1. The interview

2. The interview Group 5 Group 6 Nh Th Vn Anh Vng Vn Anh Hong Th Kim Chi n Minh ng Hong Thu Hng (26/9) Nguyn Th Gianga Nguyn Thu.H(14/5) 3. Including1. Interview data.2. Types of interviews3. Planning and conducting interviews.4. How to use the interview data in your paper. 4. 3.1: Interview Data The oral interview has been widely used as aresearch tool in applied linguistics andsurvey research. In survey research has been used by secondlanguage acquisition. Researchers seek data on stages andprocesses of acquisition and also by languagetesters. Sociolinguistic interview has been used toinvestigate linguistic variation,conversational analysis, 5. 3.2. Types of interview3.2.1 Unstructured interview- Definition: the unstructured interview isan interviewing technique wherebyquestions are not specifically limitedand set, and the conversation can flowfreely 6. Characteristics of unstructuredinterview:The interviewer has a clear plan in mindregarding the focus and goal of theinterview. This guides the discussion.Questions tend to be open-ended andexpress little control over informantsresponses. 7. It is guided by the responses of theinterviewee rather than the agenda of theresearcher. The researcher exercises littleor no control, and the direction of theinterview is relatively unpredictable Ethnographic, in depth interviews areunstructured. Fontana and Frey (1994)identify three types of in depth,ethnographic unstructured interviews oralhistory, creative interviews and postmoderninterviews. 8. Advantages It can help gain large information whichwas not planned and can be helpful inareas which need more explanations Unstructured interview is more like aconversation than an interview sointerviewees may feel more comfortableto give their true feelings as it is a relaxedatmosphere 9. DisadvantagesIt brings low predictive validitiesBecause: The question asked were not really related to the job or were unable to be scored reliably. Interviewers can also base their information on appearance instead f performance on the job (Hunter and Hunter- 1984) 10. The information gathered from all therespondents is different, it is difficult tohave a base for comparison, which affectsreliability and validity 11. 3.2 . Types of interview 3.2.2 . Semi-structured interviewDefinition: A semi-structured interview is a flexibleinterview in which the interviewer does not follow aformalized list of questions. Instead, he has a list ofgeneral topics, called an interview guide. The interviewer will tailor his questions to the specificinterviewee, allowing for a more fluid conversation. Thesemi-structured interview format also permits two-waycommunication; both the interviewer and interviewee canask each other questions 12. 3.2 . Types of interview3.2.2 . Semi-structured interview .Characteristics of Semi-structured interview The interviewer and respondents engage in a formalinterview. The interviewer develops and uses an interviewguide. This is a list of questions and topics thatneed to be covered during the conversation, usuallyin a particular order. The interviewer follows the guide, but is able tofollow topical trajectories in the conversation thatmay stray from the guide when he or she feels thisis appropriate 13. 3.2 . Types of interview3.2.2 . Semi-structure interview Advantages of semi-structure interview This allows the interviewer to be prepared and appearcompetent during the interview.Semi-structured interviews also allow informants the freedomto express their views in their own terms.Semi-structure interviews can provide reliable, comparablequalitative data.Semi-structure interviews gives the interviewee a degree ofpower and control over the course of the interview.Semi-structure interviews gives the interviewer a greater dealof flexibility 14. 3.2 . Types of interview 3.2.2 . Semi-structure interview. Disavantages of semi-structure interview Interviewing skills are required Need to meet sufficient people in order to make general comparision Flexibility of interview may lessen reliability Time consuming and resources intensive Difficult to compare answers. 15. 3.2. Types of interview 3.2.3 The structure of interview Definition A structured interview is sometimes called a standardizedinterview A structured interview involves one person asking anotherperson a list of predetermined questions about a carefully-selected topic 16. 3.2. Types of interview 3.2.3The structured interview Characteristics of the Structured Interview The same questions in the same order are asked ofall respondents The questions are created prior to the interview,and often have a limited set of response categories. 17. 3.2. The structured interview Characteristics of the Structured Interview Questioning is standardized and theordering and phrasing of the questions arekept consistent from interview to interview. The interviewer plays a neutral role and actscasual and friendly, but does not insert hisor her opinion in the interview. 18. 3.2. Types of interview3.3.3 The structured interviewAdvantages of the structured interview It enables the researcher to examine the level ofunderstanding a respondent has about particular topic-usually in slightly more depth than with a postalquestionnaire All respondents are asked the same question in the sameway. This makes it easy repeat the interview. In otherwords, this type of research method is easy tostandardize The researcher is able to contact large number of peoplequickly, easily and efficiently 19. 3.2 Types of interview3.2.3The structured interviewAdvantages of the structured interview Provides a reliable source of quantitative data There is a common format, which makes it easier toanalyze, code and compare data (especially closedquestions are used ) A detailed interview guide can permit inexperiencedresearcher to do a structured interview 20. 