GRAMMAR Th hin ti n Cch dng Th hin ti n (The simple present) l mt th rt quan trng trong ting Anh v c dng thng xuyn din t : Thi quen hng ngy: They drive to the office every day. Hng ngy h li xe i lm. She doesn't come here very often. C y khng n y thng xuyn. The news usually starts at 6.00 every evening. Bn tin thng bt u vo lc 6 gi. Do you usually have bacon and eggs for breakfast? H thng n sng vi bnh m v trng phi khng? S vic hay s tht hin nhin: We have two children. Chng ti c 2 a con. Water freezes at 0 C or 32 F. Nc ng bng 0 C hoc 32 F. What does this expression mean? Cm t ny c ngha l g? The Thames flows through London. Sng Thames chy qua London. S vic s xy ra trong tng lai theo thi gian biu hay lch trnh: Christmas Day falls on a Monday this year. Nm nay ging sinh ri vo ngy th Hai. The plane leaves at 5.00 tomorrow morning. My bay ct cnh vo lc 5 gi sng ngy mai. Ramadan doesn't start for another 3 weeks. Ramadan s khng bt u trong 3 tun ti. Does the class begin at 10 or 11 this week? Lp hc s bt u s ngy 10 hay 11 tun ny vy? Suy ngh v cm xc ti thi im ni: Tuy nhng suy ngh v cm xc ny c th ch mang tnh nht thi v khng ko di chng ta vn dng th hin ti n ch khng dng hin ti tip din. They don't ever agree with us. H cha bao gi ng vi chng ta. I think you are right. Ti ngh anh ng. She doesn't want you to do it. C y khng mun anh lm iu . Do you understand what I am trying to say? Anh c hiu ti ang mun ni g khng th? Cu trc Cu khng nh - S + V + (O) * Ghi ch: S: Ch ng V: ng t O: tn ng * Ch : Nu ch ng ca ca cu thuc ngi th 3 s t th chng ta thm 's' hay 'es' vo sau ng t. V d: They drive to the office every day. Water freezes at 0 C or 32 F. Cu ph nh - S + do not/don't + V + (O)- S + does not/doen't + V + (O) V d: They don't ever agree with us. She doesn't want you to do it. Cu nghi vn - (T hi +) Do/does + S + V + (O)?- (T hi +) Don't/doesn't + S + V + (O)?- (T hi +) Do/does S + not + V + (O)? V d: Do you understand what I am trying to say? What does this expression mean? 1. Pht m l /s/ khi t tn cng bng cc ph m v thanh: /p/, /t/, /k/, /f/, // 2. Pht m l /z/ khi t tn cng bng cc ph m hu thanh /b/, /d/, /g/, /v/, //, /m/, /n/, /, /l/, /r/ v cc nguyn m 3. Pht m l /z/ khi t tn cng bng cc ph m gi /s/, /z/, //, //, /t/, /d/ Th hin ti tip din Cch dng Th hin ti tip din (The present continuous) l mt th rt quan trng trong ting Anh v c dng thng xuyn din t : S vic ang xy ra thi im chng ta ni: It's raining Tri ang ma Who is Kate talking to on the phone? Kate ang ni chuyn vi ai qua in thoi vy? Look, somebody is trying to steal that man's wallet. Nhn ka, c ngi ang c gng trm ci v ca ngi n ng . I'm not looking. My eyes are closed tightly. Ti khng c nhn u. Mt ca ti ang nhm cht n. S vic ng thi im hin ti nhng s khng cn ng v lu di: I'm looking for a new apartment. Ti ang tm mt cn h mi. He's thinking about leaving his job. Anh y ang ngh n vic ri b cng vic ca mnh. They're considering making an appeal against the judgment. H ang cn nhc vic ku gi chng li bn n. Are you getting enough sleep? Anh ng c gic khng? S vic din ra mt thi im xc nh trong tng lai v c ln lch v sp xp sn: I'm meeting her at 6.30. Ti s gp c y lc 6:30. They aren't arriving until Tuesday. H s khng n cho n th Ba. We are having a special dinner at a top restaurant for all the senior managers. H s c mt bui n ti c bit cho tt c cc qun l cp cao mt nh hng hng u. Isn't he coming to the dinner? Anh ta s khng n n ti phi khng? Cu trc Cu khng nh - S + be (am/is/are) + V-ing + (O) * Ghi ch: S: Ch ng V: ng t O: tn ng V d: He's thinking about leaving his job. They're considering making an appeal against the judgment. Cu ph nh - S + be-not + V-ing + (O) V d: I'm not looking. My eyes are closed tightly. They aren't arriving until Tuesday. Cu nghi vn - (T hi) + Be + S + V-ing + (O)? V d: Who is Kate talking to on the phone? Isn't he coming to the dinner? Tng lai vi cch dng hin ti Chng ta dng cu trc ca th hin ti tip din ni v nhng vic chng ta d nh lm trong tng lai. I've got my ticket. I'm leaving on Thursday. Ti mua v. Ti s i vo th Nm. I'm seeing Julie at 5 and then I'm having dinner with Simon. Ti s gp Julie vo lc 5 gi v sau ti s n ti vi Simon. He's picking me up at the airport. Anh y s n ti sn bay. The company is giving everyone a bonus for Christmas. Cng ty s thng cho tt c nhn vin vo l Ging sinh. Trong