: mt, mi, ming, tai...

H36. T khi c bn tip tc y su phn thnh cc khi, mng chi tit.

1.4. i su nghin cu dng v tng khi, kim tra v hon chnh Khi tng y cc khi ln, nh theo hnh mu tng ng vi thc t, th bt u kim tra li dng ca tng c b khng bng dy di, kim tra t l v v tr ca khi mt ln na cho tht chnh xc. Chuyn t cc dng khi c cnh sang hnh khi ng vi mu tht, lu im c trng ca mu. Ch trong qu trnh nn, tng thi im m xoay mu tng theo cc chiu c th quan st ht cc mt.TRN VN TM Trang 14

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H37. Chuyn t khi c gc cnh sang hnh khi ng vi mu tht.

3. MT S TC PHM CA SINH VIN

H38. Tn Tht ng Phng. 02KT-HBK N. Tng b gi. t st. 2006.

H39. Tng b gi. Tng mu thch cao.

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H40. o V Huy. 02KT-HBK N. Tng b gi. t st. 2006.

H41. Trnh Th Thu Giang. 02KT-HBK N. Tng b gi. t st. 2006.

H42. Tng ch cng nhn. Tng mu thch cao.

H43. Trn ng Khoa. 02KT-HBK N. Tng ch cng nhn. t st. 2006.

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H43. Phan Hong Tn. 02KT-HBK N. Tng ch cng nhn. t st. 2006.

H43. Th Cm Nhung. 02KT-HBK N. Tng ch cng nhn. t st. 2006.

H44. L phc lm iu khc. Lp 02KT- HBK Nng.

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CHNG II

CHP PH IU (p ni)1. KHI NIM V PH IU 1.1. Ngun gc hnh thnh v pht trin T thi s khai ca lch s loi ngi, con ngi pht hin mt cch ngu nhin nhng hnh ta nh nhng hoa vn rt p. H cm th, s dng v sng to, pht trin thnh mt ngn ng din t ci p. u tin n gin ch hnh nh ca thin nhin nh c cy, hoa l, chim th, cc khc vch li ln vch hang ng ni h tr ng. Theo s pht trin ca x hi loi ngi th nhng ng nt trang tr c cch iu, khi qut tru tng cao hn, c gi tr v phng din lch s v ngh thut nh hoa vn trang tr trn trng ng Ngc L Vit Nam ta, ri v sau, loi hnh trang tr ny c tn ti v pht trin mang m sc thi dn tc, th hin cc cng trnh nh lng m, nh, cham ch yu l ph iu vi hai cht liu chnh l g v .

H45. Chm ni trn trp bng xng. Ai Cp c i (trn). H46. Con b. Khc v v trong mt hang ng ti Lascaux Php. Khong 15.000-10.000 tCN (tri).

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H47. Hnh trn: c ni ng trn Cu nh, Ng mn. H48. Cc ha Rng. Chm g trn bu ca Hin Lm Cc. Ng mn.

1.2. Cc loi ph iu: C 3 loi ph iu: + Ph iu li thp. + Ph iu li. + Ph iu cc li (khi gn nh tng trn).

H49. Ph iu li: Indra ci coi ba u Airavata. Banteay Srei. Campuchia. Gch nung. T.k 10.

H50. Ph iu li thp: Michelangelo. c M bn cu thang.

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H51. Ph iu cc li: V n Apsara, Tr Kiu, Champa. . Khong th k 10.

1.3. c im ca ph iu - Nu tng trn l hnh khi c th hin trong khng gian ba chiu, hnh khi tht th hnh khi ca ph iu din t khng gian ba chiu trn b mt phng, khi khng tht m cm gic (khi n gian), v hnh khi giu cht trang tr. - B cc ca ph iu c sp xp bng nhng mng hnh c chnh c ph trong mt mng hnh hc (b cc hnh vung, trn, ch nht) - Trong iu khc th b cc c u im l th hin c nhiu th trong nh ni non, sng bin, c cy, hoa l, sinh hot x hi (ging nh v m thut). Cn tng trn th b hn ch v mt ny. - Khng gian trong ph iu c din t theo tng lp, lp trc gn, lp sau xa v c theo th t nh vy. 1.4. Vt liu lm ph iu C th lm vi cc vt liu nh: G, , thch cao, t nung, ximng, hay cc kim loi nh ng, nhm, bcTuy nhin cn lu n hai yu t sau: - Chn cht liu ph hp vi b cc, ni dung. - Chn vt liu bn vng, chu c ma nng v thi gian nu lm ph iu ngoi tri. 2. CCH B CC PH IU Ph iu trong iu khc ging nh trang tr trong v m thut. V th khi b cc i hi phi c s nhp nhng v ng nt, phong ph v hnh khi. Phi c mng chnh, mng ph, ng thi ch cc mng c, mng trng v cch din t ng nt sao cho tht trang tr. Nu b cc ph iu ton nhng mng c, khng c mng trng th ph iu tr nn tc, b rt kh chu. Do , cc mng trng, mng c ni trn phi b tr sao cho va vn, cn i, khng b trng hay b lm m, vn vt. B cc ph iu c u im m b cc tng trn khng th din t c, v d nh phong cnh.TRN VN TM Trang 20