3.2.Types of interview 3.2.3The structured interview Disadvantages of the structured interview The quality and usefulness of the information is highly dependent upon the quality of the questions. The interviewer cannot add or subtract question A substantial amount of pre-planning is required There is limited scope for the respondent to answer questions in any detail or depth 21. 3.2.Types of interview 3.2.3 The structured interview Disadvantages of the structured interview A problem common to both postal questionnaires and structures interviews is thefact that by designing a list of question , aresearcher has effectively decided- in advance ofcollecting the data-the things they consider to beimportant and unimportant Can be time consuming if sample group is very large (this is because the researcher or their representative need to be present during the delivery of the structured interview and record the results ) 22. 3 .2.3 The structured interview Disadvantages of the structured interview There is the possibility that is presence of theresearcher may influence the way a respondentanswer the various questions, thereby biasing theresponsee.g. an aggressive interviewer may intimidate arespondent into giving answers that dont reallyreflect the respondents beliefs.a young male researcher asking a middle agedwomen how frequently she has sexual intercoursein the past month may be embarrassing for therespondent and make her unlikely to answertruthfully. This is known as the interview effect 23. 3.3 planning and conductinginterviews1. Preparing the interview schedule2. Piloting3. Selecting information4. Elements of interview.5. Conducting effective interview6. Steps in conducting the interview 24. 3.3.1.Preparing the interview schedule what is interview schedule ?1. It is a list of every question in the exact order it should be asked in.2. It begins with a brief introduction explaining who the interviewer is and a little bit about the research project 25. 3.3.1.Preparing the interviewscheduleCohen and Manion( 1985) recommend: the variable under investigationbe writtendown by name in order to facilitate thisstage. The question format and response mode needto be consider. The researchers still need to decide on thetype of questions to be used ( open- endedverus closed, direct or indirect) and in whatform the responses are to be collected andanalyse. 26. 3.3.2. Piloting Whatdoes piloting mean? How to pilot the interview? It is important that interview questionsare piloted with a small sample of subjectbefore used. This gives the researcher the opportunityto find out if the question are yielding thekind of data required. It also eliminates any questions whichmay be ambiguous to the interviewee. 27. 3.3.3. Selecting informationwho are informants? Bell(1987):efforts should be made to rescue arepresentative sample, even in a small scalestudy. It involves: Selecting appropriate proportion of subgroupof the population. Using whatever variables you havedetermined to be important. Negotiating access to informants or datacollection sites with individuals or institutions 28. 3.3.4.Elements of the interviewBriefing and explanation: Explaining the nature of the researchand the purpose of the interview. Answering any question that theinterviewee may have. Telling the interviewee how the dataare to be used. 29. 3.3.4. Elements of the interview Questioning: Spradley(1979): the researcher may use avaritety of other strategies to encourage therespondent to recount his or her experiencesor opinion. Walker(1985) sitting side by side can offer result in a moreproductive interview than sitting face to face Tape recording and note-taking are notsimply alternative data collection techniquesbut represent quite different way of goingabout doing research. 30. instruments strength weaknessesTape- recordingPreserves actual language Possibility of data overload NaturalisticTime consuming to Objective recordtranscribe Interviewers contributions Context not recorded recorded Presence of machine off Data can be reanalyzedputting after the eventCore issues masked byirrelevantNote- taking Central issues/ facts Recorded bias recorded Actual linguistic data not Context can be recorded recorded EconomicalEncoding may interfere Off-record statements not interview recorded Status of data may bequestioned 31. 3.3.5. Conducting effectiveinterviews 32. Introduction Interviews are particularly useful for getting thestory behind a participants experiences. Interviews may be useful as follow-up to certainrespondents to questionnaires, e.g., to furtherinvestigate their responses. Usually open-ended questions are asked during interviews(e.g. What? , What about? , How.?,Could it be.?) Before you start to design your interviewquestions and process, clearly articulate toyourself what problem or need is to beaddressed using the information to be gatheredby the interviews. 33. Preparation for Interview1. Choose a setting with little distraction.2. Explain the purpose of the interview.3. Address terms of confidentiality.4. Explain the format of the interview.5. Indicate how long the interview usually takes.6. Tell them how to get in touch with you later if they want to.7. Ask them if they have any questions before you both get started with the interview.8. Dont count on your memory to recall their answers. 