nhiu trng hp khi chng ta ni v cc k hoch hay d nh trong tng lai chng ta c th dng cu trc ca th hin ti tip din hoc "going to". Tuy nhin khi chng ta dng cu trc ca hin ti tip din th c ngha l s vic hay hnh ng c ln k hoch. I'm going to see him./I'm seeing him. Ti s gp anh ta. I'm going to do it./I'm doing it. Ti s lm vic . Chng ta dng cu trc ca th hin ti n ch cc s vic c ln lch hay sp xp trong tng lai. My plane leaves at 6 in the morning. My bay ca ti s ct cnh vo lc 6 gi sang. The shop opens at 9.30. Ca hng m ca lc 9:30. The sun rises a minute earlier tomorrow. Ngy mai mc tri s mc sm hn 1 pht. My plane is leaving at 8.30. My bay ca ti s ct cnh lc 8:30. The shop is closing at 7.00. Ca hng s ng ca lc 7 gi. The sun is rising at 6.32 tomorrow. Ngy mai mt tri s mc vo lc 6:32. Th hin ti n v hin ti tip din Th hin ti n c dng din t: Cc hnh ng hay s vic mang tnh cht thng xuyn: He plays tennis most weekends. Hu ht mi cui tun, anh y u chi tennis. S tht hin nhin: The sun rises in the east. Mt tri mc hng ng. Cc s vic c ln k hoch trong tng lai: We leave at 8.30 next Monday. Chng ti s i vo 8 gi 30 th Hai tun ti. Suy ngh v cm xc xut hin ti thi im chng ta ni: I don't feel very well. Ti thy khng c khe lm. Th hin ti tip din c dng din t: S vic ang din ra ti thi im chng ta ni: Shh, I'm trying to hear what they are saying. Shh, ti ang c gng nghe h ni. S vic l s tht thi im hin ti nhng khng ko di: We're looking for a new flat. Chng ti ang tm mt cn h mi. K hoch trong tng lai: We're having dinner with them next week. Tun ti chng ta s n ti vi h. Hy xem nhng v d di y: -Idon'tusuallyhavecerealsforbreakfastbutI'mhavingsomethismorningbecause there is nothing else. Bnh thng ti khng n ng cc cho bui sng nhng sng nay ti li n mt mn ny v ngoi n ra khng cn mn no khc. - I often cycle to work but I'm taking the car this morning because it's raining very hard. Ti thng i xe p n cng ty nhng sng nay ti i t v hm nay tri ma rt to. - I'm thinking about having my hair cut short but I don't think my husband will be very happy about it. Ti ang tnh ct tc ngn nhng ti khng ngh l chng ti s vui v vic ny. - My parents live in Washington but I'm just visiting. B m ti sng Washington cn ti ch n thm h thi. T nhng v d trn, cc bn c th thy, chng ta dng th hin ti tip din ch n nhngsvtsvicmangtnhchttmthivcgii hnvthi gian,cnthhinti n ch thi quen hay s vic mang tnh cht lu di. Th qu kh n Cch dng Th qu kh n (The simple past) c dng thng xuyn din t : S vic din ra trong mt thi gian c th trong qu kh v kt thc hin ti: She came back last Friday. C y tr li t th Su tun trc. I saw her in the street. Ti gp c y trn ng. They didn't agree to the deal. H khng ng giao dch . S vic din ra trong mt khong thi gian trong qu kh v kt thc hin ti: She lived in Tokyo for seven years. C y sng Tokyo trong 7 nm. They were in London from Monday to Thursday of last week. Tun va ri h London t th Hai n th Nm. When I was living in New York, I went to all the art exhibitions I could. Lc ti cn sng New York, ti i xem tt c cc cuc trin lm ngh thut m ti c th. Cc cm t thng dng vi th qu kh n: Yesterday (two days, three weeks) ago last (year, month, week) in (2002, June) from (March) to (June) in the (2000, 1980s) in the last century in the past Cu trc Cu khng nh - S + V-ed/P2 (+ O) * Ghi ch: S: ch ng V: ng t O: tn ng V d: She came back last Friday. They were in London from Monday to Thursday of last week. Cu ph nh - S + did not/didn't + V (+ O) V d: She didn't come back last Friday They were not in London from Monday to Thursday of last week. Cu nghi vn - (T hi) + did not/didn't + V + (O) - (T hi) + did + V + not + (O) V d: When did she come back? Were they in London from Monday to Thursday of last week? Pronouncing - ed endings (ng t c quy tc thi qu kh n) 1. Pht m l /d/ khi ng t tn cng bng hai ph m /t/, /d/ 2. Pht m l /d/ khi ng t tn cng bng cc ph m hu thanh /b/, /g/, /v/, /z/, //, /d/, //, /m/, /n/, /, /l/, /r/ v cc nguyn m 3. Pht m l /t/ khi ng t tn cng bng cc ph m v thanh /p/, k/, /f/, /s/, //, /t/ Cch c tnh t c hu t l -ED: Th qu kh tip din Cch dng Chng ta dng th qu kh tip din khi mun nhn mnh din bin hay qu trnh ca s vt hay s vic hoc thi gian s vt hay s vic din ra (Nu chng ta ch mun ni v mt s vic no trong qu kh th chng ta c th s dng th qu kh n). While I was driving home, Peter was trying desperately to contact