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3. CCH TH HIN 3.1. Chun b vt liu v dng c Vt liu gm t st, bng g, gi , nilon. + Mt bng g tng ng hoc to hn mt t so vi kch thc ph iu mun lm. Ring dy phi m bo khng b cong vnh hay nt khi p t st t vo. + Gi bng g (ging nh gi v m thut nhng cn chc chn hn v t st kh nng) v dy thp nh, inh. Dng c tng t nh bi chp u tng. 3.2. Cch lm + Lm t: Ty theo ph iu ln, nh m ta c th gim lc bt vic ng inh cng nh chng dy thp bi cng dng chnh l gi t khi b st, nt ph iu. V vy m ph iu cng ln th cng phi lm ct tht k. t nho k chun b t trc, p ln bng g ng inh v chng dy thp, ri dng dao nn, thc thng v di p t san bng.

H52. Ct lm ph iu: Mt ct dc v mt trc (qun dy thp tha v dy).

+ Phc hnh ln bng t: C hai cch: th nht l v phc hnh dng ca mu ln bng t san phng, ri da trn c s m nn vo bng t ri hon chnh khi chi tit. Cch th hai l ly t p u ln bng t san phng bng phn cao nht ca ph iu ri mi v phc hnh nt ln, sau mi dng dao nhn ct b phn t tha hnh l ra v hon chnh khi chi tit.TRN VN TM Trang 21

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Cch lm ph iu cng ging nh nn tng trn, nghin cu vi cc khi ln v gii quyt khi c bn theo tng lp, tng din, to ra s tng quan cao thp, trn di gia cc mng khi ln vi nhau. Khi gii quyt xong ton b khi c bn, mi y su vo chi tit trn c s khi ln. Lu c trng ca khi ph iu l mt khi trn b p bp m mt phn nm ln trong mt phng nn v phn kia th nh ra ngoi. Thng thng v tr gn, trng tm th khi nh ra nhiu, cn nhng mng ph hay chi tit xa th cng bp li. Ngoi vic quan st mu, nhn thc v s kho lo ca i tay, dng c cng phi dng ng c, ng kiu th cng vic mi thun li.

H53. Mt ct bn ca ph iu cho thy cch gii quyt khi c bn v khi chi tit.

+ Kim tra v chnh hnh: C th dng que o kim tra li chnh xc, ri chuyn nhng khi dng gc cnh v ng vi mu tht. 4. MT S TC PHM CA SINH VIN

H54. Hoi Nam. 02KT-HBK N. N thn Uma. Ph iu t st.

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H55. Ph iu mu: N thn Uma. thch cao.

H56. Tn Tht ng Phng. 02KT- HBK N. N thn Uma. Ph iu t st.

. H58. Trn ng Khoa. 02KT- HBK N. H57. Ph iu mu: Thn Siva. Xi mng. Thn Siva. Ph iu t st.

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H59. Phm Nguyn Minh Tin. 02KTHBK N. Thn Siva. Ph iu t st.

H60. Trng Vn Cng. 02KT-HBK N. Thn Siva. Ph iu t st.

H61. Chm bi ph iu. Phng hc iu khc, HBK Nng. 2006.

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CHNG III

SNG TC TNG HOC PH IU.1. TH LOI IU KHC Trong iu khc, ngi ta cn c vo ni dung, ch t tng ca tc phm m phn loi ra iu khc trong nh hay iu khc ngoi tri, t xc nh v tr t, kch thc v hnh thc th hin, cht liu, mu sc cho ph hp vi ni dung t tng gy hiu qu cao nht cho ngi xem. 1.1. Tng ngoi tri: Gi tr ca tng ngoi tri gn vi khng gian mi trng, yu cu khng gian t tng rng ln (nht l tng i), t b cc, kiu dng, kch thc, hnh khi, cht liu, mu sc u phi xut pht t yu cu c th ca khng gian mi trng. Chu s tc ng ca qui lut thi tit thin nhin thay i. Trc tip i thoi vi qung i qun chng, c tc dng gio dc su rng v thm m v chnh tr t tng, c tnh cht trng tn.