34. Types of Interviews Informal, conversationalinterviewGeneral interview guideapproach Standardized, open-ended interview Closed, fixed-response interview 35. Types of Topics in Questions Behaviors Knowledge Opinions/valuesSensoryBackground orFeelingsdemographics 36. Sequence of Questions1. Get the respondents involved in the interview as soon as possible.2. Before asking about controversial matters (such as feelings and conclusions), first ask about some facts.3. Intersperse fact-based questions throughout the interview4. Ask questions about the present before questions about the past or future.5. The last questions might be to allow respondents to provide any other information they prefer to add and their impressions of the interview. 37. Wording of Questions1. Wording should be open-ended.2. Questions should be as neutral as possible.3. Questions should be asked one at a time.4. Questions should be worded clearly.5. Be careful asking "why" questions. 38. Carrying Out Interview1. Occasionally verify the tape recorder (if used) is working.2. Ask one question at a time.3. Attempt to remain as neutral as possible.4. Encourage responses.5. Be careful about the appearance when note taking.6. Provide transition between major topics.7. Dont lose control of the interview. 39. Immediately After Interview1. Verify if the tape recorder, if used, worked throughout the interview.2. Make any notes on your written notes.3. Write down any observations made during the interview. 40. 3.3.6 Step in conducting the interview:1. Establish rapport:Introduce yourselfBe polite, friendly ,but also professional.2. Describe the project: tell the person Who you are What requirements the project fulfills for you Who is working with you in the project Why you are interested in this project 41. 3.3.6 Step in conducting theinterview:3.Obtain informed consent:In psychologycal research,you shouldobtain informed .A written consent form will contain thetypes of information you described yourwritten notes, eg: to clarify anyscratchings, ensure pages arenumbered, fill out any notes that dontmake senses... 42. 3.3.6 Step in conducting theinterview:4.Go ahead with the interview:The goal is to get the person to express theirideas about particular issues.You will be trying to help the interviewees to Open up and express their ideas Express their ideals CLEARLY Explain and elaborate on their ideas Focus on the issues at hand rather thanwander to unrelated topics 43. 3.3.6 Step in conducting theinterview:Techniques:a.Clarification: to get the person toclearly,explain himself or herself Example: Would you mind saying that? Excuse me, but I didnt catch the last part / the part about... Im sorry, but what did you say about...? Do you think you could repeat the part about...once again please? 44. 3.3.6 Step in conducting theinterview:b.Reflection:Reflecting back something important theperson just said in order to get them toexpand on that idea:Example: What did you observe? Is this what you mean? How did you feel about that reaction? 45. 3.3.6 Step in conducting theinterview:c.Encouragement: Help them think more abouttopic: It is quite good!Could you add some more This part is interesting.Could you say moreabout that? Tell me more about your own idead.Summary: Tryto summarize their ideas tounderstand more clearly Yourideas contain So what you are saying is..... So your major point is that.... 46. 3.3.6 Step in conducting theinterview:5.Ending the interview: Be sensitive to the persons schedule andtime limits. Try to "windown"rather than and abruptly. you should summarize their major points. Ask them again if they have anyquestions about the project. Let your address if they need to contact Thank them for their help 47. 3.3.6 Step in conducting theinterview:6.Take notes: After an interview you should:sit down and jot down your impressionof the interview-things. These notes will help you remember andexplore the "process" of the interview 48. How to use the Interview data inyour paper The interviewdata should bean importantpart of your finalpaper 49. How to use the Interview data in yourpaperIf we want to integrate the interview data into our research report, we should consider these question:1- Does the interview data support or contradict your thesis?2- Did what the interviewee say support the articles you read?3- Did what she say contradict the articles? What might this mean? 50. How to use the Interview data in yourpaper4- Did what he say support or contradict the other interviewee?5- Did what she say add new dimension to the articles or to what other interviewees said?6- What was the big pictureof what each interviewee said and how does relate to your thesis?7- How did the process of the different interview compare, and does this reveal 51. How to use the Interview data inyour paper Citing the interviewees and using quotes1. Summarise in your own words what she or he said2. Use short quotes ( for phrases and one or two short sentences)that you embed into a paragraph3. Use a separate intended paragraph (a block) for longer quotes ( three or more sentences) 52. E.g :They are waiting to die of deformities,cancers and strange diseases, TamemphasisedI always look closely for activitiesand information relating to Agent Orangein Vietnam and around the world with ahope of finding out a useful way ofassisting victims, Trinh said. 53. How to use the Interview data inyour paper Identifying the interviewees In the method section of the paperyou should describe who each of theinterviewee is, why you askes themparticipate in the study, and how youlacated them. In some projects, you must alwaysobtain permission to mention theirname in your paper 54. How to use the Interview data inyour paper If the interviewees wish to remainanonymous, you can mention their realage, marital status, occupation,etc. Butuse a false name.