me. Peter c gng lin lc vi ti trong lc ti ang li xe v nh. Were you expecting any visitors? Anh c mong i ngi khch no khng? Sorry, were you sleeping? Xin li, anh ang ng ? I was just making some coffee. Ti ang pha c ph. I was thinking about him last night. Ti qua, ti ngh v anh y. In the 1990s few people were using mobile phones. Vo nhng nm 1990, rt t ngi s dng in thoi di ng. Chng ta dng th qu kh tip din din t 1 hnh ng ang din ra trong qu kh th c hnh ng khc xen vo. I was walking in the street when I suddenly fell over. Khi ti ang i trn ng th bng nhin ti b vp ng. She was talking to me on the phone and it suddenly went dead. Khi c y ang ni chuyn in thoi vi ti th bng nhin n b mt lin lc. They were still waiting for the plane when I spoke to them. Khi ti ni chuyn vi h th h vn ang ch my bay. The company was declining rapidly before he took charge. Trc khi anh y nhn cng vic th cng ty ang i xung. We were just talking about it before you arrived. Chng ti va nhc v iu trc khi anh n. I was making a presentation in front of 500 people when the microphone stopped working. Khi ti ang trnh by trc 500 ngi th ci micro t nhin b hng. Cu trc Cu khng nh - S + was/were + V-ing (+ O) * Ghi ch: S: ch ng V: ng t O: tn ng V d: I was thinking about him last night. We were just talking about it before you arrived. Cu ph nh - S + was/were + not + V-ing (+ O) V d: I wasn't thinking about him last night. We were not talking about it before you arrived. Cu nghi vn - (T hi) + was/were + S + V-ing (+ O)? V d: Were you thinking about him last night? What were you just talking about before I arrived? Th qu kh n v qu kh tip din C hai th qu kh n v qu kh tip din u c dng ch nhng s vt s vic din ra v kt thc trong qu kh. Thng thng khi ni v s vic trong qu kh chng ta hay dng th qu kh n. y l cch dng ph bin nht khi ni n cc s vic trong qu kh. I lived there for 6 years. Ti sng trong 6 nm. I only found out a few moments ago. Ti ch mi tm ra cch y vi pht. I asked her but she didn't know anything. Ti hi c y nhng c y khng bit g c. The company made 100 people redundant last year. Nm ngoi cng ty sa thi 100 nhn vin. Chng ta ch s dng th qu kh tip din khi chng ta mun nhn mnh din bin hay qu trnh ca s vic. Everybody was talking about it all evening. Mi ngi ni v vic c m. They were really trying hard but couldn't do it. H tht s c gng rt nhiu nhng vn khng th thc hin c iu . I was thinking about you the other day. My ngy gn y ti ngh v anh. Were you expecting that to happen? Anh mong iu g s xy ra? Khi chng ta dng c hai th ny trong cng mt cu th chng ta dng th qu kh tip din ch hnh ng hay s vic nn v th qu kh n ch hnh ng hay s vic xy ra v kt thc trong thi gian ngn hn. It was raining hard when we left the building. Khi h ra khi ta nh th tri ang ma rt to. I was reading the report when you rang. Ti ang xem bo co th anh gi. He was going out to lunch when I saw him. Khi ti gp anh y th anh y ang ra ngoi n tra. The company was doing well when I last visited it. Ln cui cng ti n thm cng ty th lc n ang lm n rt tt. Tng lai vi 'will' Chngtathngchorng,trongtingAnh'will'gnlinvi'tnglai'.Tuynhinquanim ny khng hon ton chnh xc. i khi chng ta ni v tng lai nhng khng nht thit phi dng 'will'. C khi chng ta dng 'will' cng khng nht nh ni v tng lai. Cch dng Chng ta dng 'will' din t nhng s vic chc chn s xy ra trong tng lai. The sun will rise over there tomorrow morning. Sng mai mt tri s mc ng y. Next year, I'll be 50. Nm ti ti s bc sang tui 50. That plane will be late. It always is. Chuyn bay s n tr. N lc no cng vy. There won't be any snow. I'm certain. It's too warm. S khng cn tuyt ri na. Ti chc chn. Tri m qu. 'Perhaps', 'maybe','probably','possibly'thng c thmvo gim is chc chn ca s vic. I'll probably come back later. C l ti s tr li sau. He'll possibly find out when he sees Jenny. C th anh y s bit r khi anh y gp Jenny. Maybe it will be OK. C th s vic s tt. Perhaps we'll meet again some day. C th mt ngy no chng ta s gp li nhau. Chng ta thng dng 'will' vi 'I think' hoc 'I hope'. I think I'll go to bed now. Ti ngh by gi ti s i ng. I think she'll do well in the job. Ti ngh c y s lm tt cng vic . I hope you'll enjoy your stay. Ti hy vng anh hi lng khi li. I hope you won't make too much noise. Ti hy vng anh s khng gy qu nhiu ting n. Chng ta cng 'will' ti thi im ra quyt nh hay k hoch mi. Bye. I'll phone you