H62. Trn Th Chc. Nng Xun. granito. 1988 (trn). H63. Rodin. Bn sao Ngi suy tng. nha composite (phi).

1.2. Tng trong nh: Gi tr t thn ca tc phm ph thuc vo khng gian ba chiu, nh sng v khng gian ni tht. Phm vi khng gian nh hp, khng b nh hng ca qui lut thi tit thin nhin thay i. B cc, kch thc, kiu dng, hnh khi, cht liu c lp khng b rng buc bi yu cu ca mi trngTRN VN TM Trang 25

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thin nhin, kin trc v x hi. Hon ton ch ng trong sng tc. Tc dng gio dc trong qun chng v mt t tng khng su rng nh tng i, ch trong khong thi gian nht nh.

H64. Trn Vn Tm. Con gi ti. thch cao. 2007 (trn). H65. Hong Truyn. Thch Sanh. t nung. 1994 (tri).

CCH B CC TNG TRN Cng nh b cc tranh, b cc tng trn phi s dng nhng mng khi phong ph, a dng cho sinh ng, vui mt. Cc mng khi cng phi sp xp thay i cc chiu, cc hng trong khng gian. Mt khc th trnh nhng trng hp song song, nhng hnh lp i lp li nhiu ln, nhng khong cch gia cc mng v cc khi u nhau, nht l b cc tng, cng phi trnh nhng im ni trn. iu khc l hnh khi ba chiu nm trong khng gian, do khi phc tho b cc i hi ta phi quan st bn chiu. Nu chiu no cc khi cng sp xp mt cch gn mt th mi c th gi l mt b cc tt. Sng tc tng trn hoc ph iu ni chung hoc trang tr cho cng trnh kin trc ni ring th b cc u phi gn gng, chc chn, khng rm r. Do , khi b cc chng, ta phi ht sc ch sp xp cc khi sao cho chc gn, trnh nhng chi tit vn vt khng cn thit. S sp xp cc khi hnh hc trong b cc iu khc i hi phi tnh ton ht sc khoa hc, sao cho khi vn chuyn hn ch c nt, v, d gy khi va chm.TRN VN TM Trang 26

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B MN KIN TRC

H66. Rodin. Ma xun vnh cu.1884 (trn). H67. Nguyn Kim Xun. Thay o. t nung. 1996 (tri).

3. TNG, PH IU TRANG TR V B CC HNH KHI SN VN Cuc sng con ngi ngoi nhu cu n no, mc m th nhu cu v tinh thn cng khng th thiu, trong c nhu cu thng thc ci p v loi hnh ngh thut iu khc cng l mt yu cu ca cuc sng con ngi ngy mt cao v hon m. T xa, nhng cng trnh kin trc c nng thn, thnh th v cc nh cha c c sc thi dn tc ring Vit Nam, c sn vn, mi sn vn c trang tr h nc, hn non b, tng ngi cu c, tng em b ci tru, cn c cy si, chu hoa, chu cnh, hay xp cc vin thnh nhng biu tng n gin m p. Ngy nay, cc cng trnh kin trc hin i cng cn phi s dng hnh khi hin i, sn vn v cy cnh cng c s thay i v b cc v to dng vi yu cu trang tr kin trc cao hn, v cng phi s dng cht liu mi hn, b cc phi cht ch, qui m hn, ph hp vi kin trc hin i. Ring trong b cc hnh khi sn vn, khi c s kt hp cng trnh kin trc hon chnh v hnh khi p, gn vi thin nhin cy cnh, tng trang tr, ph iu, th cn c s thay i mi thch nghi vi trong vn c thin nhin thay i thi tit, nng ma, sng, chiu, ti to ra mt tng th lun lun mi v hp dn trong thi i mi.TRN VN TM Trang 27

GIO TRNH IU KHC

B MN KIN TRC

H68. B cc chu cnh trong sn vn kin trc c. Cha Linh M, Hu.

H69. Sp xp trang tr trong sn vn kin trc c. Cha Linh M, Hu.

TRN VN TM

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GIO TRNH IU KHC

B MN KIN TRC

H70. im Phng Th. 7 ngn ng. nh kim ng. C 7 m-uyn c bn, t c th sp xp thnh nhiu b cc c hnh khi, ti khc nhau.

