grammar 1 vbs
TRANSCRIPT
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Verbs: Lesson #1
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Some definitions to consider
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Definition #1:
• A verb is an action word. It shows the
action in the sentence.
Source: Sr. Mary Agatha St. !abrie"s $atho"ic Schoo" 1%&'.
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Definition #(
• A verb is the centra" unit of any sentence of
c"ause and a"" the other words in a sentence
ta)e gra**atica" for* based on how they
re"ate to it. A verb can e+,ress action -run,live, change), or states of being (is, are) or
occurrences (happen, become). Sentences
can have *ore than one verb. A c"ause is a
subunit of a sentence that has one verb.Source: /he 0rief /ho*son andboo) -sec. 23c4
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Definition #2
• A verb is a word that characteristica""y is thegra**atica" center of a ,redicate and e+,ressesan act occurrence or *ode of being that in
various "anguages is inf"ected for agree*ent withthe sub5ect for tense for voice for *ood or foras,ect and that ty,ica""y has rather fu"" descri,tive*eaning and characteri6ing 7ua"ity but isso*eti*es near"y devoid of these es,ecia""y when
used as an au+i"iary or "in)ing verb.Source: www.*erria*webster.co*
http://www.merriamwebster.com/http://www.merriamwebster.com/
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Definition #8
• A definition which wor)s is one based on structure
and function rather than *eaning. So*e structura"
and functiona" ,ro,erties of verbs are:
1. If tense is *ar)ed anywhere in the c"ause it is
*ar)ed on a verb the first verb in the verb ,hrase.
(. If as,ect is *ar)ed anywhere in the c"ause it is
*ar)ed on -and with4 a verb.
2. In the ,resent tense in a finite c"ause the first verb
in the verb ,hrase *ar)s agree*ent with the
sub5ect in ,erson and in nu*ber.
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Definition #8: continued
8. Verbs occur in two *ain subc"asses:au+i"iary and "e+ica" -*ain4 verbs. /he
order of these au+i"iaries and the *ain verbis fi+ed.
9. n"y verbs can be o,erators. An o,erator,recedes the sub5ect in a yesno 7uestion
and i**ediate"y ,recedes the negative;not< and can contract with the negative;not.<
Source: Lynn !ordon: =ng" (99 /e+tboo)
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Differences in Definitions
So*e definitions stress *eaning.
/hese definitions often "eave ,eo,"e
confused.
>hat are the actions in these sentences?
is reaction is wonderfu".
er understanding see*ed c"ear.
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So*e definitions stress structure and function.
/hese definitions ,rovide ways to test words
to see if they are verbs. /hey re7uireevidence to ,rove that words are verbs.
/hese tests can be cha""enging to "earn but
,roduce consistent"y re"iab"e resu"ts.
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@or e+a*,"e we can test the words in this sentence
to see if they can be changed into the ,ast tense.
is reaction is wonderfu".• is -hised?4
• eaction -reactioned?4
• Is -was4
• >onderfu"ed?
/est resu"t: ;Is< *ust be the verb in this sentence.
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Inf"ection and Verb @or*
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Inf"ections
• ne ,ro,erty of verbs is that they
inflect. Inflection *eans they change
for*. So "ets start by "oo)ing at whatwe *ean by the ;for*s< of the verb.
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/he 0ase @or*
• A"" =ng"ish verbs start with a ;base<
for*. /his is the for* you "oo) u, to
"earn about the verb in the dictionary. Ifyou "oo) u, one of the other for*s you
wi"" be referred bac) to the base for*.
/he base for* is a"ways uninf"ectedbecause it hasnt been changed.
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@inding the 0ase @or*
• If you arent around a dictionary you can
a"ways figure out the base for* by fi""ing in a
verb in sentences "i)e B= of these:=CAML=:I rea""y "i)e to EEEEEE -other words4.
I rea""y "i)e to swi*.
I rea""y "i)e to be -si""y4.
I rea""y "i)e to stab -the wet ground with a ,itch for)4.
/hat EEEEEEEEEfre7uent"y.
/hat ha,,ens fre7uent"y.
/hat occurs fre7uent"y.
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/he infinitive for*
• /he infinitive for* of the verb is for*edis for*ed by adding ;to< in front of the
base for*. /he infinitive for* is not aninf"ected for* of the verb since nochange ha,,ens to the actua" for* ofthe verb.
