FROM COMPREHENSIVENESS TO SECURITARIZATION : THE EVOLUTION OF EURO-MED

GOVERNANCE

PORTO I., DI NOTO N., CATILLO B., VELLA A., PAPASTEFANIDI E., SEITI E.C.,LOUKA G., FARES V., AZIZAI R.

GOVERNANCE :•Not a simple and straightforward concept•The things became more complicated when it comes to speak about governance in the Mediterranean.

TIME FRAMEWORK:

Starting from the mid 1990’s, the EU has sought to apply the concept of governance in its relationship with the South-Mediterranean countries.

This strategy firstly translated in the launch of the Euro- Mediterranean partnership (EMP) in 1995.

In 2004 the result of this ‘’disengagement’’ also translated in the launch of the European Neighbourhood Policy.

The focus on human rights moved further away from human right and democracy with the launch of the Union for the Mediterranean (UfM) in 2008. This one was a more business-oriented frame work of relations.

THE CONCEPTUALIZATION OF

GOVERNANCE

The term governance focuses on the presence of multiple actors

- Institutions -States, international organisations -Non-governmental organisations Charged to coordinate their efforts to regulate chaos.Indeed, while the purpose is commonly shared, thepreferred ways and the instruments through which toachieve security may diverge, as the multiplicity andfragmentation of authority add to the complexity of

themanagement process.

Economic & financial partnershi

p

Social & cultural

- In 1995, 15 member states of the EU and 12 south Med countries: Algeria, Cyprus, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Malta, Morocco, the Palestinian Authority, Syria, Tunisia, and Turkey adopted the Barcelona Declaration.-European approach: EU’s security and development is depended on the prosperity of the South region.-Three different pillars:

Positive results • Unique forum that Med countries exchange views and cultivated constructive dialogue.• Represents a strong commitment to regional stability and democracy through regional cooperation and integration, aimed to socio- economic and political reform and modernization.• The period 1995-2005 has been observed some improvement in macroeconomic stability in the Mediterranean countries with the inflation index to be at lower levels and social indicators to have been improved in health conditions

Pragmatic approach: •No political cooperation •Serious problems still exist, ex. illegal immigration•Asymmetry of power•Political openings and initiatives in the southern Mediterranean have so far remained cautious

The target of the European Union with the European Union [1]Policy (ENP) which was developed in 2004 and implemented in 2006 (Regulation EC No 1638/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 2006) is integration. It includes laying down general provisions, establishing a European Neighborhood and Partnership Instrument, is planned to work between EU and its southern and eastern neighbors to achieve the closest political association and the greatest possible degree of economic integration. More specifically, this goal is built on common interest and on values[2] like democracy, the rule of law, respect for human rights and social

The target of the European Union with the European Union Policy which was developed in 2004 and implemented in 2006.It includes laying down general provisions establishing a European Neighborhood and Partnership instrument, is planned to work between EU and its southern and eastern neighbors to achieve the closest political association and the greatest possible degree of economic integration. Like the EMP , ENP is build on common interest and on values like democracy, rule of law, respect of human rights and social cohesion.

ENP has established the action plan which sets out an agenda of political and economic reforms with short and medium term priorities :• First step : country’s reports

•Second step : bilateral action plans

•Third step : a partnership for reform ENP is distinctive that for all its objectives and further policy development requires continuous funding of various activities. For e.x E.N.P.I

The frame of Arab Spring As we talk about governance we

have to point one of the most serious subjects in the Mediterranean which is the Arab Spring. We already know the start of Arab Spring, on December 2010. People was suffer from extreme poverty, unemployment, instability and a generally political corruption. The aim of apprising people was the change of the oppressive regime. Throw the revolution, people demanded granting of individual freedoms, respect of human rights, fair elections etc. The catalyst for the current escalation of protests was the self-immolation of Tunisian Mohamed Bouazizi in Tunisia. The western world welcomed the democratization process of the Arab world: for example the Egyptian people had expressed themselves through the ballot box and had given power to a moderate Muslim party.

•The governmental problems of the Arab spring

The “Arab spring” movement has uncovered a number of vulnerabilities, and have created serious problems in many aspects. Some 60% of the Arab population is now younger than 29 years of age, and youth unemployment averages 25%, with the young female rate reportedly at 30%. Young people have lack of participation, representation and frustration with widespread corruption and the state has lack of accountability and inadequate public services.

• the goal of the Arab Spring

Looking Ahead, the goal of the Arab Spring is the process of creation and stabilization of democratic institutions, which leads to the end of the authoritarian regime. In theory, the main goal is liberalization which is the process of partially reforming authoritarian institutions and governments. The regimes of Middle East and North Africa are hybrid, between authoritarianism and democracy.

New action should in particular…

a) Encourage stakeholders and administrations to define more comprehensive priorities for maritime affairs

b) Strengthen cooperation between stakeholders and administrations in all sectors related to the maritime field, throughout the Mediterranean basin

c) Assist Member States in exchanging best practices by means of the existing Community funds for territorial cooperation and finally

d) Offer technical assistance under the European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) and Partnership Instruments to Mediterranean countries which are not members of the EU.

While the EU can be defined as the most successful example of a political actor ruled by «governance without government», the concept of governance applied to the Euro-Mediterranean relations has experienced some significant changes from its initial purposes, passing from a comprehensive approach to a sectoral cooperation on specific issues.

The EMP and the ENP as regional cooperation framework are not suited for the EU to produce “contagion” and to bring its partners to adopt EU norms. The UfM has to be considered as the result of more prominent bilateral relationships based on specific agreement between the EU’s member states and single Mediterranean countries.

In the regard of the role of external actors of democratization, the EU can act as a democracy promoter offering the incentives to adopt rules of good governance just when enlargement prospects are provided. Instead, in the case of the Mediterranean, the EU has to cooperate both with civil societies and, above all, with the political elite in order to support further liberalization processes which hopefully will allow authoritarian and hybrid regimes to find the way of establishing their own democracies

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OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS Commission of the European Communities, Brussels,20/05/08, COM(2008)319final European Union- External Action, European Neighborhood Policy http://eeas.europa.eu/enp/ European Commission , Education , Audiovisual , & Culture Executive Agency , Tempus

Programme . http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/tempus/ EU Neighborhood Info Centre, An ENPI Project http://www.enpi-info.eu ENPI, CBC MED CROSS BORDER COOPERATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN

http://www.enpicbcmed.eu/programme European Union, External Action, ENP Action Plans , 2013

http://eeas.europa.eu/enp/documents/action-plans/index_en.htm http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/maritime_affairs_and_fisheries/maritime_affairs/

pe0009_en.htm OTHER RESOURCES http://middleeast.about.com/od/humanrightsdemocracy/a/Definition-Of-The-Arab-Spring.htm http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12813859 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East http://www.ebrd.com/downloads/research/law/lit13eg.pdf http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/chaney/files/democraticchange.pdf http://www.ebrd.com/downloads/research/law/lit13eg.pdf 19

http://www.governanceanddevelopment.com/2012/11/after-arab-spring-birth-of-new.html http://www.ip-gosem.com/?page_id=499