H71. im Phng Th. Tr em. nha tng hp. Bn khi ri nhau, c th sp xp thnh cc b cc khc nhau.

TRN VN TM

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GIO TRNH IU KHC

B MN KIN TRC

Ty theo v tr t tng m chn ti ph hp vi khng gian . V d: - trng hc: Thng t tng hoc ph iu v nhng nhn vt tiu biu v hc vn hay cc anh hng cch mng m trng mang tn: L Qu n, Chu Vn An, So Nam, Nguyn Vn Tri, Kim ng ... - cung th thao: Thng trang tr tng vn ng vin kit xut hay tng v ch th thao: tng nm lao, nm a...

H72. Bn sao tng Ngi nm a. Hy Lp c i (trn). H73. Nguyn Hi. Anh Tri. ng. 1973 (trn bn tri). H74. Ph iu trang tr trn n thp Banteay Srei, Campuchia (tri).

TRN VN TM

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GIO TRNH IU KHC

B MN KIN TRC

H75. Giradon v Regnaudin. Cc tin n sn sc thn Apoiion. Cung in Verseilles, Php.

H76. Rodin. Bm danaide C. cm thch. 1889-1892. H77. Rodin. N hn. cm thch. 1886-87

TRN VN TM

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GIO TRNH IU KHC

B MN KIN TRC

H78. Thn bui tra, m, chu M, chu Phi. Cung in Versailles, Php.

H79. Legro. Tng n thn v thn tnh yu. Cung in Versailles, Php.

Tng, ph iu trang tr cho ni tht th c th dng vt liu t tn km nh thch cao, g, giy, vi, t nung... v khng cn to lm. Ngc li ngoi tht v c khng gian rng nn ch t tng sao ha hp vi khng gian xung quanh, tng nn dng vt liu bn chc nh: , xi mng, ng, nhm, st khng r...TRN VN TM Trang 32

GIO TRNH IU KHC

B MN KIN TRC

4. TNG I Tng i l mt cng trnh phi hp gia iu khc, trang tr v kin trc. Tng i ch xy dng ngoi tri, t trong khng gian thin nhin, ng thi l khng gian i sng con ngi, v vy m c gn vi ngha gio dc chnh tr t tng rt ln, nh truyn thng yu nc, chng gic ngoi xm v ca ngi nhng nhn vt anh hng trong lch s hay nhng nh khoa hc, nhng con ngi c ng gp to ln cho s pht trin ca x hi Chn v tr t tng i cn ch n ti, ni dung, hnh thc ca tng i nh t ph hp vi v tr ca n. Nn chn v tr c tm nhn ph hp vi qui hoch tng th ca khu vc gn gi vi sinh hot ca nhn dn, mi ngi u d dng nhn ngm thng thc ngh thut, ng thi nhc nh, khi gi tnh cm. Trnh trng hp t tng thp hn mt ng s thy tng b ln, khng pht huy hiu qu ca tng, lm gim st gi tr ngh thut v kh th ca tng. Tng i c kch thc ln, c ngha gio dc cao nn rt h trng. V vy khi xy dng mt tng i yu cu phi cht ch v cng tc t chc v ng qui trnh. Gm c nh iu khc b cc chung v khi tng, kin trc s qui hoch chn v tr, t chc khng gian mi trng chung cho tng i v k s xy dng tnh kt cu tng, b tng v cc phn vic cn thit khc trong thi cng. Cht liu ca tng i ngoi vic phi ph hp vi tng ti ni dung cng nh phong cch din t hnh thc ca cng trnh th cn phi bn vng vi thi tit. Hin nay cc tng i thng c dng cht liu nh ng, b tng, thp khng r, nhm, hay nha cng

H80. Phm Hng. Qung Nam trung dng. b tng. 1975-1976.

TRN VN TM

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GIO TRNH IU KHC

B MN KIN TRC

H81.Trnh Dn. Tng i ngha trang Trng Sn (trn). H82. Trn Ty. L T Trng. b tng. 1995 (phi).

H83. Tng i Hng qun Lin X. Kiev, Ucraina.

H84. Tng i Hng qun Lin X. Beclin, c.

