hansen aise im ch11
TRANSCRIPT
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PowerPointPowerPoint Presentation by Presentation by
Gail B. WrightGail B. WrightProfessor Emeritus of AccountingProfessor Emeritus of AccountingBryant UniversityBryant University
© Copyright 2007 Thomson South-Western, a part of The Thomson Corporation. Thomson, the Star Logo, and
South-Western are trademarks used herein under license.
MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING
8th EDITION
BY
HANSEN & MOWEN
11 COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS
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LEARNING GOALS
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
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1. Determine the number of units sold to break even or earn a targeted profit.
2. Calculate the amount of revenue required to break even or earn a targeted profit.
3. Apply cost-volume-profit analysis in a multiple-product setting.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Continued
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4. Prepare a profit-volume graph & a cost-volume-profit graph, and explain the meaning of each.
5. Explain the impact of risk, uncertainty, & changing variables on cost-volume-profit analysis.
6. Discuss the impact of activity-based costing on cost-volume-profit analysis.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Click the button to skip Questions to Think About
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QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT: McFarland’s Fine Foods
What kinds of variable & fixed costs do you think Janet will
incur?
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QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT: McFarland’s Fine Foods
Given Bob’s initial assessment that variable costs are higher than the price, what is wrong with Janet’s
though that selling more is the way to go?
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QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT: McFarland’s Fine Foods
How important is break-even analysis to a firm? Do you
suppose that large companies do break-even analysis as well as
small companies?
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QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT: McFarland’s Fine Foods
Why is the concept of breaking even important? Doesn’t Janet want
to make a profit? If Janet doesn’t know what price to charge, how
could she get a better idea?
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1 Determine the number of units sold to break even or earn a targeted profit.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
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COST-VOLUME-PROFIT (CVP)
CVP expresses:# units that must be sold to break evenImpact of a given reduction in fixed costs on
break-even pointImpact of an increase in price on profitSensitivity analysis of impact of various price or
cost levels on profit
LO 1
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BREAK-EVEN POINT: Definition
Is the point where total revenue equals total cost; the point of
zero profit.
LO 1
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UNIT: Examples
Examples of unit of measurementProcter & Gamble: bar of Ivory soapMcFarland: jar of salsaSouthwest Air Lines
Passenger mileOne-way trip
LO 1
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FORMULA: Operating Income
Operating income includes revenues & expenses from the firm’s normal operations.
LO 1
Operating Income
= Sales revenue
– Variable expenses
– Fixed expenses
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NET INCOME: Definition
Is operating income minus income taxes.
LO 1
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WHITTIER CO.: Background
LO 1
Sales (1,000 units @ $400) $ 400,000Less: Variable expenses 325,000Contribution margin $ 75,000Less: Fixed expenses 45,000 Operating income $ 30,000
Operating income for mulching lawn mower
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Break-even is 0 profit.
LO 1
Break-even:
0 = Sales revenue – Variable expenses – Fixed expenses
0 = ($400 x Units) – ($325 x Units) - $45,000
($75 x Units) = $45,000
Units = 600
FORMULA: Break-Even
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WHITTIER CO.: √Income Statement
LO 1
Sales (600 units @ $400) $ 240,000Less: Variable expenses 195,000Contribution margin $ 45,000Less: Fixed expenses 45,000 Operating income $ 0
√Check-up on break-even
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CONTRIBUTION MARGIN: Definition
Is sales revenue minus variable costs (Sales – VC).
LO 1
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FORMULA: Break-Even
Break-even using contribution margin.
LO 1
Break-even units:
# Units = Fixed cost / Unit contribution margin
# Units = $45,000 / ($400 - $325)
= 600
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WHITTIER CO.: √Income Statement
LO 1
Sales (600 units @ $400) $ 240,000Less: Variable expenses 195,000Contribution margin $ 45,000Less: Fixed expenses 45,000 Operating income $ 0
√Check-up on break-even
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FORMULA: Target Profit
Target profit is profit desired.
LO 1
Target profit in dollars:
$ 60,000 = ($400 x Units) – ($325 x Units) - $45,000
$105,000 = $75,000 x Units
Units = 1,400
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FORMULA: Target Profit in Units
Target profit is profit desired.
LO 1
Target profit in units:
# Units = (Fixed cost + Target profit)
Unit contribution margin
# Units = ($45,000 + $60,000) / ($400 - $325)
# Units = 1,400
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WHITTIER CO.: √Income Statement
LO 1
Sales (600 units @ $400) $ 560,000Less: Variable expenses 455,000Contribution margin $ 105,000Less: Fixed expenses 45,000 Operating income $ 60,000
√Check-up on target profit
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Can we calculate target profit by another way than
dollars & units?
Yes! Target income can be calculated as a percent of
revenue.