when I get there. Tm bit. Ti s gi cho anh khi ti n . I'll answer that. Ti s tr li vn . I'll go. Ti s i. I won't tell him. I promise. Ti s khng ni cho anh ta. Ti ha. Cu trc Cu khng nh - S + will + V + (O) * Ghi ch: S: Ch ng V: ng t O: tn ng V d: The sun will rise over there tomorrow morning. Next year, I'll be 50. Cu ph nh - S + will not/won't + V + (O) V d: I won't tell him. I promise. There won't be any snow. I'm certain. It's too warm. Cu nghi vn - (T hi +) will/won't + S + V + (O)? V d: How old will you be next year? Won't you tell him? Tng lai vi 'Going to' Cch dng Chng ta dng 'going to' khi chng ta ni v k hoch hay d nh trong tng lai. I'm going to see him later today. Ti nh gp anh ta trong ngy hm nay. They're going to launch it next month. H s trin khai n vo thng ti. We're going to have lunch first. Chng ta s i n tra trc. She's going to see what she can do. C y s xem xt nhng g c y c th lm. I'm not going to talk for very long. Ti s khng ni nhiu. Ch rng k hoch hay d nh hy khng nht nh phi l tng lai gn. When I retire I'm going to go back to Barbados to live. Khi ti v hu ti s quay li sng Barbados. In ten years time, I'm going to be boss of my own successful company. Trong vng 10 nm, ti s tr thnh ng ch ca cng ty rt thnh cng ca ring ti. Chng ta dng 'going to' khi chng ta mun d bo da vo cc du hiu chng ta c th thy hin ti. Look out! That cup is going to fall off. Nhn ka, ci cp kia sp ri xung ri. Look at those black clouds. It's going to rain soon. Nhn nhng m my en ka. Tri sp ma ri. These figures are really bad. We're going to make a loss. Nhng s liu ny tht t. Chng ta s thua l mt thi. You look very tired. You're going to need to stop soon. Anh trng tht mt mi. Anh cn phi dng li thi. Chng ta c th thay th 'going to go' bng 'going'. I'm going out later. Ti s ra ngoi sau. She's going to the exhibition tomorrow. Ngy mai c y s n bui trin lm. Cu trc Cu khng nh -S + be + going to + V (+O) V d: They're going to launch it next month. Look out! That cup is going to fall off. Cu ph nh S + be not + going to + V (+O) V d: They aren't going to launch it next month. I'm not going to talk for very long. Cu nghi vn (T hi +) be + S + going to + V (+O)? V d: Are they going to launch it next month? Is she going to the exhibition tomorrow? 'Going to' hay 'will' Khi chng ta ni v cc s vic hay s vt mang tnh cht tng lai hoc nhng vic chng ta tin rng s xy ra trong tng lai, chng ta s dng 'will'. The President will serve for four years. V tng thng s ti v trong 4 nm. The boss won't be very happy. ng ch s khng hi lng u. I'm sure you'll like her. Ti tin anh s thch c y. I'm certain he'll do a good job. Ti chc chn anh ta s lm tt. Nu chng ta khng chc chn v tng lai, chng ta dng 'will' cng vi cc cm t nh 'probably', 'possibly', 'I think', 'I hope'. I hope you'll visit me in my home one day. Ti hy vng mt ngy no anh s gh thm nh ti. She'll probably be a great success. C th c y s rt thnh cng. I'll possibly come but I may not get back in time. Ti s n nhng ti s khng tr li ng gi. I think we'll get on well. Ti ngh chng ta s ha hp vi nhau. Nu chng ta d bo v tng lai da trn cc du hiu hin ti, chng ta dng 'going to'. Not a cloud in the sky. It's going to be another warm day. Bu tri khng mt m my. Hm nay li l mt ngy nng m. Look at the queue. We're not going to get in for hours. Nhn dng ngi ang xp hng kia. Chng ta s khng th vo bn trong trong vng vi gi u. The traffic is terrible. We're going to miss our flight. Giao thng tht t. Chng ta s nh chuyn bay mt thi. Be careful! You're going to spill your coffee. Coi chng! Anh sp lm c ph ca anh ka. thi im ra quyt nh, chng ta s dng 'will'. Mt khi chng ta ra quyt nh, chng ta s dng 'going to' ni v quyt nh . I'll call Jenny to let her know. Sarah, I need Jenny's number. I'm going to call her about the meeting. Ti s gi Jeeny bo cho c y. Sarah, ti cn s in thoi ca Jenny. Ti s gi bo cho c y v cuc hp. I'll come and have a drink with you but I must let Harry know. Harry, I'm going to have a drink with Simon. Ti s n v ung vi ly vi anh nhng ti phi bo cho Harry bit. Harry, ti s i ung vi ly vi Simon. Nhng cch dng khc ca 'will' Chng ta cn nh rng, khi ni v tng lai, chng ta khng nht nh phi dng 'will' v khi chng ta dng 'will' cng khng c ngha l chng ta ang ni v tng lai. Cc ti liu c thng gn 'will' cng vi 'th tng lai' v quan nim ny lm cho