=CAML=S:
to haveF to beF to doF to i*,"yF to run
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/he s for*
• /his is the for* of the verb used to for*the third ,erson singu"ar in the ,resent
tense. In =ng"ish this is *ostco**on"y for*ed by si*,"y adding ;s<or ;es
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DictionaryHLanguage Bote:
• Most dictionaries inc"uding on"ine oneswi"" *ar) e+ce,tions to for* ru"es.
• >henever a verb for* is s"ight"ydifferent than the genera" ,attern -inother words there is an e+ce,tion to thefor* ru"e4 the verb or the for* is ca""edirregular.
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/he ing ,artici,"e for*
• /his for* is ,roduced by adding ing tothe base. Again there are so*eti*es
s,e""ing changes in the base -usua""ydro,,ed fina" ;e< or doub"ing of the fina"consonant4.
=CAML=S:
do G doingF have G havingF goGgoingFbeG beingF writeGwritingF cutG cutting.
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/he ,ast tense for*
• /his is the for* used to create the ,ast tense
of the verb. In =ng"ish *any but not a""
verbs are for*ed by adding ;d< or ;ed< to thebase for*. /here are nu*erous e+ce,tions.
And so*e verbs have two ,ast tense for*s
=CAML=S:
wa")G wa")edF goG wentF haveG hadF seeG sawF
cutG cutF re5ectG re5ected.
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More on the ,ast tense for*
/o figure out the ,ast tense for* of averb inf"ect the base for* in a sentence
with a ,ast tense adverb:=+a*,"e: Jesterday the *an EEEEEE-other words4
-s"ee,F *urderF haveF re,"yF b"ow4
Jesterday the *an s"e,t.
Jesterday the *an *urdered -his best friend4. Jesterday it EEEEEEEEEEEE .
Jesterday it ha,,ened.
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/he ast artici,"e @or*
• @or *any -but sad"y not a""4 verbs the
,ast tense for* and the ,ast ,artici,"e
for* are the sa*e for*.=CAML=S:>a")G wa")ed -,ast tense for*4Gwa")ed -,ast ,artici,"e
for*4F
un G ran -,ast tense for*4G run -,ast ,artici,"e for*4.
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So*e i*,ortant differences
/he ,ast tense for* is used by itse"f to e+,ress
the ,ast tense.I wa")ed a *i"e yesterday.
/he ,ast ,artici,"e for* is used with other verbs-ca""ed au+i"iaries4 to for* ,erfect as,ect or
,assive.I have wa")ed ten *i"es. /he dog was wa")ed by his owner .
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@iguring out the ,ast ,artici,"e
• Jou can a"ways figure out the ,ast ,artici,"eof the verb by *oving the base for* througha sentence with a for* of the au+i"iary verb;have.<
=CAML=:/he *an has EEEEEEEEEEE -other words4.
-buy4 /he *an has bought -a gift4.
-die4 /he *an has died.
/he accident has EEEEEEEEEE.
-ha,,en4 /he accident has ha,,ened.
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ne wi"d"y irregu"ar verb: 0=
Jou are going to hear a "ot about the verb
;be< -base for*4 which is so*eti*es
ca""ed the verb ;to be< -infinitive for*4./his verb is wi"d"y irregu"ar in =ng"ish
and before we go on its worth "oo)ing
at it carefu""y.
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/he for*s of ;be<
• 0ase for*: be
• Infinitive for*: to be
• ;s< for*: is• ing ,artici,"e for*: being
• ast tense for*: wasHwere -de,ending onsub5ect4
• ast ,artici,"e for*: been -,ronounced as;bin.
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=diting for Verbs
eo,"e everywhere have troub"e with verb
for*s in ,art because =ng"ish has so
*any irregu"ar verb for*s.
$o**on editing sy*bo"s for verb for*
,rob"e*s are: V vb and vb for*.
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=+ercise
• Loo) at the fo""owing sentences.
Identify ALL the verbs in these
sentences and deter*ine if the verbfor*s are correct. If not what verb for*
shou"d be used?
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Sentences
• 1. Mary had went to @"orida for vacation with herfriends.
• (. /he f"ight rea""y sha)ed her u,.
• 2. /he ,"ane dove into a s,in.
• 8. /he ,i"ot fought for contro" of the ,"ane.
• 9. /he ,assengers cryed "oud"y in their seats.
• &. /he stewardess strode towards the coc),it with a
bott"e of as,irin• K. In @"orida Mary boo)ed a return tri, via train.