LO 1
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FORMULA: Target Profit % Sales
Target profit can be calculated as % of revenue.
LO 1
Target profit as % of sales:
0.15 ($400 x Units) =
($400 x Units) – ($325 x Units) - $45,000
$60 x Units = ($75 x Units) - $45,000
# Units = 3,000
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Can we calculate units required to produce after
tax target profits?
Yes! First, calculate the level of operating profit, then translate
into number of units.
LO 1
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FORMULA: After-Tax Target Profit
If Whittier has a 35% tax rate & wants Net income (after-tax profit) of $48,750.
LO 1
After-tax target profit:
Net income = Operating income (1 – Tax rate)
$48,750 = Operating income (1 – 0.35)
$75,000 = Operating income
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WHITTIER CO.: √Income Statement
LO 1
Sales (1,600 units @ $400) $ 640,000Less: Variable expenses 520,000Contribution margin $ 120,000Less: Fixed expenses 45,000Operating income $75,000Less: Income taxes (35%) 26,250 Net income $ 48,750
√Check-up on target profit
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2 Calculate the amount of revenue required to break even or earn a targeted profit.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
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VARIABLE COST RATIO: Definition
Is the proportion of each sales dollar used to cover variable
costs.
LO 2
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CONTRIBUTION MARGIN RATIO: Definition
Is the proportion of each sales dollar available to cover fixed
costs & provide profit.
LO 2
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Where do fixed costs fit in?
Fixed costs can equal CM (break-even), or be less than
CM (profit) or more than CM (loss).
LO 2
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WHITTIER CO.: Background
LO 2
Sales (1,000 units @ $400) $ 400,000 100.00%Less: Variable expenses 325,000 81.25%Contribution margin $ 75,000 18.75%Less: Fixed expenses 45,000 Operating income $ 30,000
CMR for mulching lawn mower.
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FORMULA: Break-Even CMR
Contribution margin ratio (CMR) makes calculation easier.
LO 2
0 = Sales (1 – VC rate) – Fixed Costs
= Sales (1 – 0.8125) - $45,000
Sales = $240,000
OR
Break-even Sales = Fixed cost / CMR
$240,000 = $45,000 / 0.1875
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3 Apply cost-volume-profit analysis in a multiple-product setting.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
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Can we use CVP if Whittier has more than 1
product?
Yes. But we have to add direct fixed expenses into the
analysis.
LO 3
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DIRECT FIXED EXPENSES: Definition
Are fixed costs that can be traced to each product and
would be avoided if the product did not exist.
LO 3
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WHITTIER CO.: Sales Background
LO 3
Mulching Riding TotalSales (1,000 units @ $400) $ 480,000 $640,000 $1,120,000Less: Variable expenses 390,000 480,000 870,000Contribution margin $ 90,000 $160,000 $ 250,000Less: Direct fixed exp. 30,000 40,000 70,000Product margin $ 60,000 $120,000 $ 180,000Less: Fixed expenses 26,250 Operating income $ 153,750
Operating income for multiple products.
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SALES MIX: Definition
Is the relative combination of products
being sold.
LO 3
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WHITTIER CO.: Sales Mix & CVP Background
LO 3
ProductUnit
Price VC CMPackage
Cont. Mix Margin*Mulching $400 $325 $ 75 3 $ 225Riding 800 600 200 2 400 Package Total $ 625
Margin for multiple products
*Margin = Units in package x CM
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FORMULA: Break-Even Multiple Products
If Whittier has 2 products, calculate break-even separately.
LO 3
Break-Even = Fixed costs / (Price – Unit VC)
Mulching mower = $30,000 / $75
= 400 units
Riding mower = $40,000 / $200
= 200 units
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FORMULA: Break-Even Packages
Contribution margin approach to multiple products.
LO 3
Break-even packages = Fixed cost / Package CM
= $96,250 / $625
= 154 Packages
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BREAK-EVEN SOLUTIONLO 3
EXHIBITEXHIBIT 11-111-1
Mulching mower sales = $400 x 3 x 154 packages.
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WHITTIER CO.: CMR Background
LO 3
Total PercentSales (1,000 units @ $400) $1,120,000 100.00%Less: Variable expenses 870,000 .7767Contribution margin $ 250,000 .2232Less: Direct fixed exp. 70,000Product margin $ 180,000
Less: Fixed expenses 26,250 Operating income $ 153,750
Contribution margin ratio for multiple products
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FORMULA: Break-Even Packages
Contribution margin approach to break-even for multiple products.
LO 3
Break-even sales = Fixed cost / Package CMR
= $96,250 / 0.2232
= $431,228
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4 Prepare a profit-volume graph & a cost-volume-profit graph, and explain the meaning of each.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
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PROFIT-VOLUME GRAPHLO 4
EXH
IBIT
EXH
IBIT
11-
211
-2
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What happens when cost is added to a profit-volume
graph?