nhiu hc vin b nhm ln. Trong nhng v d sau, 'will' c dng ch tng lai: If I speak to her, I'll tell her about it. Nu ti ni chuyn vi c y. Ti s k vi c y v chuyn . I'll probably visit Sue when I go to Oxford. C th ti s gh thm Sue khi ti n Oxford. Next birthday she'll be 32. Sinh nht ti, c y s sang tui 32. Trong nhng v d bn di, 'will' c dng ch cc s kin ang xy ra hin ti: The car won't start. Chic xe khng khi ng c. If that's the phone, I'll get it. Nu l cuc in thoi . Ti s nghe. Will you have another cup of coffee? Anh c mun ung thm 1 ly c ph na khng? Khi chng ta s dng will ni v s vic hin ti, c ngha l chng ta ang biu th s mong mun hoc bt buc: My baby won't stop crying. I've tried everything and I'm really exhausted. Con ca ti khng chu nn khc. Ti th ht mi cch ri. Ti tht mt mi. I am the boss. You will do as I say. Ti l ng ch. Anh phi lm theo lnh ca ti. I need quiet to write this but he will keep on talking to me. I wish he would leave me alone. Ti cn yn tnh vit ci ny nhng anh ta c ni chuyn vi ti. Ti c g anh ta ti c yn. Chng ta s dng 'will' truyn t yu cu, mnh lnh, li mi hoc li ngh: Will you give me a hand? Anh gip ti mt tay c khng? Will you please take a seat? Anh ngi i. Will you have some cake? Anh c mun n bnh khng? I'll help you. Ti s gip anh. Chng ta dng 'will' biu t s ha hn hoc e da: I'll do it at once. Ti s lm vic ngay. I'll phone him back immediately. Ti s gi li cho anh ta ngay. I won't forget this. Ti s khng qun iu ny. I'll get my own back some day. Mt ngy no ti s ly li tt c nhng g ca ti. Chng ta dng 'will' ch thi quen: A cat will always find a warm place to sleep. Mo lun lun tm mt ni m p ng. My car won't go any faster than this. Xe ca ti khng th chy nhanh hn tc ny u. Chng ta dng 'will' biu t suy lun: I expect he'll want us to get on with it. Ti ngh anh ta mun chng ta xoay s vic . The phone's ringing. That will be Mark. C in thoi. Chc l Mark gi . Hnh thc ing ca ng t Hnh thc ing ca ng t c th c dng nh mt danh t, tnh t hay ng t. Smoking is forbidden. Cm ht thuc. I have a long working day. Ti c mt ngy lm vic tht di. I don't like dancing. Ti khng thch khiu v. Khi c dng nh mt danh t, chng ta c th dng hoc khng dng mo t i km vi n. Marketing is a very inexact science. Marketing l mt khoa hc khng chnh xc. The marketing of the product will continue for a few months yet. Chin dch marketing cho sn phm ny s tip tc trong vi thng na. Hnh thc ing ny cng c th l mt phn ca 'cm danh t' Speaking to an audience is always stressful. Ni chuyn trc khn gi lc no cng cng thng. Swimming after work is very relaxing. i bi sau gi lm vic rt th gin. Trong ting Anh trang trng, chng ta phi dng tnh t s hu trc danh t l hnh thc ing ca ng t. I'm angry about his missing the meeting. Ti rt gin v s vng mt ca anh ta bui hp. Do you mind my coming? Anh c phin khi ti n khng? Khi dng nh mt tnh t, hnh thc ing ca ng t c th i cng vi mt danh t. I was met by a welcoming party at the airport. Ti c n cho vi mt bui tic cho mng sn bay. Let's go to the meeting room. Hy n phng hp no. Hnh thc ing ca ng t c dng sau gii t. Before leaving, you need to speak to Sarah. Trc khi i, anh nn ni chuyn vi Sarah. After discussing it with her, I've changed my mind. Sau khi tho lun vi c y v vic , ti thay i quyt nh. Instead of feeling sorry for yourself, do some work for charity. Thay v t trch bn thn, anh hy lm t thin. Ch rng, khi 'to' c dng nh mt gii t, theo sau n s l ng t hnh thc ing. I don't object to working this Sunday. Ti khng phn i lm vic vo Ch Nht ny. I'm looking forward to seeing him again. Ti mong c th gp li anh y. I'm used to working long hours. Ti quen lm vic trong nhiu gi lin. C rt nhiu ng t c theo sau bi ng t hnh thc ing. I admit telling her. Ti tha nhn ni cho c y. I appreciate having the raise. Ti rt vui nu c tng lng. I avoid speaking to him. Ti trnh ni chuyn vi anh ta. I consider blowing your nose in public to be wrong. Ti xem vic h mi ni cng cng l khng ng. I delayed coming until the last possible moment. Ti ln la i n cho n pht cui. He denied telling her. Anh ta t chi ni cho c ta. I detest going to parties. Ti ght tic tng. I enjoy dancing. Ti thch khiu v. I feel like having a party. Ti thch tham gia cc bui tic. I've finished writing the report. Ti hon thnh bo co. I've given up going to the gym. Ti khng n lp th dc thm m na. I can't help thinking about it. Ti khng