TRN VN TM

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GIO TRNH IU KHC

B MN KIN TRC

5. CCH TH HIN 5.1. Vt liu v dng c Vt liu v dng c dng sng tc tng trn, ph iu cng ging nh lm u tng hay ph iu trn. 5.2. Cch lm ct Cch lm ct ph iu cng ging nh trn, nhng ring tng trn, v cc khi thay i nhiu chiu, chi tit phc tp hn, nn ct cng phc tp hn, yu cu phi tnh ton mt cch khoa hc, k lng ct chc chn, phn b chu lc ng u v khng b li ra ngoi khi ln t xong cng nh khng b thiu s dn n nt, gy mt b phn no ca tng v sau. Cht liu lm ct tng ph hp hn c l st v d un, d thay i dng nu mun (hnh thc, b cc ca tng phi c phc tho trn giy t trc, th hin nhiu gc nhn khc nhau nh mt bng, mt ng: trc, sau, bn). Ty theo chiu cao ca tng m chn loi st ph hp lm xng tr chu lc chnh. T xng tr ny s ni ra cc xng nhnh theo dng ca phc tho bng dy thp nh hn, v c ct ni tht cht vi thp ch (ging nh b khung xng ngi nu nh lm tng ton thn) hnh thnh h khung, ri dng inh lin kt chc vi g. t khi b tt, b nt v trong khi nn, nn lm mt t bm nh nh cch hng dn phn u tng ri ct vo nhng ch xung yu. Ring vi nhng khi nh nhng di th dng thp ch cun thnh nhng vng lin tip quanh xng nhnh. 5.3. Cch nn i vi ph iu th cch lm tng t phn chp ph iu. Vi tng trn cng ging cch chp u tng, tuy nhin cn lu k hn my im sau: - Thnh thong dng dy di kim tra tng c b khng kp thi chnh li. - Lun quay tng cc hng kim tra khi v dng ton b.

TRN VN TM

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GIO TRNH IU KHC

B MN KIN TRC

6. MT S TC PHM CA SINH VIN 6.1. Sng tc ph iu

H85. Nguyn Tt t. 02KT- HBK N. Ngy hi. t st. 2006.

H86. L Tng Huy. 03KT- HBK N. Vui chi ngy Xun. t st. 2007.

TRN VN TM

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GIO TRNH IU KHC

B MN KIN TRC

H87.Nguyn B Thng. 03KT- HBK N. Thnh Ging. t st. 2007.

6.2. Sng tc tng trn, tng i.

H88. Sinh vin 01KT-HBK N. i la. t st. 2005.

H89. Phm Nguyn Minh Tin. 02KTHBK N. M con. t st. 2006.

TRN VN TM

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GIO TRNH IU KHC

B MN KIN TRC

H90. Thi Th Thu Trang. 02KTHBK N. Thiu n. t st. 2006.

H91. Tn Tht ng Phng. 02KT- HBK N. Vn ti. t st. 2006.

H92. Nguyn Th Tuyt Nhung. 02KTHBK N. V iu. t st. 2006.

H93. o V Huy. 02KT-HBK N. Tng i. t st. 2006.

TRN VN TM

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GIO TRNH IU KHC

B MN KIN TRC

H94. L Cng Khi. 03KT-HBK N. Khonh khc. 2007. H95. Trng Phan Thin An. 03KT-HBK N. Tnh yu. 2007 (phi).

H96. L Tin Long. 03KT-HBK N. Thiu n n. t st. 2007.

H97. Phm L c Hng. 03KT-HBK N. Suy t. t st. 2007.

TRN VN TM

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GIO TRNH IU KHC

B MN KIN TRC

7. TC PHM IU KHC NI TING

H98. Rodin. Th dn thnh Calals. ng. 1889 (tr n). H99.Tng N thn Nike. cm thch, Hy Lp c i (tri).

H100. i phun nc Trevi. Roma,

TRN VN TM

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GIO TRNH IU KHC

B MN KIN TRC

H102. Cader. Chuyn ng tnh. H101. Rodin. Cng a ngc. Ph iu v tng. ng. 1884-1917. iu khc tru tng.

H103. Giacometti. Con ch. iu khc siu thc. ng.

TRN VN TM

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GIO TRNH IU KHC

B MN KIN TRC

8. TC PHM KIN TRC, IU KHC C O

H104. n Angco Vat. Campuchia.

H105. ng Vit Nga. Bit th Hng Nga. Lt.

TRN VN TM

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GIO TRNH IU KHC

B MN KIN TRC

H106. Cheval. Lu i l tng. Php. 1879-1912.

H107. Khi hon mn Carrousel. Paris, Php.

TRN VN TM

Trang 43

GIO TRNH IU KHC

B MN KIN TRC

H108. Gaudi. Nh Mila. Barcelona. 1906-1910. T y Ban Nha.

H109. John Utzon. Nh ht Opera. Sydney, Oxtraylia. 1970.

TRN VN TM

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