The new graph clearly shows areas of profit & loss.
LO 4
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COST-PROFIT-VOLUME GRAPH
LO 4
EXH
IBIT
EXH
IBIT
11-
311
-3
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ASSUMPTIONS OF CVPCVP analysis assumes
Linear revenue & cost functionsPrice, total fixed costs, & unit variable costs can
be accurately identified & remain constant over the relevant range
What is produced is soldSales mix is knownSelling prices & costs are known with certainty
LO 4
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COST-PROFIT-VOLUME GRAPHLO 4
Will CVP apply if the cost & revenue functions are not linear?
EXHIBITEXHIBIT 11-4a11-4a
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LO 4
EXHIBITEXHIBIT 11-4b11-4b
COST-PROFIT-VOLUME GRAPHYes. CVP will apply so long as the cost & revenue functions are approximately linear over the relevant range.
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5Explain the impact of risk, uncertainty, & changing variables on cost-volume-profit analysis.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
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What can Whittier do to increase sales of mulching
mowers?
Sales can be increased by some combination of increased
advertising and decreased prices.
LO 5
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ALTERNATIVESFor the mulching mower are:
#1 If advertising expenditures increase by $8,000, sales will increase from 1,600 to 1,725 mowers.
#2 A price decrease from $400 to $375 per mower will increase sales from 1,600 to 1,900.
#3 Decreasing price to $375 and increasing advertising expenditures by $8,000 will increase sales from 1,600 to 2,600 mowers.
LO 5
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ALTERNATIVE #1LO 5
EXHIBITEXHIBIT 11-511-5
Increasing advertising increases profit by $1,325.
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ALTERNATIVE #2LO 5
EXHIBITEXHIBIT 11-611-6
Decreasing price decreases profit by $25,000.
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ALTERNATIVE #3LO 5
EXHIBITEXHIBIT 11-711-7
The combination of increasing advertising & decreasing price increases profit by $2,000.
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How should Whittier use the results of analysis in
the 3 alternatives?
Whittier should consider its choice in the context of Risk &
Uncertainty.
LO 5
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RISK & UNCERTAINTYFor Whittier, risk includes the fact that prices and
costs can not be predicted with certainty. Risk assumes that the distributions of the variables in question are known (i.e., we know how sales will react in response to changes in price or cost). Under uncertainty, these distributions are not known.
LO 5
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What should Whittier consider in addressing risk
& uncertainty?
Whittier should consider its margin of safety, operating leverage, and
sensitivity analysis to CVP.
LO 5
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MARGIN OF SAFETY: Definition
Is the difference between break-even volume or sales and expected volume or sales.
LO 5
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OPERATING LEVERAGE: Definition
Is the use of fixed costs (e.g., automated system) to extract higher percentage changes in
profits.
LO 5
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SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: Definition
Is the use of “what if” to examine the impact of changes in underlying assumptions on
operating results.
LO 5
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SENSITIVITY ANALYSISLO 5
EXHIBITEXHIBIT 11-811-8
Under 2 systems, the same change in price will have different effects on elements of CVP, & response to risk & uncertainty.
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6Discuss the impact of activity-based costing on cost-volume-profit analysis.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
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ABC & CVP
ABC divides costs into unit-based & non-unit-based categories. CVP has to adjust its formulas to incorporate this division.
LO 6
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FORMULA: ABC & CVP
ABC breaks CVP up into unit variable costs & other non-unit level costs.
LO 6
Break-even =
[Fixed cost + (Unit VC x # Units)
+ (Setup cost x # Setups)
+ Engineering cost x # Engineering hours)] ÷(Price – Unit variable cost)
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ABC & CVP: Background
LO 6
Activity Driver
Unit VC Level of Activity
Driver
Units sold $10 ----Setups 1,000 20Engineering hours 30 1,000Other data: Total fixed costs (conv.) $ 100,000 Total fixed costs (ABC) 50,000 Unit selling price 20
Data to compare conventional & ABC analysis.
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FORMULA: Conventional CVP
LO 6
# Units
= [Targeted income + Conventional fixed cost ] ÷(Price – Unit variable cost)
= ($20,000 + $100,000) ÷ ($20 - $10)
= 12,000 Units
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FORMULA: ABC CVP
LO 6
# Units
= [Targeted income + ABC Fixed cost +
(Setup cost x # Setups) +
(Engineering cost x # Engineering hours)] ÷(Price – Unit variable cost)
= ($20,000 + $50,000 + ($1,000 x 20) + ($30 x 1,000)] ÷ ($20 - $10)
= 12,000 Units
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What are the strategic implications of the 2
approaches to analyzing CVP?
An ABC approach to CVP allows for a better defined breakdown of
costs to analyze alternative recommendations.
LO 6
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THE END
CHAPTER 11