th khng ngh n u . I can't imagine ever leaving this company. Ti cha bao gi ngh n vic ri b cng ty ny. I don't mind doing that. Ti khng phin khi lm iu . He put off talking to her as long as he could. Anh y c gng ht sc trnh ni chuyn vi c y. I can't stand drinking beer. Ti khng th ung bia. Mt s ng t c th theo sau bi ng t nguyn mu hoc ng t thm ing vi ngha khc nhau. Sau y l nhng ng t hay gp: I stopped smoking last month. (I no longer smoke.) Ti ngng ht thuc. (Ti khng cn ht thuc na.) I stopped to smoke a cigarette. (I stopped what I was doing and had a cigarette.) Ti dng ht mt iu thuc. (Ti ngng cng vic ang lm v ht mt iu thuc.) I remember telling him. (A memory of the past.) Ti nh ni vi anh ta ri. (Nh lm g trong qu kh.) I must remember to tell him. (Something to remember for the future.) Ti phi nh ni cho anh ta. (Nh phi lm g trong tng lai.) I'm interested in finding out more details. (Interested about the future.) Ti mun tm hiu thm chi tit (Mun lm g trong tng lai.) I was interested to read his report. (Interested in the past.) Ti rt thch c phng s ca anh y. (S thch trong qu kh.) Mt s ng t c th theo sau bi ng t nguyn mu hoc ng t thm ing vi ngha ging nhau. Sau y l nhng ng t hay gp: I love to go shopping. Ti thch i mua sm. I love going shopping. Ti thch i mua sm. I'm afraid to fly. Ti s bay. I'm afraid of flying. Ti s bay. I started to learn English 5 years ago. Ti bt u hc ting Anh cch y 5 nm. I started learning English 5 years ago. Ti bt u hc ting Anh cch y 5 nm. Th hin ti hon thnh Chng ta dng th hin ti hon thnh (Present perfect tense) din t s vic xy ra mt thi im khng xc nh trong qu kh. y thi gian c th khng cn quan trng na. Chng ta khng th s dng th hin ti hon thnh chung vi nhng cm t ch thi gian c th nh: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, v.v. Chng ta c th s dng th hin ti hon thnh chung vi nhng cm t mang ngha thi gian khng xc nh nh: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, v.v. Cch dng Chng ta dng th hin ti hon thnh ni v cc s vic va mi xy ra v hu qu ca n vn cn nh hng n hin ti: I've broken my watch so I don't know what time it is. Ti lm v ng h nn ti khng bit by gi l my gi. They have cancelled the meeting. H hy bui hp. She's taken my copy. I don't have one. C y ly bn ca ti. Ti khng c ci no. The sales team has doubled its turnover. Phng kinh doanh tng doanh s bn hng ln gp i. Khi chng ta ni v s vic mi din ra gn y, chng ta thng dng cc t nh 'just' 'already' hay 'yet'. We've already talked about that. Chng ta ni v vic . She hasn't arrived yet. C y vn cha n. I've just done it. Ti va lm vic . They've already met. H gp nhau. They haven't known yet. H vn cha bit. Have you spoken to him yet? Anh ni chuyn vi anh ta cha? Have they got back to you yet? H tr li cho anh cha? Chng ta dng th hin ti hon thnh ni v s vic xy ra trong qu kh v vn cn tip din hin ti. Vi cch dng ny, chng ta s dng 'since' v 'for' cho bit s vic ko di bao lu. I have been a teacher for more than ten years. Ti dy hc hn 10 nm. We haven't seen Janine since Friday. Chng ti khng gp Janine t th Su. - How long have you been at this school?- For 10 years/Since 2002. - Anh cng tc trng ny bao lu ri? - c 10 nm ri/T nm 2002. Chng ta dng th hin ti hon thnh khi ni v tri nghim hay kinh nghim. Chng ta thng dng 'ever' v 'never' khi ni v kinh nghim. Have you ever been to Argentina? Anh tng n Argentina cha? I think I have seen that movie before. Ti ngh trc y ti xem b phim . Has he ever talked to you about the problem? Anh y c ni vi anh v vn ny cha? I've never met Jim and Sally. Ti cha bao gi gp Jim v Sally. We've never considered investing in Mexico. Chng ti cha bao gi xem xt vic u t Mexico. Chng ta cng c th dng th hin ti hon thnh ni v s vic xy ra v lp li nhiu ln trong qu kh: We've been to Singapore a lot over the last few years. Nhng nm va qua, chng ti i Singapre rt nhiu ln. She's done this type of project many times before. C y lm loi d n ny rt nhiu ln. We've mentioned it to them on several occasions over the last six months. Trong 6 thng va ri,, chng ti nhc vic ny vi h rt nhiu ln ri. The army has attacked that city five times. Qun i tn cng thnh ph 5 ln. I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester. Ti lm 4 bi kim tra v 5 bi thi trong hc k ny. She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick. B y ni vi nhiu chuyn gia v vn ca b, nhng cha ai tm ra c nguyn nhn b b bnh. Cu trc Cu khng nh -S+ have/has + V3 + (O) * Ghi ch: S: Ch ng V: ng t O: Tn ng V d: I have spoken to him. I've been at this school for 10 years. Cu ph nh - S+ have not/has not + V3 + (O) - S+ haven't/hasn't+ V3 + (O) V d: I haven't spoken to him yet. I haven't ever been to Argentina. Cu nghi vn - (T hi) + have/has + S+ V3 + (O)? V d: Have you spoken to him yet? How long have you been at this school? Th hin ti hon thnh tip din Th hin ti hon thnh tip din (Present perfect continuous) c s dng ch s vic xy ra trong qu kh nhng vn cn tip tc hin ti v c th vn cn tip din trong tng lai. Cch dng Chng ta s dng th ny ni v s vic kt thc nhng chng ta vn cn thy nh hng hay du vt v n. Oh, the kitchen is a mess. Who has been cooking? Oh, nh bp tht ln xn. Ai va nu n y? You look tired. Have you been sleeping properly? Anh trng c v mt mi. Anh ng khng gic ? I've got a stiff neck. I've been working too long on computer. Ti b chng cng c. Ti lm vic trn my vi tnh trong thi gian di. Th ny cng c th c s dng ni v cc s vic xy ra qu kh v vn cha kt thc hin ti. I've been learning Spanish for 20 years and I still don't know very much. Ti hc ting Ty Ban Nha c 20 nm nhng ti vn khng bit nhiu lm. I've been waiting for him for 30 minutes and he still hasn't arrived. Ti ch anh ta 30 pht ri nhng anh ta vn cha n. He's been telling me about it for days. I wish he would stop. Anh ta ni vi ti v chuyn my ngy nay ri. Ti c g anh ta ng ni na. Th ny cng c th c s dng ch s vic xy ra nhiu ln trong qu kh v vn cn tip tc hin ti. She's been writing to her regularly for a couple of years. Trong my nm nay c y thng xuyn vit th cho b y. He's been phoning me all week for an answer. Anh ta gi in cho ti c tun ny ch c c cu tr li. The university has been sending students here for over twenty years to do work experience. Trng i hc gi sinh vin n y thc tp trong hn 20 nm. Th hin ti hon thnh tip din thng c dng chung vi cc cm t nh:'since', 'for', 'all week', 'for days', 'lately', 'recently', 'over the last few months'. I've been wanting to do that for ten years. Ti mun lm vic sut 10 nm nay. You haven't been getting good results over the last few months. Trong my thng va qua, bn t c kt qu rt tt. They haven't been working all week. They're on strike. H khng lm vic c tun nay. H ang nh cng. He hasn't been talking to me for weeks. Anh y khng ni chuyn vi ti my tun nay ri. We've been working hard on it for ages. Chng ti b ra rt nhiu cng sc cho n trong nhiu nm. I've been looking at other options recently. Gn y ti ang xem xt cc phng n khc. Have you been exercising lately? Gn y anh c tp th dc khng? He's been working here since 2001. Anh y lm vic y t nm 2001. Cu trc Cu khng nh - S+ have/has + been+ V-ing + (O) * Ghi ch: S: Ch ng V: ng t O: Tn ng V d: He's been phoning me all week for an answer. I have been exercising hard recently. Cu ph nh - S+ have not/has not + been+ V-ing + (O) - S+ haven't/hasn't + been+ V-ing + (O) V d: He hasn't been talking to me for weeks I have not been exercising recently. Cu nghi vn - (T hi) + have/has + S + been+ V-ing + (O)? V d: Oh, the kitchen is a mess. Who has been cooking? Have you been exercising lately? Cc loi cu iu kin 1. Loi 1: Cng thc : IF + S + V (hin ti) , S + WILL ( CAN, MAY) + V (nguyn mu) IF + S + V (hin ti) , S + WILLN'T ( CANN'T, MAYN'T) + V (nguyn mu)IF + S + V (hin ti) , WILL ( CAN, MAY) +S +V (nguyn mu) Cch dng: Ch s vic c th xy ra hin ti hoc tng lai. V d: If it is sunny, I will go fishing. ( nu tri nng, ti s i cu) If Huy go to school, he will drink sting ( Nu Huy n trng, cu y s ung sting If.not= Unless V d: - I wont visit you if I dont have time Unless I have time, I wont visit you. - Well go camping if the weather is fine. Unless the weather is fine, we wont go camping. - If you miss seeing the first part of the film, you cant say you understand it. Unless you see the first part of the film, you cant say you understand it.* Ch : mnh cha "unless" khng dng dng ph nh. 2. Loi 2: Cng thc : IF + S + V (-ed hoc V ct 2) , S + WOULD ( COULD, MIGHT ) + V (nguyn mu) IF + S + V (-ed hoc V ct 2 ) , S + WOULDN'T ( COULDN'T, MIGHTN'T ) + V (nguyn mu)IF + S + V (-ed hoc V ct 2) , WOULD ( COULD, MIGHT ) +S + V (nguyn mu) ? ( be lun dng were dng cho tt c cc ngi ) cu hi If clause c th ng trc hoc ng sau: VD: If you went to school yesterday, you could saw teacher (Nu bn i n trng vo ngy hm qua, bn c th gp li thy c c) Cch dng: Ch s vic khng th hoc kh c th xy ra hin ti hoc tng lai. V d: If I were you, I would go abroad. ( nu ti l bn, ti s i nc ngoi) Chuyn ny khng th xy ra c v ti u th no bin thnh bn c. 3. Loi 3: Cng thc : IF + S +HAD +P.P , S + WOULD ( COULD, MIGHT ) HAVE + P.P IF + S +HAD +P.P , S + WOULDN'T ( COULDN'T, MIGHTN'T ) + HAVE + P.PIF + S +HAD +P.P , WOULD ( COULD, MIGHT ) + S +HAVE + P.P ? Cch dng: Ch s vic khng c tht qu kh. V d: If I hadnt been absent yesterday, I would have met him. ( nu hm qua ti khng vng mt th ti gp anh ta ri) => nhng thc s ti vng mt If L.Thao hadn't gone out, she wouldn't have broken foot ( Nu L.Thao khng ra ngoi, c y khng b gy chn) => Nhng tht ra gy chn ri * LU : + Unless = if not : tr phi + Bn mnh c if, ch had trong loi 3, ch were trong loi 2 v ch should trong loi 1 c th em ra u cu th cho if. ( ch should i khi c th dng trong loi 1 vi ngha lm cho cu m h hn) V d: - If he should call, . ( nu m anh ta c gi, ) => khng bit c gi hay khng = Should he call,. ( nu m anh ta c gi, ) - If I were you, = Were I you, . Cc hnh thc o ng : - Cu iu kin o ng l cu iu kin khng tht hin ti hay khng tht qu kh. IF trong mnh IFc b i, ch ng trong mnh IF c t sau ng t hay tr ng t. VD: + Bnh thng: IF I HAD KNOWN THAT WOULD HAPPEN, I WOULD HAVE GIVEN HIM THE MONEY. -> o ng: HAD I KNOWN THAT WOULD HAPPEN, I WOULD HAVE GIVEN HIM THE MONEY. + Bnh thng: IF I WERE TO OFFER YOU A JOB, I WOULD NEED A STRONG RECOMMENDATION FROM YOUR FORMER EMPLOYER. -> o ng: WERE I TO OFFER YOU A JOB, I WOULD NEED A STRONG RECOMMENDATION FROM YOU FORMER EMPLOYER. + Bnh thng: IF THAT SHOULD HAPPEN, I'D BE READY FOR IT. -> o ng: SHOULD THAT HAPPEN, I'D BE READY FOR IT. Ch o cc t HAD, WERE ln u cu v b IF Cc dng so snh trong ting Anh C 3 dng so snh trong ting Anh ph bin m chng ta thng gp : So snh ngang bng, so snh hn km v so snh nht. V trong bi vit Cc dng so snh trong ting Anh hm nay PPSVietnam s gii thiu ti cc bn 3 dng so snh ny nh! 1.So snh bng 1.1 Cu trc as.as S + V + as + adj/ adv + as + noun/ pronoun Note: - Sau as th hai nht thit phi l i t nhn xng ch nh, khng c l tn ng - Danh t cng c th dng so snh trong trng hp ny nhng m bo danh t phi c tnh t tng ng. - Nu l cu ph nh, as th nht c th thay bng so - Danh t cng c dng so snh, nhng trc khi so snh th cn xc nh danh t l m c hay l khng m c v s dng cng thc so snh sau: S + V + as + many/much/little/few + noun + as + noun/pronoun VD: Bin is as tall as Bon - Bin is not so tall as Bon - Jonh earns as much money as his wife 1.2 Cu trc the sameas S + V + the same + (noun) + as + noun/ pronoun Note: -Tri ngha vi the same.as.. l different from, khng dng different than -Nu ch ng sau as trng vi ch ng th nht hoc ng t sau as dnh b ng th c th loi b danh t VD: Your house is the same height as mine Your house is different from mine 2. So snh hn km So snh hn, km thng c dng khi so snh 2 ch th vi nhau, khng mang tnh tuyt i 2.1 So snh km S + V +less + adj/adv + than + noun/ pronoun VD: Nga is less young than I My brother runs less fast than I 2.2 So snh hn vi tnh t v ph t ngn S + V + adj/adv_er+ than + noun/ pronoun VD: Nga is younger than I My brother runs faster than I 2.3 So snh hn vi tnh t v ph t di S + V + more + adj/adv + than + noun/ pronoun VD: Ngas dress is morebeautiul than mine She cook more delicious than I do Note: -Sau THAN phi l i t nhn xng ch ng, khng c l tn ng -Cng tng t nh so snh bng, danh t cng c dng so snh, nhng trc khi so snh cn xc nh trc danh t l m c hay khng m c v dng vi cng thc sau: S + V + more/fewer/less + noun + than + noun/pronoun -Nu ch ng sau THAN trng vi ch ng th nht, c bit khi ng t sau THAN dng b ng th c th loi b danh t VD: February has fewer day than March He worries more than was good for him ((Incorrect: than it/what is good for him 3. So snh nht Dng trong cc trng hp so snh 3 tr ln 3.1 Tnh t v ph t ngn S + V + the adj/adv_est + noun/ pronoun VD: Nam is the tallest in my class Hoa speaks English the best in my club 3.2 Tnh t v ph t di S + V + the most adj/adv + noun/ pronoun VD: This jacket is the most expensive in our Shop I write the most beautiful in my school Note: -Dng in vi danh t s t -Dng of vi danh t s nhiu VD: This dress is the most beautiful of the dresses